BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010 Gendered Discourses on war at the intersection between party affiliation and institutional

BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March

2010

Gendered Discourses on war

at the intersection between party affiliation and

institutional roleThe case of legislative

Assemblies

Cinzia Bevitori (University of Bologna at Forlì)

[email protected]


2010

Outline of talk Background issues

Parliamentary discourse The question of gender in institutional domains Research questions

Corpus, Tools and Methods The HoC and HoR subcorpora Tools and Methods Corpus-assisted Discourse Analysis

Case study war, people of Iraq, we must


2010

Background issues

i. parliamentary discourse

ii. gender and institutional discourse

iii. research questions


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Background issues i. parliamentary

discourse sub-genre of political language (Carbò 1996, Van

Dijk 2000, Bayley 2004)

ritualized and rule-bound typically adversarial - “deliberate dispute”

(Adams 1999) typically male-dominated institutional space

(Shaw 2000, Walsh 2001, Wodak 2003)


2010

Background issues ii. gender and institutional discourse gender in context and situated meanings

meanings as contextually-dependent (Halliday 1994) within

‘communities of practice’ (CofP) (Eckert and McConnell- Ginet 1992)

‘performative’ (Butler 1990,1999), i.e. enacting gender gender as a ‘dynamic’/‘fluid’ concept (inter alia

Litosseliti 2002, Sunderland and Litosseliti 2002) as well as a ‘fixed’ concept (Walsh 2001)

gendered identities at the intersection with other “institutional” variables (Cameron 1997, Walsh 2001)


2010

Background issues iii. research

questions Do different/similar semantic patterns emerge in the talk of male and female MPs in the House/s?

Are they statistically salient or semantically ‘primed’ (Hoey 2005) to tell us anything about gendered discourses within this domain?

If (and to what extent) does positioning depend on variables of party affiliation and/or institutional role intersecting with gender?

If (and to what extent) do shared/unshared values in this given context impinge on gender?


2010

Corpus, Tools and Methods

i. the corpus

ii. tools and methods

iii. corpus-assisted discourse studies


2010

The Corpus HoC 2003 Original corpus: transcripts of all 152 sittings Tokens: 9,800,000 (approx. Wsmith counting

procedure)

Iraq subcorpus: 73 parliamentary “events” tokens: 960,293 (approx.)

412 speakers


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The Corpus HoR 2003 Original corpus: transcripts of all 135 sessions Tokens: 17,000,000 (approx. Wsmith counting

procedure)

Iraq subcorpus: tokens: 1,394,163 (approx.)

376 speakers


2010

HoC and HoR and CorDis

CorDis: multigeneric corpus 5 million tokens ca. (see Morley and Bayley ed. 2009)

Encoded according to TEI standard to be interrogated by Xaira (XML Aware

Indexing and Retrieval Application, Oxford University Computing Service)

POS-tagged (CLAWS7, Lancaster)


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Taking the Floor about Iraq HoC party/sex distribution of tokens

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

Lab M Lab F Con M Con F LD M LD F Misc


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Taking the Floor about Iraq HoC Speaker role - Labour: Gov and Bb

Labour: Gov70%

Labour: Bb30%


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Taking the Floor about Iraq HoR party/sex distribution of tokens

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

Rep M Rep F Dem M Dem F

Methodology: a two-fold gaze

Corpus-assisted Discourse Studies (CaDS) (Partington 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009)

Combining CL techniques with the analytical tools of discourse analysis (inter alia, Hardt-Meutner 1995, Stubbs 1996, 2001, Baker 2006, Baker et al 2008, Bayley 1999, 2004, 2008, Miller 2006,Thompson and Hunston 2006, Bayley and Morley 2009)


2010

typically implies: close reading of select text and text segments

emerging as significant from quantitative research or ‘shunting’ (Halliday [1961] 2002: 45, Miller 2006), from concordance to text (and intertext)

typically characterised by: compilation of ad hoc specialized corpora; use of other corpora for comparative purposes

SFL-based discourse analysis and Appraisal (Halliday 1994, Martin and Rose 2000, Martin and White 2005)

Methodology: a two-fold gaze CADS

continued


2010


2010

Case study

war people (of

iraq)we must


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Distribution of war and conflict

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

war conflict

CongressRecord Hansard


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war/conflict party/sex distribution (r.f.)

