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TRNG I HC K THUT CNG NGH TP.HCM

B GIO DC V O TO

KHOA MI TRNG & CNG NGH SINH HC

TI:

QUY TRNH CNG NGH NUI TO SPIRULINA SPP

Ging vin hng dn: TH.S Nguyn Th Thu Hng

Sinh vin thc hin:

Trn th L - 0851110013

L trung Hiu - 0851110081

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Quy trnh sn xut sinh khi to Spirulina spp: trung Hiu v L_09CSH01


2/26

TP.HCM_19/02/2012

LI NI U:Dn s th gii ang pht trin khng ngng, cng vi tin trnh cng nghip ha hin i

ha lm cho din tch canh tc ngy cng b thu hp. T chin tranh th gii th hai tr li y,

theo tnh ton c ti 300 triu ngi cht do thiu dinh dng ch yu cc nc chu Phi v

chu . Vi x hi pht trin nh ngy nay khng ai ngh rng mi ngy c ti 33000 tr em di

5 tui cht i, con s y ln ti 12 triu mi nm.

Khng th lm ng trc tnh trng y cc nh khoa hc u n lc khng ngng, v n

nm 1970 n Tin s Clement ngi Php nui cy v sn xut thnh cng to Spirunila th vn

trn dng nh c gii p. Nhng ch n nm 1990, khi t chc nhn o Antenna

Thy S thnh cng vi tng dng to Spirulina spp chng i ngho nhng nc km

v ang pht trin, th to Spirulina spp mi c a vo nghin cu v nui trng rng ri.

Khi c ni dung cc chuyn tt nghip c giao, chng em khng ngn ngi chn

to spirulina lm ti, nui trng v phn tch to ny l mt ti rt th v v thit thc i vi

nc ta, nhng vn cha c ch trng u t nghin cu rng ri.

Trc tin em xin chn trng cm n Th.s Nguyn Th Thu Hng ging vin khoa MT-

CNSH Trng i Hc K Thut Cng Ngh TP.HCM tn tnh hng dn gip nhm em

hon thnh chuyn ny.

Sau cng, nhm em xin gi li cm n n qu thy c v ban lnh o trong trng.

Nhm sinh vin thc hin:

L trung Hiu - 0851110081

Trn Th L - 0851110138

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3/26

TM TT NI DUNG

PHN I: M UGii thiu v to Spirulina spp

Nhng c im Chnh V To Spirulina SPP

Bng phn loi khoa hc v to spirulina spp

Phn b v sinh thi v to spirulina spp

Lch s pht hin to spirulina spp mang tnh khoa hc

Trn th gii

Ti vit nam

S sinh sn to spirulina spp

iu kin sinh trng v pht trin to spirulina spp

iu kin nhit

iu kin pH

Ch thi kh

Nhn t nh sn

PHN II: Quy trnh sn xut to spirulina spp:

Nguyn liu dng trong qu trnh nui to

Phn tch thnh phn mi trng

Quy trnh cng ngh ca qu trnh sn xut sinh khi spirulina spp

Nhng thng s quan trng trong qu trnh nui toThuyt minh quy trnh sn xut sinh khi spirulina spp

Nhng thit b lin quan n nui cy sinh khi spirulina spp

Nhng tiu chun quc gia lin quan n sn phm sinh khi spirulina spp

PHN III: Kt lun v ngh n sn phm sinh khi spirulina spp

PHN IV: Ti Liu Tham Kho V Bng Ghi Ch

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4/26

PHN I: TNG QUAN

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5/26

1. Bi cnh ti Vit Nam v Nc Ngoi v vn nui sinh khi to spirulina

spp:

i Vit Nam: u tin, to spirulina spp c gio s

Ripky D.Fox ngi c (l nh nghin cu cc ch

phm ti Hip Hi Chng Suy Dinh Dng bng Nhng

Sn Phm T To) a vo Vit Nam t nm 1985.

TLnh vc nghin cu: t nm 1985 1995, trong 10 nm

c nhng nghin cu thuc lnh vc cng ngh sinh

hc cp nh nc c bit n c nghin cu ca G.S T.S

Nguyn Hu Thc v cng s (thuc vin cng ngh sinh hc vin khoa hc v cng

ngh Vit Nam) ti Cng Nghip Nui Trng v S dng To Spirulina.

Lnh vc y hc: c ti cp thnh ph l nghin cu ca B.S Nguyn Th Kim

Hng v cng s vi ti Nghin cu sn xut v s dng thc n c to spirulina

spp trong dinh dng iu tr.

