B4GR Research Visions v0.1

8/10/2019 B4GR Research Visions v0.1

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21.04.2012 1 (51)

Kari Pehkonen

Beyond 3G RadioAir interface research visions for 200 and !eyond

Document ID:Directory:File name: 252566416.docuthor!: Kari Pehkonen" #om Derry$erry" Kari %ikkinen" %auno %ui!m&ki"

nne'#uulia eino" tuart *ooke" +ikko ,. %inne" ami -!kela" eikki

iimatta" Ilkka Ke!kitalo/er!ion: 0.

tatu!: dra t ( ) 3ro3o!al ( )acce3ted ( )

*o3yri ht okia +o$ile Phone!


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Kari Pehkonen

/7% I8 I #8%9

"ersion Date A#thor$s% Co&&ents0.1 20.4.2001 Kari Pehkonen Document created0.2 .5.2001 Kari Pehkonen -3dated in the ; .1 added

0.4 26.>.2001 Kari Pehkonen"#om Derry$erry"Kari %ikkinen"

%auno %ui!m&ki"tuart *ooke"

nne'#uulia eino"+ikko ,. %inne

#e t on !3ectrum" ?*D+ " ;luetooth" ? " D/;'#and Data ink layer added

0.5 . .2001 #om Derry$erry -3dated 6.2 and %e erence!0.6 . .2001 Kari Pehkonen #e t to >. added0.> [email protected] Kari Pehkonen"

Pekka %anta" riottinen" eikkiiimatta" ami

-!kela

#e t to 6. added" correction! and u3date! a ter ;


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Kari Pehkonen

# ; 7 8F *8 #7 #

1. 7C7*-#I/7 -++ %9 (KP )...................................................................................... 5

2. *8P7 (KP )..................................................................................................................... 5

. ; *K. I% I #7%F *7 /I I8 F8% 2005 D ;798 D................................................ 24>.1 i h leBel okia G;eyond .1.1 +o$ile 33lication!...................................................................................... 24>.1.2 %adio cce!! y!tem!.................................................................................. 25



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Kari Pehkonen

>.1. *ore etAork................................................................................................ 25>.1.4 3ectrum....................................................................................................... 26>.1.5 tandardiHation Proce!!................................................................................ 26>.1.6 Key I!!ue! or y!tem! ;eyond................................................................... 26

>.2 *urrent !tate and trend! o ena$lin technolo ie!.................................................... 2>.2.1 3ectrum (Ka%i)........................................................................................... 2>.2.2 Proce!!in 3oAer (, E +P" IkeE 7#)....................................................... 0>.2. %F im3lementation (, E +P" IKeE 7#)................................................... 1>.2.4 ;attery ca3acity (, E +P" IKeE 7#)........................................................ 1

>. Phy!ical layer (KPn)................................................................................................. 2>. .1 *a3acity limit! o Airele!! communication !y!tem!.................................... 2>. .2 Phy!ical layer! !olution!............................................................................... 4>. . %eceiBer al orithm! (, " ri" Ilkka)........................................................... 5

>.4 Data link layer (+ikko)............................................................................................ 5>.4.1 Im3roBement! in % .................................................................................. 6>.4.2 Packet B!. circuit'!Aitched radio.................................................................. 6>.4. d'hoc netAorkin ....................................................................................... 6>.4.4 ;roadca!t and +ultica!t............................................................................... >

>.5 %adio re!ource mana ement ( 8k).......................................................................... >

. *8 * - I8 (KP )....................................................................................................

%7F7%7 *7 ..........................................................................................................................



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Kari Pehkonen

1. 7C7*-#I/7 -++ %9 (KP )

#;

2. *8P7 (KP )

#he !co3e o the document i! to 3roBide okia Bi!ion on the eBolutionEreBolution o radiointer ace techni ue! Aithin the 2005'2010 time rame. Focu! i! on 1" 2 and %adio%e!ource +ana ementE !olution!. *ommunication !y!tem! Ahich the 3o!!i$le techni ue!could $e a33lied to include:

?*D+ cdma2000

< +E7D


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21.04.2012 6 (51)

Kari Pehkonen

economically attractiBe 21L. In !hort" the oal o 2< Aa! to deliBer mo$ile Boice. #he circuit!Aitched $earer !erBice! and" lately Bery 3o3ular" + 3roBided $y < + netAork! Aeremerely !ide 3roduct! o the mo$ile Boice netAork. Further" that time 3redominant" #D+

$a!ed tran!mi!!ion technolo y in the i ed netAork limited the de!i n o3tion! aBaila$le.

#he ne t oal or cellular indu!try Aa! to introduce connectiBity to 3acket data netAork! Biacellular !y!tem!. o


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Kari Pehkonen

SGSNSGSN

RNCRNC

Node B

MGWMGW

ExternalIP networks

IP/ATMBackbone

MGW

PSTN/ISDNHR

Gatewa!ControlSer"er




MSCSer"erMSCSer"erMSCSer"erMSCSer"er

GGSN

IN

Node B

Node B

Fi ure 1: tate'o 'the'art < netAork architecture

(2 F#t#re net*or+ evo,#tion

#here are our key trend! that uide the eBolution o < netAork!:

IP connectiBity Aill dominate in the terre!trial tran!mi!!ion netAork o thecellular !y!tem!

#ra ic roAth in the netAork come! rom IP $a!ed !erBice!J hence" netAork o3timiHation i! tar eted to im3roBe the realiHation o 3acket !Aitched $earer !erBice!

ll !erBice! mi rate to IPJ end'u!er! Aill acce!! all !erBice! Bia IP connectiBity erBice continuity !hall $e 3roBided oBer Bariou! acce!! technolo ie!

In the olloAin " Ae Aill di!cu!! each o the!e trend! in more detail.! IP i! $ecomin the 3redominant connectiBity technolo y in the tran!mi!!ion layer o

cellular netAork!" neA architectural o3tion! can $e introduced into the netAorkJ it i! ea!ier toor aniHe lo ical many'to'many inter ace! in IP netAork! than in #+ netAork!. #hi! ena$le!neA thinkin al!o or unctional !3lit $etAeen the netAork element!. #here are" or in!tance"

3ro3o!al! to re'or aniHe unctionalitie! in %adio cce!! etAork (% ) 22L and to reducethe num$er o netAork element! in the u!er 3lane 2 L di!cu!!ed in the !tandardiHation. ;otho the 3ro3o!al! are aimin to !treamline the tra ic handlin in the netAork.

*urrently the cellular indu!try i! heaBily Aorkin on !o called IP netAork!" Ahere theintention i! to 3roBide all !erBice!" includin current tele!erBice!" oBer IP. In the IPnetAork architecture" a neA !u$!y!tem called IP +ultimedia u$!y!tem (I+ ) i! introduced.I+ realiHe! all tele!erBice! 3roBided $y IP netAork!. Durin the tran!ition 3eriod" the



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Kari Pehkonen

circuit !Aitched core netAork i! re uired" !ince a 3ure IP netAork i! not a$le to !u33ortle acy < terminal!. 7Bentually" Ahen all the terminal! haBe $een mi rated to IPterminal!" the circuit !Aitched core $ecome! o$!olete 24L.

#he introduction o I+ ha! tAo im3ortant a!3ect!: !trict $ackAard! com3ati$ility Aithe i!tin tele!erBice! i! not re uired and the realiHation o tele!erBice! i! decou3led rom therealiHation o $earer !erBice!. #he ormer iBe! a lot o additional reedom or innoBation increatin neA !erBice! and noBel mechani!m! to im3lement communication !erBice!. #helatter alloA! $earer !erBice! and tele!erBice! in ra!tructure! to deBelo3 at their oAn 3ace!.Furthermore" the tele!erBice! 3roBided $y I+ can utiliHe any $earer !erBice in ra!tructureJi.e." not only cellular netAork!" $ut al!o" or e am3le" i ed IP acce!! netAork!.

?hile IP alloA! mo$ility o !erBice! acro!! di erent acce!! technolo ie!" !ome !olution!are needed to acilitate mo$ility o deBice! acro!! acce!! technolo ie!. ince all the !erBice!are 3roBided on to3 o IP netAorkin it i! ea!i$le to a!!ume" that +o$ile IP (+IP) Aould

3roBide deBice mo$ility acro!! acce!! technolo y $oundarie!. +IP can $e introduced a! anoBerlay to < cellular netAork! Aithout any modi ication to the netAork it!el " Ahile theterminal! aimed or multi technolo y acce!! mu!t" naturally" !u33ort +IP.

#hu!" the introduction o IP into the $ack$one o the cellular netAork!M tran!mi!!ion layer in $oth core and acce!! netAork! alloA! more to3olo ical le i$ility and o3timiHed allocation o the unctionalitie! in the netAork. imultaneou!ly" mi ration to IP !erBice! ena$le!eBolution o the tele!erBice! !erBice! Aithout concern! on the eBolution o the $earer !erBicein ra!tructure. Fi ure 2 illu!trate! the eBolBed netAork architecture.

IP BackboneIP BackboneE"ol"ed#MTSE"ol"ed#MTS

E"ol"edWANE"ol"edWAN

E"ol"ed$%xed

E"ol"ed$%xed

A IPSer"%cesA IP

Ser"%ces

Fi ure 2. 7BolBed netAork architecture

(3 Research to.ics

%e!earch challen e! in netAork deBelo3ment cry!talliHe in the realiHation o the mo!t o3timal!olution or the netAork !hoAn in Fi ure 2. rea! that need to $e addre!!ed $y theinternational re!earch community to achieBe that oal include:

calin o IP routin to handle $illion! o mo$ile deBice! Im3roBin IP mo$ility !olution! to co3e Aith cellular re uirement!



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Kari Pehkonen

7 3loration o neA connectiBity netAork architectureJ e. ." ad hoc and me!hnetAork!

! di!cu!!ed earlier in thi! 3a3er" ma ority o the !erBice! or mo$ile u!er! Aill $e deliBeredu!in IP connectiBity" Ahich mean! that each mo$ile terminal mu!t $e addre!!a$le on IP leBel.#he routin ta$le! o the lo$al Internet are already roAin at e 3onential rate" Ahich i!

3u!hin IP routin to it! limit! 25L. ence" noBel a33roache! mu!t $e introduced into routinin ra!tructure in order to co3e Aith the increa!e o routa$le IP addre!!e!.

?hile $a!ic mo$ile IP i! !uita$le or handlin deBice mo$ility on lo$al !cale" it i! not a!u icient !olution or deBice mo$ility mana ement durin handoBer!J i.e." Ahen mo$ile nodei! chan in the 3oint o attachment Ahile haBin actiBe !e!!ion! on oin 26L. #hu!"enhancement! to IP $a!ed deBice mo$ility are needed to co3e Aith handoBer Ahile u!er i!

en a ed in conBer!ational !erBice Ahere $reak! due to handoBer! Aould $e readily noticea$le.

+oreoBer" re!earch !hould $e conducted to ind out the 3o!!i$ilitie! o neA acce!! netAork architecture!. ?hile the current mo$ile netAork architecture! rely on one'ho3 connectiBity

$etAeen mo$ile terminal! and $a!e !tation connected to the terre!trial in ra!tructure" al!omulti'ho3 connectiBity !hould $e ena$led. #here are tAo cate orie! o multi'ho3architecture!: me!h and ad hoc netAork!. #he ormer are !tatic" 3re'con i ured netAork!"Ahile the latter are dynamic" !el 'or aniHin netAork!. n o3en ue!tion or re!earchcommunity i! hoA multi'ho3 acce!! netAork! co'e i!t Aith cellular netAork!.

