215© The Author(s) 2017C. Sutton, Britain’s Cold War in Cyprus and Hong Kong, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-33491-2

UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTARY RECORDS Arthur Creech Jones papers (MSS.  Brit. Emp. s.332), Bodleian Library of

Commonwealth & African Studies at Rhodes House, Oxford University Malcolm MacDonald papers , Durham University Library: Archives and Special

Collections (reproduced by permission of Durham University Library) The National Archives of the United Kingdom , Kew, Surrey

CABINET OFFICE PAPERS CAB66 Memoranda CAB81 Chiefs of Staff: Minutes and Papers CAB128 Minutes CAB129 Memoranda CAB130 Miscellaneous Committees: Minutes and Papers CAB131 Defence Committee: Minutes COLONIAL OFFICE PAPERS CO67 Cyprus: Original Correspondence CO129 Hong Kong: Original Correspondence CO323 Colonies, General: Original Correspondence CO537 Colonies, General: Supplementary Correspondence CO717 Federated Malay States: Original Correspondence CO926 Mediterranean Department: Correspondence CO968 Defence Department: Original Correspondence CO1022 Southeast Asia Department: Original Correspondence

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INDEX 1

1 Note: Page number with ‘n’ denote notes.

A AKEL

and consultative assembly , 109–12, 198

and Cyprus Regiment , 50, 53, 66 on enosis , 48, 50, 51, 71, 108, 116,

176, 179, 180 and Greek Civil War , 2, 47, 61, 121 on ideology , 48 Lefkoniko incident , 52, 53, 125 and municipal elections , 24, 47, 49,

50, 60, 105, 106, 113, 117, 124, 125, 183

and National Unity Party , 60, 61, 66 origins of , 48–50 and propaganda , 47, 114 proscription of , 51, 56, 57, 116,

179–81 on self-government , 105, 111, 116,

133, 198 and trade unionism , 57, 61, 124, 126 and travel , 105, 114 and youth , 119–21, 183, 201

Alexander, A.V. , 155

Anglo-American relations , 73, 144–6, 147n9, 151, 180

Armitage, Sir Robert , 183–5, 193 Attlee, Clement

on Cyprus , 111 on empire , 35 on Korean War , 140

B Barton, Juxon , 56, 61, 179 Bennett, John

on AKEL , 116, 117, 125, 178, 180, 184

on Cold War , 118 Bevin, Ernest

on Britain as Third Force , 75, 76 on British imperialism , 72 on China , 34, 139 on Cold War , 152 on Cyprus , 26 on Hong Kong , 158 on Soviet imperialism , 73 on United States , 27

230 INDEX

Britain and anti-communism , 65–8, 133–5,

193–6, 209 and China , 17–18, 36, 42 and great power politics , 4, 6, 26,

59, 137 and Greece , 25, 199 and Korean War , 138, 141, 151,

195 and Middle East , 26, 56 and population control , 11, 87,

204–7 and propaganda , 4, 99, 155, 157,

211 and Soviet Union , 10, 18–20, 72–6 and Tsarist Russia , 17–18, 208 and United States , 24, 73, 155

British Empire and ‘British way of life’ , 56, 60, 67,

114, 143, 155, 157, 206 and Cold War , 3, 5, 8, 10, 188,

195, 208, 211, 212 and colonial development , 49 and decolonization , 77, 211 and ‘hearts and minds’ , 8, 56, 67,

73 and strategic value , 35, 199 and United States , 35, 36

British Guiana , 1, 77, 146, 186, 202

C capital punishment , 163–4 censorship , 51, 143, 173, 176 Chiang Kai-shek , 19 Chinese Civil War , 20, 33, 35, 74,

158, 164 Chinese Communist Party

and Chinese Civil War , 20, 33, 35, 74, 158, 164

and Hong Kong , 2, 28, 35, 37–9, 41, 48, 75, 85–7, 89, 96, 97, 151–4, 160, 161, 164

and Korean War , 151 and propaganda , 2, 85, 87, 153,

155, 207 and trade unionism , 41, 94 and youth , 91, 98

Chinese Democratic League , 89 Chinese Nationalist Party . See

Kuomintang Churchill, Winston

on British Empire , 34 on Hong Kong , 24, 35, 166 on Soviet foreign policy , 25 on United States , 24

Cold War and culture , 134, 212 defi nition of , 5, 207, 209, 212 and imperialism , 4, 6, 9, 61, 105,

108, 134, 140, 143, 151, 186, 188, 200, 205, 207–11

origins of , 10, 17–31 and population control , 195, 204–7 and propaganda , 155, 207 and trade unionism , 4, 202–4 and youth , 11, 91, 202

Colonial Development and Welfare Act

Colonial Offi ce on AKEL , 53, 57, 108, 124, 183 on Chinese Communist Party , 66,

