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BacteriaArchaebacteria and Eubacteria
I. Characteristics: A. have a cell membrane. B. have a cell wall. C. prokaryotic (no nucleus/organelles.)
D. Live in damp, watery places. E. reproduce by asexual fission.
II. 2 Groups of Bacteria:
A. Archaebacteria•live in harsh environments.
B. Eubacteria•found everywhere.
III. 3 Types of Archaebacteria A. Methanogens
• live in oxygen-free environments (cow stomachs, swamps and sewage plants).
•produce methane gas.
B. Halophiles
Live in highly concentrated bodies of salt water.
•The Dead Sea
C. ThermophilesFound in hot, acidic water.
•Hot, deep-sea, thermal vents.
•Hot springs.
IV. 3 Groups of EubacteriaA. Heterotrophs
• found everywhere.
•Some are parasites.•Some are saprobes saprobes that feed on dead organisms and wastes. Ex. Recycling
B. Photosynthetic Autotrophs
Get energy from light. Have photosynthetic pigments. Some are blue-green; some
are red or yellow. In ponds and streams.
C. Chemosynthetic Autotrophs
Get energy from the breakdown of inorganic substances as sulfur and nitrogen compounds.
V. Structure of Bacteria A. Classified by the
shapes of their cells.
•1. coccus- round•streptococcus
–causes tooth decay
Staphylococcus
2. spirillum- •spiral-shaped.
•Causes syphilis.
Syphilis Bacterium
3. bacillus- •rod-shaped.
•Causes food poisoning.
Pseudomonas rods
B. Classified according to their arrangement.•1. Diplo- being paired.
•2. staphylo- grape-like clusters.
•3. strepto- long chains.
C. Overall Structure: 1. Sticky capsule-
• surrounds the cell wall for protection against the immune system of the organism.•Sticks to teeth, the host, etc.
2. Cell Wall and Cell Membrane
Outer boundaries.
3. DNA No nucleus to hold the
DNA. Arranged as 1 chromosome
in the cytoplasm.
Some have these parts:4. Endospore-
•a tough envelope that surrounds and protects the DNA in bad conditions.
5. Flagella-•used for movement.
D. Reproduction Do not reproduce by mitosis or
meiosis because there is NO nucleus.
Reproduce asexually by binary fission (cell divides into two new cells).
Reproduce sexually by conjugation conjugation (one bacteria transfers chromosomes to another through a membrane extension).
Very rapid reproduction (every 20 min.).
VI. Diversity of Bacteria
A. aerobes- most bacteria that require oxygen for cellular respiration.
•E. coli
B. anaerobes- do not use oxygen.
•Syphilis
VII. Diseases
1/2 of all diseases are caused by bacteria and their toxins.
Antibiotics are chemicals that inhibit the growth of bacteria.
Botulism is caused by improper sterilized canned foods.
Tetanus causes “lock-jaw.” E. coli causes food
poisoning.
E. coli
VIII. Economic Importance A. used to make foods as yogurt,
cheese and pickles. B.used in medicines (antibiotics). C. recycle nutrients in ecosystems.
D. change nitrogen in air into a usable form for plants.