Bahan kajianMK. PEMUPUKAN

EKONOMI PUPUK

Oleh:Prof.Dr.Ir.Soemarno, M.S.

Jur. Tanah FPUB Oktober 2011

Bahan kajianMK. PEMUPUKAN

EKONOMI PUPUK

Oleh:Prof.Dr.Ir.Soemarno, M.S.

Jur. Tanah FPUB Oktober 2011

EFISIENSI HARA

Nutrient efficiency is a measure of how much crop is produced per unit of nutrient supplied.

The higher the efficiency, the more product is produced per unit of nutrient.

The quality of soil affects nutrient use efficiency. Soil quality is measured or evaluated by a number of indicators.

ADA SEBANYAK 13 indikator yang berklaitan dengan efisiensi unsur hara

tanaman.

SUMBER: http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/management/files/sq_atn_4.pdf

KUALITAS TANAH DAN KETERSEDIAAN HARA

A healthy soil functioning at nearly fullcapacity stores and cycles nutrients and allows crops to grow and use nutrients

efficiently. In a healthy soil, nutrients become available when the plants need them.

There is little risk for crop nutrients to move below the root zone through leaching, off the edge of field by runoff and erosion, or above

the crop canopy by volatilization.

Crop nutrients that move beyond the crop’s zone of uptake could potentially contaminate

the environment.

EROSI DAN KEHILANGAN HARA

Erosion and runoff are both detrimental to nutrient management. Nutrients contained in the

topsoil, along with soil organic matter, can be carried away by erosion or washed out with

runoff water.

The organic matter is the first to be transported by water or wind because of its lower specific

gravity.

Additional nutrients are required to maintain productivity lost when topsoil is carried away by

erosion.

SEDIMENTASI DAN KESUBURAN

Sediment additions in the field can begood or bad. Some sediment, especially the

finer clay particles and organic matter, bring in nutrients.

The coarser sediments, like sands, do not have a high nutrient content and tend to

cover the topsoil that is in place.

Coarser textured soils also lack moisture-holding and pesticide-retention capacity.

PEMADATAN TANAH DAN KETERSEDIAAN HARA

Compact soils restrict the movement of roots. Less root volume in the soil prevents nutrient

uptake. Compaction also restricts the diffusion and flow

of nutrients in the soil. Few roots and limited nutrient movement can result in stunted growth

because the plant is unable to take up the nutrients in the soil.

Compacted soils retard air movement and gas exchange in the root zone. This can lead to

nutrient losses, like denitrification or toxic gas build-up near the

roots.

AGREGASI TANAH DI LAPISAN PERMUKAAN

Good soil aggregation means better waterand nutrient movement through the soil. Moreaggregation means more of the surface area ofthe soil particles have capacity for adsorbed

nutrients.

Surface aggregation allows pore spacefor water infiltration and gas exchanges. Goodsoil aggregation is closely tied to the amount ofactive organic matter and to biological activity.

Agregasi tanah berhubungan erat dengan siklus hara-tersedia.

INFILTRASI DAN PERGERAKAN HARA

Plants require water. Nutrients move with the water through the soil pores and are absorbed into

the plant. When nutrients are applied to the soil surface, as in no-till systems, water is required to

move the nutrients down into the root zone.

Good soil infiltration permits this to happen. Nutrients that are not carried into the root zone

are susceptible to runoff.

Percolating water carries the nutrients deeperinto the root zone and also removes harmful

salts that may accumulate there.

KERAK TANAH

Crusting seals the soil surface and restrictswater infiltration and gas exchange. If not

allowed to infiltrate, surface applied nutrients oncrusted soils are susceptible to runoff and wind

transport.

Crusting also reduces seedgermination and seedling survival which directly

has an effect on the plant population and theamount of nutrients necessary for the crop.

NUTRIENT LOSS atau IMBALANCE

Nutrients need to be applied according tothe crop and soil requirements. Soil and plant

analyses are a good way to determine theamount of nutrients needed.

Over-application of nutrients can lead to plant toxicity, poor pH reaction, and excess nutrients

susceptible to runoff, leaching, and volatilization.

A deficiency in nutrients will not sustain optimum plant

growth.

RESIDU PESTISIDA

Pesticides with residual soil activity canstunt growth of subsequent crops. If roots are

affected, their ability to absorb nutrients will belessened.