00.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.09

Lab

Gov

M

Lab

Gov

F

Lab

Bb M

Lab

Bb F

Con M

Con F

LibDem

M

LibDem

F

war conflict


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war/conflict party/sex distribution (r.f.)

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

Dem M Dem F Rep M Rep F

war conflict


2010

gulf 154 62.0 crimes 44 38.2 cold 36 35.9 against 180 35.8 go 179 35.2 six-day 5 30.0 inevitable 31 29.8 syndrome 8 27.6 prisoners 36 24.7 opposed41 24.5 prospectus 5 23.8 run-up 12 21.1 terrorism 73 20.7 case 73 20.2 justification 20 19.8 resort 17 19.0 aftermath 20 18.2 avoid 28 18.2 iraq 270 17.2 the 1966 16.9

terrorism 378 79.9 terror 159 59.0 against 369 50.0 prisoners 98 46.6 gulf 160 42.4 preemptive 52 40.9 world 345 39.7 profiteering 19 39.5 cold 57 38.6 iraq 762 38.0 cost 123 37.9 persian 63 37.8 win 93 37.7 during 166 35.9 vietnam 73 35.7 this 916 33.1 prisoner 30 29.9 winning 47 28.6 preventive 14 28.4 aftermath 44 27.5

war

HoC HoR

a.f. a.f.z-score z-score


2010

gulf 154 62.0 crimes 44 38.2 cold 36 35.9 against 180 35.8 go 179 35.2 six-day 5 30.0 inevitable 31 29.8 syndrome 8 27.6 prisoners 36 24.7 opposed41 24.5 prospectus 5 23.8 run-up 12 21.1 terrorism 73 20.7 case 73 20.2 justification 20 19.8 resort 17 19.0 aftermath 20 18.2 avoid 28 18.2 iraq 270 17.2 the 1966 16.9

terrorism 378 79.9 terror 159 59.0 against 369 50.0 prisoners 98 46.6 gulf 160 42.4 preemptive 52 40.9 world 345 39.7 profiteering 19 39.5 cold 57 38.6 iraq 762 38.0 cost 123 37.9 persian 63 37.8 win 93 37.7 during 166 35.9 vietnam 73 35.7 this 916 33.1 prisoner 30 29.9 winning 47 28.6 preventive 14 28.4 aftermath 44 27.5

war a.f. a.f.z-score z-score


2010

war - top collocates (z-score)variables of sex/party/inst. role

Lab Gov (M): crimes, prisoners, syndrome, gulf, cold, avoid, decisions, criminals, sanctioned

Lab Gov (F): prospects, disorderly, troubled, cold, raging, suffering, catastrophe, bitter, avoided, scenario

Labour: Government


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Gov. (F): war

y of the record from the Gulf war onwards in relation to requests me from this crisis without a war that would cause great sufferint there should be no rush to war. troubled by the prospects of war. troubled by the prospects of war and does not relish the prospecs not relish the prospects of war, and that people are willing to y that there should not be a war that inflicts great suffering orian purposes in the event of war . raging about the prospect of war . penly about the prospects of war or military or humanitarian prehat the best scenario is that war should be avoided if possible.n the middle east because any war would be a human catastrophe. splacing him without going to war and inflicting more hurt and sule of Iraq further suffering, war and the chaos that has come aft


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Gov. (F): war and prospects

y of the record from the Gulf war onwards in relation to requests me from this crisis without a war that would cause great sufferint there should be no rush to war. troubled by the prospects of war. troubled by the prospects of war and does not relish the prospecs not relish the prospects of war, and that people are willing to y that there should not be a war that inflicts great suffering orian purposes in the event of war . raging about the prospect of war . penly about the prospects of war or military or humanitarian prehat the best scenario is that war should be avoided if possible.n the middle east because any war would be a human catastrophe. splacing him without going to war and inflicting more hurt and sule of Iraq further suffering, war and the chaos that has come aft


