Bi ging:

THIT B O Y SINH V MI TRNG

TS.Nguyn th Lan HngB mn: K thut o v tin hc Cng nghip

H ni, thng 01-2013

Ti liu tham kho

1. Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1992.

2. Modern Experimental Biochemistry, Rod F.Boyer, Benjiamin/Cummingd publishing Company, 1993.

3. c in tim , Trn Trinh

4. Medicine and Clinical Engineering ,RS. Khandpur, Prentice-Hall of India, 1979.

5. K thut in t ng dng,Nguyn V Sn, Nh xut bn gio dc, 2003

Ti liu tham kho

6. Bioinstrumentation, John G. Webster, John Wiley &Sons, 2004

7. Introduction to Biomedical Instrumentation, Barbara L. ChristeCambridge University Press 2009

8. o v kim tra mi trng, Phm Thng Hn, NXB gio dc

Ni dung ging dy

Chng 1:Tng quan v thit b o kim tra mi trng v sinh y

Tnh hnh pht trin ca thit b o mi trng, sinh y

Vai tr ca thit b o mi trng, sinh y

Phn loi

Yeu cu k thut

Chng 2: Thit b o sinh ho v mi trng

Cu trc chung

i tng phn tch sinh ho

i tng o thit b mi trng

Cc phng php v thit b dng trong phn tch sinh ho

Chng 3: Thit b thng qua dng sinh hc

Dng in sinh hc v thit b thng qua dng sinh hc

My in tim

Chng 4:Cc thit b o thm d ni tng

X quang v my X quang

Siu m v my siu m

Thit b thm d bng dy dn quang

Ni dung ging dy

Chng 5:Thit b o v theo di hng s sinh l{

Thit b o thi gian phn x

Thit b o s mt mi ca th gic

Thit b o thnh lc v kim tra ic

Thit b o lc c bp

Thit b o thn nhit v nhit da.

Thit b o en tr da

Thit b o lng ht th lng ngc v lng oxy trong mu

Thit b o huyt p

Chng 1:Tng quan v thit b o mitrng, sinh y

Tnh hnh pht trin ca thit b o sinh y

Vai tr ca thit b o sinh y

Phn loi

Yeu cu k thut

I.Tnh hnh pht trin ca thit b o sinh y

Tin pht trin: X hi pht trin con ngi cng quan tm

u t hn n vn bo v sc khoe. Sc khe con ngi khng chi n thun l

thuc cha bnh, phng bnh cn co c s chun on bnh chnh xc v nhanh.

Cn xc nh c mi trng xung quanh con ngi. T o cho thy s u t ln vo vn o lng ny

iu kin pht trin

iu kin tin b v khoa hc k thut

Cng ngh thng tin

Cng ngh vi in t (c bit pht trin) -> vic thu nh cc u in cc, cng nh cc u cm bin

Cng ngh c kh

Cng ngh sinh hc

Xu hng pht trin ca thit b:

Cng nh xu hng pht trin chung ca cc TB khc nhng mc yeu cu mnh hn

Tnh thng minh ( intelligent)

Tnh linh hot (Flexible), tinh a chc nng v mm deo

Tin dng (Compact)- bao gm tinh gn nhe v d s dng.

II. Vai tro ca thit b o sinh ho v hoa hoc

Cc linh vc hot ng ca thit b o sinh ho v ho hc:

Y hc, Ho dc, Sinh hc, Mi trng v v sinh lao ng

Y hc:

Phc v cho vic chn oan v iu tri bnh Lm sng

Phi lm sng

Phc v cho vic nghin cu sinh hc

Vai tro ca thit b o sinh ho v hoa hoc(2)

Kim tra hng s sinh ly cua sinh vt:

Theo doi cp cu:

Phn tich hoa dc thc phm

Mt s khong o thng gp ca thit b y t

i lng o Khong o Tn s, Hz Phng php

Lu lng mu 1-300mL/s 0-20 in t trng vsiu m

Huyt p 0-400 mmHg 0-50 Cc hoc lc cng

Tn hiu ra ca intim

0.5 5mV 0.05-150 in cc trn da

Tn hiu in no 5-300 V 0.5-150 in cc trn u

pH 3-13pH 0-1 in cc pH

pCO2 40-1000mmHg 0-2 incc pCO2

pO2 30-1000mmHg 0-2 incc pO2

Nhp th 2-50 nhp/pht 0.1-10 in cm

Nhit 32-400 0-01. Cp nhit

III. Yu cu k thut i vi thit b o SH

nhy cao v kh nng phn ly ln, chng nhiu cao.

Co kh nng t khc , chn thang o y l nhng chi tieu cao ca thit b o lng noi chung

Kh nng tch ly cao: y chi mang tinh nh tinh

Tc ln o c nhng bin thin nhanh Mu th l ti thiu:

y l chi tieu quan trng trong cc thit b y t. V d nh trong phn tich nng mu, i hi dng t mu

cng tt

III. Yu cu k thut i vi thit b o SH

An ton: an ton khi vn hnh, an ton v mt c hi tai bin

V d: Khi o X quang, bt buc ngi tip xc vi mt s cht co th gy c hi, t o a ra mt s tieu chun v lng an ton ca thit b

Tin dng v re tin

Chng 2. Thit b phn tch nng vt cht

I. Cu trc chung ca thit b

Tch ly nh tnh

Tch ly nh lng

Tch ly nh tnh

Tch ly theo thi gian

Tch ly theo khng gian

II. i tng phn tich sinh ha

Mu

Nc tiu

Dch v, dch trng, phn

Dch tuy sng

Chc nng ca mu

Chuyen ch cc cht ca h tieu ho t rut v oxy t phi

Chuyen ch cc cht sau t cc ni ca c th n cc b phn chc nng iu ho ( hormon, cc tuyn...)

mu l mt phn ca h bo v chng viem nhim

Mu co th ng li chng s chy mu lien tc

Thnh phn ca mu:

Huyt tng: Ch yu l t bo mu trong y l hng cu v bch cu

Huyt thanh: cht lng bc cc t bo mu.

Cht in gii trong mu Na: co nhiu nht trong dung dch lien t bo (ngoi t bo)

Kali. K+ ch yu trong cc t bo, no duy tr s cn bng truyn thng tin ca t bo thn kinh v ca hot ng ca cc c

Calci: L thnh phn ch yu ca b xng

Phosphat

Bicarbonat

Clo

Mt s biu hin ca nng ion trong mu

Ion Gia tri trung

binh

(milimol/l)

Gia tri cao Gia tri thp

Na+ 138 - 148 Hong thn, tng chc nng

tuyn thng thn, mt

nc

Tn hao thn, giam chc

nng tuyn thng thn,

ia chay

K+ 3.6 - 5.1 Tn thng thn, thiu

chc nng thng

thn, sc, nhim axit

Tng chc nng thng

thn, cng tuyn giap

Ca++ 2.2 - 2.7 Tng tuyn giap thiu tuyn giap, giam hp

thu

Phosphat 0.7 - 1.6 Giam nng tuyn giap Tng nng tuyn giap

Bicarbon

at

22 -30 Kim hoa acid hoa

Clo 95 - 100 Kim hoa ng h hp,

thiu nng tuyn giap

Acid hoa do ai ng, tng

acid lactic, nn

Protein trong huyt thanh

Cht Nng Phn t trong Chc nng

Tng

Albimin

70g/l 65 000 Gi n inh ap sut thm thu

cua coloid, mui ng

globulin 25g/l 40 000- 900000 thay i gama globulin - khang

th

Fibrinogan 3g/l 400 000 ng mau

Nc tiu-cung phn nh tinh trng ca huyt tng

H s thanh thi

Cp - nng Creatinin trong huyt tng

Cm - nng Creatinin trong nc tiu

V- th tich tit niu ra trong thi gian t

t- thi gian kho st

C(clearance) =Cm/V(Cpt)

Bng tom tt cc cht co trong nc tiu v chn on thong qua nc tiu

Cht Nng binh thng Nng cao Nng thp

Na+ 50-200 mmol/ngay Suy tuyn thng

thn

cng tuyn thng thn,

thiu mau, ia chay

K+ 35-100 mmol/ngay Bong cac m

Glucose 0.01 g/ngay ai ng vim ng niu ao

Ure 500 mmol/ngay bnh gut tn thng thn

Creatimi

n

7-14 mmol/nhay Pha hoai m tn thng thn, teo c

Urobilin

ogen

nho vang da tan huyt

vang da do gan

Protein 0 hong ng tit

niu

vang da tc mt

Bng tom tt gia tr ca cc cht hu c co phn t trong thp v chn on

Cht Gia tri binh

thng mmol/l

Gia tri cao Gia tri thp

glucose 3.3 - 6.1 ai ng tha insulin

Triglicerid 0.23 - 17 ai ng, tha lipo protein Cht oi

Creatinin 70 - 115 mmol/l Thng tn thn, mt nc co cha, teo c

Ketone 1- 5 mg/dl ai ng cht oi, st

Ure 3.3 - 7.5 mmol/l Thng tn thn , mt nc

Bilirubin < 20 mol/l mt khng hoat ng. Hong

gan, tan mau

Dch v, dch trng, phn

Trong qu trnh tieu ho thc n c phn huy thnh cc cht dinh dng nh mt s enzime.

pH thay i trong qu trnh tieu ho. Co axit trong d dy, v kim nhe trong mt.