6. ##7'8F'# 7' %# 8 -#I8 I 7CI #I < ?I%7 7 9 #7+

/() CD'A $1 n%

?ide$and *D+ (?*D+ ) i! $a!ed on a Direct' e uence *ode DiBi!ion +ulti3le cce!!(D '*D+ ) acce!! !cheme Aith in ormation either !3read oBer a33ro imately 5 + H (FDDand . 4 +c3! #DD) $andAidth" or 1.6+ H (1.2 +c3! #DD)" thu! al!o o ten denoted a!

arroA$and *D+ . -#% ha! tAo mode!" FDD (Fre uency DiBi!ion Du3le ) O #DD(#ime DiBi!ion Du3le )" or o3eratin Aith 3aired and un3aired $and! re!3ectiBely 1L.

#here are !eBeral key eature! that contri$ute to the oBerall 3er ormance o the ?*D+ air'

inter ace. #hey are $rie ly de!cri$ed in the !u$!e uent !u$'cha3ter! Ahich al!o 3re!ent themain technical enhancement! or %el.'5 and %el'6 !et o !3eci ication! a! de ined in i h3eed DoAnlink Packet cce!! !tudy re3ort 2L.

6.1.1 *hannel encodin " multi3le in and rate matchin

8ne key eature o the ?*D+ !y!tem i! the com$ined channel encodin " rate matchin andchannel multi3le in !olution. Di erent tran!3ort channel! Aith (3o!!i$ly) di erent ocharacteri!tic! can $e e iciently multi3le ed into either !in le or multi3le 3hy!ical channel!./aryin ener y'3er'$it re uirement! o di erent tran!3ort channel! are handled $y ratematchin unction Ahich" $y u!in re3etition! or 3uncturin " matche! the channel encoded $it

!tream to the aBaila$le $it rate o the 3hy!ical channel. ! a re!ult the 3hy!ical layer cane iciently handle Bariou! $it rate! Aith 100 $3! ranularity Aith no (re3etition!) or littlelo!! (3uncturin ) in 3er ormance.



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Kari Pehkonen

For u!er in ormation and !i nalin 2 di erent channel encodin method! haBe $een de inedincludin :

*onBolutional code: r Q or 1E " K @

#ur$o code: Paraller *oncatenated *onBolutional *ode (P***)" r 1E " K 4

dditionally" $oth 1 !t order (16" 5) and 2 nd order ( 2" 10) %eed'+uller code! are u!ed toencode Bery loA $it rate !i nalin (1'10 $it! 3er radio rame).

*urrent %%* (%adio %e!ource *ontrol) 3rotocol !u33ort! ma imally 2 radio $earer! ma33edonto 2 tran!3ort channel! (Ahich can haBe di erent 3hy!ical layer codin characteri!tic!) in

$oth u3link and doAnlink. #he 3hy!ical layer multi3le in and multirate ca3a$ility(in!tantaneou! $itrate on all dedicated and !hared tran!3ort channel! to one terminal) can $econtrolled Aith a minimum interBal o 10 m!" Aith ma imally 1024 !electa$le data ratecom$ination!. #hi! !o'called G#ran!3ort Format *om$ination etG i! con i ured $y %%*" $utthe !i nallin mechani!m (#ran!3ort Format *om$ination Indicator #F*I) i! 3roBided $ythe 3hy!ical layer.

In addition to 3hy!ical layer multi3le in " -#% + * al!o !u33ort! multi3le in o lo icalchannel! onto one tran!3ort channel. #hi! eature i! 3rimarily intended or non'real'time data"Ahen di erent lo ical channel! can $e !erBed Aith !ame 3hy!ical layer !ettin !. -3 to 15lo ical channel! can $e ma33ed onto one tran!3ort channel.

6.1.2 DiBer!ity techni ue!

Partly due to inherent 3ro3ertie! o *D+ " ?*D+ !y!tem can utiliHe Bariou! di erentdiBer!ity techni ue!. #hey include:

+ulti3ath diBer!ity

+acro diBer!ity (!o t handoBer)

#ime diBer!ity ( % )

% diBer!ity (mainly u3link" $ut can $e u!ed al!o in doAnlink)

ite election DiBer!ity #ran!mit 3oAer control ( D#) ;oth o3en and clo!ed loo3 # diBer!ity techni ue!

Fa!t *ell election (F* )

D# i! a !3ecial macro diBer!ity techni ue that can $e u!ed in 8. ;a!ic 3rinci3le o D# 3oAer control i! to let -7 !elect one ode ; a! the 3rimary one (amon the actiBe !et

ode ;!) and tran!mit only rom that 3rimary ode ; in the doAnlink. #hi! aBoid! themulti3le tran!mi!!ion! $y all the actiBe !et ode ;! and thu! !hould reduce the doAnlink inter erence L.

;oth o3en and clo!ed loo3 # diBer!ity !olution! are u!ed in FDD and #DD mode!. #imeAitched #ran!mit DiBer!ity (# #D)" Ahich i! $a!ed on !im3le ho33in $etAeen the #antenna!" can $e a33lied $oth in FDD and #DD mode. For FDD mode" 3ace #ime #ran!mit



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Kari Pehkonen

DiBer!ity ( ##D) $a!ed on the method deBelo3ed $y lamouti L can $e a33lied to all e ce3tone 3hy!ical channel. In #DD mode a Bariant called ;lock ##D i! u!ed. Princi3le i! the!ame a! Aith ##D $ut the o3eration i! 3er ormed oBer lar er $lock o !ym$ol!.

#Ao di erent clo!ed loo3 # diBer!ity !olution! haBe $een !3eci ied or FDD mode. ;oth o them are $a!ed on # da3tiBe rray (# ) 3rinci3le in Ahich oal i! to u!e coherentcom$inin o the !i nal! rom di erent antenna! at the receiBer end. Due to reci3rocial natureo the #DD mode no !3eci ic clo!ed loo3 method ha! $een de ined.

F* i! under con!ideration or %el.'5 and %el.'6 !et o !3eci ication!. ;a!ic 3rinci3le i! Bery!imilar to D# 3oAer control" i.e. -7 indicate! Bia u3link !i nalin Ahich cell ( rom theactiBe !et) !hould !erBe it in the doAnlink. #hi! !hould reduce the oBerall inter erence due to-7! clo!e to cell $order! re!ultin in hi her cellular throu h3ut.

6.1. ;eam ormin

?*D+ !u33ort! $oth i ed and !teera$le $eam conce3t!. etAork tell! to the mo$ileterminal Ahich !i nal (3rimary common 3ilot" !econdary common 3ilot or dedicated 3ilot)can $e u!ed or channel e!timation in doAnlink. ! dedicated 3ilot! are !3eci ied eBen u!er !3eci ic $eam! are e iciently !u33orted.

6.1.4 hared channel!

In -#% !3eci ication! a DoAnlink hared *hannel (D * ) i! !3eci ied or $oth FDD' and

#DD'mode!. -3link hared *hannel (- * ) i! !3eci ied only or #DD.

ter con i urin D * or u!e on a terminal" a!t 3oAer control and in!tantaneou! ca3acityallocation! are !u33orted $y an a!!ociated dedicated channel (D* )" Ahich ha! to $e 3re!entalAay! Ahen D * i! u!ed. D * !u33ort! no macro diBer!ity" there ore !eamle!! realtime!erBice! are di icult to 3roBide on D * alone.

8ne main di erence to a D* i! that D * + * (+ *'cE!h in Fi ure ) i! terminated in*ontrollin % * (*% *) in!tead o the erBin % * ( % *). #he !chedulin o D *tran!mi!!ion i! there ore in *% *" and a! the a!!ociated D* (includin rate !i nallin #F*I) i! 3roBided $y % *" !ome re!triction! haBe $een nece!!ary to make !ure" that the rate

!i nallin on D* and the data on D * !tay !ynchroniHed.



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Kari Pehkonen

M A C - c / s h

P H Y P H Y

I u b

I u r S R N C

C R N C

C R N C

N o d e B N o d e B

I u b

M A C - d

M A C - c / s h

Figure 3: Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) termination points in UTRA

#he main $ene it o D * i! that it alloA! a!ter !harin o doAnlink channeliHation code!(multi3le terminal! can eBen receiBe dedicated data orm the !ame 3hy!ical layer rame) thanD* . #he doAnlink channeliHation codetree i! normally !hared $y all terminal! actiBe in acell" Ahich i! Ahy e!3ecially hi h data rate tra ic $ene it! rom e icient !harin o codere!ource!.

ack o macrodiBer!ity can al!o $e !een a! a $i $ene it to channel recon i uration le i$ility.It i! the main rea!on Ahy hi h'!3eed 3acket acce!! ( DP ) !olution! are $a!ed on theD * .

6.1.5 ink ada3tation

In %el.'@@ !3eci ication! o ?*D+ there are tAo main link ada3tation techni ue!: #ran!mitPoAer *ontrol (#P*) and % . #P* include! $oth o3en loo3 and clo!ed loo3 !olution! Aithan o$Biou! oal o tryin the minimiHe the # 3oAer yet kee3in the tar et receiBed !i naluality leBel. #he clo!ed loo3 #P* can $e urther !3lit into inner and outer loo3 control. #hema imum rate o clo!ed loo3 #P* i! 1 500 H.

nother (im3licit) link ada3tation techni ue included in %el.'@@ !et o ?*D+!3eci ication! i! #y3e I % o3eratin $etAeen % * entitie!. 7rroneou!ly receiBed tran!3ort

$lock! are di!carded at the receiBer end and retran!mitted rom the tra!mitter !ide. ! theo3eration take! 3lace $etAeen % * and -7 the round'tri3 delay i! on the order o ten! o milli!econd!.

dditonal link ada3tation method! are under con!ideration or %el.'5 o ?*D+!3eci ication!. da3tiBe +odulation and *odin ( +*) i! $ein !tudied a! 3art o DPAork item to $e 3o!!i$ly a33lied or i h 3eed DoAnlink hared * annel ( 'D * ). #he

3rinci3le o +* i! to chan e the modulation and codin ormat in accordance AithBariation! in the channel condition!" !u$ ect to !y!tem re!triction!. For each DP#ran!mi!!ion #ime InterBal (##I) the netAork !elect! the modulation and codin ormat $a!edon Bariou! criteria $ut the u!ual tar et i! to ma imiHe the cellular throu h3ut. Di erentmodulation and codin ormat! haBe $een 3ro3o!ed includin #ur$o code rate! doAn to 1E5

and modulation order! o P K" 'P K" 16' + and 64' +.



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Kari Pehkonen

Fa!t y$rid % u!in 'channel to3' nd'?ait ( ?) 3rinci3le i! al!o $ein !tudied or 'D * . +ain motiBation i! to reduce round delay and -7 memory re uirement! Ahen

com3ared the % * leBel % . ;oth #y3e II and #y3e III % !olution! are con!idered. likely !olutin i! to u!e #y3e III Aith !in le redundancy Ber!ion (a.k.a *ha!e com$inin ) andnum$er o 3arallel % channel! ( ) o 5'6.