2010

Gov. (F): war and prospects and sufferingy of the record from the Gulf war onwards in relation to requests me from this crisis without a war that would cause great sufferint there should be no rush to war. troubled by the prospects of war. troubled by the prospects of war and does not relish the prospecs not relish the prospects of war, and that people are willing to y that there should not be a war that inflicts great suffering orian purposes in the event of war . raging about the prospect of war . penly about the prospects of war or military or humanitarian prehat the best scenario is that war should be avoided if possible.n the middle east because any war would be a human catastrophe. splacing him without going to war and inflicting more hurt and sule of Iraq further suffering, war and the chaos that has come aft


2010

a war that inflicts great suffering on the already long-suffering necessary bombardment and suffering for the people of Iraq, which inflicting more hurt and suffering on the people of Iraq. We did ons were causing enormous suffering to the people of Iraq. But of President Mugabe. The suffering and destruction that he has is necessary to minimise suffering and to maximise the speed wit possible to minimise the suffering of children without minimity now is to minimise the suffering of the people of Iraq during ten without minimising the suffering of civilians, of their mothersour power to minimise the suffering of the people. It is not possieople of Iraq are already suffering a humanitarian catastrophe. So detailed accounts of the suffering of people and children at Haering on the already long-suffering people of Iraq, it is our duty courts for the terrible suffering and breach of international laomy, thuggery, hunger and suffering. My instinct is that the end i horror, chaos, death and suffering of war. As a result of the seche people of Iraq further suffering, war and the chaos that has coere and then minimise the suffering of the people. The hon. Memb there would be much less suffering for the people of Iraq, and thar that would cause great suffering to the people of Iraq. I am nos brutal, the people were suffering, our Attorney-General belatedlwhich we can minimise the suffering of the people of Iraq in terms

Gov. (F): suffering


2010

a war that inflicts great suffering on the already long-suffering necessary bombardment and suffering for the people of Iraq, which inflicting more hurt and suffering on the people of Iraq. We did ons were causing enormous suffering to the people of Iraq. But of President Mugabe. The suffering and destruction that he has is necessary to minimise suffering and to maximise the speed wit possible to minimise the suffering of children without minimity now is to minimise the suffering of the people of Iraq during ten without minimising the suffering of civilians, of their mothersour power to minimise the suffering of the people. It is not possieople of Iraq are already suffering a humanitarian catastrophe. So detailed accounts of the suffering of people and children at Haering on the already long-suffering people of Iraq, it is our duty courts for the terrible suffering and breach of international laomy, thuggery, hunger and suffering. My instinct is that the end i horror, chaos, death and suffering of war. As a result of the seche people of Iraq further suffering, war and the chaos that has coere and then minimise the suffering of the people. The hon. Memb there would be much less suffering for the people of Iraq, and thar that would cause great suffering to the people of Iraq. I am nos brutal, the people were suffering, our Attorney-General belatedlwhich we can minimise the suffering of the people of Iraq in terms

Gov. (F): suffering


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C. Short: While I welcome the concern among the people of our country that there should not be a war that inflicts great suffering on the already long-suffering people of Iraq, it is our duty to send the firm message to Saddam Hussein that this time the UN is in business, is invincible and will not go away, and that there must be disarmament.

Opposition-initiated debate, 30th Jan. 2003


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Question Time 26 Feb 2003 Mrs. Spelman (Con): The whole House is

aware of, and sympathetic to, the doubts and concerns that the Secretary of State has publicly admitted about the prospect of war in Iraq. However, does she accept that the effect of those doubts has been to prevent her from engaging properly in all attempts to discuss what humanitarian plans would be in place to mitigate the consequences of war? Does she also accept that, ironically, that could have grave consequences for the people of Iraq?