Nhng c s nui to spirulina spp ti Vit Nam:

C s Chu Lt ti sng Thun Hi

C s Sui Ngh ti ng Nai

C s Dacminh ti c lc

(thng tin t mt nhm sinh vin trng i hc Nng Lm)

i cc quc gia khc: c k n l nc M, nc Nga, nc Php, nc Nht

v nhng nc khc na.TTi nc M: c h thng nui to spirulina spp bng ng nha trong sut dnh ch U,

vi tng chiu di ng l 21m, ng knh ng l 1.2m, tng chiu cao ng nha l

6.25m . Trong h thng ny: khng kh bn ngoi c bm vo h thng ng vo

phn dung dch bn trong t bo to ng ha. ng thi, nng lng nh sng mt

tri xuyn qua ng n nhng t bo to spirulina spp thc hin qu trnh quang

hp.

Ti nc Php: c v ang s dng h thng nui to spirulina spp vi tng din tch

n 5,000m2.

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gio s Ripky D.Fox n i


6/26

Ti nc Nht, v Nga: c h thng nui to spirulina spp vi dng hnh tr, kch

thc ng knh t 6 8m, chiu cao tr t 1 2m. Trong , tng chiu cao dung

dch nui to spirulina spp l t 0.7 1.4m (chim 70% tng chiu cao tr).

2. Lch s pht hin to spirulina spp mang tnh khoa hoc:

Lch s pht hin u tin v to spirulina spp mang tnh khoa hc: vo nm 1960, b

tin s Clement nh khoa hc ngi Php khi n b h TChad ti Trung Phi, mt vng

t kh cn quanh nm. Tuy nhin, nhng ngi ti y th lc rt cng trng v

khe mnh. Khi b c bit v thc n m nhng ngi ti y s dng l mt loi

bnh mu xanh c lm t mt loi, th nm ri rc trn b h TChad c vt v,

em phi lm bnh. em v, qua phn tch: tin s Clement pht hin ra loi thc nnhng ngi ang s dng l mt loi to giu dinh dng l to spirulina spp.

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7/26

Nhng thnh phn ha hc v to spirulina spp

S

th tThnh phn

Lng %

cht kh1 Protein tng s 60 -70

2 Glucide 13 163 Lipide 7 84 Nucleic acid 4.295 Dip lc 0.766 Karoten 0.237 Tro 4 - 5

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8/26

Bng thnh phn dinh dng t to spirulina spp (thng tin t Avigad Vnhak):

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9/26

c im sinh l to spirulina spp: hnh thi to Spirulina spp c nhng c im sau:

khi quan st to spirulina spp di knh hin vi, hnh dng to spirulina spp c th nh

sau: To spirulina spp c mu xanh lc, thuc dng a bo v c vc ngn gia

nhng t bo n to

Xon theo kiu l xo t phi qua tri

Tng chiu di to spirulina spp 0.25 mm

ng knh to spirulina spp t 35 - 50m

Mi bc xon ca to spirulina spp 60m

Cch thc di chuyn ca to spirulina spp trt xung quanh trc ca to, vn tc

5m

Thuc nhm t dng quang nng v c.

Thuc nhm hiu kh bt buc.

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10/26

c im ha sinh ca to spirulina spp

B my quang hp spirulina spp

Qu trnh quang hp ca to spirulina spp c thc hin trn mng thylakoid nm trn

mng t bo.

Quang hp l qu trnh trao i cht bt buc i vi nhng t bo thuc nhm

t dng quang nng v c. Trong , quang hp thc cht l mt qu trnh chuyn i

nng lng t dng nng lng nh sng (quang nng) thnh dng nng lng ha

nng di dng cc ngun ng n glucose. l mt qu trnh xy ra lin tc tnng lng nh sng mt tri c nhng sc t ca to spirulina spp hp thu phn

ly nc (H2O) thnh dng in t electron to nng lng sinh hc thng qua chui

chuyn in t; ng thi, dng in t c xy ra th lun c s ti to phn t

NADPH2 t NADP+. Cui cng, ATP v NADPH2 sinh ra c hai enzyme c hiu l

ribulose kinase phosphate v ribulose carboxylase dng c nh phn t CO2

thng qua nhiu phn ng ha hc to thnh ng glucose. Tng th qu trnh nh

sau:

Trc tin, qu trnh quang phn ly nc to ATP v ti to NADP+thnh NADPH2

thng qua chui chuyn in t sau:

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6CO2 + 18 ATP 12 12NADPH2+ C6H12O6