87, 176, 195 on Cold War , 177 and colonial administrations , 22 and colonial nationalism , 194 on colonial reform , 22, 76 on Cyprus , 58, 67, 177 on defence , 97 and Foreign Offi ce , 139, 147n11,

186 on foreign policy , 34 on Hong Kong , 24, 51, 66, 67,

154, 162 on Malayan Emergency , 7, 90, 203 on propaganda , 2, 79, 87

INDEX 231

structure of , 113 on United States , 24

Cominform , 75, 111, 114, 157, 176, 178, 209

Comintern , 19–21, 38, 50, 75 Commonwealth of Nations , 8 Communist Party of Cyprus (KKK) , 8,

20–2, 48 Communist Party of Great Britain ,

111 Communist Party of Greece (KKE) ,

25, 174 Confederation of Cyprus’s Workers ,

49 Conservative Party

and British imperialism , 10 and Cold War , 146 and Soviet Union , 144 and United States , 144

constitutional reform , 68, 83, 85, 105, 107, 109, 133, 135, 152, 165–7, 195

corporal punishment , 151, 161, 163, 164

Creech Jones, Arthur on British imperialism , 76 on colonial education , 22 on colonial reform , 22, 76 on colonial trade unionism , 77 on Cyprus , 58, 105 on Hong Kong , 86 on security in Cold War

cultural exchange , 2, 60, 143 Cypriot Nationalist Party , 67 Cyprus

British colonization of , 17 and constitutional development ,

107 and enosis , 2, 9, 67, 176 and EOKA revolt , 145 and municipal elections , 24, 49,

106, 198 and ‘new deal’ , 43, 67, 105–29

and population control , 205, 206 and 1931 riots , 21, 53 and Soviet Union , 105, 194 strategic value of , 199

Cyprus Regiment , 50, 53, 65, 66, 173 Czechoslovakia , 114, 121, 122, 164,

177, 178

D Dalton, Hugh , 27 Damaskinos, Archbishop , 123 Dulles, John Foster , 144, 188 Dutch East Indies , 33, 74, 78, 88, 138

E East River Column , 35, 39, 41,

44n29, 44n33, 66, 94 Ede, James , 176 Eden, Anthony

and British imperialism , 34, 137 on Hong Kong , 24 on Soviet imperialism , 25 and Suez Crisis , 137

education . See under Creech Jones, Arthur; Grantham, Sir Alexander; MacDonald, Malcolm

Eisenhower, Dwight , 144 enosis , 2, 9, 20, 21, 48–51, 66, 71,

106–9, 115–18, 174–80, 184, 185, 198, 200

EOKA , 145, 173, 185–8, 194 Ethnarchy Council , 48, 174, 182

F Fantis, Andreas , 60, 64n58, 109, 116 Fisher, Mary

on AKEL , 113, 124, 174, 178 on Cold War , 115 on proscription of AKEL , 179 on United States , 178

232 INDEX

Fletcher-Cooke, Sir John , 183 Foreign Offi ce

on British imperialism , 72 on China , 154 on Cold War , 6, 56 on Cyprus , 26 on Greece , 25, 26, 28, 51, 78, 116,

122 on Hong Kong , 34, 36, 66 on population control , 206 on propaganda , 56 on Soviet imperialism , 72 on United States , 138

French Indochina , 10, 33, 74, 78, 88, 138, 152, 200

G Gold Coast , 21, 77, 183, 209 Grantham, Sir Alexander

and ‘benevolent autocracy’ , 84, 85, 134, 165, 167, 198

on Chinese Communist Party , 66, 83, 85–7, 89, 94, 152

on Cold War , 10, 83, 85, 89–91, 93, 96, 133, 151–3, 160, 161, 193, 198

on constitutional reform , 83, 85, 133, 135, 152, 165–7, 195

on corporal and capital punishment , 163–4

on defence , 158–60 on education , 164–5 on Hong Kong , 51, 67, 84, 89,

167, 194 on Kuomintang , 85, 86 and neutrality , 85, 87, 93 and population control , 88, 205 on propaganda , 92, 157 on trade unionism , 94 on United States , 152, 193

and Whitehall , 51, 66, 85, 88, 95, 151, 157, 159, 160

Greece Civil War , 2, 47, 58, 61, 78, 121, 200 and Cold War , 122, 178, 185

Griffi ths, Jim , 76, 164, 166, 170n56, 177

Grivas, George , 18, 186

H Hall, George

on colonial reform , 76 on Cyprus , 58, 106, 203 on trade unionism , 57, 58, 76, 202,

203 Harcourt, Sir Cecil , 36, 42 Harding, Sir John , 135, 187, 191n74 Heathcote-Smith, C.B.B. HMS Amethyst , 159 Hong Kong

as ‘Berlin of the East’ , 3, 152–5 British colonization of , 17 British recovery of , 42 and Chinese Civil War , 33, 35, 158 and Chinese politics , 10, 37, 66, 85,