(Add C!CH"#ikko $%)

(Add &apa&it' num ers" !n)

/(2 cd&a2000 $To& Crai4%

*dma2000 a! de!cri$ed in #I E7I EI '2000 5L i! re erred to a! the < eBolution o the 1.25

+ H 2< I '@5 4L *ode DiBi!ion +ulti3le cce!! (*D+ ) cellular radio !tandard.*dma2000 con!i!t! o tAo !3readin rate! namely 1C corre!3ondin to an o3eratin

$andAidth o 1.25 + H and a C multicarrier mode con!i!tin o 1C carrier!. *dma2000incor3orate! many neA eature! aimed at increa!in the oBerall ca3acity and data throu h3utit! 2< 3redece!!or. #he eBolution o the I '2000 1C !y!tem i! on oin in the #hird


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Kari Pehkonen

+acro diBer!ity (!o t handoBer)

#ime diBer!ity ( % handled $y %adio ink Protocol (% P)) 2 o3en loo3 # diBer!ity techni ue! (o3tional)

3ace #ime 3readin ( # ) and 8rtho onal #ran!mit DiBer!ity (8#D) can $e a33lied to thededicated and common channel! in cdma2000.

6.2. PoAer *ontrol

*dma2000 incor3orate! a!t 3oAer control on the doAnlink a! a mean! to minimiHe theintracell and intercell inter erence e 3erienced Aith I '@5. #hi! conce3t i! !imilar in nature tothe u3link 3oAer control that e i!t! in I '@5.

6.2.4 Pilot';a!ed *oherent Detection

*dma2000 incor3orate! the u!e o a reBer!e link 3ilot or each + to acilitate coherentdemodulation on the u3link. *oherent reBer!e link demodualtion can theoretically dou$le thereBer!e link ca3acity" $ut thi! i! not ully realiHa$le due to the oBerhead 3oAer re uired Aiththe reBer!e link 3ilot channel.

6.2.5 *dma2000 Per ormance ummary

#he ori inal I '@5 !y!tem !u33ort! Boice and data !erBice! u3 to 14.4 k$3! oBer circuit'

!Aitched connection!. *dma2000 ha! the 3otential to dou$le the Boice ca3acity o I '@5!y!tem! under !ome circum!tance! Ahile ena$lin data !erBice! u3 to 144 k$3! oBer circuit'!Aitched connection!.

#a$le 1 and 2 !ummariHe! the cdma2000 3er ormance com3ared to I '@5; L on the orAardand reBer!e link re!3ectiBely L. 8mittin the detail! o hoA the re!ult! Aere enerated" thereBer!e Boice ca3acity i! reater than that o the orAard link. oAeBer in a !ymmetric!y!tem" the !y!tem i! re!tricted to the le!!er o the ca3acity e!timate! $etAeen the orAard andreBer!e link!. ence the orAard link limit! the ca3acity o the !y!tem. #hu! one canconclude that the 1C I '2000 !y!tem o er! !ome 3er ormance enhancement in term! o ca3acity oBer that o ered $y I '@5; on $oth the orAard and reBer!e link!.

ince the data carryin ca3a$ility o I '2000 i! likely in!u icient to meet the demand or uture data !erBice!" enhancement! haBe $een 3ro3o!ed to the 1.25 + H (1C) Ber!ion to

increa!e it! data'carryin ca3a$ilitie! oBer a 3acket'!Aitched connection.

Corre&t *rlang" !n

Tale +% Capa&it' in *rlangs"Se&tor ,or -S./01 and +2 -S. 444 ,orward link

$ ed-A5 ed-B "eh-B5 )-.ath 30 +& hr% 6

)5 2 35 7

I8-9 B

): RTT

No-TD OTD



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Kari Pehkonen

)00;5 0;5 0;5 0; .@ @.4 2 .5

05 )00;5 0;5 0; 11 2 . 22.5

)0;5 90;5 0;5 0; @. 20. 2

0;5 0;5 )00;5 0; 16.@ 2 .6 2 .6

0;5 0;5 0;5 )00; 16.4 2. 4.6

Ta le % Capa&it' in *rlangs"Se&tor ,or -S./01 and +2 -S. 444 re5erse link

Lin+ "AF Er,an4s

cd&a2000 )< ed-A .61 44.@

cd&a2000 )< "eh-B 2@.@

cd&a2000 )< )-.ath30 +& hr

>.>

I8-9 B ed-A .45 4.

I8-9 B "eh-B [email protected]

I8-9 B )-.ath 30+& hr

20.1

6.2.6 7Bolution o *dma2000

! !tated earlier cdma2000 ha! under one and i! currently under oin the 3roce!! o eBolution re erred to a! 1 7/ in order to 3roBide hi her data rate! than ori inally conceiBed.i ni icant 3hy!ical layer technolo y enhancement! include 1) hi her order modulation

( 8+)" 2) link ada3tation" ) ada3tiBe multicode allocation" and 4) hy$rid % ( utomatic%e3eat re ue!t).

ink ada3tation im3lie! that the $a!e !tation ( ode ;)" u!in !eBeral criteria" o3timiHe!deliBery o !erBice to one or more mo$ile terminal!. #he!e criteria may include" $ut are notlimited to" o ered load" re!ource 3rioritiHation (Boice u!er! receiBe hi her 3riority)" andchannel condition!. ence" the !y!tem incor3orate! a dynamic link ada3tation !cheme. Inaddition to modulation and codin !cheme! and their a!!ociated link ada3tation al orithm!"1 7/ em3loy! ada3tiBe multicode a re ation or hi h'!3eed data channel con!truction.

#he 1 7/ !y!tem utiliHe! ?al!h code! or channel !e3aration. *om$inin multi3le ?al!h

code! to ether create! a G at 3i3eG alloAin or much hi her data rate tran! er! (u3 to 4.+$3!) Ahen com3ared to a !in le ?al!h code channel. #he 3acket data u!er!S tra ic i! time'multi3le ed onto the!e data channel!. /oice u!er! are !erBiced $y !3littin the !horter ?al!h



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Kari Pehkonen

channel into it! con!tituent ?al!h'64 channel!" and allocatin a ?al!h'64 channel or eachBoice call.

+o!t e i!tin Airele!! data !y!tem! em3loy tAo com3ati$le orm! o error correction:ForAard 7rror *orrection (F7*) code!" !uch a! tur$o or conBolutional code!" and utomatic%e3eat re ue!t ( % ) 3rotocol!" Ahich 3roBide retran!mi!!ion o 3acket! Ahen tri ered $yan eBent !uch a! the ailure o the receiBer to detect the incomin 3acket. #he concatenationo F7*! and % 3rotocol! i! knoAn a! y$rid % ( % ). % o3eratin at the

3hy!ical layer acilitate! !horter round tri3 delay! a! com3ared to tho!e a!!ociated Aithhi her'layer retran!mi!!ion !cheme! em3loyed in the %adio ink Protocol (% P). #hi!im3ortant attri$ute o 1 7/ reduce! the 3ro$a$ility o a data !e!!ion timeout (e. . #*PEIP) a!com3ared to % P retran!mi!!ion delay!.

In !ummary the ma or I '2000 orAard link enhancement! to I '@5; are: 1) tran!mit diBer!ity(o3tional)" and 2) a!t orAard 3oAer control. #he ma or I '2000 enhancement to I '@5;reBer!e link i! 3ilot'$a!ed coherent detection. *ommon 3hy!ical layer I '2000 enhancement!made to I '@5; on $oth the orAard and reBer!e link are: 1) uadrature !3readin " 2) a!!ortedcontrol channel!" ) codin method (tur$o) and 4) codin rate! (1E " R" and 1E6). Fi ure 4de3ict! the


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Kari Pehkonen

rate! rom ma imum o [email protected] k$E! 3er !in le !lot to [email protected] k$E!. (ma 15 .6 k$E! ) or multi!lot!. l!o < + !3eech !erBice! haBe $een deBelo3in rom the initial !tandardJ ir!t thehal rate !3eech !erBice ( %)" then the enhanced ull rate !3eech !erBice (7F%) and la!t theada3tiBe multirate codec ( +%).

ince !tandardi!ation o multi!lot !erBice!" a ma or !te3 in < + 3hy!ical layer deBelo3mentha! $een initiation o 7D $y 7# I.7D


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Kari Pehkonen

PD#* +odulation code rate Data rate* '4

0.>6 44. k$itE!+* '6 0.4@ [email protected] k$itE!+* '5 0. > 22.4 k$itE!+* '4

.6 k$itE!+* ' 0. 0 14. k$itE!+* '2 0.66 11.2 k$itE!+* '1 0.5 . k$itE!

#he data rate! and codin rate! o * D and 7* D (7nhanced *ircuit Aitched Data) areiBen $eloA:

#* +odulation code rate Data rate#* [email protected]

2.0 k$itE!7'#* EF4 .2 0.64 4 .2 k$itE!

In


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Kari Pehkonen

In addition Fre uency o33in 3roBide! diBer!ity ain a ain!t cochannel inter erence. incethe ain o$tained $y all ho33in techni ue! ($oth re uency and tran!mit) relie! on channelcodin and interleaBin " none o them cannot im3roBe the 3er ormance o Aeak channelcodin !cheme! like +* and @. In thi! ca!e" delay diBer!ity (DD) can u!ed Aith a limitationthat the current !tandard doe! not uarantee that the receiBer can take ull $ene it o delaydiBer!ity. #o o$tain all the $ene it rom DD" receiBer !hould $e enhanced to co3e Aith thee tended channel len th. #hi!" hoAeBer" i! le t a! a ue!tion o manu acturer im3lementation.

eBerthele!!" in ca!e Incremental %edundancy i! u!ed" +* and +* @ may$e the mo!tBia$le codin !cheme! rom the ma imum throu h3ut 3oint o BieA.

6. . ;eam ormin

In the u3link" < +E7D


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Kari Pehkonen

6. .5 7Bolution o


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Kari Pehkonen

Ahich !3read! the tran!mitted !i nal to V 20 + H $and. tandard !3eci ie! 11 carrier! or D!y!tem! $ut or non'oBerla33in allocation! only three o tho!e can $e u!ed.

6.4.2.1 Protocol Aspects (802.11)

#he $a!ic acce!! method or 02.11 i! the Di!tri$uted *oordination Function (D*F) that i! acon e!tion'$a!ed 3rotocol. D 02.11 D*F are #DD !y!tem! Aith air acce!! hierarchy. ter each * rame tran!mi!!ion the channel i! !u$ ect to a con e!tion'handlin 3rocedure andtran!mi!!ion rant! are iBen Aith uni orm 3ro$a$ility to all actiBe !tation!. o tool! o ered

$y 02.11 are rece3tion acknoAled ement me!!a e! $a!ed on 2'$it *%* calculation.