2010

Labour: Govnode: people (z-

score) iraqi 52.3 fed 26.7

benefit 24.6 displaced 22.9 minimise 19.2 iraq 18.6 own 17.8 brutalised 17.6

quarrel17.0 benefiting 16.5 suffering 16.4 internally 16.3 educated 15.5


2010

Labour: Govnode: people (z-

score) iraqi 52.3 fed 26.7

benefit 24.6 displaced 22.9 minimise 19.2 iraq 18.6 own 17.8 brutalised 17.6

quarrel17.0 benefiting 16.5 suffering 16.4 internally 16.3 educated 15.5


2010

M iraqi 55.6 benefit 23.8 own 19.8 brutalised 19.1 quarrel 18.5 benefiting 17.9 iraq 16.7 innocent 15.6 who 15.1 thousands 14.0

F fed 50.1 displaced 46.0 minimise 44.4 suffering 34.8 educated 33.6 livelihoods 26.3 handouts 25.6 movements 23.6 one-off 22.2 disadvantaged 22.2

Labour: Gov (combined variables)

node: people (z-score)


2010

people of Iraq/Iraqi people dominant

semantic motifs Gov’s positioning (M) benefiting/helping (the people of Iraq) empowerment (take responsibility for

government) brutality and suffering (of the regime)

Gov’s positioning (F) > [Clare Short]: minimize the suffering of the people (of Iraq) (negative) prospects of war > e.g. “humanitarian”

(Bayley and Bevitori 2009: 74-107)


2010

Lab Bb (M): against, gulf, discrete, opposed, go, terrorism, excuses, pre-emptive, wrongs, avoid, alternative, case, iraq, rushing, voted

Lab Bb (F): crimes, indictments/indicting, deadliest, humanity, proportionate, aims, gulf, against, inevitable, brink, refugees, consequence, sceptical

Labour: Back Benchers

war top collocates (variables of

sex/party)


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Question Time, 21 Jan. 2003

Mrs. Alice Mahon (Halifax): Is my hon Friend the Member for Cynon Valley [Ann_Clwyd ] not correct in saying that Saddam needs to be dealt with because of his responsibility for these matters? The Government have taken a leading role in

international tribunals that deal with war crimes and crimes against humanity, so, instead of letting people off the hook, is it not now time to find a way of bringing them to book? How will the British Government go about doing that?


2010

Lab Bb (M): against, gulf, discrete, opposed, go, terrorism, excuses, pre-emptive, wrongs, avoid, alternative, case, iraq, rushing, voted

Lab Bb (F): crimes, indictments/indicting, deadliest, humanity, proportionate, aims, gulf, against, inevitable, brink, refugees, consequence, sceptical

war top collocates (variables of

sex/party)


2010

Lab: Bb (M) war and terrorism Clearly, any war against terrorism has many differ

If we are to have a war against terrorism, and it is again In relation to the war against terrorism, the Chancellor e rights and wrongs of a war against terrorism, and about the mireign policy aspects of a war on terrorism, we must realise that Let us prosecute the war against terrorism through the Unithe war has no link to the war against terrorism and will exacerba d July this year, on the war against terrorism. This is a war that will have no end, so long as psupport the more general war on terrorism. war on terrorism. War is justified if we or our allies arid, I support the general war on terrorism. as a logical step in the war on terrorism- in fact, I thought thgative consequence on the war on terrorism because the internat tting co-operation in the war on terrorism from generally unreliwas the right move in the war on terrorism; some wanted Saddam to back to the tasks of the war on terrorism and the building of th


2010

Lab: Bb (M) war and terrorism Clearly, any war against terrorism has many differ

If we are to have a war against terrorism, and it is again In relation to the war against terrorism, the Chancellor e rights and wrongs of a war against terrorism, and about the mireign policy aspects of a war on terrorism, we must realise that Let us prosecute the war against terrorism through the Unithe war has no link to the war against terrorism and will exacerba d July this year, on the war against terrorism. This is a war that will have no end, so long as psupport the more general war on terrorism. war on terrorism. War is justified if we or our allies arid, I support the general war on terrorism. as a logical step in the war on terrorism- in fact, I thought thgative consequence on the war on terrorism because the internat tting co-operation in the war on terrorism from generally unreliwas the right move in the war on terrorism; some wanted Saddam to back to the tasks of the war on terrorism and the building of th