Any effect on plant photosynthesis willreduce nutrient uptake and metabolism.

Without pesticide or weed control, weeds canutilize nutrients in competition of the crop.

The weed residue may not decompose and recycle plant nutrients for the subsequent crops.

BAHAN ORGANIK TANAH

Soil organic matter is a very valuablecomponent of the topsoil. Organic matter storesnutrients, feeds soil organisms that decomposeorganic material, and return the basic nutrients

to the soil.

Organic matter holds soil moisture forplant use. Soil organic matter is developed bycombining of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen

plus other nutrients in the soil.

Nitrogen and other nutrients must be available to soil microorganisms for development of organic

matter.

AKTIVITAS BIOLOGI TANAH

A healthy soil has a diverse set of macroand micro organisms that assure a well

functioning soil food web.

Microorganisms decompose organic material, store nutrients in their bodies, and as they decay or become food for other organisms, they release

nutrients.Some small animals like insects and crustacea

carry organic material and related nutrients intothe soil and aid in its decomposition. Some

microorganisms have a symbiotic relationshipwith plants such as mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza live

in plant roots and help the plants assimilatewater and nutrients.

SIKLUS NITROGEN

SUMBER: soilcarboncenter.k-state.edu

GULMA & PATOGEN

Nutrients can be used by crops or byweeds. Weeds utilize nutrients, but fail toproduce a marketable commodity. So, thenutrients are not efficiently used to grow

crops.

The same is true for crops that are attacked by disease and insects. Efficient utilization

means nutrients are converted to a harvestable product.

LENGAS TANAH DAN KETERSEDIAAN HARA

The amount of soil moisture impacts nutrient cycling. A dry soil does not promote root extension in the root zone.

And, since nutrients are carried by water, plants are unable to obtain adequate nutrition. Waterlogged soils

affect the transformation of nutrients.

Phosphorus becomes more mobile and less attached to minerals in waterlogged conditions.

Nitrate nitrogen is denitrified by changing formfrom a liquid to a gas which can be lost to the

atmosphere. Roots consume oxygen and respire carbon dioxide.

Because gases are transported much more slowly through water (about one ten thousanth slower) than air, some

gases such as carbon dioxide can accumulate in the soiland be toxic to roots.

RESPON TANAMAN TERHADAP PEMUPUKAN

Sumber: smart-fertilizer.com

KURVA RESPON HASIL

The curve describes the crop response to fertilizers application :

1.Zone A - Too low fertilizers application which results in nutrient deficiencies and lower yields2.Zone B - Adequate fertilizers application results in maximum efficiency and the highest profitability.3.Zone C - Over fertilization where yield is not affected but fertilizers are wasted.4.Zone D - Excessive fertilizers application which results in decreased yields, toxicities and salinity damages

FUNGSI PRODUKSI

Fungsi Produksi = Hubungan teknis antara faktor produksi (input) dengan hasil produksinya (output).Metode Produksi = Proses Produksi = Aktivitas = kombinasi faktor-faktor produksi yang dibutuhkan untuk memproduksi satu satuan produk

Modal (dianggap tetap)

M2 P2 Fungsi Produksi yg sebanding(fixed proportion)

M1 P1

M3 P3

Tk2 Tk1 Tk3

Tenaga kerja (dianggap variabel)

ISOKUAN : ISO QUANTITIES

Fungsi produksi tidak sebanding (variable proportions).

ISOKUAN = Kurva yang menggambarkan berbagai kombinasi faktor produksi yang menghasilkan volume produksi yang sama

Pupuk

PA A

C

Q = Q1: Kuantitas Prod.

PB B Q = Qo

TKA TKB Tenaga Kerja

FUNGSI PRODUKSI: Q = f (TK, P)

Q Q

B D

A C

Fase ekonomis Fase ekonomis

TKA TKB PC Pd

TK variabel, Ptetap Pvariabel, TK tetap

Titik-titik A, B, C dan D = inflection pointsProduk Marjinal = dQ / dTK atau dQ/dMLaw of deminishing returnsTitik B = batas ekstensif penggunaan tenaga kerja

PRODUKSI RATA-RATA

Produktivitas faktor produksi: Produksi rata-rata per satuan faktor produksi.

