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THE EARTHQUAKE EFFECT OF DOUBLE
STOREY STEEL STRUCTURE DUE TO ACEH
EARTHQUAKE
SITI HAJAR BINTI SA’ADIN
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (HONS) IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
DECLARATION OF PROJECT REPORT AND COPYRIGHT
Author’s full name : SITI HAJAR BINTI SA’ADIN
Date of birth : 4 DECEMBER 1993
Title : THE EARTHQUAKE EFFECT OF DOUBLE STOREY STEEL
STRUCTURE DUE TO ACEH EARTHQUAKE
Academic Session : 2015/2016
I declare that this project report is classified as:
CONFIDENTIAL (Contains confidential information under the Official
RESTRICTED
Secret Act 1972)*
(Contains restricted information as specified by the
Organization where research was done)*
OPEN ACCESS
I agree that my project report to be published as online open
⁄
Access (Full text)
I acknowledge that Universiti Malaysia Pahang reserve the right as follows:
1. The Thesis is the Property of University Malaysia Pahang 2. The Library of University Malaysia Pahang has the right to make copies for
the purpose of research only. 3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange.
Certified By:
____________________________
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR
931204-07-5166 IR SAFFUAN BIN WAN AHMAD
(NEW IC NO. /PASSPORT NO.) NAME OF SUPERVISOR
Date: 22 JUNE 2016 Date: 22 JUNE 2016
NOTES:* If the thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter from the organization with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction.
EARTHQUAKE EFFECT OF DOUBLE STOREY STEEL STRUCTURE
DUE TO ACEH EARTHQUAKE
SITI HAJAR BINTI SA’ADIN
Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for award of the degree of
Bachelor of Civil Engineering (Hons)
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG
JUNE 2016
ii
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that I have checked this thesis and my opinion, this thesis is adequate in
terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering
(Hons).
Signature :
Name of Supervisor : IR SAFFUAN WAN AHMAD
Position : SUPERVISOR
Date : 22 JUNE 2016
iii
STUDENT’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is my own except for quotations and
summaries which have been duly acknowledged. The thesis has not been accepted for
any degree and is not concurrently submitted for award of other degree.
Signature :
Name : SITI HAJAR BINTI SA’ADIN
ID Number : AA12063
Date : 22 JUNE 2016
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION ii
STUDENT’S DECLARATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURE xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study 1
1.2 Problem Statement 3
1.3 Research Objectives 4
1.4 Scope of Study 5
1.5 Research Significant 5
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction of Earthquake 6
2.2 Plate Tectonics 6
2.2.1 Type of Plate Boundaries 7
2.3 Seismic Waves 8
2.3.1 Body Waves 9
2.3.2 Surface Waves 11
2.4 Magnitude and Intensity 13
2.4.1 Magnitude Scale 13
ix
2.4.2 Intensity Scale 14
2.5 Earthquake in Indonesia 15
2.6 Steel Structure 16
2.7 Mechanism of Steel Structure 17
2.7.1 Stress-Strain Behavior 18
2.8 Tolerance of Steel Frames 18
2.9 Seismic Design Code 19
2.9.1 Performance Requirements and Compliance Criteria 19
2.9.2 Ground Conditions 19
2.10 SAP Program 20
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 22
3.2 Work Procedure 23
3.3 Data Collection and Information Gathering 23
3.3.1 Structural Description 24
3.3.2 Material Properties 26
3.3.3 Loading 26
3.3.3.1 No Earthquake Load 27
3.3.3.3 Earthquake Load 27