Thc n kho tieu c gi li trong phn.

Cc cht bt c tieu ho bng amylase.

Cht beo c phn huy nh lipase.

Protein c phn huy nh pepsin trong d dy hay nh trypsin do lch tit ra

Dch tuy sng

B oc v tuy sng c bao bc bng mt lp nc tuy sng. Mt ngy, no tht xut ra 0.5l dch tuy sng.

Kim tra protein co trong tuy sng

Kim tra hng cu v bch cu

Kim tra t bo l

Vn moi trng

4 thng s mi trng sng:

Khng kh

Nc

t

Ting n

III. Cc phng php v thit b tch ly nhtnh

1. My lc

2. My ly tm

3. My sc k{

4. My phn cc k{

5. Ph k Ph k trng lng

Quang ph

6. Phng php nh sng nhn thy

7. Tia X v tia

III.1. My locS dng phng php c hc, kich thc hay th tich; lc hay vi lc co s dng hin tng thm tch (dialysis)

Thng qui v bn kinh cu r, y chinh la phng php sang, dung cc l sang khc nhau tch cc hat co kich thc khc nhau. Phng trinh ton hc: r >Rl sang -hat bn trnr< Rl sang -hat lt xung di

II.1. My loc (2)

My khuy

Siu loc

Lc vi lc : S dng hin tng lc thm tch (dialysis). Phep phn ly theo kich thc phn t. L thm cua mang nho co th gi nhng phn t > 10000, con cc phn t nho hn co th thm qua.

Mt s mng siu loc

Cc vt liu lm mng kiu ny co th l: Cht keo, giy bong knh, v giy

Mun tng tc lc dng p sut y cc phn t co kch thc be hn

Cellulose Nitrate (CN) membrane

Mixed Cellulose Ester membrane

Cellulose Acetate membrane

Nylon membrane

Polyethersulfone (PES)

membrane

PTFE membrane

V d

III.2 My ly tm

Nguyen l{: Phng php tch l{ bng trng lng

Lc ly tm

Fly tm=m2R

m - khi lng ca ht

- tc goc (thng thng 60000 vng/pht )

r - khong cch t ht n tm quay

III.2 My ly tm (2)

Thng thng ngi ta dng h s

RCF = 1,118. 10-5n2r.g

trong o RCF (relative centrifuge force)

Khong ca gi tr s cho cc ht hu c kb=kibo theo cp (1000cp c bn)

0

2

(1 )rm Vvsfr

r

w

-= =

H s tch ly

Fly tm=Fma st

Chng minh

Flytm= m0(1-Vr)2r F ma st =fv

H s tch ly (lng ng) cho bi n vi S (Svedberg) , S=10-13sc.

Cc dng ca My ly tm v cc p dng

Cac c tinh Cac dang cua may ly tm

Tc chm Tc nhanh Siu

Khoang tc (rpm) 1-6000 1000-25000 20- 80000

RCF ln nht (g) 6000 50000 600000

lanh Mt s Co Co

Cac ng dung

Tp trung cac t bao

Tp trung cac nhn t bao

Tp trung cac hat hu c

Tp trung cac ribosome

Tp trung cac phn t ln

Co

Co

Khng

Khng

Khng

Co

Co

Co

Khng

Khng

Co

Co

Co

Co

Co

V d :

V d :

DNA electrophoresis gel.

III.3. My sc k{ (Cromatography)

Mu vt th- cht tan, tc dng len 2 pha ca sc k{. Pha linh hot thng l kh hoc nc, mang cht tan, qua vng pha tinh. Pha tinh ny co i lc vt l{ vi cht ho tan li gi l cht hp ph Cht hp ph co th l rn hoc lng.

Do i lc vi cc cht tan khc nhau nen thi gian lu li tren vng tinh di hn cht co i lc thp c sm chuyn ng khi vng pha tinh (gi l ra).

Qu trnh xy ra trong kh sc k gi l qu trnh khai trin ca sc k ( development)

H s phn tch

ng cht tan trn pha tnh

Nng cht tan trn pha ngD

NK

Phn loi

Sc k{ giy hoc mng mong : TLC

Sc k{ kh (GC)

Sc k{ ct phn ly

Sc k{ trao i ion

Sc k{ loc gel

Sc k{ cht long cht lng cao. (HPLC)

Sc k{ giy hoc mng mong : TLC

Qu trnh din ra tren mng mng

(A) mu; (B) t tm giy vo bung dung mi;

(C) Chuyn ng ca dung mi;(D) Phn tch v tnh toan ra cc RF

Cng thc tnh toan w

yfR =

Sc k{ giy hoc mng mong : TLC (2)

Thuc th nhum mu cho phep xc nh biu sc k{.

Thuc th vn nng nht acid sulphoric m c sau o t nong ln 1000C vi pht, cc cht hu c se xut hin bng cc vt mu en. Ta cng co cc vt nu khi giy trong mi trng hp it

Co th dng cc thuc th c th: Rhodapine B pht hin lipid

Ninhydrine cho acid amin

Anilinphtalat dng cho cht bt ( carbohydrat)

Sc k{ kh (GC)

Trong kh sc k{ ny kh l pha ng. Cn pha c nh l cht lng bc hay cht rn tr gi l kh v cht lng hay n gin kh sc k{ hay sc k{ kh.

ng mao quan dai ng kinh trong 0.25mm bng inox / thuy tinh trong trng mt lp cht long lam pha tinhchiu dai ng khoang 10 n 100m

S nguyn l{ ca my

Nguyn l{ ca my (tip)

Nhit iu khin t 250C- 4000C

Nhit lm vic thng thng 0,10C n 400C

Mt s trng hp c bit co th -300C v d nh phn tch hp cht lng ca dioxide cacbon.

ng phn tch thng di t 2-3m; i khi di n 10-100m, ng knh ng 0.2-0.5 mm

Lu tc ca dng kh thng thng l 1mL/min

u oc

Kh ny c xc nh ti l thnh phn bng detect nhit dn (TC), hay detect ion hoc bng ngn la hay phong x (FID).

Thng thng u c TC chi co nhy 5g, trong khi o FID co nhy 10-5g. Nhng u c FID khng c c nc v kh ccbonic.

Nhc im duy nht ca phng php ny l thng thng nhit phi m bo 200-2500C v nh vy nhiu cht b thay i.

Sc k{ ct phn ly

Pha tinh l cht hp ph rn

Pha ng (linh hot )l cht nc dung mi hay cht m (buffer) chy lien tc. Qua ct phn ly thng thng kch thc ct vo khong 0.5-5 cm

Cc cht hp ph s dng

Cht hp phu Cng dung

Aluminin Hu c nho, lipid

Silica gel Acid amin,cht beo (lipid),

cht bt ( cabohydrates)

Fluorisil (Silicat Mn) Lipid trung hoa

Ca Phosphate (hydro xyapatite) Protein polynucloticdes, acid

nucleic

S nguyn l{ my

Detect

Detect ch yu l quang ph hp th t ngoi hoc bc song 260nm v 280nm. Cng co th hng cc cht ha tan phn ly vo cc ng nghim khc nhau v dng cc cch phn tich khc nhau.

V d mun phn tich carbohydrat ly nc trong ng nghim lc tren 1 t giy thm sau o dng cc thuc th nh noi trn

Mesh size v ng dng ca cht hp ph

Kch c ca mesh size- ng dng

Mesh size ng dung

20-50 Ch tao th, lu tc ln

50-100 Cac ng dung chun bi, lu tc ln

100-200 Tach ly phn tich, tc trung binh

200-400 Tach ly phn giai cao, tc thp

Sc k{ trao i ion

Giai on 1 cht cha tich in khng ho tan trong nc c bc bi mt buffer ion

Giai on 2 cc phn t co in tich khc nhau c a vo trong mi trng trao i ion

Giai on 3 cc in tich ngc du b ht vo cht nha v qu trnh ny thun nghch. Lc ny ph thuc vo kch thc v mt in tich ca cht ho tan . Cc ht trung ho khng co i lc vi nha v ra trc.