Q/TK = f (1, M/TK) ….. produksi rata-rata per satuan TKQ/M = f (1, TK/M) ….. produksi rata-rata per satuan M

Q B

QR R

P

O TKP TKR TKB TK/M

HUBUNGAN PRODUKSI TOTAL, PROD. MARJINAL & PROD. RATA-RATA

Fungsi produksi : Q = f (TK, Pk)Produksi rata-rata: Q/TK = f (TK, Pk) / TKProduksi marjinal: Q/ TK

Q

B Q = f (TK, Pk)

R

PRTK

0 TKA TKR PMTK

ISOKUAN

Kurva indiferensi ……….…Lereng ISOKUAN mencerminkan laju substitusi teknis marjinal, hubungan antara faktor produksi TK dan Pk bersifat teknis

Pk Fungsi produksi: Q = f(TK1 Pk)

PkA A Isokuan: Qo = f(TK1 Pk)

Pk

TK

Q = Qo

0 TKA

TK

TEKNOLOGI, MODAL & FUNGSI PRODUKSI

Q Kenaikan produktivitas karena penambahan modal

Q = F(TK, M1)

Q = F(TK, M0)

M1 > Mo

0 TK

EKONOMI PUPUK

EKONOMI PUPUK

Petani melakukan usahataninya bertujuan mendapatkan keuntungan yang sebesar-besarnya per satuan luas lahan yang digarapnya ……….. Profit maximizing

Petani melakukan usahataninya bertujuan mendapatkan keuntungan yang sebesar-besarnya per satuan luas lahan yang digarapnya ……….. Profit maximizing

The farmer realize that : “he must spend money to make money”

This is certainly true of expenditures for: “lime, fertilizer, and manure”

The farmer realize that : “he must spend money to make money”

This is certainly true of expenditures for: “lime, fertilizer, and manure”

Use of fertilizers is an index of the use of modern agricultural methodsFaktor lain yg berpengaruh:1. Water control2. Seedbed3. Cultivar4. Date and rate of seeding5. Stand of population6. Fertilizer placement7. Cultivation8. Weed, insect and disease9. Harvesting practices

Use of fertilizers is an index of the use of modern agricultural methodsFaktor lain yg berpengaruh:1. Water control2. Seedbed3. Cultivar4. Date and rate of seeding5. Stand of population6. Fertilizer placement7. Cultivation8. Weed, insect and disease9. Harvesting practices

EKONOMI PUPUK DAN

KAPUR

EKONOMI PUPUK DAN

KAPUR

YIELD LEVEL & UNIT COST OF PRODUCTION

YIELD LEVEL & UNIT COST OF PRODUCTION

Biaya produksi:1. Biaya tetap (fixed cost): jumlah biaya yang harus

dikeluarkan tidak tergantung pada tinggi-rendahnya hasil tanaman

2. Biaya tidak tetap (variable cost): biaya yang dikeluarkan tergantung pada tinggi-rendahnya hasil, misalnya biaya pupuk, pestisida, dan panen hasil

Biaya produksi:1. Biaya tetap (fixed cost): jumlah biaya yang harus

dikeluarkan tidak tergantung pada tinggi-rendahnya hasil tanaman

2. Biaya tidak tetap (variable cost): biaya yang dikeluarkan tergantung pada tinggi-rendahnya hasil, misalnya biaya pupuk, pestisida, dan panen hasil

Pengaruh pupuk dapat dilihat dari:1. Meningkatkan total hasil tanaman2. Menurunkan biaya per unit produksi, per ton hasil tanaman

Pengaruh pupuk dapat dilihat dari:1. Meningkatkan total hasil tanaman2. Menurunkan biaya per unit produksi, per ton hasil tanaman

EKONOMI PUPUK DAN

KAPUR

EKONOMI PUPUK DAN

KAPUR

Pengaruh pupuk N-P-K terhadap hasil jagung dan keuntungan usahatani jagung.

Pengaruh pupuk N-P-K terhadap hasil jagung dan keuntungan usahatani jagung.

Usahatani Jagung 0-0-0 67-22-22 134-45-45 270-90-90 ……………………. Kg/ha ……………………….