In D*F mode 3hy!ical leBel carrier !en!e multi3le acce!! colli!ion aBoidance (* + E* )method i! utili!ed. ?hen a !tation ( # ) ha! a 3acket to tran!mit it ir!t !en!e! the medium todetermine Ahether the channel i! ree or occu3ied. I channel i! !en!ed ree the # maytran!mit. I the channel i! !en!ed $u!y # Aait! until it $ecome! ree and then !Aitche! to arandom $ack'o 3rocedure $e ore tran!mi!!ion. idden node 3ro$lem may $e alleBiated AithBirtual carrier !en!e method in + * layer that i! $a!ed on re ue!t! to !end and clear to !end(%# E*# ) me!!a e e chan e. %# E*# method i! e ectiBe e!3ecially durin hi hcon e!tion and or re uent tran!mi!!ion o lon 3acket!. In loA tra ic !ituation! %# E*#may add unnece!!ary oBerhead or tran!mi!!ion. #here ore it i! le t or the u!er to decide toutili!e Birtual carrier !en!e menthod either alAay!" neBer" or or e tremely lon 3acket!.

Point *oordination Function (P*F) or con e!tion' ree tran!mi!!ion 3rotocol i! determined or time $ounded !erBice! and it may Aork in con unction Aith D*F. tation! Aith time $ounded!erBice actiBe are 3olled or a tran!mi!!ion rant. P*F i! determined to $e an o3tional eature

$y the !tandard. P*F and D*F 3rotocol! !hare the !ame radio re!ource.

?hile 02.11 determine! only 3hy!ical layer and + * layer the 02.2 lo ical link layer i!Aidely ado3ted to 3roBide addre!!in and data link control. 02.2 3roBide! three !erBice! or u33er layer!J unacknoAled ed connectionle!! !erBice" connection'oriented !erBice andacknoAled ed connectionle!! !erBice. etAork to3olo y may $e ad'hoc architecture that i!

$a!ed on direct !tation to !tation (3eer'to'3eer) tran!mi!!ion!. Far more common to3olo y i!cce!! Point $a!ed netAork Ahere an P de ine! a !erBice !et (cell). In e tended !erBice !et!eBeral P! may $e connected $y a di!tri$ution !y!tem to to !u33ort continuou! coBera eoBer an area. #he mo!t common di!tri$ution !y!tem i! 7thernet and thu! 02.11 addre!!in!u33ort! 4 $it'7thernet e uiBalent addre!!in .

In the centrali!ed acce!! to3olo y P $roadca!t! 3eriodically $eacon rame!. #o ind ana33ro3riate ; to re i!ter to" a !tation !can! $eacon! to determine !erBice !et identi ication.;eacon rame! are u!ed to !ynchroniHe all !tation!" and to !u33ort 3oAer !aBe mode.

tation in doHe (!lee3) mode 3eriodically li!ten! to $eacon rame! to determine i there are 3acket! in P ueue or thi! !tation or or $roadca!t.

/( B,#etooth $'i++o%

;luetooth i! !3eci ied $y the ;luetooth 3ecial Intere!t


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Kari Pehkonen

netAorkin and acce!! to ad'hoc netAorkin " ca$le re3lacement" data $a!e!ynchroni!ation" car area netAork and many more.

6.5.1 %adio Inter ace

;luetooth radio! o3erate in 2.4 < H licen!e ree I + $and!" and the technolo y IP%:! haBeal!o $een 3roBided licen!e' ree. ;luetooth ha! re uency ho33in in 1+ H tran!mi!!ion $andAith 1600 H ho33in rate. um$er o ho33in re uencie! i! >@ (2 in 3ain and ,a3an).#he radio inter ace i! $a!ed on time diBi!ion du3le (#DD) a33roach" Ahere tran!mi!!ion andreceiBin rant! are e chan ed a ter each 3acket tran!mi!!ion. ominal out3ut 3oAer i!0d;m" $ut tAo hi her 3oAer cla!!e! are al!o !3eci ied (4d;m and 20d;m). ll 3oAer cla!!e!include an o3tional 3oAer control mechani!m doAn to N 0d;m Aith a 2 to d; !te3 !iHe. For the hi he!t 3oAer cla!! the 3oAer control mechani!m doAn to 4 d;m i! mandatory. Due toloA out3ut 3oAer ;luetooth coBera e ran e! rom centimetre! to !ome ten! o meter!de3endin on 3oAer control !u33ort and enBironment. i h 3oAer cla!! deBice! may !u33ortran e! to eA hundred! o meter!. ;luetooth receiBer !en!itiBity doe!nSt haBe Bery ti ht!3eci ication!" thu! remarka$le ran e enhancement can $e achieBed $y care ul receiBer im3lementation.

6.5.2 #ran!3ort *haracteri!tic!

;luetooth radio inter ace !u33ort! a Aide Bariety o di erent kind! o tran!3ort 3roBidina!ymmetric a! Aell a! !ymmetric link!. ynchronou! !ymmetric channel! are intended or 64k$3! continuou! data !tream! like audio. 8ne deBice or 3ico netAork can !u33ort u3 tothree 3arallel 64k$3! Boice link! Aith com3romi!ed ro$u!tne!! to channel error!.lternatiBely a deBice or 3ico netAork may !u33ort only one ro$u!t 64k$3! Boice connection.

!ynchronou! $a!e $and channel rate! or !ymmetric !erBice! are in the ran e o a$out 100k$3! to 4 0 k$3! or or a!ymmetric connection! u3 to a$out >20 k$3! U 5>.6 k$3!. +a imumlink ca3acity may $e allocated to doAnloadin rom a !in le 3oint or it may $e diBidedunharmonically $etAeen all actiBe u!er! in 3iconet. #Ao oBerla33in 3iconet! naturallycom3romi!e the ma imum !y!tem ca3acity Ahere occa!ional 3acket colli!ion! can occur. #heca3acity i ure! are $a!e$and $it rate!. aturally hi her layer 3rotocol 3acket header! Ailltake their 3art o actual u!er data rate" or e am3le ;luetooth o ical ink *ontrol ( *)layer 3acket header i! 4 $yte! Ahich take! already a uota$le 3ortion o loAe!t rate channelca3acity.

;luetooth !tandard introduce! 16 di erent u!er channel! o erin Bariou! leBel! o o( uality o erBice) !u33ort. ynchronou! channel! o er orAard error correction or !treamdata and additionally retran!mi!!ion or 3acket data i multi3le ed to one channel.!ynchronou! channel! o er di erent de ree! o 3rotection in orm! o orAard error

correction! and retran!mi!!ion!. i he!t datarate! a!!ume Bery ro$u!t channel Ahere noloAer leBel data 3rotection i! o ered. nother e treme i! 100 k$3! a!ynchronou! or 64 k$3!!ynchronou! !erBice Aith rea!ona$ly ood loAer leBel 3rotection. +i ed a!ynchronou! and!ynchronou! !erBice i! !u33orted $y the !tandard.



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Kari Pehkonen

6.5. etAork to3olo y

;luetooth connection! may $e 3oint'to'3oint or 3oint'to'multi3oint. Point to multi3oint!u33ort alloA! 3ico netAork! or u3 to ei ht actiBe deBice! Ahere one deBice i! a ma!ter andother! are !laBe! !ynchroni!ed to ma!ter clockin 3ha!e and ho33in !e uence. *han e o ma!ter can $e e ecuted i a !laBe need! to communicate Aith other !laBe!. eBeral ad acent

3iconet! may $e $uilt to !u33ort or e am3le mo$ility in an area. Parallel ;luetooth 3iconet!are called !catternet!.

6.5.4 Protocol !3ect!

*onnection e!ta$li!hment !i nallin i! in the ran e o a eA milli!econd! once a 3a in !i nali! ca3tured. DeBice in uiry and 3a in are 3er ormed on a !3eci ied 2 re uency ho33in!e uence that !lee3in deBi!e! are li!tenin once eBery 1.25 !econd 3eriod!. ;luetoothdeBice! may $e in uired $y a eneral in uiry re ue!t or Aith a !electiBe deBice ty3e in uiry.In an enBironment Aith a lot o ;luetooth deBice! the in uiry 3ha!e may $e lon $oth $ecau!ein uiry re!3on!e! may collide and $ecau!e the ori inatin deBice may haBe di icultie! tode ine Ahen all deBice! in the nei h$ourhood haBe heard the in uiry me!!a e" and e!3eciallyAhen a certain deBice i! e 3ected to an!Aer to an in uiry $ut i! 3re'em3tied $y many other ;luetooth deBice!. electiBe in uiry may !3eed u3 the in uiry 3roce!!. ter com3letin thein uiry" 3a in may a ain take !econd! de3endin heaBily on the tra ic. oA ;luetoothtran!mi!!ion 3oAer i! ho3ed to kee3 inter erin tra ic noi!e leBel loA.

/(/ D"B-T $1 n%

Phy!ical layer o Di ital /ideo ;roadca!tin or #erre!trial teleBi!ion (D/;'#) ha! $een!3eci ied in 10L. It i! undamentally $a!ed on 8FD+ tran!mi!!ion techni ue and at lea!t

3artially o3timiHed or handlin +P7 +$itE!. ote that $ein u!ed or $roadca!tin D/;'# i! e!!entially a !olution or doAnlink tran!mi!!ion.

*hannel encodin i! $a!ed on !e uential concatenation o %eed' alomon and conBolutionalcode!. 8uter codin u!e! % (204" 1 " ) !hortened code. *onBolutional r 1E2" K > mother code i! u!ed a! inner code and it can $e 3unctured doAn to code rate r >E . Four di erent

3uncturin 3attern! haBe $een de ined.

Due to !erial concatenation o tAo code! $oth outer and inner interleaBer! haBe $een de ined.*onBolutional $yteAi!e interleaBin Aith 12 $ranche! (FIF8 re i!ter!) i! u!ed or outer interleaBin . Inner interleaBer con!i!t! o $it'Ai!e interleaBer olloAed $y a !ym$olinterleaBer. ;oth o them are $lock interleaBer!.

In ca!e the +P7


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Kari Pehkonen

#he 3ur3o!e o the !ym$ol interleaBer i! then to ma3 $it! Aord! onto the carrier! o 8FD+!ym$ol!.

De3endin on the $andAidth each 8FD+ !ym$ol can con!i!t o u3 to 6 1> carrier! ( or + H $andAidth). #he ratio o uard interBal and u!e ull !i nal 3art 3er 8FD+ !ym$ol can

$e R" 1E " 1E16 or 1E 2. For + H $andAidth the duration o the u!e ull !i nal 3art i! @6 !.

In addition to data $it! each 8FD+ !ym$ol contain! a num$er o knoAn re erence (3ilot) $it!.;oth continuou! and time multi3le ed 3ilot! are u!ed. #ime multi3le ed 3ilot !ym$ol!incor3orate eBery ourth !ym$ol o the 8FD+ rame and the continuou! 3ilot! com3ri!e o 1>> carrier! ( + H !y!tem).

rou3 o 6 8FD+ !ym$ol! or one 8FD+ rame and and our con!e utiBe rame!corre!3ond to one 8FD+ !u3er rame.

In addition to data and 3ilot !ym$ol! each 8FD+ rame contain! al!o 6 #ran!mi!!ionParameter i nalin (#P ) $it! (one $it 3er 8FD+ !ym$ol). #hey are u!ed or !ynchroniHation 3ur3o!e! $ut they al!o in orm the receiBer a$out the characteri!tic! o thetran!mitted !i nal.