3.4 Literature Review 27
3.5 Data Analysis 28
3.6 SAP 2000 28
3.7 Modelling 29
3.7.1 Steps in Sap2000 Program 30
x
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction 43
4.1.1 Design Basis 43
4.1.2 Code of Practice 43
4.2 Analysis of Steel Structure 43
4.2.1 Free Vibration Analysis 44
4.2.2 Dead Load + Live Load 51
4.2.3 Dead Load + Live Load + Earthquake Load 53
4.2.4 Response Spectrum Analysis 56
4.2.4.1 Response Spectrum Analysis U1 56
4.2.4.2 Response Spectrum Analysis U2 59
4.2.5 Time History Analysis 61
4.2.5.1 Time History Analysis U1 62
4.2.5.2 Time History Analysis U2 67
4.3 Summary of Analysis 73
4.3.1 Shear Force 73
4.3.2 Bending Moment 74
4.3.3 Joint Displacement 75
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion 78
5.2 Recommendation for Future Work 79
REFERENCE 84
xi
LIST OF TABLE
Table No. Title Page
2.1 Type of Ground
20
3.1 Material Properties of Steel Structure
26
3.2 Scale Factor for Static Analysis
28
3.3 Scale Factor for Dynamic Analysis
28
3.4 Load Assigned for each Case
37
4.1 Shear Force, Bending Moment and Displacement for
Dead Load + Live Load
53
4.2 Shear Force, Bending Moment and Displacement for
Dead Load + Live Load + Earthquake Load
56
4.3 Shear Force, Bending Moment and Displacement for
Response Spectrum Analysis U1
59
4.4 Shear Force, Bending Moment and Displacement for
Response Spectrum Analysis U2
61
4.5 Shear Force, Bending Moment and Displacement for
Time History Analysis U1
67
4.6 Shear Force, Bending Moment and Displacement for
Time History Analysis U2
72
4.7 Shear Force for Each Load Combination Cases.
73
4.8 Bending Moment for each load combination cases.
74
4.9 Joint Displacement for Each Load Combination Case 75
xii
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure No. Title
Page
1.1 Seismic Shock Wave
2
1.2 Plate Tectonics Model
2
1.2 The Movement Of Plate Tectonics Around Malaysia.
4
2.1 The Major Tectonic Plates On Earth.
7
2.2 Plate Tectonics Model
8
2.3 Primary (P) Waves
10
2.4 Secondary (S) Waves
11
2.5 Rayleigh Waves
12
2.6 Love Waves
13
2.7 Richter Magnitude and Modified Mercalli Intensity
Relationship
15
2.8 Earthquake in Aceh Details
16
2.9 Stress Strain Diagram for Mild Steel
17
2.10 SAP 2000 Program Version 15
21
3.1 Methodology Procedure
23
3.2 Column Layout Plan of Steel Structure
24
3.3 First Floor Layout Plan of Steel Structure
25
3.4 First Floor Layout Plan of Steel Structure
25
3.5 Roof Layout of Steel Structure
26
3.6 Structure Model Type
30
3.7 Grid Data System
31
3.8 Type of Material 31
xiii
3.9 Frame Properties
32
3.1 Load Pattern
32
3.11 Response Spectrum Function
33
3.12 Raw Earthquake Data
34
3.13 Time History Function
34
3.14 Response Spectrum Load Case
35
3.15 Time History Load Case
36
3.16 Load Cases
36
3.17 Load Combination
37
3.18 The Structure Drawn
38
3.19 Joint Restraint
39
3.2 Steel Frame Design Preference
39
3.21 Modal Load Case Analysis
40
3.22 Dead Load + Live Load Case Analysis
40
3.23 Dead + Live + Earthquake Load Case Analysis
41
3.24 Response Spectrum Load Case Analysis
42
3.25 Time History Load Case Analysis
42
4.1 Mode Shape 1
44
4.2 Mode Shape 2
45
4.3 Mode Shape 3
45
4.4 Mode Shape 4
46
4.5 Mode Shape 5
46
4.6 Mode Shape 6
47
4.7 Mode Shape 7
47
xiv
4.8 Mode Shape 8
48
4.9 Mode Shape 9
48
4.1 Mode Shape 10
49
4.11 Mode Shape 11
49
4.12 Mode Shape 12
50
4.13 Modal Periods and Frequencies
50
4.14 Shear Force Model Display
51
4.15 Bending Moment Model Display
52
4.16 Joint Displacement Model Display for Joint 731
52
4.17 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram For Frame 1123
53