Giai on 4 cc phn t tha c ho tan trong buffer co gi tr pH cao. Giai on 5 khi tng pH len lm gim in tich trong cht ho tan hay

trong nha

Cht nha trao i Ion

Tn Nhom chc nng Cht m Cp

Trao i Anion

AG1

AG3

DEAE- cellulose

PEI-cellulose

DEAE-Sephadex

QAE Sephadex

Tetramethylammonium

Tertiary amine

Diethylaminoethyl

Polyethyleneimine

Diethylaminoethyl

Diethyl- (2-hydroxyl-

propyl) aminoethyl

Polystyrene

Polystyrene

Cellulose

Cellulose

Dextran

Dextran

Manh

Yu

Yu

Yu

Yu

Manh

Trao i Cation

AG 50

Bio-Rex 70

CM-Cellulose

P- Cellulose

CM- Sephadex

SP- Sephadex

Sulfonic Acid

Carboxylic acid

Carboxymethyl

Phosphate

Carboxymethyl

Sulfopropyl

Polystyrene

Acrylic

Cellulose

Cellulose

Dextran

Dextran

Manh

Yu

Yu

Trung binh

Yu

Manh

Sc k{ loc gel

Co th tch lc cc phn t co tch ly phn t 10 000-100 000 co th lc hng trm dng acid amin, enzyme , polysachclodes . C ch lc gel nh vy nh l lc bt bin (lc thm qua)

(A)p dng cho mu phn t ln v nh; (B) Phn t ln khng th qua c ma trn gel, nhng no chy rt nhanh qua ct; (C) S vt qua ca cc phn t ln.

Danh sch cc gel loc v kch thc cht tch ly

Tn Khoang phn

oan i vi

cac protein

(dalton)

Lng nc thu

lai

(mL/g )

Khi lng

nn

(mL/g)

Dextran(Sephadex)1

G-10

G-15

G-25

G-50

G-75

G-100

G-150

G-200

0-700

0-1500

1000- 5000

1500-30000

3000-80000

4000-150000

5000-300000

5000-600000

1. 0.1

1.5 0.2

2.5 0.2

5.0 0.3

7.5 0.5

10 1.0

15 1.5

20 2.0

2-3

2.5-3.5

4-6

9-11

12-15

15-20

20-30

30-40

Danh sch cc gel loc v kch thc cht tch ly

Tn Khoang phn oan

i vi cac protein

(dalton)

Lng nc thu

lai

(mL/g )

Khi lng nn

(mL/g)

Polyacrylamid

e (Bio-

Gel)2

P-2

P-4

P-6

P-10

P-30

P-60

P-100

P-150

P-200

P-300

100 1800

800-4000

1000-6000

1500-20000

2500-40000

3000-60000

5000-100000

15000-1500000

30000-200000

60000-400000

1.5

2.4

3.7

4.5

5.7

7.2

7.5

9.2

14.7

18.0

3.0

4.8

7.4

9.0

11.4

14.4

15.0

18.4

29.4

36.0

Danh sch cc gel loc v kch thc cht tch ly

Tn Khoang phn oan i

vi cac protein

(dalton)

Lng nc

thu lai

(mL/g )

Khi lng nn

(mL/g)

Agarose

Sepharose1 6 B

Sepharose 4 B

Sepharose 2 B

Sepharose 12 HR

Sepharose 6 HR

Bio-Gel2 A-0.5

Bio-Gel A-1.5

Bio-Gel A-5

Bio-Gel A-1.5

Bio-Gel A-50

Bio-Gel A-150

10000-4000000

600000-20000000

70000-40000000

1000-3000000

5000-5000000

10000-5000000

10000-1500000

10000-5000000

40000-15000000

100000-500000000

1000000-150000000

Sc k{ cht long cht lng cao (HPLC)

Sc k{ lc gel sieu mn co ng knh ht hp ph 20-50 nm.

Kch thc ht hp ph xung n

Sc k{ cht long cht lng cao (HPLC)(2)

Sc k{ cht long cht lng cao (HPLC)(3)

Cht dung mi trong bnh cha chuyn vo ct phn ly nh mt bm nen. Kh l kh tr, ng thi phi cch ly vi dung mi bng hai b lc dung mi.

p sut bm 500-5000psi (Pa)

Mu th c bm vo nh Sirigue p sut 3000psi. Ct phn ly lm bng thep khng gi ng knh trong 2,1; 3,2 v 4,5 mm., di 5-100cm.

Detect co th l khc x k vi sai hay quang k hp th. Thng thng l quang k hp th cc bc song 220,280,313,334 v 365nm

Cng co th dng Detect huznh quang.

Cc dung mi cho HPLC

Dung mi Kha nng lam vic Chit xut Bc song ct

(nm)

n-Pentane 0.00 1.358 210

nHexane 0.01 1.375 210

Cyxlohexane 0.04 1.427 210

Cacbontetracloride 0.18 1.466 265

Cc Detector

Tng t cc u c ca phng php ct phn ly:UV, VIS

u c huznh quang

III.4. My Phn cc k{ (Polarography)

Phng php da tren c im l mi kim loi trong dung dch mui ca no co mt in p phn cc xc nh, di in p y khng th phn ly kim loi ra khi mui ca no

Xc inh c in p phn cc ta co th suy ra thanh phn

cua cc kim loai trong dung dich.

My Phn cc k{ (Polarography)

Volt- Ampe trn cam bin phn cc. Nu thay i in p t

ln trn cam bin phn cc, ng Vol-Ampe se co dang bc nhay nh

My Phn cc k{ (Polarography) (3)

Xc nh nh lng

nh lng th co th dng theo phng php coulomet

S dng Thit b t ghi

ng cong phn cc co nhng bc nhay. Gi tri in p chinh gia bc nhay, c gi la in p bn song, o chinh la in p phn cc cua kim loai trong dung dich in phn. Gi tri bin thin dong in I=I2-I1 cho phep xc inh khi lng cua kim loai trong dung dich bng inh lut Faraday

. ckA I tmn F

Thit b t ng

Mt s giao din ca thit b

III.5. My in di

My in di (Electrophoresis) da tren phng php lc y in trng

Phn t protein hay acid amin nucle l lng cc co in tich q t trong in trng se chuyn ng vi tc

E- Cng in trng q- in tich lng cc f- h s ma st ca phn t.

H s linh hot ca phn t mang in tich trong mi trng khuch tn cho bi

Eq

vf

v q

E f

Phn tch kt qu in di

Cht v tr

Nng : xc nh bng phng php so mu UV v VIS

Eq Ux vt t E t t

f L

III.5. My in di (2)

S khc nhau gia cc phng php in di l mi trng khuch tn: Vi cc phn t trng lng phn t thp (kch thc nh) ta dng mi trng khuch tn l gc xelul hay gel mng. Vi cc phn t trng lng ln ta dng gel polyacrylamid hay agarose (thch).

Gel polyacrylamid (PAGE)

kh nng tch ly cao i vi c protein v cc acid nucleic va v nh (106dalton).

tng tc nh gia cc phn t khuch tn v khun

khun gel n nh

Khong hiu qu ca vic phn tich DNA bng PAGE

Acrylamid

(%w/v)

Khoang phn tich

(bp)

Bromphenol mau xanh2 Xylene Cyanol2

35.

5.0

8.0

12.0

20.0

1000-2000

80-500

60-0400

40- 200

5-100

100

65

50

20

10

450

250

150

75

50

SDS-PAGE gel

SDS-PAGE gel cng nh PAGE nhng them cht lm sch Na cloclecylsulfat (SDS). Thng phm gm 2 gel ny loi phn t trong thp (14 000-100 000) v loi trng lng phn t cao (45 000-200 000)

Gel agarose hay thch c ch to t rau cu bin.

Gel vi 0,5% agarose dng cho in di nm ngang cho phep phn tich ADN10-35 00 (bp).

Cht nhum mu dng y l etridiumbromide ( huznh quang - da cam di tc dng UV (1bp=700dalton)

Khong hiu qu ca vic phn tich DNA bng Agarose

Agarose

(%w/v)

Khoang tac ng

(kb)

0.3

0.5

0.7

1.2

1.5

2.0

5- 50

2-25

0.8-10

0.4-5

0.2-3

0.1-2

PFGE (pulse field gel Electrophoresis).

in p cung cp l xung, cc xung in trng lm gy cc ADN theo nhiu hng khc nhau gip cho s tch ly cc ADN d dng hn ( ln hn 50kb)

CE (Capillary Electrophoresis)

in di mao qun. Phi hp gia in di v tc dng phn ly ca mao qun.