>. I% I #7%F *7 /I I8 F8% 2005 D ;798 D

=() ?i4h ,eve, No+ia Beyond 3G vision $1 n%

In the era o < netAork de3loyment lon 'term Bi!ion or uture Airele!! !y!tem! i! alreadyre uired. #hi! a33lie! to $oth eBolution o < Aide area radio !y!tem! and their inte rationAith local area radio !y!tem! !uch a! ? ! a! Aell a! neA reBolutionary !y!tem! oinclearly $eyond < eBolution" !ometime! al!o termed ourth eneration (4


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Kari Pehkonen

e iciently $e deliBered to all location! re ardle!! o Ahether the u!er i! on the moBe or !tationary. #hi! o3en! the Aay or hy3eraBaila$ility o media" Ahere all orm! o media canin!tantaneou!ly and in a hi hly u!a$le Aay $e acce!!ed rom anyAhere.

In addition to thi!" 4< Aill ena$le !eBeral neA ty3e! o a33lication! !uch a! ully natural and!eamle!! Bideocon erencin " tele3re!ence and mo$ile au mented Birtual reality. i hca3acitie! can $e u!ed or enrichin the u!er inter ace! o the mo$ile a33lication!" makinthem more natural" a33ealin and un to u!e. #he ull 3otential o 4< a33lication! Aill $eunlea!hed $y the million! o a33lication deBelo3er!" Aho haBe neBer 3reBiou!ly had any

3ractical 3ro$lem! in illin the aBaila$le $andAidth Aith a33lication!.

>.1.2 %adio cce!! y!tem!

?hen < Aa! initially enBi!ioned in the early @0S! there Aa! Bery little under!tandin o Ahatit! $reakthrou h characteri!tic! Aould $e. #he only !el 'eBident re uirement Aa! that < mu!to er much hi her data rate! and hi her tra ic ca3acity than 2


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Kari Pehkonen

a33lied in the current netAork eBolution. #he ir!t !te3 in the netAork eBolution i! the ll'IP $a!ed netAork! eBolBed rom current -+# netAork!.

>.1.4 3ectrum

! there i! no unu!ed !3ectrum aBaila$le or Aide area Airele!! !erBice! !ome e i!tine ui3ment and !erBice! mu!t $e moBed to other $and!. #hi! re uire! lon term 3lannin anda! the Airele!! indu!try need! lo$ally harmoniHed !3ectrum the 3roce!! i! eBen morecom3le .

t the ?orld %adio *on erence (?%*) 2001 in I!tan$ul additional !3ectrum Aa! identi iedor I+#'2000. #hi!" to ether Aith the !3ectrum identi ied in S@2 ' the !o'called Score $and!S 'i! antici3ated to $e !u icient to meet the market re uirement! or < cellular o3eration untilthe year 2010.

Indeed there i! a con!idera$le amount o on oin actiBity Aithin 7uro3e and !ia Paci ic" or e am3le" to licen!e o3erator! to $e a$le to u!e the Score $and!S. In orth mericacon!ideration i! currently $ein iBen a! to Ahich !3ectrum to make aBaila$le to ena$le I+#'2000 o3eration 3o!!i$le rom the end o 2002 onAard!.

#he ?%* in 2006 i! e 3ected to con!ider the !3ectrum re uirement! and identi ication or either eBen more additional !3ectrum or I+#'2000 or S!y!tem! $eyondS. #hi! !3ectrum !hould

$e tar eted to $e in u!e $y 2010.

In order to achieBe thi! oal the ?%* in 200 mu!t decide to acce3t the item to the a enda o ?%* 2006. #hi! !chedule mean! that the indu!try mu!t 3ro3o!e Bi!ion! or the Airele!!communication! in the ne t decade and take action Aell $e ore 200 .

>.1.5 tandardiHation Proce!!

#he recent 4< de$ate ha! o ten a!!umed that 4< Aill $e handled in !tandardiHation u!t a! 0 + H i! under di!cu!!ion Aithin I#-'% ?P F andreleBant re ional $odie!. #here are tAo main !cenario! under !tudy L" ie."

' the e ten!ion $and i! re!erBed or FDD D only andEor #DD

' the e ten!ion $and orm! FDD arran ement (Aith D and - )



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Kari Pehkonen

#he e ten!ion $and 2500'25@0 + H i! antici3ated to $e aBaila$le in !ome countrie! Aithin7uro3e and el!eAhere rom 2006'200 onAard!.

Fre uency $and! in u!e today or !econd eneration mo$ile radio !erBice! de3end on re ionand country. For e am3le Aithin 7uro3e 3re!ently they Aill enerally $e aBaila$le or I+#'2000 a ter the re!3ectiBe 2< licen!e! Aill haBe e 3ired or a ter the re ulation condition! haBe

$een chan ed to alloA I+#'2000 to $e introduced into 2< $and!. In !ome countrie!" !uch a!in the - " any technolo y i! 3ermitted in an o3erator! !3ectrum.

In addition to !econd eneration mo$ile radio !y!tem $and!" al!o $and! u!ed or ir!teneration mo$ile radio !y!tem! may $e reallocated or I+#'2000 in !ome countrie!. For e am3le" the 450 + H $and could $e u!ed or I+#'2000 in !ome 3art! o the Aorld ( rica"7a!tern 7uro3e" etc.).

-nlicen!ed $and! or % o3eration are aBaila$le in 2400'24 .5 + H" 5150'5 50 + H"54>0'5>25 + H and 1>.1'1>. < H. ll o the!e $and! are not lo$ally aBaila$le. oAeBer"lo$al u!a e o 5150'5 50 + H and 54>0'5>25 + H or % i! on the a enda o ne t?%*200 . llocation! and ?%*'200 3lan! in the 5 < H $and are illu!trated in Fi ure >.;luetooth i! o3eratin in 2400'24 .5 + H $and. #he utiliHation o the 5 < H !3ectrum(#ran!mit PoAer *ontrol" Dynamic Fre uency harin " etc.) and the licence e em3t $e!te ort a33roach may al!o $e an intere!tin a!3ect to con!ider or any neA radio inter ace a!o33o!ed to the traditional !e mented dedicated a33roach or an indiBidual o3erator thatcurrently e i!t! or cellular today.

Figure ;% Allo&ations and / ?

#here are al!o other mean! to arran e more ca3acity or uture mo$ile radio !erBice!" $e!ide! 3ure (re)allocation o !3ectrum. #he ir!t additional method i! &o.,arming o, spe&trum " Ahere


5.1 5.2 5. 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.> 5. 5.@ + H

eron.radionaB .F

%adioloc.

77

3ace !c.

eron.radionaB .77

+arit.radionaB.

+eterolo ic.radar!

%adioloc.

F 7'to'

%adioloc.

%###

F

+

I +

enda 1.6 3rotection o F

+ alloc. or % + alloc. or %

F or %.or F? eA 77 alloc.

u3 rade o %adioloc. rom 2ndary to 3rimary

% " 200 m?" indoor % " 1?" outdoor


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tAo o3erator! a ree to !hare a iBen re uency $and alternatin or di erent radio !erBice!under 3rede ined condition!. #he !econd method i! &o.operation " Ahere tAo or ani!ation!a ree to make aBaila$le 3art o their licen!ed !3ectrum to $e com$ined in a Aay that a neAradio !erBice can $e o3erated there $y $oth o them to ether >L.

>.2.2 Proce!!in 3oAer (, E +P" IkeE 7# 8k )

Proce!!in 3oAer rom microelectronic! 3er!3ectiBe Aill eBolBe on eBolutionary 3ath or thene t 10'15 year! a! neA method! and material! are $ein deBelo3ed or !emiconductor manu acturin . +ooreY! laA ha! $een olloAed durin the 3a!t decade! and eBen thou h

3hy!ical limitation! !tart! to $e Bi!i$le there i! !till room or im3roBement . eA technolo ie!Aill olloA a ter tho!e haBe $een utili!ed.

(%e . 1) 7 am3le o the eBolutionary im3roBement are !een on area o ate o ide! and atematerial!" ate len th" litho ra3y and connection! 1 L. eA material! or ate o ide andate! are re uired or the 3roce!!e! $eloA 100 nm $ut there are !olution! $ein re!earchedand ood con idence that tho!e i!!ue! Aill !olBed. itho ra3hy technolo ie! include la!er!doAn to 120 nm !tructure!" la!er enerated 3la!ma li ht !ource! doAn to 0 nm and C'ray!and ion $eam! $eyond that !o there are di erent technolo y o3tion!. +a!! manu actura$ilityand co!t Aill de ine the Ainnin technolo y or litho ra3hy a! Aell a! other area! too. *o33er Aith loA ca3a!itiBe in!ulator! Aill $e u!ed in main!tream 3roce!!e!. In 2001 1 0 nmtechnolo y ram3! u3 or Bolume 3roduction and ematech (!emiconductor indu!trycon!ortium) roadma3 Ahich 3roBide! enerally lea!t uncoloured BieA !hoA! 0.>im3roBement! oBer 'year technolo y cycle! all the Aay to 2016 and 2 nm technolo ie!1@L. (%e . 2)

eA technolo ie! $eyond thi! roadma3 include or anic !emiconductor! and nanotechnolo yAhere actiBe re!earch i! on oin $ut 3roduction maturity i! !till year! aAay.

Pro ected I* ma imum unctionality 3er chi3 (+tran!i!tor!Echi3) Aill roA rom e i!tin15 in 2001 to 1126@ in 2014. +inimum lo ic o3eratin Bolta e or loAe!t 3oAer Aill dro3rom 3re!ent 1.2 / in 2001 to 0. / in 2005 to 0.6/ in 200 to 0. / in 2014. i h

3er ormance *P- clock re uency Aill roA rom e i!tin 2 < H in 2001 (Pentium4) to 4.1< H in 2005 to >.1 < H to 200 to 14.@ < H in 2014 1@L(%e . 2). *P- clock re uencie! inhandheld loA 3oAer deBice! haBe $een rou hly 10Z o the hi h 3er ormance clock re uencyoBer time !o thi! Aould 3ro3o!e roadma3 o e i!tin 200 + H in 2001 ( tron %+ in*om3a iPa ) to 400 + H in 2005 to >00 + H to 200 to 1.5 < H in 2014. PoAer con!um3tion i! main limitin actor on handheld deBice! and adBance! on that area mayena$le h her clock !3eed!.

*ircuit and architectural !olution! $rin ! another leBel o o33ortunity to im3roBe 3er ormance. rchitectural trend! on handheld deBice! include !o3hi!ticated ener ymana ement techni ue!" !e3aratin communication B!. a33lication com3utin and need or more le i$le architecture!.

7nhanced ener y mana ement techni ue! are re uired to ena$le hi h 3er ormancere uirement to co3e Aith u!er e 3erience in Aired deBice!. Decrea!in 3roce!! eometry ando3eratin Bolta e lead! to additional !tand $y 3oAer con!um3tion due to increa!in leaka e



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Kari Pehkonen

current. In addition to di erent !lee3 mode leBel! Dd ynamic /B olta e ! calin (D/ ) i!addre!!ed to decrea!e 3oAer con!um3tion $ut there are not much commercialim3lementation! aBaila$le. ?ith Dynamic /olta e calin " a reali!tic tar et or 3roce!!or core

3oAer !aBin ! i! 0'40Z. PoAer mana ement control i! a!!umed to $e in ? and additional? i! needed to !u33ort multi3le Bolta e leBel! and tran!ition $etAeen the!e !tate! !o

utili!in D/ Aould re uire !i ni icant chan e! in !y!tem architecture and lead to morecom3le im3lementation 20L(%e . ) .

eed or Aide Bariety o a33lication! driBen $y di ital conBer ence mean! neA re uirement!to ;; 3er ormance in mo$ile handheld!. 33lication dedicated 3roce!!or 3lat orm need! to

$e !e3arated rom communication ;; architecture to 3roBide additional 3er ormanceheadroom and acce!!i$ility to rd 3arty a33lication deBelo3er!. *alculation inten!iBe media!treamin a33lication! may $e at lea!t 3artly hardAired $ut much o the a33lication

3er ormance i! needed a! eneral 3ur3o!e 3roce!!or 3er ormance. *ommunicaton ;; 3er ormance re uirement i! increa!in a! Aell Aith increa!in data rate! $ut much o cellular !i nal 3roce!!in need! to $e im3lemented hard Aired in cu!tom !3eci ic architecture!. #hereor a$oBe mentioned 3roce!!or 3er ormance roadma3 !hould iBe $etter uidance to

a33lication 3roce!!or 3lat orm than communication ;; 3lat orm 3er ormance.