92 and colonial reform , 37, 84, 146 and defence , 97, 151, 159, 160 and Education Department, Special

Bureau , 12n14, 98–9, 134, 165 Japanese occupation of , 87 and neutrality , 9, 10, 20, 66, 85, 87 and population control , 11, 87,

205–7 and ‘problem of people’ , 89, 160,

163, 205 and propaganda , 21, 85, 156, 157,

165 and Soviet Union , 2, 19, 20, 93

human rights , 162, 176

INDEX 233

I immigration . See population control Information Research Department , 6,

121, 122, 129n72, 155, 176, 210 International Union of Students , 73,

91, 164, 201, 207 Ioannou, Neophytos ‘Fifi s’ , 110

J Joint Intelligence Committee (Far East) ,

34, 38, 78, 81n16, 138, 141, 147n11, 152, 155, 159, 165, 193

K Kenya , 146, 183, 203, 214n43 KMT Revolutionary Committee , 86,

89 Komsomol , 98, 201 Korean War , 134, 138–41, 143, 151,

165, 166, 195 Kowloon Riots (1952) , 152, 166 Kuomintang (KMT)

and Chinese Civil War , 33 and Chinese Communist Party ,

18–20, 33–5, 37–41, 84–6, 89, 90, 93, 134, 140, 154, 200

and Hong Kong , 18, 36, 83, 84, 86 and nationalism , 37 and Republic of China , 20 and Soviet Union , 19, 20

L Labour Party

and Cold War , 107 and ‘new approach’ to imperialism ,

76–80, 84, 90, 106, 107, 114, 115, 133, 146

and recognition of People’s Republic of China , 138, 139

and socialism , 208

and Soviet Union , 208 Lefkoniko Incident , 52 Lennox-Boyd, Alan , 181, 185–7,

191n62, 191n63, 191n65, 191n74

Leontiou, Leontios , 108 Lloyd, Selwyn , 179, 180, 186, 191n71 Lloyd, Sir Thomas , 92 Luke, Stephen E.V. , 52, 53, 57, 61,

62n22, 63n27, 63n31, 63n37, 64n63

Lyttelton, Oliver on British imperialism , 144, 145, 166 on Cyprus , 181 on Hong Kong , 166

M MacDonald, Malcolm

on British imperialism , 141 on colonial development , 23 on education , 164–5 on propaganda , 24, 155, 165 on trade unionism , 202 on United States , 141, 166

MacDougall, David , 42, 45n45, 87, 90, 101n22, 101n34

Macmillan, Harold , 145, 146 Makarios II, Archbishop , 113, 123 Makarios III, Archbishop , 174, 180,

182, 185, 187, 188 Malaya

and communist insurgency , 77 and ‘lessons learned’ , 7

Mao Zedong , 20 Martin, Sir John

on Cold War , 59, 67, 197 on colonial reform on proscription of AKEL , 179–81

Megarry, Thomas , 40, 41, 44n37, 45n40, 45n42

MI5 , 74, 79, 86, 118, 179, 203, 206, 213n32

234 INDEX

Molotov, Vyacheslav , 25, 27 Mouskos, Michail . See Makarios III,

Archbishop

N nationalism

and British imperialism , 194 and Chinese Civil War and Cold War , 6, 37 and Cyprus , 10

National Liberation Alliance (Cyprus) , 114, 115

National Liberation Front (Greece) , 25, 47, 135

National Organization of Cypriot Fighters , 145, 173, 185–8, 194

NATO , 138 Neos Democratis , 187 New China News Agency , 152, 153 New Democratic Youth League , 98 nuclear weapons , 71

O Orthodox Church , 48, 50, 108–10,

123, 134, 176, 179

P Palestine , 2, 21, 49, 53, 67, 74, 77,

111, 119, 163, 176 Pancyprian Farmers’ Union , 67 Pancyprian Federation of Labour , 59,

60, 114, 187 Pancyprian National Youth

Organization , 182, 183 Pancyprian Trades Union Committee ,

49, 54, 55, 57–60, 106, 109 Pancypriot Organization of

Democratic Women , 174, 187

Papaioannou, Ezekiel , 116, 177, 179, 187

Paskin, J. John , 79, 92, 166 Passfi eld, Lord , 202 Pavlides, Stelios , 55 Peck, Edward H. , 122–4 People’s Republic of China

and Cold War , 9, 10 and Hong Kong , 3, 141, 161 origin of and recognition debate , 139

population control . See under Britain; Cold War; Cyprus; Foreign Offi ce; Grantham, Sir Alexander; Hong Kong; Winster, Lord; Woolley, Sir Charles; Wright, Sir Andrew