Co th dng phn tich mu co th tich rt nh (5-10nL). ng mao qun lm bng thuy tinh 50-100nm di 25-100cm trong ng hp cht en di detect c t trc tip tren ng mao qun l detect UV hay VIS co bc song c nh ph hp vi protein cn phn tich

III.6. Ph k (Mass Spectrometer)

tch ly theo thi gian ( thi gian bay t do) -> Ph k theo qu o bay

tch ly theo khng gian -> Ph k trng lng thi gian bay

Ph k trong lng qu o bay

Khc vi ph k thi gian bay y ngi ta dng t trng iu khin qu o bay ca cc in. Chm in sau khi t c tc v c chy qua khe t ca mt nam chm vinh cu

Di tc dng ca lc Lorentz Fl=evB , cc in khng chuyn ng thng m i hng theo mt qu o co bn knh chnh khc:

Vi mt B c nh th cc chm in co trng lng khc nhau se theo cc qu o khc nhau. Nh vy cc chm ion se c phn ly ra tren khng gian (nh quang ph nh sng).

Ph k trong lng qu o bay (2)

Ph k trong lng thi gian bay

A mass spectrometer separates compounds based on their molecular weight

Sau khi in cc ant 7, cc ion chy vi tc khng i:

mi mt cht chuyn ng t do khong di L vi thi gian khc nhau

2eUv

m

2

L mt Lv eU

III.7. My siu m

Mi mt cht kh khc nhau truyn m vi tc khc nhau

Vt mang Vn tc truyn (m/s)

Khng khi 331

Mau 1.57.103

Xng 2,5-4,7.103

Nao 1,54. 103

M 1,45. 103

Thn 1,56. 103

Gan 1,57. 103

Bp thit 1,59. 103

Huyt tng 1,53. 103

RT Pv C

M

My siu m (2)

Khi tc truyn m thay i, th tn s cng hng ca hc cng hng m thay i theo. Cm bin gm mt ng di vo khong 300mm, ng knh 50mm co hn hp kh phn tich i qua, 2 u ca ng ny co t mt loa nh v 1 micro (co th l b pht p t v p in).

Tn s ny bng tn s cng hng ca hc cng hng to thnh bi ng cha kh phn tich.

Tc truyn m trong hn hp kh hai thnh phn

Cp, Cv nhit dung ca cht kh cn phn tich

M phn t trong cht kh cn phn tich

Cp, Cv nhit dung ca cht kh mang

M phn t trong mt cht kh mang

' 1 ''

' '' ' ''

(1 )

(1 ) (1 )

p p

v v

RT C x C xV

M x M x C x C x

III.8. My cng hng t ht nhn

III.8. My cng hng t ht nhn (2)

o l hiu ng con quay- s quay ca spin t khi tn s kch thch bng tn s tu sai v

Hiu ng con quay: B=2pf/

Trong o:f tn s tu sai ca spin - H s hi chuyn t ca

ht nhn s dng

Nguyn l

hf=miB/I h- hng s Plank

mi- Mmen t ht nhn

B- Cng t cm tc dng vo;

I - s lng t ca spin ( no l bi s nguyen ca 0.5)

f- tn s kch thch

=2f=B/(Ih)=B

Theo nh lut trao i gia ht nhn v nng lng thu vo to ra tu sai l t trng ngoi

Em =-mmiB/I

m- s lng t ca t thng, ti l vi nng Proton.

Mi mt cht co mt h s ring, do o o c se suy ra c cht o

III.9 My quang ph hp th (2)

Hin tng: Mt vt b kch thch khi tr v trng thi c pht ra mt bc song c trng ca cht o

nh sng hn hp nh nh sng trng (c kch thch pht quang b h quang hoc tia la en ). Khi nh sng hn hp qua lng knh se to thanh quang ph vch

hoc ngi ta quay cc lng knh nhn c ph, da vo goc quay ca lng knh v cng m ngi ta xc nh c nng v hp cht

Song in t

III.9 My quang ph hp th (3)

quang ph hp th: nhng cht khc nhau hp th nhng cht co bc song nh sng khc nhau

Chiu mt nh sng n sc i qua: da vo nh sng no b ngn li suy ra cht y. Nng th da vo cng nh sng cn li, thng thng ngi ta dng phng php so snh cng nh sng ca chm sng qua dung dch phn tich v cng nh sng qua dung dch mu

Spectroscopy uses light energy from across the spectrum to reveal surface details and material structures

III.9 My quang ph hp th

III.10 My QCX

Mt chm tia n sc vi mt bc song l, chiu len tinh th phng co khong cch gia cc mt tinh th nguyen t l d. Tia phn x tun theo lut Bragg nh sau

nl = 2d sin - l goc lm thnh gia tia X ti v mt phng ca tinh th

l - bc song tia ti

d - khong cch gia cc mt tinh th

Nguyn tc ca my huznh quang tia X

Nguyn tc ca my huznh quang tia X

IV.1. My o in dn (conductometer)

Phng php ny thng dng xc nh nng ca cc cht en phn m in dn xut ca no thay i theo nng .

=fC

Mt s kho st cho thy h s in dn ca dung dch ph thuc theo nhit nh sau:

i vi axit: 1.0- 1.6%/0C

i vi base: 1.8 2.2%/0C

Mui: 2.3-3.0%/0C

Nc ti: 2.0%/0C

in dn ca mt s cht

Quan h gia in dn v nhit ca nc sch

Nhit

(0C)

in dn

(mS cm-1)

in tr0C

0 0.0116 86.0

5 0.0167 60.0

10 0.0231 43.3

15 0.0314 31.9

20 0.0418 23.9

25 0.548 18.2

30 0.0714 14.0

35 0.0903 11.1

40 0.1133 8.82

45 0.1407 7.11

50 0.1733 5.77

60 0.252 3.97

70 0.34 2.89

80 0.467 2.14

90 0.603 1.66

100 0.788 1.27

Hng s in dn

L hng s ca chuyn i (ng-i ta ch to th no cho K -c xc nh v khng i)

1 1l lR K K

S S

Phng php o in dn

Hai phng php

Phng php s dng in cc (phng php U,I)

Phng php t

1. Phng php in cc

in p c gi c nh, t I suy ra C gi l chun , I ti l vi . Ta o dng in I suy ra , t o suy ra nng C.

Mch ngun xoay chiu

Gim sai s

2. Phng php cm ng

u o gm cun dy th nht v cun th cp. Nguyen tc hot ng ca no nh mt my bin p nh in tr ca dung dch.in p cm ng

E= 4,44 f BSW

f l tn s ca cun s cp

B l in cm do cun s cp sinh ra

S l din tch t thng i qua

W l s vng dy ca cun th cp.

V d: u o ISC 40 (yokogawa)

Khong o: 0-2000mS/cm khong nhit lm vic.

Sai s i vi loi vt liu loi PEEK 0.5 S/cm

Hng s chuyn i l 1.88/cm i vi loi PEEK.

Nhit lm vic i vi loi PEEK: -200C n 130oC. Thi gian p ng l 5 pht.

p sut lm vic 20 bar. Vt liu PEEK l Poly te-te-

Xeton

V d s khi mch o s dng u o ISC 40

IV. 2. Phng php in th k Galvanic(pH mt)

inh nghia: Dung dch axit hoc base ho tan trong nc u phn ly thnh cc ion H+ v OH-. Nng ion H+ hoc OH- c trng cho tinh hot ng ca dung dch in phn y xc nh nng ion H+ ta dng khi nim pH: pH=-log[CH+]

CH+ nng ion H+

pH ca mt s cht

Tn cht Nng phn t gam pH

Axit benzoic Bo ho 2.8

Axit citric 0.1 5.3

Axit citric 0.01 2.1

Axit hydrochloric 0.1 1.1

Ammonia 0.1 11.3

Ammonium alum 0.05 4.6

Ammonium chloride 0.1 4.6

Ammonium sulphate 0.1 5.5

Calcium hydroxide Bo ho 12.4

Kali acetate 0.1 9.7

Kali carbonate 0.1 8.2

Kali dihydrogen citrate 0.1 11.5

Natri acetate 0.1 8.9

Natri carbonate 0.1 11.5

NaOH 0.1 12.9

Natri Phosphare 0.1 4.5

pH ca mt s thc ung

Nguyn l{ o

Nguyn ly: Do tinh hot ng ca dung dch en phn y gia in cc v dung dch xut hin sc in ng l sc in ng galvanic vi quan h

o sc in ng galvanic , ta co th suy ra pH tc l tinh hot ng (acid hoc base) ca dung dch. (Nerst)