Hasil jagung (kw/ha) 48 70 85 98Gross income per ha $188 274 336 390Operating cost 56 69 82 111Othe cash cost 25 25 25 25Fixed cost 88 88 88 88Interest cost of land 82 82 82 82Total cost 251 264 277 306Cost per q 5.3 3.8 3.3 3.4Return to land, labor -63 +10 +59 +84

Source:

Usahatani Jagung 0-0-0 67-22-22 134-45-45 270-90-90 ……………………. Kg/ha ……………………….

Hasil jagung (kw/ha) 48 70 85 98Gross income per ha $188 274 336 390Operating cost 56 69 82 111Othe cash cost 25 25 25 25Fixed cost 88 88 88 88Interest cost of land 82 82 82 82Total cost 251 264 277 306Cost per q 5.3 3.8 3.3 3.4Return to land, labor -63 +10 +59 +84

Source:

EKONOMI PUPUK DAN

KAPUR

EKONOMI PUPUK DAN

KAPUR

Level of Farm-Management:Bgm kemampuan petani dalam mengelola usahataninya: Merencanakan, menjadwal, melaksanakan dan mengendalikan kegiatannya

Peningkatan hasil atau nilai hasil

Superior management

Average management

Fertilizer cost

A B Dosis pupuk

With superior farm management, ………… ……………higher rates of fertilizer can be profitably used

EKONOMI PUPUK DAN

KAPUR

EKONOMI PUPUK DAN

KAPUR

Level of Farm-Management:Bgm kemampuan petani dalam mengelola usahataninya: Merencanakan, menjadwal, melaksanakan dan mengendalikan kegiatannya

Peningkatan hasil atau nilai hasil

all controllable growth factors adequate

R1

Q1, R2 Some controllable growth factors inadequate

Q2

Q R

Dosis pupuk

A higher yield is obtained when all controllable growth factors are adequate ………

EKONOMI PUPUK DAN

KAPUR

EKONOMI PUPUK DAN

KAPUR

Unit Production Cost: Biaya Produksi SatuanUnit Production Cost: Biaya Produksi Satuan

Average Superior Farm Management FM

Yield, q per ha 90 150Fertilizer cost 8.30 23.20Irrigation cost 8.00 8.00Total cost 76.80 102.20Cost per q 0.85 0.68Profit per ha 13.20 47.80Profit per q 0.15 0.32

Usahatani jagung irigasi

EKONOMI PUPUK DAN

KAPUR

EKONOMI PUPUK DAN

KAPUR

Level of management on returns from farmingLevel of management on returns from farming

Level of Management:Current Good Superior

Yield, bu per acre 20.0 34.0 50.0Price per unit 2.00 2.00 2.00Value per acre 40.00 68.00 100.00Cost per acre 41.98 53.72 55.75Cost per unit 2.10 1.56 1.11Return over cash -1.98 14.28 44.25

Usahatani kedelai

RETURNS PER RUPIAH SPENT ON FERTILIZER.

Effect of rate of nitrogen on net return per added Rp invested

Nitrogen rate Added input Net return per added Rpkg/ha kg N/ha invested

20 20 7.2540 20 5.7560 20 5.0080 20 3.87100 20 2.38120 20 1.63140 20 0.88160 20 0.50180 20 0.12200 20 -0.62

PROFIT per LAND-AREA.

Petani umumnya akan berupaya melakukan pemupukan untuk mencapai keuntungan (profit) yang setinggi-tingginya per hektar lahannya.

Maximum profit tercapai kalau tambahan hasil sama dengan biaya tambahan terakhir dosis pupuk yang diberikan ( Δ hasil / Δ pupuk).

Aspek ekonomi dari respon hasil jagung terhadap dosis pupuk nitrogen

Dosis N Yield Marginal Marginal Marginal Return Gross profit per ha

kg/ha kw/ha Yield Cost ……. (harga jagung Rp 1/ ku) ………..

20 8 8 2.4 3.33 5.6040 15 7 2.4 2.92 10.2060 21 6 2.4 2.50 13.8080 26 5 2.4 2.08 16.40100 30 4 2.4 1.67 18.00120 32 2 2.4 0.83 17.60

Catatan: Harga pupuk N sebesar Rp 0.12 per kg

What are the most profitable rates of plant nutrients?.

Beberapa faktor yang berpengaruh:1. The expected increase in yield from each increment2. The level of management3. The price of fertilizer4. The price the farmer expects to receive for his crops5. Additional harvesting and marketing costs6. Residual effects7. Levels of other nutrients in the soil or fertilizer

Expected increase in yield from each incement of fertilizer.