2010

Vernon Coaker (Gedling): While we talk about the rights and wrongs of a war against terrorism, and about the military side of any campaign, it is important, if we are to demonstrate that what we are doing is against the regime in Iraq and not against the people, that we plan for the humanitarian consequences of any conflict, and that we do what we can to protect the

ordinary people of Iraq. […]

Gov-initiated debate, 11th March 2003

“War against terrorism”


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Lab: Bb (F) war and terrorism Mrs. Alice Mahon (Halifax): The policy of

merging the issue of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq with the aims of the war on terrorism is no substitute for any hard evidence of weapons of mass destruction or, indeed, a link with al-Qaeda. Does the Foreign Secretary realise that many will view this attempt as disingenuous? It is also a disaster for good international relations and in terms of protecting the people of this country, it is downright dangerous. (Statement to the House, 21 January 2003)


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Opposition-initiated debate, 9 Sept. 2003

Alice Mahon (Halifax): However, now is not the time for that. It is timely to remind Hon Members of the genuine consequences of the illegal and immoral war for the people of Iraq. It is proper to examine the way in which millions of ordinary Iraqi people are suffering now. We should also consider the destabilisation of the middle east.


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people of iraq Lab: BB (M): top collocates: liberate, liberation,

reconciliation, justifiable dominant motifs: variable stance

upholding the Gov’s position: liberating the people from dictatorship empowerment: peace and reconciliation

contesting the Gov’s position dire consequences

Lab: BB (F): top collocates: suffering, immoral,inflicting, saving (“no prospect of saving”)

dominant motifs: less varied contesting the Gov’s position

war is illegal and immoral dire consequences (people are suffering now)


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Opposition-initiated debate 30 th Jan 2003 Joan Ruddock (Lewisham, Deptford): […] there are Hon

Members who argue—perhaps the Hon Member for North-West Cambridgeshire [Mawhinney_Brian Conservative:Bb] came closest to saying this — that it might be better to have the war to save the people of Iraq from their existing fate.

I can not accept that. It is, of course, not the purpose of resolution 1441, and it can not be part of the judgment that the Security Council will take on hearing the inspectors' reports. I cannot believe that that is the best way forward for the Iraqi people.

We know what the immediate humanitarian results are likely to be, but the question is: what will follow the military onslaught? Like the hon. Member for Richmond Park (Dr. Tonge) and my hon. Friend the Member for Cynon Valley (Ann Clwyd), I want to refer to Afghanistan


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american 45.8 iraqi 37.6 who 31.9 oppressed 27.7 these 26.8 are 25.3 liberate 24.9 own 21.6 freeing 21.5 oppress 20.9

american 149.1 who 29.5 deserve 27.8 the 26.5 are 25.1 iraqi 24.5 leveled 24.5 young 23.0 congress 22.7 behalf 22.0 borrow 20.9

Republicans

people top 10 collocatesHoR Democrats


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Dem M: the people of iraq are better off/freer…but

Mr. McDermott (Washington): […] There can be little argument about whether the people of Iraq are better off today than they were under Hussein. They are. But the 200 young Americans who have died and continue to die, one died last night, did not pledge their lives to make the people of Iraq better off. They pledged to protect the United States of America from real threats to our security. They died believing that they did. So far, I do not know why they died. (5 minutes speech, 15 July 2003)

people of iraq HoR


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Mr. Udall of Colorado: […] The people of Iraq are freer with Saddam Hussein out of power—at least for now—but our go-it-alone policies have left us with few friends willing to help cover the costs of his removal or Iraq's reconstruction. (Debate 17 Oct. 2003)