0pH

RTE E pH

nF

Nguyn l{ o s dng in cc thy tinh

in cc

in cc nn (in cc so snh)

in cc nn l en cc co sc en ng khng ph thuc vo nng ca dung dch, in cc o v loi in cc co sc in ng ph thuc vo nng ca dung dch

in cc nn hay dng l loi in cc Hydro, in cc Calomen(Hg2Cl2)

in p ra ca in cc thay i theo nhit T (0C) E0

KCl bo ha

T (0C) E0KCl bo ha

0 0.2598 50 0.2268

5 0.2569 55 0.2230

10 0.2542 60 0.2191

15 0.2510 65 0.2151

20 0.2478 70 0.2110

25 0.2444 75 0.2069

30 0.2411 80 0.2026

35 0.2376 85 0.1982

40 0.2341 90 0.1938

45 0.2304 95 0.1892Sc in ng galvanic theo cng thc thay i theo nhit . i vi in cc Calomen, thng thng

E0= 0.284 V 180C va 0.2879 250C.

in cc o- in cc thy tinh

in cc thuy tinh cng nghip gm co in cc nn v in cc o tren cng mt in cc.

in cc kt hp

1- mang cam nhn thuy tinh

2- phn tip xc chun

3- chun bn trong (co in p khng i)

4- Phn t o nng pH bn trong

5-Phn cha dung dich chun bn trong

in cc la chon Ion

Ngoi vic o pH ngi ta cn ch to cc in cc dng o cc ion khc da tren nguyen l{ in th ganvanic nh tren. in cc o c ch to bi mn la chn ion

in cc thuy tinh: Na, K, Al, Ag in cc rn: Cl-, Br- , I-, Ag+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, CN-

Mng khng ng nht (heterogenenous): Ag+, Cl-, Br-, I-, S-2

Mng dung dch: Cl-, ClO4-, NO-3, Cu2+, Pb2+, BF4-

in cc vi h thng

Cu to ca cm bin vi h thng o pH

in cc

chunDung dch

Lp cch

in

Lp tr Si

iu ch

nh sng

Phn t ho /sinh hc

nhn bit; mng o

Cht

phn tch

a)b)

Vi cm bin ny -c kt hp vi cc phn t MOSFET thnh cc vi cm

bin nh- GASFET phn tch nng cc kh, PRESFET o p sut ISFET o

nng cc ion chn lc, ENFET, biosensor lm vic vi chc nng enzym BIOFET lm chc nng v khng nguyn khng th, LAPS ( Light-addressable potentiometric sensor)

Vi mch gm mt bn dn trng vi kenh dn n hoc p rt di ( 500mm), cng (gate) ca bn dn trng c gn lin vi cc thuy tinh nh cng ngh bc hi SiO2 co pha tp cht ca en cc thy tinh. Nh vy ta co th coi mt trong ca in cc thy tinh c ni vi bn dn trng, in cc thy tinh ny c to thnh mt bu nh ng vt phm th nghim. trong bu ny co t mt vi en cc calomen, vi in cc ny c ni vo cc S hay D ca bn dn trng tuz theo kenh dn. Ton b cm bin co kch thc khng qu 2mm v lm vic rt n nh

c im ca mch o pH c im ca cm bin

in tr ca in cc rt ln (107 ) Quan h gia sc in ng ra v pH coi nh tuyn tinh nhng co mt

in p E0 ban u vo khong 300mV

Quan h gia EK v pH thay i theo nhit nen phi b nhit trong mch o.

Thit b o c b tr

Vi pHmet 0-7pH, 7-14 pH, vi ngng 0.1pH -> s dng 2 chiu cm bin pH: 0.7pH -> EK dng, 7-14 pH -> EK m

Vi pH met 0-14 pH kiu vi sai, tc phn chn pH do mt phn p b 0-13pH cung cp, cn phn le pH mi do chi th t in chi th 0-1pH , kt qu

EpH=UK+ UpH i vi pH s, mun kh nng phn ly cao ng vi 0-14pH v ngng 0.01pH

ta dng A/D co kh nng phn ly ln hn 10bit

i vi pH met dng vi x l{, h s bin i v gii m c vi x l{ thc hin

i vi pH met dng A/D c nh co gii m, th cn co mch hiu chinh cho s chi tren chi th s ng vi gi tr pH ca dung dch.

Chun pH mt

pHmet dng xc nh nng acid hay base ca mt dung dch cho

nen co th dng xc nh nng ca mt dung dch acid hoc base

xc nh, hoc xc nh acid hoc base tng hp ca dung dch thnh

phn phc tp v th chun pHmet cng tuz theo cng dng c th m

tin hnh.

Chun pH, do quan h gia pH v in p galvanic phc tp v bin i

theo thi gian nen nh kz ta phi chun lai pHmet, chun pH met l

cho cc in cc ca pHmet vo dung dch mu bit chnh xc pH,

c gi tr ca pH chi th tren thang . Khi s chi cha ng ta phi chinh

li khuch i v cc nm hiu chinh.

Dung dch mu hiu chnh

Dung dich muGia tri cua pH cac nhit

0 15 25 45 65 85 95

0.05M dung dich tetraoxalat

kali

1.67 1.67 1.68 1.70 1.74 1.79 1.81

dung ich bao hoa vinacid

kali 250C

- - 3.56 3.53 3.58 3.62 3.63

0.05M dung dich phtaleno

acid kali

4.01 4.00 4.01 4.04 4.11 4.18 4.22

0.025Mdung dich Photphat 6.98 6.90 6.86 6.83 6.84 6.87 6.89

Kali n va 0.025M pht

phat Kali kep

0.001M dung dich tetrabno

acid Na

9.46 9.27 9.18 9.04 8.94 8.86 8.83

V. Mt s detector kh Cc kh nng ng dng ca cc u c khc nhau c cho bng

Dang u

oc

Cac kha nng

ap dung

Co kha

nng chon

Cht

khi

mang

Gii han

di

(gram)

Khoang

tuyn

tinh

Cac ng dung c

ban

Nhit dn a nng Khng la

chon

He,

Hi

10-6-10-7 104 Dung phn tich

hp cht kep,

phn tich ky sc

ky

Ngon la

ion hoa

Thanh phn

hu c

Khng

chon

N2 10-11 106 Khi sc ky; may

phn tich

hydrocarbon

Ion hoa

quang

Cac thanh

phn hu c

tr cac phn

t trong lng

thp

hydrocarbon

Gii han N2 10-11 10-

12

107 Khi sc khi

Ion hoa

bng Heli

Khi co c

inh co trang

lng nho

Khng la

chon

He 10-11 104 Khi sc ky

Dang u

oc

Cac kha

nng ap

dung

Co kha nng

chon

Cht khi

mang

Gii han

di

(gram)

Khoang

tuyn

tinh

Cac ng dung c

ban

Bt in t Thanh phn

halogen

va

oxygen

ap ng vi

cac thanh

phn phu

thuc nhau

cao

Ar, N2 10-12 10-

13

103 Khi sc khi va

cac cht khi

it. Cac u

oc cht n

Ngon la

quang

hoc

Thanh phn

Sulphur

va

Phosph

orus

Dung cho

thanh phn

S va P

N2, He 10-11 5.102(S)

103P

Khi sc ky, b

phn tich

sulphur

Siu m a nng Khng la

chon,chi

dung cho

cac phn

t lng

H2, He, Ar,

N2,

CO2

10-9 10-

10

106 Khi sc ky

Ban dn Khi co th

chay va

cac khi

khac

Gii han Khng khi u oc cackhi

chay c

gia thp

Mt vi v d

Cm bin quang

Detector nhit dn S dng cu o bn nhnh hot ng Nng lng

I2R1 =K1T

K1 hng s nhit dn ca cht kh

Mt khc quan h v nhit ca in tr

R1=R0 (1+aT)

T o

I2R1R0a= K1(R1-R0)R1= R0 + I2R0

2a/K1

vi iu kin R1-R0) nh hn nhiu so vi R1 v K1 ln hn nhiu s vi I

2R02a v

I2R02a co th b qua.