Hasil per ha HA

HB Lokasi ALokasi B

HELokasi E

HCLokasi C

HD Lokasi D

N

Dosis pupuk N

Respon tanaman terhadap pemupukan dipengaruhi oleh kesuburan tanah.

Hasil tanaman Tanah kaya P dan K

HK

HM

Tanah miskin P dan K

NDosis pupuk N

Profit PK

Tanah kaya P dan K PM’

profit difference PM

PK’ Tanah Miskin P dan K Max profit

NM NK Dosis pupuk N

Weather effects on the fertilizer response.

Hasil tanaman

HG good weather

HD

dry weather

NDosis pupuk

Price of fertilizer vs. Value of cropHasil tanaman per ha

kurva hasil tanaman Y

C garis biaya pupuk

YC

NC N N’

Dosis pupuk per ha

PRIORITY IN USE OF FUNDS

Kontribusi berbagai komponen usahatani terhadap hasil tanaman:

Yield increase (ton/ha) Kontribusi (%)

1. Weed and pest control 3.7 11.42. Improved cultivar 4.4 13.53. Planting rates 4.4 13.54. Rotations 7.2 22.25. Fertilizer and lime 12.8 39.4

Total 32.5 100.0

Fertilizing good cropland according to soil test recommendations should have a high priority for operating funds.

EKONOMI PEMUPUKAN.

Hasil tanaman yang lebih tinggi akan menyediakan peluang yang lebih besar untuk mencapai maximum net-profit per luasan lahan dan memperkecil biaya produksi per satuan hasil. Kesuburan tanah yang baik menjadi faktor utama untuk mendapatkan hasil yang tinggi.

Biaya tetap dalam usahatani adalah biaya yang dikeluarkan oleh petani, tidak tergantung pada besarnya hasil tanaman. Dengan demikian praktek usahatani yang meningkatkan hasil tanaman biasanya akan memperendah biaya produksi per satuan hasil .

Kurva respon hasil tanaman terhadap pemupukan biasanya mengikuti The Law of Diminishing Return (Kurva Asimtotis).Pendapatan per biaya produksi akan semakin menurun, hal ini menjadi pertimbangan utama bagi petani yang modal kerjanya terbatas.

Petani yang progresif biasanya menyadari bahwa profit per hektar lahan lebih penting daripada penghasilan per satuan biaya produksi

Maximum profit dari pemupukan akan tercapai kalau tambahan hasil tanaman sama dengan tambahan biaya pemupukan (dY/dX = dC/dX)

EKONOMI PEMUPUKAN.

Dosis pupuk yang apling menguntungkan dipengatruhi oleh:1. Peningkatan hasil akibat tambahan pupuk2. Level of farm management3. Harga pupuk4. Harga hasil tanaman5. Tambahan biaya panen6. Biaya pemasaran7. Residual effects8. Soil fertility level.

Level of farm management: derajat sampai dimana semua faktor produksi tanaman dapat berhasil dikendalikan.Pada dosis pupuk yang tinggi, diperlukan kemampuan manajerial yg lebih tinggi

Harga per satuan hara tanaman, beragam dengan bahan pupuk.Pupuk yang kandungan haramya lebih tinggi dianggap lebih murah biaya aplikasinya

Prioritas penggunaan modal kerja sangat penting bagi petani.Umumnya lebih menguntungkan untuk melakukan pemupukan sesuai dengan ahsil uji tanah.

EKONOMI PEMUPUKAN.

Residual effects pupuk menjadi bagian penting dari ekonomi pemupukan. Semakin banyak jumlah pupuk yang diaplikasikan dalam jangka panjang, maka nilai residual pupuk harus dipertimbangkan.

1. Why high yields are a necessity in periods of low prices ?2. What are fixed cost? Variable costs? In relation to the fertilizer

application3. Discuss the factors that determine the most profitable rate of

plant nutrients.

4. How would you evaluate the residual nutrients in your area?

.

EKONOMIPEMUPUKAN

Prof.Dr.Ir.Soemarno,M.S.JURS TANAH FP-UB, Oktober 2011

EKONOMIPEMUPUKAN

Prof.Dr.Ir.Soemarno,M.S.JURS TANAH FP-UB, Oktober 2011