Mr. Obey: […] If we are going to be bombing the devil out of a country, I suspect that we have a considerable moral obligation to the population afterwards to help repair the damage and to help repair the human misery. So I do not begrudge what we will be trying to do for the people of Iraq after this miserable war. What I do hope, however, is that we will be able to reduce and perhaps eliminate future tax cuts that are contemplated right now here at home …(Debate 3 April 2003)

people of iraq HoR

Dem F : concern for our people (troops) and the people of iraq, civilians, victims; help them rebuild and reconstruct

nocent lives, the victims, the people of Iraq for what might c ave a commonality with the people of Iraq , either by way for our troops, right for the people of Iraq , and worthy of supwe it to our troops and to the people of Iraq to acknowledge the etroops in the field and to the people of Iraq after the war; thetheir ability to represent the people of Iraq. From my study offighting men and women and the people of Iraq . I join my colleagies to our military and to the people of Iraq , and we will continport of our allies to help the people of Iraq rebuild their countr the United States and to the people of Iraq to do our utmost to on with other nations and the people of Iraq and eliminate the ba mental with sympathy for the people of Iraq whose liberation has dam Hussein, and certainly the people of Iraq should not be saddlmerican people, as well as the people of Iraq. First, this approp tes troops, civilians and the people of Iraq. But even before goi

people of iraq HoR


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Case study

war people (of

iraq)we must

“a register specific feature in institutional deliberative dispute”

(Miller and Johnson 2009b)

we must across CorDis

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Briefin

g

Congre

ssRec

ord

Hansa

rd

Hutto

nInqui

ry

PapEd

PapNew

s

PapOp

TVnew

s

BNC (spo

ken)

COCA (spok

en)

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

must

we must


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we must: party/sex distribution HoR

00.1

0.20.3

0.40.5

0.60.7

0.8

Dem F Dem M Dem ALL


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we must: verbs collocate: Dem F protect, construct, invest, care, ensure,

recognize, believe, provide

are secure abroad, we must also strive to protect our people n our Armed Forces. We must always undertake efforts to protect or Dodd's concerns. We must be as vigilant in protecting the j re of our veterans. We must protect our homeland. Each of theire safe and secure. We must protect and defend our cities at htect our homeland. We must protect our hometowns. And as wasnot made in order. We must protect our homeland. We must prot also believe that we must protect the troops right here at hose trucks. And we must make sure that our homeland is prot ild Left Behind . We must take care of our veterans. We mustps in danger, then we must care enough to bring them home, bri


2010

protect, construct, invest, care, ensure, recognize, believe, provide

are secure abroad, we must also strive to protect our people n our Armed Forces. We must always undertake efforts to protect or Dodd's concerns. We must be as vigilant in protecting the j re of our veterans. We must protect our homeland. Each of theire safe and secure. We must protect and defend our cities at htect our homeland. We must protect our hometowns. And as wasnot made in order. We must protect our homeland. We must prot also believe that we must protect the troops right here at hose trucks. And we must make sure that our homeland is prot ild Left Behind . We must take care of our veterans. We mustps in danger, then we must care enough to bring them home, bri

we must: verbs collocate: Dem F


2010

protect, construct, invest, care, ensure, recognize, believe, provide

I believe that we must live up to our duty and support ; and I believe that we must first go to our allies in this pyer dollar, I believe we must have an answer to each and every ut I also believe that we must protect the troops right here at ho gress, I still believe we must do more. econdly, I believe that we must take immediate responsibility Lastly I believe that we must take immediate responsibility fo I believe we must finish the effort we began in Iraq ut, I also believe that we must be honest about what reconstructing

we must: verbs collocate: Dem F


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we must: verbs collocate: Dem F protect, construct, invest, care, ensure,

recognize, believe, provide

I believe we need to invest in rebuilding Iraq and protecting

but, rather, that we can invest here at home.

Imagine if we could invest those dollars here at home and c

I think we should invest those dollars here at home and help

the recession and how we invest our way out of it; we are talking

terrorism requires us to invest deeply, if you will, in homeland se

rs is eight times what we invest in Pell Grants for our college stu

the same time, failing to invest in our children and grandchildren b

ge this priority; we must invest in our children.

e purposes, and instead invest it in homeland security- where it c

is in Iraq, then we must invest in human rights.

stays out, then we must invest in the teachers of Afghanistan.