Progressive Organization of Youth (AON) , 119–21, 174, 180, 182, 187, 201

Progressive Party of Working People . See AKEL

Propaganda . See under AKEL; Britain; Chinese Communist Party; Cold War; Colonial Offi ce; Foreign Offi ce; Grantham, Sir Alexander; Hong Kong; MacDonald, Malcolm; Soviet Union

R Radio Hong Kong , 156, 157 Rees-Williams, David , 78, 81n29, 92,

113, 209 Regional Information Offi ce,

Singapore , 155, 156 Republic of China , 20 Roberts, Frank , 72 Roosevelt, Franklin , 35, 199 Rowell, Thomas , 92, 93, 165 Russian Revolution , 5, 18

INDEX 235

S Second World War

and breakdown of Allied cooperation , 71

and colonial nationalism , 24 economic consequences of and imperialism , 23, 24 and Japanese occupation , 24, 65

Security Intelligence Far East , 74, 75, 78, 79, 80n12, 80n13, 152, 153, 168n5, 168n8, 168n9, 168n11

Security Intelligence Middle East , 79, 118, 129n59

Servas, Ploutis , 48, 54, 74, 109, 110, 112, 115–17, 125

Sidebotham, John , 90, 95, 101n39, 103n60, 103n61, 135n3

Sinclair, George , 187, 191n72, 194, 196n6

Sino-Japanese War , 18, 20, 22 Solley, Leslie , 58, 59 Soong Tse-ven South China Bureau , 152, 153 Soviet Union

and Britain , 10, 18–20, 72–5, 208 and British Empire , 3 and Chinese Civil War , 74 and Cold War , 5, 33, 108 and colonial nationalism , 194 and Cyprus , 122 foreign policy of , 18, 25, 209 and Greek Civil War , 2 and Hong Kong , 93 and imperialism , 2, 108, 207–9 and peace campaign , 71 and propaganda , 2, 73 and trade unionism , 207 and youth , 164, 201

Stalin, Joseph , 2, 3, 19, 25, 27, 48, 73, 75, 144

Stanley, Oliver and British imperialism , 25 and Cyprus , 181 and Hong Kong , 34

Stevenson, Sir Ralph , 100n9, 155 Stratton, Anderson , 122 Suez Crisis , 137, 146

T Titoism , 139 Trades Union Congress (UK) , 7, 202,

203 Trade unionism . See under AKEL;

Chinese Communist Party; Cold War; Creech Jones, Arthur; Grantham, Sir Alexander; Hall, George; MacDonald, Malcolm; Soviet Union; Woolley, Sir Charles; Young, Sir Mark

travel . See population control Treasury , 23, 24, 144 Truman, Harry , 27, 36, 140 Tsaldaris, Konstantinos , 106, 110 Turkey , 18, 26, 28, 72, 74, 122, 146,

177, 178, 182, 185, 195, 199, 200

Turkish-Cypriots , 48, 49, 109–11, 123, 185, 198

Turnbull, Roland and colonial reform , 107 and enosis , 107, 112 and proscription of AKEL , 55

U Union of Cypriot Farmers , 49, 55,

187 United Nations , 74, 141, 160,

191n59

236 INDEX

United States and anti-colonialism , 35, 194 and Britain , 4, 26, 34, 72, 73, 139,

140, 154, 155, 178 and British Empire , 24 and Chinese Civil War and Cold War , 122, 140 and Cyprus , 4, 24, 26, 178, 185,

194 and Hong Kong , 24, 34, 140,

153–5, 167 and imperialism , 73, 140

V VOKS , 2, 3

W Wallinger, Geoffrey , 121 Winster, Lord

on AKEL , 108–9 and consultative assembly , 109–12 on enosis , 108 on population control

Women’s International Democratic Federation , 73

Woolley, Sir Charles and AKEL , 47, 49–50, 57 and mandatory minimum

sentencing , 53 and population control and trade unionism , 57

World Assembly of Youth , 201 World Federation of Democratic

Youth , 73, 75, 91, 164, 201, 207 World Federation of Trade Unions ,

60, 73, 74 World Peace Council , 73 Wright, Sir Andrew

on AKEL , 176, 177, 179, 183 on censorship , 173 on enosis , 176, 179, 180 on population control , 206 on proscription of AKEL , 179–81 on sedition , 183

Y Young, Sir Mark

on Chinese Communist Party , 33, 66

on constitutional reform (Young Plan) , 83

on Kuomintang , 33, 40 on trade unionism , 41

youth . See under AKEL; Chinese Communist Party; Cold War; Soviet Union

Z Zhdanov, Andrei , 75, 81n15, 144 Zhou Enlai , 142 Ziartides, Andreas , 60, 109, 111, 116,

187