Detector nhit dn

Dng mch cu:

E =I (R1-R2) t o ta co

E = I3 R02a[(1/K1)- (1/K2)]

Thit b ny thng dng phn tch cc kh nh COX v kh ny co dn nhit kem nht so vi khng kh

Detector ngon la ion ho ( Flame ionization detector- FID)

Detector ngon la ion ho ( Flame ionization detector- FID)

CH+O -> CHO +e;

e ty l vi nng ca hp cht. o lng in t cc thu in t suy ra nng . u c ny thng chi nhn c 10-11gC/sec.

Lc cha co hn hp, ngn la Hydro nguyen cht co in tr rt cao ( 1012-1013 ). Khi co hn hp phn tich, ch yu l vt cht co cht hu c,

C b ion ho di tc dng ca nhit ngn la v in tr gim xung thnh (108 -109) .

o s thay i in tr ta co th suy ra nng vt cht cht hu c. S hnh ve gii thiu thit b phn tich cht hu c bng ngn la

Noi chung phng php ny chi nhy vi cht kh hu c. (CH3,CH4)

Detector ion quang (PID)

Ion ho bng en t ngoai UV.

en UV khng tc ng vi cc khi nh: N2, He, CH3CN, CO va CO2.

Khi dung vi gas-chromatography, thi phai dung vi loai khi mang phu hp

chng han nh CO2

Hinh 19 cho ta cch chn en UV

Detector Heli

Khi tr nh He , argon di kich ng pht ra song He+e -> He* +e

He* +M -> M ++ He +e

M- phn t khi sinh ra ion.Cc song ngun H3 tritium 10-10GBq; Ni

63: 400-800MBq, nng lng in t 20eVS dng khi mang Argon- methane, Nitrogen.

Column10 m x 0.05 mm, film thickness 0.05

m; Flow rate 20 ml/min. Sample

split 1:150;1, benzene; 2, toluene; 3,

ethylbenzene; 4, m and p xylene; 5, o-xylene

Detector bt in tch A- u vo kh mang v anode

B- b phn khuch tn, lm t

100mt li ng thau.

C-ngun pht Ion

D- u kh ra v cathode

tng t u c ion ho He, s

dng Ni63

Thng thng lm vic in p DC

25-50V. Dng xung 5-500ms. Thng

dng bt ion halogen hoc oxygen

V d

Detector ngon la quang hoc (FPD- Flame photometric Detector)

S dng cho Sulphur hoc phosphoris hoc co th

nhy vi halogen v nitrogen kh phi nhiu

H2/O2

H+ H+S2 -> S2* +H2 (4,5eV)

H+ OH+S2 -> S2* +H2 (5,1eV)

FPID nhy nhng ti l li khng tuyn tinh

IS2=I0 [S]n

S- mass-flow (lu lng) ca nguyen t Sulphur

n- h s, thng thng n=1.5-2

Nhit pht x (quang k ngon la)

Cc cht Ca, Na, K co khi tc dng nhit pht x vi mt nh sng co bc song xc nh lien quan n nng cc cht co trong dung dch. Mt cht co trong dung dch s dng mt b lc tng ng. kch thch pht x ta dng ngn la H2C2 ( acetylene)

Nhit pht x (quang k ngon la)

K11C1+K12C2+K13C3 =I1F; C1 - nng Na

K21C1+K22C2+K23C3 =I2F C2 - nng Ca

K31C1+K32C2+K33C3 =I3F C3 - nng K

K11 K12 K13K21 K22 K23 co c bng khc

K31 K32 K33K11, K22, K33 h s bin i A/M/l

Ph t in ca cc ngun khc nhau

Detector phong x Phong x trc tip: trong cm bin ny tia t ngun phong x ion ho

cht kh, ng thi ion ho kh mang ( He, hay H2) , ngun phong x y

dng 90Sr85Kr hay 147Pm

2 bung ion ho ging nhau (1,2).

Bung 1 l bung kh mang

Bung 2 l bung kh mang co mang kh cn phn tich.

Cc gop 4 co dng ion ho I1 v I2 ngc chiu vi nhau chy qua.

Hiu hai dong in ny a loai tr anh hng cua khi mang v ph thuc

vo s ion hoa cua cht khi phn tich tc ph thuc vo nng khi phn

tich

The -Ray Ionization Detector

Phong x gin tip

Trong cm bin ny tia khng in ho kh mang m chi

kch thch cc nguyen t ca kh mang trng thi bn n

nh -> nng lng ca tia phong x phi nh hn nng lng

ion ho ca kh mang

v du: i vi Argon nng lng ion ho l 1,18eV cn i vi He l

19,8eV

Nh vy kh mang ca cm bin ny l Argon hay He . Cu to

ca cm bin ny nh hnh b. No gm mt bung phn tich

trong y co ant 1 catt 2, ngun phong x tia 3 v cc gop

Phong x gin tip (2)

Kh mang l Argon khng b ion ho, dng in i qua rt nh.

Khi co cht kh cn phn tich trong kh mang, nng lng tich

lu trong kh mang truyn cho kh phn tich v ion ho chng,

dng ion ho ny ph thuc vo nng cht kh phn tich.

Phng php ny cho phep phn tich nhng nng rt

thp 2.10-14g/sc. Trong tt c cm bin ion ho, dng ion ho

l ngun dng en co en tr trong rt ln v vy i hi

khuch i u vo ca thit b o phi co in tr vo rt

ln.

Phong x gin tip (3)

Detector siu m

Da tren s thay i vn tc truyn song m. Thng thng ngi ta da vo vic so snh vi mt gi tr mu.

Detector bn dn

Oxit bn dn chuyn tip ca cc kim loi mnh Zn, Ni, thic. Theo nguyen l{ ca cm bin in cm. Phn t bn dn dng cc ht F (2-3mm) gia ca hai cun dy Platin: mt cun lm nong nhit kh tng c hp th tren b mt ca cc ht thay i in tr ca cc ht.

Mt s tnh cht ca mt s vt liu bn dn

Detector hng ngoi

ng nhn quang PMT ( Photomultiplyer tube)

Photodiot (170-1100nm)

mng photoit

0logx

IAst Ax

Cst Cx I

Hai h khong tuyn tinh son bng v ni suy tuyn tinh

Protein mg/ml A595

15 0.07

25 0.18

50 1.28

100 0.25

150 0.9

Phng php huznh quang Ngun sng l en xenon-phong in pht ra nh sng UV, VIS v IR (200-

1400nm). Chm sng ny kch thch mt monochromator, cho nh sng n

sc hay cho ra mt chui nh sng n sc. nh sng n sc chiu vo mt

bung phn tich huznh quang ph thuc vo nng cht cn phn tich.,

Fx, Fst - cng nh sng huznh quang ca cht phn tich vo mu

Q=f(Cx)

Qst - xc nh 1N H2SO4 ( Q=0.7) v 0.1 NaOH ( Q=0.93)

Cc cht sau o tinh huznh quang; Acidamin co vng Phenyl (phenylamine),

tyrosine tryptophan)Acid nucleic ( ade nine, guanine, cytosine, macil co

enzyme( MaD, FAO)

x x

st st

Q F

Q F

Qs

s photn pht ra

photn hp th

S biu din nguyn l{ my huznh quang

Hnh v

1. O M

n v : %RH

Di o : 10 100%

C nhiu phng php o m nhng

phng php hay s dng nht l dng

cm bin in dung v n da trn

nguyn l n gin, sai s nh trong

khong o t 595%, gi thnh re

Cm bin in dung Hi m trong khng kh thay i hng s in mi theo phng

trnh

T- nhit tuyt i (oK)

P- p sut ca khng kh m (mmHg)

Ps- p sut ca hi nc bo ho nhit T (mmHg)

H- m tng i

Cm bin in dung c th lm t mt ming polyme ht m mng( 8-12 m) vi cc in cc kim loi t cc pha i din. Bn cct c gi bng mt vng kep v cc in cc c ni vi ccca mch in

Cm bin in dung

in dung ca cm bin xp xi tng ng m tng i H

Co l in dung ti H=0

S dng cc cm bin in dung vi chnh xc 2% trong di o m tng i t 5% - 95%

S mch o tng ng

Cm bin in dung mng mong

Cm bin in dung mng mng c ch to tren mt nn silic. Mt lp SiO2 dy 3000 c t tren mt lp n-Si

Hai cc kim loi c t tren lp SiO2. dy ca cc cc trong khong 2000-5000 .

Cc cc ny c xp vo mt thnh phn an xen nhau. cung cp them nhit b, hai in tr nhy v nhit c t tren cng mt nn. inh ca cm bin c bc bi mt cht in mi (SiO2) . dy ca lp ny t 300-4000 .