;oth communication and a33lication architecture! re uire additional le i$ility to hel3!horten de!i n cycle!" ea!e re'u!e and modi ication! and o3en neA 3roduct conce3t

3o!!i$ilite!. *on i ura$le architecture! tar et to com$ine I* im3lementation e iciencyAith 3roce!!or im3lementation 3ro ramma$ility. #hi! area ha! $een addre!!ed $y manyre!earch team! and noA ir!t commercial 3roduct! !tart to $e comin aBaila$le. *on i ura$learchitecture need! to de ine rame architecture and rule! or addin unctional unit!" may $e!ome $a!ic unctional unit!" de!i n enBironment includin de!i n tool! and uidance or deBelo3ment and Beri ication and techni ue or loA leBel control o the !y!tem. In !omea33roache! re'con i ura$ility al!o mean! re'routin o cell! on deBice (FP< 'like) $ut inother! re'con i ura$ility i! tar eted Aith 3ro rammin interconnect architecture that ha! $eenim3lemented in deBice u!in $a!eline *+8 3roce!! technolo y. #hi! reduce! oBerhead in!ilicon leBel $ut lead! to more com3licated interconnect architecture and control o the!y!tem. It i! not clear Ahich a33roach Aill $e the Ainnin one $ut in any ca!e le i$ility Aill

$e tar eted $eyond 3re!ent 3roce!!or 3ro ramma$ility.

BB processing power is determined not onl b the ASIC integr!tion le"el !nd processorcloc# $re%uenc & but !lso b the BB !rchitecture !nd possibilit $or p!r!llel processing o$d!t!'

'SIC integr!tion !nd component mini!turis!tion& i'e' g!te count per chip& h!s been obe ingthe s'c' Moore(s l!w !nd seem to continue th!t in $oreseen $uture' )he rule o$ thump is th!tthe integr!tion le"el is doubled e"er *+ months'

Semiconductor processes !re impro"ing le!ding to n!rrower linewidths' )en e!rs !go the ASIC processes en!bled linewidths !round * m' Currentl ,' . m st!rts to be !lre!d oldtechnolog !nd circuit design is mo"ing tow!rds ,'*+ ,'* m processes'

As ! conse%uence o$ sm!ller ASIC components !nd intern!l connections& oper!ting "olt!gesh!"e to be lowered' 0ower power consumption is !n !d"!nt!ge $rom the lowered "olt!ge'Howe"er& incre!sing problem is del! s in the ASIC intern!l connections' Sm!ller si1e m!#es



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Kari Pehkonen

the components 2e'g' tr!nsistors3 themsel"es $!ster but connections& intern!l buses& etc'become slower due to higher resist!nce' )his me!ns th!t the l! out design& !nd the whole

ASIC s stem design& is becoming critic!l th!n be$ore'

4igure * illustr!tes h pothetic!l trend o$ the ASIC integr!tion in terms o$ the g!te count' &!tet$ t c"rves s$! n"( er en +ed 3 t$e se(ic!nd"ct!r #r!cesses nd t$e #r ctic +'SIC i++ e s!(e $ t e+! t$ese n"( ers4 T$e s!+"te n"( ers re n!t e ct ')he e"olution is more or less predict!ble up to 5,,6' )he e7tr!pol!tion be ond th!t !ssumesth!t Moore(s l!w is still !pplic!ble'

Fi ure 1:


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2with possible e7tr! iter!tions3 m! not be consider!bl shortened& more the tend to rem!inon current le"el'

Si6n +: Pr!cess!rs

?"ol"ed semiconductor processes impro"e !lso processor per$orm!nce Moore(s l!w!pplic!ble here& too' )he o"er!l processing power& howe"er& m! depend more on the !bilit$or p!r!llel processing' Multiple less $!st processors m! be more power$ul th!n one highspeed processor' Processor cores will de"elop too& e'g l!rger intern!l word lengths' )hecloc# $re%uences $or sign!l processors !re !round ,,MH1 but e'g' )I h!s published theirne7t gener!tion processor to oper!te with ,,MH1 cloc#'

As mentioned processors m! be p!rt o$ the s stem integr!ted on one circuit' Ag!in& thes stem design is critic!lG H9/S9 p!rtitioning !s !n e7!mple'

' ;a!e$and

' 2E 3roce!!in

>.2. %F im3lementation (, E +P" IKe 8k E 7#)

0ine!r power !mpli$iers 20PA3 !re the #e !re! where the e"ol"ed networ#s !nd 6 set

incre!sing ch!llenges' 0ine!rit re%uirements become tougher !s the sign!l b!ndwidthincre!ses or when multic!rrier implement!tion is needed' Aiming !t wide !re! co"er!ge !nd!t the s!me time incre!sing the user d!t! r!tes me!ns th!t tot!l )7 power h!s to be !t le!ston simil!r le"els !s in e7istingcellul!r s stems' 0PA h!s l!rge sh!re o$ the tot!l b!se st!tioncost/price !nd this will set $urther ch!llenges $or 0PA cost reduction !s other technologies!lso e"ol"e bringing the !"er!ge B)S prices down' 0PA 2D)R 3 constitutes t pic!ll ,-6,Jo$ the b!se st!tion price 2norm!lised with pro"ided tr!$$ic c!p!cit 3'

Power !mpli$iers 2PA3 h!"e $ollowing re%uirements !mong which compromises h!s to bem!de in the !ctu!l implement!tion=

' ?$$icienc

' 0ine!rit

' B!ndwidth !nd the sign!l properties 2Crest 4!ctor !nd number o$ c!rriers3

' High output power

' Cost

' Si1e

' M!nu$!ctur!bilit

@ 8ptimum 0PA is ! compromise between !ll o$ !bo"e

;P' +ine rit3 re


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Kari Pehkonen

0ine!r modul!tion !nd multic!rrier tr!nsmission le!d to non const!nt en"elope o$ thetr!nsmitted sign!l' )he higher the sign!l pe!# to !"er!ge r!tio 2PAR3 is the higher line!rit is

re%uired' Nonline!rities in the )7 ch!in distort the sign!l itsel$ degr!ding the lin#per$orm!nce' Howe"er& be$ore this c!n be seen in the lin# %u!lit the )7 spectrum st!rts towiden e'g' due to intermodul!tion distortion 2IM:3' )his le!d to e7cessi"e inter$erence on!d

Ine$$icient 0PA design le!d to high power consumption !nd cooling problems' 0!rge he!tdissip!tion me!n enl!rged mech!nic!l si1e 2with cooling s stem3 m!#ing theelectromech!nic!l design more di$$icult !nd the b!se st!tion cost higher'

Currentl e'g' 9C:MA multic!rrier 0PAs h!"e e$$iciencies t pic!ll -+J2*,J !t best3 $or2roughl 3 5,-6,9 )7 powers' As the component technolog !nd line!ris!tion conceptse"ol"e *.-5,J 2or e"en be ond3 e$$icienc m! be re!ched within two or three e!rs'

As the b!ndwidths tend to $urther enl!rge tow!rds 6 s stems& tougher ch!llenges in 0PAdesign !re !pp!rent' Incre!sed B9 either lowers the 0PA e$$icienc & or output powers h!"eto be lowered& or better line!ris!tion methods h!"e to be de"eloped' It is "er h!rd to predicti$ !n new bre!#through technolog emerge within *, e!rs' More prob!ble scen!rio couldbe th!t currentl #nown concepts will be de"eloped $urther to cope with more stringentre%uirements' 0ess m!ture line!ris!tion concepts& such !s line!r !mpli$ic!tion using non



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Kari Pehkonen

line!r components & 0INC/4u

) pic!l cl!ss o$ the PA within the !bo"e mentioned line!ris!rition themes h!"e been AB'Such !s 0INC !nd ??R h!"e potenti!l to be utili1ed with ! new cl!ss ?/4 !mpli$iers toincre!se e$$icienc o$ the o"er!ll 0PA' )his m! be the ultim!te method using some sort o$switched mode "ersion using !d"!nt!ges o$ di$$erent methods !d!pti"el 2 3'

Re( r= I$ some #ind o$ multi!ntenn! )7 is used !s p!rt o$ the !ir inter$!ce concepts& there m!be possibilities to reduce the )7 output powers b di"iding the )7 p!ths 2incl' 0PA3 to se"er!l!ntenn!s' ?"enl split )7 power through M-!ntenn!s could theoretic!ll

)he other possibilit is to use !cti"e !ntenn!s' Acti"e components e'g' power tr!nsistors& 0NAs2low noise !mpli$iers3 !re integr!ted to the phs sic!l !ntenn! structure' As !n e7treme therecould be !cti"e components $or e!ch !ntenn! dipole element @ !mpli$ic!tion is split into m!nlow power elements where no line!ris!tion is re%uired' B this it could be possible to remo"ewhole 0PA $rom the b!se st!tion c!binet !nd c!bling could be done with high !ttenu!tion 2muchthinner3 R4 c!bles' Possible dr!wb!c#s !re power $eeding& reli!bilit !nd l!rge temper!ture"!ri!tions due to outdoor O m!sthe!d inst!ll!tion'

C!(#!nent #! er tr nsist!r: tec$n!+!6ies

St!te o$ the !rt power tr!nsistor technolog $or PAs is 0:M8S !nd !As4?) tod! 'M!teri!ls !nd processes h!"e de"eloped during recent e!rs' )he e"olution h!s been r!therste!d without !n m!D'C

9ider b!ndwidths will set higher re%uirements !lso $or A/: !nd :/A con"erters' S!mple r!tesincre!se !ccordingl & number o$ bits h!s to be incre!se to meet the d n!mic r!nge !nd

%u!ntis!tion noise re%uirements' :esign is ! tr!de o$ between s!mpling r!te !nd d n!micr!nge 2 o$ bits3'

As re$erence& st!te o$ the !rt A:C/:AC technolog pro"ides !round *,bit resolution with*,,M s!mples/second 2MS/s3' )echnolog is e7pected to de"elop so th!t both s!mplingr!tes !nd number o$ bits incre!se= Closing * S/s with *.bit s!mples with :ACs !nd5,,MS/s !nd *5-bit * s!mples with A:Cs within& s! & . e!rs $rom now'

Commercial semiconductor manufacturers are capable of high performance 1 GSPs 14-bit D/A Converters (u!itsu "icroelectronics #sampling $%/$4 &''1 ) *+' "SPs 14-bit D/A Converters (,e as.nstruments # sampling $4 &''1 ) 1*-bit 4'' "SPs D/A Converters