4.18 Shear Force Model Display
54
4.19 Bending Moment Model Display
54
4.2 Joint Displacement Model Display for Joint 731
55
4.21 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram For Frame 1363
55
4.22 Shear Force Model Display
57
4.23 Bending Moment Model Display
57
4.24 Joint Displacement Model Display for Joint 731
58
4.25 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram For Frame 1363
58
4.26 Shear Force Model Display
59
4.27 Bending Moment Model Display
60
4.28 Joint Displacement Model Display for Joint 731
60
4.29 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram For Frame 779
61
4.30 Joint Displacement Plot Function Traces
62
4.31 Shear Force Model Display
63
4.32 Bending Moment Model Display 63
xv
4.33 Joint Displacement Model Display for Joint 4
64
4.34 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram For Frame 778
64
4.35 Shear Force Model Display
65
4.36 Bending Moment Model Display
65
4.37 Joint Displacement Model Display for Joint 731
66
4.38 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram For Frame 779
66
4.39 Pseudo Speed Acceleration for Time History in U1 Direction
67
4.4 Joint Displacement Plot Function Traces
68
4.41 Shear Force Model Display
68
4.42 Bending Moment Model Display
69
4.43 Joint Displacement Model Display for Joint 981
69
4.44 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram For Frame 1269
70
4.45 Shear Force Model Display
70
4.46 Bending Moment Model Display
71
4.47 Joint Displacement Model Display for Joint 731
71
4.48 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram For Frame 1363
72
4.49 Pseudo Speed Acceleration for Time History in U2 Direction
73
4.5 Shear Force Versus Each Load Combination Case
74
4.51 Bending Moment versus Each Load Combination Case
75
4.52 Joint Displacement U1 versus Each Load Combination Case
76
4.53 Joint Displacement U2 versus Each Load Combination Case
76
4.54 Joint Displacement U3 versus Each Load Combination Case
77
5.1 Recent Earthquakes near Malaysia (Indonesia)
80
5.2 Recent Earthquakes near Malaysia (Sabah)
81
xvi
5.3 The Pillars of a House Broke
81
5.4 A General View Shows a Damaged School Building
82
5.5 Cracks Formed On Support Columns
82
xvii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
km Kilometer
s Second
ML Local Magnitude
A Maximum Trace Amplitude for a Given Earthquake at a Given Distance
A0 Amplitude for a Particular Earthquake Selected as Reference
Fr Residual Stress
Fy Axial Tensile Yield Stress
kg Kilogram
kN KiloNewton
mm Millimeter
E Young Modulus
G Shear Modulus
v Poisson’s Ration
α Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
C Celsius
Gk Dead Load
Qk Live Load
EQk Earthquake Load
RS1k Response Spectrum U1 Load
RS2k Response Spectrum U2 Load
TH1k Time History U1 Load
TH2k Time History U2 Load
T Period
xviii
f Frequency
VEd Design Shear Force
MEd Maximum External Design Moment
xix
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
CEN European Committee for Standardization
EN European Standard
ULS Ultimate Limit State
DLS Damage Limitation State
RF Rossi-Forel
MMI Modified Mercalli Intensity
P Primary
S Secondary
USGS United State Geology Survey
MRF Moment Resisting Frames
CBF Frames With Concentric Bracings
EBF Frames With Eccentric Bracings
2D Two Dimensional
3D Three Dimensional
MMD Malaysian Meteorological Department
U1 Unit Translational Acceleration in X Direction
U2 Unit Translational Acceleration in Y Direction
U3 Unit Translational Acceleration in Z Direction
TH Time History
RS Response Spectrum
DL Dead Load
LL Live Load
EL Earthquake Load
xx
N North
E East