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invest: verbs collocate: Dem F here at home, in our children, in education

I believe we need to invest in rebuilding Iraq and protecting

but, rather, that we can invest here at home.

Imagine if we could invest those dollars here at home and c

I think we should invest those dollars here at home and help

the recession and how we invest our way out of it; we are talking

terrorism requires us to invest deeply, if you will, in homeland se

rs is eight times what we invest in Pell Grants for our college stu

the same time, failing to invest in our children and grandchildren b

ge this priority; we must invest in our children.

e purposes, and instead invest it in homeland security- where it c

is in Iraq, then we must invest in human rights.

stays out, then we must invest in the teachers of Afghanistan.


2010

we must: verbs collocates: Dem M stand, pay, forget, rebuild, engage,

stabilize, stand, hold, dismantle, invest, envision

And, yes, we must pay for what we broke.

scourge of terrorism, we must pay for it in an honest way.

responsibilities, but we must be prepared to pay for them.

We must pay now for the costs of our e

But we must be prepared to pay for the

he $100 b We must now all pay the price of

That is why we must pay now for the costs of


2010



Mr Evans (Illinois): Just as we stand vigilant against any further terrorist acts we must stand together to protect the entitlements and benefits that protect the members of our armed services when they return home. (Debate, 5 Feb 2003)

Mr. Scott (Georgia): … we must stand up for the taxpayer as well, and that is the convoluted position we are in. (Debate, 15 Oct 2003)


2010



he American people. We must now invest in our economic growth

is in this country. We must invest in America's economic future

national security. We must invest more in the creation of a work


2010



Mr. DeFazio […] They say [Reps] it is necessary for the security of the American people that we are going to borrow $20 billion in the name of working Americans to invest and stimulate the Iraqi economy, to build their infrastructure, roads, bridges, highways, state of the art telecommunications, sewer and electric. Well, it is not going to boost our economy here at home, and that is the security that my constituents and most Members' constituents are worried about (1 min speech, 17 Oct 2003)


2010

In sum… which picture emerges? Cross-examination: Lab (Gov/Bb) & Dem (F)

a tendency to emphasize on the consequences (“ethic of responsibility”??)

a tendency to resort to an “emotionally-loaded” language (“ethic of caring”??)

→ hand-in-hand with a high degree of assertiveness; → subjectification (e.g. I believe - see Bevitori 2007, Miller and

Johnson 2009b)

values of “caring” and “protection” do emerge in both male and female gendered discourse, but different collocational profiles point to different values (e.g. Lab: suffering; Dem we must + invest etc..).


2010

a final note on method: lacunae strength and weakness of corpora methods

and their use in discourse analysis (Baker 2006: 17-21)

in this discourse domain: transcripts

written, spoken, written to be spoken, hybrid? loss of prosodic features (Slembrouck 1992)

possible speaker-idiosyncrasy (e.g. Clare Short)

possible overgeneralization of data


2010

Baker P. (2006), Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis, London: Continuum.Baxter J. (ed.) 2006,Speaking Out. The Female voice in public contexts, London: McMillan Bayley

P. (ed.) 2004, Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Parliamentary Discourse, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Bayley P. (ed.) 2004, Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Parliamentary Discourse, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins

Bayley P., C. Bevitori 2009, 'Just War' or just 'war’: Arguments for Doing the 'Right Thing', in: J. Morley and P. Bayley (eds.), pp. 74-107.

Bevitori C. 2007, Engendering conflict? A corpus-assisted analysis of women MPs positioning on the war in Iraq, in M. Dossena and A. Jucker (eds.), (R)evolutions in Evaluation, Textus 20(1), pp. 137– 58.

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Documents

BAAL Corpus Linguistics Event Lancaster University, 30 March 2010 Gendered Discourses on war at the intersection between party affiliation and institutional