* )he number o$ bits re$ers to e$$ecti"e number o$ bits & ?N8B& which !re !ctu!ll us!ble !t the A:Coutput'



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Kari Pehkonen

(Analog Devices # sampling $% &''1 0' "SPs 14-bit A/DConverters (Analog Devices # sampling no 2

8n the other h!nd the A:C/:AC methods will be de"eloped to en!ble s!me 2ASIC3processes to be used m!#ing higher integr!tion with other digit!l processing possible'

A:C/:ACs !re not onl used in the !ctu!l sign!l tr!nsmission !nd reception p!ths but !lso!s p!rt o$ the 0PA line!ris!tion circuitr in $eedb!c#/-$orw!rd p!rts o$ the line!ris!tion loops'

R? inte6r ti!n

)here !re simil!r !d"!nt!ges in the R4 integr!tion !s c!n be !chie"ed with digit!l logic

integr!tion= Si1e& cost& reli!blilit &etc' Integr!tion c!n be done putting components into s!meintegr!ted circuit 2R4-IC3 or embed them on the single cer!mic substr!te 2e'g' 0)CC& lowtemper!ture co$ired cer!mic3' )he l!tter one c!n be concidered !s p!c#!ging !ndmini!turis!tion technolog using otherwise st!te o$ the !rt components'

Integr!tion is done 2!lre!d now3 e'g' $or s nthesi1er& ph!se loc#ed loop& mi7er bloc#s' In$uture integr!tion le"el c!n be !ssumed to proceed $urther putting more !nd more $unctionsinto s!me IC or cer!mic'

' includin DED conBerter!

>.2.4 ;attery ca3acity (, E +P" IKe 8k E 7#)

' etc. (TTT)

#e t to >.2.2" >.2. " >.2.4E, " eikki .E +P" IkeE 7#

=(3 hysica, ,ayer $1 n%

tate'o 'the'art 3hy!ical layer !olution!" that haBe $een im3lemented already" haBe $een!tandardiHed or are $ein !tandardiHed" include !olution! like #ur$o codin " a!t % "e icient utiliHation o aBaila$le (di!crete) 3hy!ical tran!mi!!ion rate! Aith the hel3 o ratematchin !olution!" Bariou! kind! o # diBer!ity !olution!" u!e o !hared channel! to im3roBethe 3er ormance o P !erBice!" link ada3tation in time domain $y the u!e o tran!mi!!ion

3oAer control and +* techni ue! and Fa!t *ell election. ot all o the!e techni ue! haBe $een u!ed in 3ractice yet $ut !imulation! haBe !u e!ted that in macrocellular o3eration!3ectral e iciencie! on the order o 0.5 $it!E H are achieBa$le 2L. *on!iderin hoA !carcere!ource !3ectrum i! need to im3roBe the 3er ormance urther Aill de initely e i!t al!o in theuture.

>. .1 *a3acity limit! o Airele!! communication !y!tem!

?hat are the undamental 3er ormance limit! o Airele!! !y!tem! i! not an ea!y ue!tion toan!Aer. #he cla!!ical ca3acity theorem $y *laude hannon iBe! u! the ma imum error reetran!mi!!ion rate in $it! 3er !econd oBer a noi!y 3oAer' and $andAidth limited channel:



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Kari Pehkonen

)1(lo4 2 kT1 !

1C += (0)

Ahere"

C channel ca3acity $it!E!

1 $andAitdh

! aBera e receiBed !i nal 3oAer

k ;oltHmannM! con!tant (1. 10 '2 ?!EK)

T tem3erature

%ecent in ormation theoretic re!ult! !hoA that Aith +I+8 antenna techi ue! ca3acity ha! the 3otential to increa!e linearly a! a unction num$er o antenna! 11L.


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Kari Pehkonen

7 3lain Ahat i! cellular ca3acity more in detail!EKPn

It !hould $e noted that in order to realiHe the a orementioned ain! one ha! to ado3t ano3timal multichannel (multiu!er) receiBer Aith oint decodin oBer all 3arallel data !tream!.Furthermore" the re!ult! a!!ume uncorrelated !3atial channel!. It ha! ha! $een !hoAn that thatchannel correlation (r) reduce! the e ectiBe !i nal'to'noi!e ratio rou hly $y a actor o (1'r).In addition to e icient multichannel decodin " e icient codin !cheme! need to deBi!ed toa33roach the!e theoretical limit!. In a multi'cell ca!e the!e may include coded macrodiBer!ity(!o t hando )" o3timal 3oAer allocation (o Ahich D# i! !3ecial ca!e)" etc. In u3link" onecan con!ider multi'antenna tran!mi!!ion rom -7 a! mean! to im3roBe coBera e and ca3acity"!chedulin o u3link u!er! (3oAer allocation in time domain)" and multi'ho3) u!er coo3eration or di!tri$uted antenna!. ome o the!e techni ue! may not $e needed or onlyca3acity increa!e" $ut al!o to !aBe -7 $attery li e and to minimiHe # 3oAer.

*'E.

*'+,

*'+.

*'F,

*'F.

5',,

5',.

5'*,

5'*.

5'5,

, ,'* ,'5 ,' ,'6 ,'. ,' ,'E ,'+ ,'F *

Ter(in + #! er @:

C # c

i t 3

9 G 1 # s

:

Figure @% Cellular &apa&it' limit as a ,un&tion o, terminal T power% 1 B +44 #H= Carrier ,re uen&' 7H= B +444 per km 2%

>. .2 Phy!ical layer! !olution!

In order to urher enhance the 3er ormance o Airele!! !y!tem! there are a num$er o !y!temand radio link leBel !olution! to con!ider includin :

3atial domain !olution! includin # E% diBer!ity" $eam ormin " +I+8

+ultidimen!ional ada3tation (time" re uency" !3ace)

+ultidimen!ional radio re!ource allocation (code" time" re uency" !3ace) 7rror correction codin



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Kari Pehkonen

! 3ointed out in the cha3ter >. .1 !3atial domain !olution! are Bery im3ortant i con!idera$leim3roBement! to Airele!! !y!tem 3er ormance are tar eted or. #hu!" techni ue! like # E%diBer!ity" $eam ormin and +I+8 !hould $e !tudied care ully $oth Aith !horter (e. .eBolution o


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Kari Pehkonen

)hese will pro"ide r!dio $r!me& slot& s mbol !nd chip 2in C:MA s stems3 timing')o initi!lise the !bsolute $r!me timing 2$r!me number3& the in$o h!s to be

decoded $rom the control ch!nnels 2norm!ll in s stem in$os3'

Control ch!nnels ph sic!l l! er $orm!t depend on the used !ccess method'C:MA s stems t pic!ll h!"e common pilot ch!nnels $or the initi!l :0s nchronis!tion' )ermin!l !d


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pilot ch!nnels or pilot s mbols !re used in con!lm!n coe$$icients' In con


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)he per$orm!nce o$ N:A estim!tors depends n!tur!ll on the ch!nnelconditions !nd t pe o$ the estim!tor $ilter' )he >!lm!n $ilters suit best to slow

$!ding conditions& where :oppler shi$ts !re sm!ll' )he 9iener t pe 4IRpredictors per$orm %uite well !lso with l!rge :oppler shi$ts' )he decision-directed methods need %uite high SNR to per$orm moder!tel '

D #' ID7D +7# 8D

)he d!t!-!ided ch!nnel estim!tion is !ccomplished utili1ing ! #nown tr!iningse%uence multiple7ed into the d!t!' )he tr!ining se%uence decre!ses ! power

!nd b!ndwidth e$$icienc ' )he tr!ining se%uence c!n be ! pre!mble& mid!mble&post!mble or combin!tion o$ those& or indi"idu!l pilot s mbols' It is possible tosep!r!te the ch!nnel estim!tion !nd d!t! detection to indi"idu!l t!s#s& i$ thech!nnel estim!tion is b!sed on onl to the tr!ining se%uence' )his #ind o$ estim!tor structure is ! $eed$orw!rd t pe& !s the decision-directed structure is !$eedb!c# t pe' )here is no error prop!g!tion in the $ormer structure !nd it isre!son wh the estim!tes usu!ll !re more reli!ble th!n with ! decision-directed structure' In !ddition the needed SNR c!n be lower using :Amethods& bec!use o$ #nown d!t!' 9ith :A methods beside the predictor !lso !smoother c!n be used' )he smoother uses !lso the $uture s!mples in theestim!tion' )he :A method m!#es it !pplic!ble to utili1e iter!ti"e structures&where tent!ti"e decisions !re b!sed on :A estim!tion& !nd those tent!ti"e

decisions !re then used to impro"e ch!nnel estim!tion !s !n !ddition!l tr!iningsign!l' 8$ten the $irst st!ge is ! predictor t pe !nd the second st!ge is !smoother t pe'

#% I I < 7 -7 *7 1L

)he sp!cing o$ the tr!ining s mbols into the d!t! se%uence is !rr!nged so th!tthe ch!nnel is s!mple !t or !bo"e the N %uist r!te 2c$' Ch!nnel coherencetime3' )here is ! tr!de-o$$ between the number o$ tr!ining s mbols !nd the%u!lit o$ ch!nnel estim!tion' As the number o$ tr!ining s mbols incre!ses the%u!lit o$ ch!nnel estim!tion gets better& but !t the s!me time the power e$$icienc becomes worse' It is possible to de$ine the SNR loss due to tr!inings mbol insertion !nd imper$ect ch!nnel estim!tion' )hese two SNR lossesdetermine the tot!l SNR loss !nd with ! cert!in :oppler spre!d one c!n $indout the optimum number o$ tr!ining s mbols b!sed on this tot!l SNR loss' )heoptim!l s!mpling r!te b!sed on the SNR loss is usu!ll much higher th!n them!7imum s!mpling r!te b!sed on the N %uist r!te& so in pr!ctic!l situ!tionsthere is ! consider!ble o"ers!mpling m!rgin'

)he used mess!ge $orm!ts c!n c!use !li!sing !nd end e$$ects to ch!nnel

estim!tes' )here !re "!rious mess!ge $orm!ts& li#e



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Kari Pehkonen

' ;ni$orml sp!ced n pilot s mbols with o"ers!mpling between d!t! bloc#s 2s mmetric$iltering3

' ;ni$orml sp!ced n pilot s mbols !t the st!rt 2within $ew bloc#s3 o$ long d!t! mess!gewith !nd without pre!mble 2uns mmetric $iltering3

' Pre!mbles !nd post!mbles between d!t! bloc# 2interpol!tion used in ch!nnel estim!tion3

' Mid!mble within ! d!t! bloc# 2e7tr!pol!tion used in ch!nnel estim!tion3

9ith the $irst mentioned mess!ge $orm!ts the per$orm!nce o$ the ch!nnelestim!tion within the d!t! bloc# is independent on the position o$ d!t! s mbol& i$ the number o$ pilot s mbols is l!rge enough' )he per$orm!nce will degr!dewith "er $ew pilot s mbols !t the st!rt !nd end o$ d!t! bloc#& especi!ll !t high