Cm bin in dn

Khi cc phn t nc c hp th bi lp pha tren, in tr sut gia cc cc thay i v co th o c bng mt mch in (s dng mng ht m cha 2-5% dung dch nc ca LiCl.

Khi o 1KHz mt mu th nghim co mng chng minh s thay i ca tr khng t 10M-100 ng vi m tng i thay i t 0% - 90%.

Cm bin in dn s dng bn dn

Cc lien kt in ny c to ra cho cc lp vng v silic. Oxit nhm Al2O3 ging nh rt nhiu cc cht liu khc ht nc khi tc dng vi mt hn hp kh cha nc trong giai on hi m

S mch tng ng

Mch in n gin ho ca cm bin. R1 v C1 l cc thnh phn ph thuc hi m, R2 v C2 l cc thnh phn mc mch sn( khng b nh hng ca m ), R3 v C3 l chui cc thnh phn pha di cc l ( khng b nh hng ca m )

Cm bin nhit dn

Nhit dn sut ca kh o m co th c to thnh bi mt cm bin da tren nhit in tr

m k quang hoc

s dng mt gng m nhit b mt c iu chinh chnh xc bng mt bm nhit in. Nhit ca gng c iu chinh ti ngng hnh thnh im sng. Khng kh ly mu c bm qua b mt ca gng, v nu nhit ca gng i qua im sng, no se gii phong hi m dng nhng git nc nh.

Mt s tiu chun moi trng

Cht lng khng kh

Cht lng m hc

Cht lng t

Cht lng giy loi

Cht lng khong kh

TCVN5067-1995: Cht lng khng kh. Phng php khi lng xc nh hm lng bi

TCVN 5293-1995: Cht lng khng kh. Phng php Indophenol xc nh hm lng amoniac

TCVN 5498-1995: Cht lng khong kh. Tiu chun cht lng khong kh xung quanh

TCVN 5938-1995: Cht lng khng kh. Tieu chun kh thi cng nghip i vi bi v cc cht v c.

TCVN 5940-1995: Cht lng khng kh. Nhng vn chung .Thut ng. (ISO 4225-1990)

TCVN 5966-1995: Cht lng khng kh. Nhng vn chung cc n v (ISO 4226-1990)

Cht lng khong kh (tip)

TCVN 5968-1995: Cht lng khng kh. Xc nh cc hp cht kh ca lu huznh trong khng kh xung quanh. Thit b ly mu. (ISO4219-1990)

TCVN 5969-1995: Cht lng khng kh. Khng kh xung quanh, xc nh chi s nhim khng kh bi cc kh xit phng php chun xc nh im cui bng cht chi th mu hoc o in th (ISO4220-1990)

TCVN 5970-1995: Lp k hoch gim st cht lng khng kh xung quanh (ISO4227-1990)

TCVN 5971-1995: Cht lng khng kh. Xc nh khi lngca lu huznh dioxit phng php

Cht lng khong kh (tip)

TCVN 5972-1995: Cht lng kh xung quanh Xc nh nng khi lng ca ccbon monoxit (CO)-Phng php sc k{ kh. (ISO 8186-1989)

TCVN 5973-1995: Cht lng khng kh. Phng php ly mu phn tng nh gi cht lng khng kh xung quanh. (ISO9359- 1989)

TCVN 5974- 1995: Cht lng kh xung quanh xc nh chi s khoi en (ISO9835-1993)

TCVN 5975-1995: S pht thi ca ngun tinh- xc nh nng lu huznh dioxit. Phng php hydroperoxyt/bari perclrat/thorin (ISO 7934-1989)

TCVN 5976-1995: S pht thi ca ngun tinh- xc nh nng lu huznh dioxit (SO2 c tnh ca phng php o t ng (ISO 7935-1992)

TCVN 5977-1995: Cht lng khng kh. Xc nh nng khi lng lu huznh dioxit trong khng kh xung quanh Phng php trc quang dng thorin (ISO 4221-1980)

Cht lng m hoc

TCVN 5948-1995: m hc Ting n trong phng tin giao thng vn ti ng b - Mc n ti a cho php

TCVN 5949-1995: m hc Ting n khu vc cng cng v dn c Mc n ti a cho phep

TCVN 5964-1995: M t o ting n mi trng- cc i lng v phng php o chnh (ISO 1996-1: 1982)

TCVN 5965-1995: m hc M t o ting n mi trng p dng cc gii hn ting n. (ISO 1996-3: 1987)

Cht lng t

TCVN 5297-1995: Cht lng t- Ly mu- Yeu cu chung

TCVN 5299-1995: Cht lng t Phng php xc nh mc xoi mn t do ma

TCVN 5300-1995: Cht lng t Phn loi t da tren mc nhim bn hoa cht.

TCVN 5301-1995: Cht lng t H s t.

TCVN 5302-1995: Cht lng t Yeu cu chung i vi vic ti to t.

TCVN 5941-1995: Cht lng t - Ly mu Hng dn v thu thp vn chuyn v lu gi mu t nh gi cc qu trnh hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt hiu kh ti phng th nghim (ISO 10381-6: 1993)

TCVN 5961-1995: Cht lng t - nh hng ca cc cht nhim len giun t (sisennia tentida) Xc nh c cp tnh bng cch s dng nen t nhn to. (ISO 11268-1: 1993)

TCVN 5962- 1995: Cht lng t- Xc nh nh hng ca cc tc nhn nhim n thm thc vt t- Phng php o s c ch pht trin r. (ISO11269-1: 1993)

TCVN 5963-1995: Cht lng t.- xc nh cht kh, v hm lng nc tren c s khi lng Phng php khi lng. (ISO11465: 1986)

TCVN 5979-1995: Cht lng t Xc nh pH (ISO10390:1993)

Cht lng giy loi

TCVN 5946-1995: Giy loi

Cht lng nc

TCVN 6980: 2001. Cht lng nc. Tieu chun nc thi cng nghip thi vo vc nc sng dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot.

o nng DO

Co hai phng php o lng oxy ho tan trong nc:

Phng php th phn cc mng bc,

T bo Galvanic mn lc.

Cu trc in cc

Cu trc ca thit b loi ny l mt co Ant l ch (Pb) v catt l mt thanh bc vi dung dch in phn l cht kim chng hn nh KOH. en cc Catt c t st vi thm Oxy

Nguyn l

Oxy ho tan trong dung dch i qua mt mng mng ( gm mt mng thm oxy Teflon hoc mng Polyetylen. Khi xy ho tan i ti mt catt dnh cht vo mng no se c kh bi catt trong qu trnh oxy ho xut hin ant sinh ra dng en

O2 + 2H2O+ 4e- =4OH-

ti ant co qu trnh oxy ho kh din ra

2Pb = 2Pb2 + 4e-

Dng in chy qua in cc ton b lng oxy chyqua mng

Phng php th phn cc mng mong

Nguyen l{: V c bn no ging vi nguyen l{ ca phng php tren. Trong a s cc trng hp , dng c ny bao gm mt catt Pt v ant bc-clorua bc v cht in phn KCl. in th catt thng vo khong 0.6vsmAg/AgCl cc phn ng in cc sau se xut hin:

Catt (Pt): O2 + 2 H2O +4e- -> 4OH-

Ant (Ag): 4Ag + 4Cl- -> 4AgCl +4e-

Dng in xut hin tng ng vi p sut rieng phn ca oxy ho tan.

Cc yu t nh hng

Nhit

Cc yu t nh hng

mn ca dung dch: Cm bin o DO xc nh lng p sut rieng phn ca oxy Ps*MPa+. Khi m dung dch v khng kh bo ho ( cn bng), nng ca oxy C*mg/l+ c tnh nhanh

C= Ps/H

Trong o H l hng s Henry ph thuc vo thnh phn ca dung dch: Khi mui trong dung dch tng cao, H se tr nen ln hn. Nh vy cn phi o gi tr mui hiu chinh qu trnh c DO

Chun DO

Chun 0: 10g Sulfat natri pha vo 200ml nc s dng nh cht lng dng phng php chun im 0. in cc phi c ngm trong dung dch chun 0 ny sau khi n nh kim chi th.

Chun v chiu di: Phng php thng thng gn vi phng php bo ho khng kh, bi vy cn chun b mt dung dch cha khng kh bo ho v co thnh phn nh cht lng cn o (th tch oxy ho tan bin ng cng vi nng mui). Khi b chi th oxy n nh bi dung dch cha khng kh bo ho, nhit nc se c o v hiu chinh vo ga tr ca nng oxy ho tan bo ho ti nhit o.

o nng oxy ha hoc ha tan trong nc(COD)

nh ngha: Nng ca khi lng ca oxi tng ng vi lng dicromat tieu tn bi cc cht l lng v ho tan trong mu nc c x l{ bng cht oxy ho o iu kin xc nh.