SNR "!lues'9ith the second $orm!ts the per$orm!nce is lightl degr!ded !t the st!rt o$ themess!ge& i$ no pre!mble is used' )his degr!d!tion could be compens!tedusing ! su$$icient long pre!mble' )he SNR h!s not ! strong e$$ect to theper$orm!nce& i$ the :oppler is consider!bl low'

)he third $orm!ts !re usu!ll used in the tr!nsmission o$ short d!t! burst' )heper$orm!nce degr!d!tion within the d!t! bloc# is "er dependent on the SNR'

At high SNR "!lues the per$orm!nce degr!d!tion is high' )he re!son is th!t !tlow SNR "!lues the noise domin!tes in the estim!tion m!s#ing out the !li!singe$$ects'

In the c!se o$ the $orth mentioned $orm!ts the per$orm!nce depends on thech!nnel d n!mics !nd its rel!tion to the length o$ d!t! bloc#s' So the length o$ d!t! bloc#s should be !d


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the comple7it !nd per$orm!nce' Also the re-con$igur!bilit is !n import!ntissue'

;%3%3% %3 Future resear&h

:uring the p!st e!r the ch!nnel estim!tion h!s been studied "er thoroughl &so there e7ist plent o$ solutions $or "!rious #inds o$ conditions' Now!d! sscienti$ic studies concentr!te to blind ch!nnel estim!tion utili1ing either second-order or higher order moment methods' )he commerci!l "!lue o$ thesemethods is still low& bec!use o$ their high comple7it !nd %uite poor per$orm!nce with low SNR conditions' ener!ll industr needs !re in thede"elopment o$ d!t!-!ided methods& bec!use o$ their robustness !nd %uite lowcomple7it ' )he go!l o$ these rese!rches is either to $ind out the optim!lmess!ge structure t!#en into !ccount the tr!de-o$$ between the o"erhe!d !ndper$orm!nce or to decre!se the comple7it o$ the !d!pti"e structures& whichutili1ed #nown tr!ining se%uences' In the l!tter c!se new solutions $or low SNR!nd high inter$erence conditions !re !lso under consider!tion'

7.3.3.3 Lin !"ality meas"res #or lin a$aptation

)here !re two w! s to h!ndle the problem c!used b the non-st!tion!rtr!nsmission ch!nnel o$ ! r!dio lin#' )he $irst is to !$$ect to the tr!nsmissionch!nnel itsel$ !nd the other is to !d!pt ! tr!nsmission to ! non-st!tion!rch!nnel' 4or the $irst option common w! s is to use ! tr!nsmit power control or di"ersit tr!nsmission' 4or the second option there !re both ph sic!l l! er !ndlin# l! er methods' A "er gener!l w! is to m!#e recei"er !lgorithms !d!pti"eto ch!nnel ch!nges' )he other w! is to use di$$erent ch!nnel coding !ndmodul!tion schemes in di$$erent ch!nnel conditions' Also d!t! retr!nsmissionis "er commonl used with ! p!c#et d!t! tr!nsmission' )he combin!tion o$ l!tter mentioned methods is !lso possible'

)he common $e!tures $or the !ll !bo"e mentioned methods !re th!t the h!"eto h!d some #nowledge o$ the lin# %u!lit !nd th!t $eedb!c# methods !reusu!ll utili1ed' )he lin# %u!lit is me!sured in ! recei"er !nd the in$orm!tion issend to ! tr!nsmitter b ! $eedb!c# ch!nnel' B!sic!ll there !re two gener!llused %u!lit me!sures& either ! sign!l-to-inter$erence r!tio or bloc# error r!te o$ d!t!'

)he estim!tion o$ ! sign!l-to-inter$erence r!tio is ! %uite str!ight$orw!rd& i$ !!ussi!n !ssumption c!n be used $or the recei"ed sign!l' )h!t is bec!use&then we c!n !ssume& th!t the "!ri!nce o$ ! recei"ed sign!l de$ines theinter$erence p!rt !nd ! time-me!n de$ines the sign!l p!rt' )he problem is morecomplic!ted& i$ the inter$erence is non-st!tion!r or it is ! non- !ussi!n t pe2impulsi"e3' )hese #inds o$ situ!tions !re possible& when there !re co-e7istingdi$$erent s stems in the s!me r!dio b!nd or the tr!nsmission is he!"il p!c#ett pe' )he $ormer is especi!ll true using ISM b!nds'



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Kari Pehkonen

atural Aay to a33roach the 3ro$lem o non'


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Kari Pehkonen

( rom

(4"2) D ##D E4 16 + 40 14.4 1@>

(4"2) D ##D E4 64 + 40 21.6 216

(4"4) D ##D E4 P K 40 10. 264

(4"4) D ##D E4 16 + 40 14.4 2>4

(4"4) D ##D E4 64 + 40 21.6 2@

Future hi h data rate !y!tem! (10'100 +;P )

t thi! 3oint it !eem! that 4 th eneration !y!tem! may take adBanta e o recon i ura$le!y!tem! that are a$le to utili!e multi!tandard techni ue! in urther increa!in the data rate! (u3to 100 +$itE!). #hi! Aill 3ro$a$ly lead to multicarrier *D+ andEor 8FD+ ty3e !olution!Aith reduced mo$ility and coBera e.

' tur$o decodin O ' e uali!ation



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Kari Pehkonen

' 3art o the '# 3roce!!in (!ee $eloA)

' antenna con i uration 3art o the modulationEcodin !cheme

=(7 Data ,in+ ,ayer $'i++o%

#he com$ination o ?*D+ % * and + * i! the mo!t le i$le data link layer !3eci icationaBaila$le today in term! o o !u33ort. ;oth a lar e num$er o 3arallel tran!3ort channel!Aith di erent tran!3ort re uirement! and a lar e num$er o lo ical channel! multi3le ed to!ame tran!3ort channel are !u33orted. #he tar et ha! $een to 3roBide a 3lat orm" Ahich cane iciently !u33ort 3arallel !erBice! and multimedia !erBice! $y con i urin o3timiHed radio

tran!mi!!ion or each com3onent. #he tar et ha! $een achieBed !o Aell that a lon eBolution 3ath i! e 3ected $e ore netAork! and terminal! haBe deBelo3ed !u iciently to take ulladBanta e o the 3rotocol.

8ne o the main ue!tion! i!" Aill thi! trend continueT hould 4< 3roBide another uantumlea3 in Ber!atility" 3arallel !erBice! and o3tion!" or !hould it $e concluded that < achieBedthe 3eak in thi! direction" and it i! time to conBer e a ainT

! ? !olution! currently 3roBide hi h $itrate! Bery economically" it i! u!e ul tounder!tand the rea!onin $ehind the di erent de!i n! !o that the roadma3 or $eyond

InteractiBe real'time ( uaranteed loA delay) tra ic in macrocellular enBironment ha! the $i e!t need or centraliHed radio re!ource mana ement. ome 3art o the ca3acity ha! to $e centrally mana ed and alAay! aBaila$le to the !u$!cri$er. In < !y!tem! !tati!ticalmulti3le in can $e utiliHed Aith loA to medium rate !erBice! (!ilence 3eriod! iBe ain)"

$ut hi h $itrate (\100 k$3!) need! more attention rom radio re!ource mana ement.

eamle!! handoBer! or real'time tra ic cau!e di icult mea!urement! e!3ecially or inter'% # (radio acce!! technolo y) handoBer!" a! the neA !y!tem ha! to $e mea!ured Ahile!till connectin to the old !y!tem.

In e. . D7*# and ? " the terminal !en!e! the medium to determine either a reere!ource or the $e!t carrier re uency. In !mall'cell enBironment! thi! Aork! Aell.

#he * + E* 3rotocol u!ed in ? i! Bery e icient a! lon a! the !y!tem i! notunder heaBy loadin $y a lar e num$er o terminal!

+ * 7#'3ro ect in okia ha! !3eci ied the re3lacement o ?*D+ radio Aith ? toconnect to < netAork!. #hi! kind o hy$rid !y!tem! are one Aay to e tend the ca3a$ilitie! o < !y!tem! in !mall'cell loA mo$ility enBironment!. #hi! kind o thinkin could al!o 3roBidea Bia$le !tartin 3oint o interconnectin a 4< !y!tem Aith 3re!ent netAork!.



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Kari Pehkonen

#he main ue!tion" on Ahich mo!t o !u$!e uent de!i n deci!ion! Aill $e $a!ed" i!: ?ill 4< $e yet another !y!tem de!i ned to !u33ort eBerythin " or can it $e o3timi!ed to a more!3ecialiHed tar et !et than


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mechani!m! Aould $e airly ea!y to im3lement. %* i! al!o doin re!earch on o3timalroutin in a ;luetooth enBironment to ain acce!! to a re!ource out!ide o the coBera e o there ue!tin u!er.

>.4.4 ;roadca!t and +ultica!t

83erator! haBe an increa!in intere!t or $roadca!t and multica!t !erBice!. It i! to $e e 3ected"that the ca3acity and ca3a$ilitie! o < cellular !y!tem! !oon run out" i hi h' ualitymultimedia i! to $e 3roBided on multi3le channel! a! $roadca!t and E or multica!t !erBice!.

neA !y!tem !hould it naturally into thi! domain. ome 3arameter! could $e:

+ultica!t E ;roadca!t !erBice! are ea!ier to !u33ort in enBironment!" Ahere a terminal can

ea!ily receiBe all the tra ic in the cell !imultaneou!ly. ! an e am3le" ? Aould $eea!y" a! only one GchannelG i! actiBe at the !ame time in one acce!! 3oint. ?*D+ " onthe other hand" i! more challen in " $ecau!e rece3tion o dedicated tra ic (D* )"

$roadca!t (F * ) and multica!t (t.$.a. D * ) re uire! !imultaneou! decodinca3a$ilitie! not normally a!!ociated to a terminal.

#he terminal !hould !3end a! little $attery 3oAer a! 3o!!i$le to detect tran!mi!!ion!" thatit! u!er doe!nSt Aant to receiBe. #hi! re uirement i! di icult to match Aith the 3ointa$oBe.

In multica!tin !ecurity a!3ect! al!o need attention. I the radio inter ace i! de!i ned !othat eBery terminal can receiBe all the tra ic" ci3herin a$oBe the radio mu!t make thedata inacce!!i$le to unAanted reci3ient!.

uture !y!tem mu!t alloA ea!y rece3tion o multica!t E $roadca!t tra ic Aithoutcom3romi!in $attery con!um3tion.

=( Radio reso#rce &ana4e&ent $LO+%

ew responsi le"E9k

. *8 * - I8 (KP )

%7F7%7 *7

1L


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Kari Pehkonen

4L #I E7I EI '@5';" ]+o$ile tation';a!e tation *om3ati$ility tandard or ?ide$and 3read 3ectrum *ellular y!tem!^" Fe$ruary 1@@@.

5L #I E7I EI '2000" ]cdma2000 tandard or 3read 3ectrum y!tem!^" 0 u u!t1@@@.

6L Pehkonen" K. ?*D+ and ? or < and ;eyond. Pre!entation atL *D< 7Bolution tudy #eam. *D< eBolution !tudy re3ort" B4.0" Decem$er" 21" 1@@@.1 L ;uchmann" +ichael. Future in microelectronic!. I*#+ 3ro ect re3ort at %*" 25 ,an2001" %* ;ochum"


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Kari Pehkonen

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B4GR Research Visions v0.1