Nhu cu oxy ho hc (COD) l vic o trc tip lng vt cht hu c trong nc. Vt cht hu c trong nc b oxy ho bi cht oxy ho (dicromat). Lng oxy ho s dng trong phn ng c o bng so mu quy v mg O2 theo chiu di L ca nc. Cc phn ng c din gii theo phng trnh ho hc nh sau:

CaHbOc +Cr2O7-2 +H+ -> Cr+3 + CO2 +H2O

Trong o CaHbOc th hin thnh phn hu c.

o nhu cu oxy sinh hc (BOD

BOD c xc nh nh l khi lng oxy ho tan trong nc thi co th ly ra. Thc cht ca vic xc nh BOD o lng vt liu hu c co th b oxy ho bi sinh hc

Th nghim ngi thy c vic xc nh thnh phn ny ph thuc vo bin i ca DO

Tc oxy ho thnh phn cacbont hu c trong qu trnh kim tra BOD c xp xi nh sau:

Y= L(1-e-kt) hoc y= L(1-10-kt)

Trong o: L- Gii hn cui cng ca DO

y- khi lng DO ti thi im t, k l hng s.

Vi sinh vt +Vt cht hu c +O2 -> Nhiu vi sinh vt + CO2 + H2O

Co th o tng hp mc xy b hp th trong nc (o nc DO c c). mu trong iu kin kim sot mi trng (nhit 250C, khng tip xc vi nh sng) trong mt khong thi gian thng thng l 5 ngy:

BOD5 = DO(t=0) DO(t=5)

Co th tnh ton mt cch chnh xc hn theo cng thc

Trong o: D1- l DO mu 5-10 pht sau khi pha ch (mg/L)

D2- l DO mu trong mt thi gian pha long (nht nh chng hn nh 5ngy)

P- H s phn trm ca mu s dng ( 2%)

B1- DO ca mm khi pha long trong mu nc c kim sot sau mt thi gian (PE1%)

B2- DO trong mu ho mm sau .

F - ti s ht ging tren mu (0.25)

P

fBBDDLmgBOD

)21()21()/(

a phn cc th nghim COD

S dng ditcromt (Cr2O72-) tc dng vi hu ht cc cht hu c

Nguyen tc chnh o nhu cu oxy ho hc: un hi lu mu th vi lng kali dicromat trong khong thi gian nht nh, trong qu trnh o mt phn dicromat b kh do s co mt ca cc cht co kh nng oxy ho. Chun lng dicromat cn li vi st (II) amon sunfat. Tnh ton gi tr COD t lng icromat b kh , 1 mol dicromat (Cr2O7

2-) tng ng vi 1,5 mol oxi (O2)

CnHaOb + c Cr2O7 + 8 c H+ nCO2 + 0.5 (a+8c) H2O + 2c Cr

+3

Trong o c=(2/3) n + (a/6) (b/3)

Phng trnh oxy ho icromat :6 e-+ 14 H+ +Cr2O7

2- -> 2 Cr+3 +7 H2O

Ion Clorit l gi tr o COD cho n khi AgCl l i tng c oxy ho ht. khi s dng Ag2SO4 l cht xc tc, hoc Cl khi khng s dng Ag2SO4

Cr2O72- + 6Cl- +14H+ -> 2Cr+3 +3Cl2 +7H2O

d trong phn ng n. qu trnh oxy ho st 2Fe+2 -> Fe+3+ e-

Xc nh lng COD

Trong o : vbl =ml FeSO4 .(NH4)2SO4 dung dch cn xc nh chun ca phep th trng

Vs = ml FeSO4 .(NH4)2SO4 dung dch dng chun cho mu

M= mol FeSO4 .(NH4)2SO4

Mvv

lmgCOD sbl

50

)(8000).( 1

S nguyn l{ ca thit b

Thit b o COD bng UV/VIS

Mt phng php khc co th o trc tip COD o l phng php hp th chn lc UV/Vis.

UV ( song cc tm)- song in t nm trong gii < 200nm

Vt liu Thu tinh Thach

anh

CaF2 LiF NaCl KBr(CsBr

)

CsI

Tn s

thng s

dung

(cm-1)

~ 3500 2860 5000-

1300

5000-

1700

5000-650 1100-285 1000-200

Chiu dai

bc

sng

2,86 3.5 2.0-7.7 2.0-5.9 2-15.4 9-35 10-50

Nguyn l{ ca phng php o

Cng sng truyn qua vt cht b suy hoa theo lut Beer nh sau:

Trong o: I0 - cng sng tieu chun

- h s hp th

b kch thc ca phn truyn sng (cm)

c- nng ca cht (mol/l)

- chnh l hm s ca bc song.

Nguyn l{ (tip)

Hp th nh sng ca oxy(415, 542 v 577nm).

Cc thit b phn tch ny o trong sinh ho nm cc bc song 18-320( vng UV) 320-800nm( vng VIS) hp th trong quang ph k hp th cho bi

A=ElC

A-h s hp th hay log(I/I0)

I0- cng sng chiu vo mu; I- cng sng xuyen qua mu

E- H s hp th hay sut hp th

l- chiu dy ca bung phn tch

C-nng cht phn tch trong mu.

Cu trc ca thit b

o c trong nc

nh ngha c v n v o:

c l lng cht huyn ph trong nc. Nguyen l{ o c l o tnh cht khuch tn ca nc huyn ph hoc do tnh hp th nh sng khi xuyen qua nc.

Dung dch chun l Focmazin C2H4N2.

Dung dch ny c pha ch t dung dch Av B

Nguyn l{ o

c c xc nh l ty s gia nh sng xuyen qua v nh sng tn x.

Co hai nguyen tc o:

o truyn quang hc

nh sng to tren b mt.

o cng sng xuyn qua v cng nh sng tn x

o truyn quang hc

s dng phng php tt dn theo hm s m ca chm sng (phng trnh bc 3). tuz thuc vo lng cht huyn ph

c: 1/D (A-logl)+...

Trong o: D, A l nhng hng s

L lng nh sng c truyn.

c im ca phng php ny:

co th o c c nh v ln.

khng b nh hng ca dung

b nh hng nu ca s sng bn.

chiu di ca t bo o thay i theo khong o.

l

o bng nh sng to trn b mt

Khi chm sng chiu vo mu nc, lng nh sng to ra phn x do cc phn t trong nc, c chi ra gin kem theo se c o theo c ca nc. S lng cc vt huyn ph ng vi lng nh sng lan to.

c = Kl...Trong o: K l hng s

L l lng nh sng lan to.

nh sng tn x c t o goc 300 chiu ca ngun nh sng

c im ca phng php

Co th o c tng i thp

Nu khng co ca s nh sng b phn tip xc vi cht lng co th ny sinh vn nhim bn.

B nh hng bi mu mu v bt kh.

B nh hng do rung ng.

Chun

Chun di: Vic chun di i hi phi tnh nhng bin ng xut hin v nng cht lng so snh v vt th so snh.

Chun im 0: lm sch nc khi cc cht nhim bng cc loi b lc khc nhau v cp cho t bo o.

Trc khi chun cn co mt ket kh bt kh lm cho gi tr c cao hn thc t.

Dung dch mu s dng l Focmazin C2H4N2 Dung dch A: Ho tan 10,0g hexametylentetramin (

C6H12N4) trong nc v pha long ti 100ml

Dung dch B: Ho tan 1,0g hydrazin sunfat (N2H6SO4) trong nc v pha long n 10ml.

Cu to my o c b mtheo nh sng to trn t

Lu lng dong chay cua mu : Nu lu lng dong chay nho, cc phn t huyn phu se lng va lam cho gi tri o thp, lu lng dong chay ti u la 4-8lt/pht

1. Ngun sng 12. B loc nh sng chun

2. Thu kinh hi tu 13. B khuch ai AC

3. ng c ng b iu ch 14. B khuch ai AC

4. Gng i ni anh sang chun va

anh sang o

15. Chinh lu ng b

16. B khuch ai cach ly

5. Thu kinh ra 17. Chi thi

6. Thu kinh hi tu anh sang o 18. B khuch ai bn anh sang chun

7. Gng phan chiu anh sang chun

vao t bao quang in

19. B khuch ai bn anh sang chun

8. Thu kinh n Dtector 20. B tach song

9. Detector quang in 21. Ngun pht sng

10. Gng anh sang bn chun 22. T bao o

11. T bao quang in

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