---

>

+12 NADP+

+ 18 ADP 18 Pi+


11/26

ng thi, lng ATP v NADPH2 c sinh ra c hai enzyme c hiu dng c

nh CO2 nh sau:Enzyme ribulose carboxylase c nh

3 phn t CO2 vo 3 ng ribulose

5 phosphate c s tham gia ca 3

phn t H2O v to thnh 6 phn t

glycerate 3 phosphate. Tip theo,

ngay lp tc enzyme glucerate kinase

s dng 12 phn t ATP gn ln 12phn t glycerate 3 phosphate ny

to thnh 12 phn t glycerate 1,3

diphosphat v ng thi tr li 12 phn

t ADP. K n, enzyme glycerate 1,3 diphosphat dehydrogenase v coenzyme

NADPH2 c dng kh 12 phn t glycerate 1,3 diphosphat thnh 12 phn t

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphat; ng thi gii phng 12 phn t phosphate v c v tr

li 12 phn t NADP+. Cui cng, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphat thng qua hng lotphn ng ha hc trong t bo to to thnh nhng thnh phn cn thit cho t bo

thng qua hnh sau

Tng th qu trnh c nh CO2, t bo to phi s dng v hon tr li

T bo to s dng 6 phn t CO2

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12/26

18 phn t ATP (12 phn t cho

c nh CO2 v 6 phn t ti to

ng Ribulose 5 phosphat)

12 phn t NADPH2 6 phn t H2O

V mt lng H2O c dng

trong qu trnh quang phn ly H2O

Mt lng ln ngun nng

lng nh sng mt tri

T bo to hon tr li:

18 phn t ADP v 18 Pi

12 phn t NADP+

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13/26

S tng trng to spirulina spp:

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14/26

I.4.1 Bng phn loi to spirulina spp theo khoa hc:

Lnh vc (Donmain): bacteria

Nghnh (phylum): cyanophyta

Lp (class): cyanophyceae

B (order): oscillatoriales

H (family): Oscillatoriaceae

Ging (Species): Spirulina

Loi (genus): S.plentasisv S.Chlorella

Nhng nhu cu dinh dng cho to spirulina spp

Ngun dinh dng Carbon: c cung cp dng NaHCO3, v kh CO2 ha tan

vi vai tr lm b khung sn Carbon, v tng hp nng lng sinh hc ATP.

Ngun dinh dng Nit: c cung cp dng NaNO3 ha tan.Nit l thnh

phn cu to 20 acid mine tng hp nhng enzyme, nhng protein, hin din trong

pyrine, pyryminde, thnh phn quan trng trong cu trc chlorophyll a, b vphycocyanine, ATP, RNA, ti u a nc ca nhng phn t lipide v, nhng

thnh phn quan trng cn thit cho s sng to spirulina spp.

Ngun dinh dng khong a lng: nhng nguyn t Mg2+, Ca2+, S4+, K+, Na+,

P4+, Cl-l nhng thnh phn tham gia cu to cu trc t bo to spirulina spp.

Ngun dinh dng khong a lng b sung: l nhng nguyn t Ni2+, Co2+, Ti3+,

Cr5+ vi nng ln c b sung vo mi trng to mi trng thch hp cho to

spirulina spp. V, to spirulina spp l loi to sng ti bin nn cn phi c nhng

nguyn t vi lng cao ny.

Ngun dinh dng khong vi lng: nhng nguyn t Bo4+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Cu2+,

Mo l nhng cofactor kim loi ca mt s enzyme trong to. Vi vai tr hot ha v

l thnh phn lin kt ti tm hot ng ca nhng enzyme gip nhng enzyme thc

hin chc nng sinh hc thng qua s cho - nhn in t ca nhng nguyn t ny. D

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15/26

l mt lng nh, nhng khng th thiu cho s sng ca to spirulina spp. Nu nhng

nguyn t vi lng ny thiu th to khng th tng hp c nhng thnh phn quan

trng cho s sng ca nhng t bo ca to spirulina spp.

Nhng nhn t nh hng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca to spirulina spp.

Nhn t nhit

Nhit l yu t vt l nh hng ln n nhng phn ng ha sinh

bn trong t bo to spirulina spp. ng thi, nh hng mnh n s sinh trng v

sinh sn ca to spirulina spp thng qua s n nh ca cu trc khng gian 3 chiu vnhng bo quan ca to spirulina spp.

cho pht trin to spirulina spp: 18 40oC.

pht trin v sinh sn ca to: 32 40oC. Trong ,

l 35oC.

Ch : Nhit > 40oC to spirulina spp cht sau 6 ngy.

Nhit


16/26

Nu pH 7: to spirulina spp vn sng nhng tc to sinh khi chm.

Ch thi kh: lng kh c cung cp 2% lin tc trong ch c nh

sng mnh v c mt ca l iu kin ti u cho s hnh thnh sinh khi to

spirulina spp.

Nhn t nh sng: l yu t vt l rt quan trng rt cn thit cho s pht trin

ca to spirulina spp. Lng nh sng cn c cung cp lin tc hnh thnh sinh

khi to ti a (to spirulina spp khng b nh hng trong chu k ngy v m).

Cng nh sng thch hp c sc t to hp th:

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17/26

PHN II

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18/26

3. QUY TRNH SN XUT TO SPIRULINA SPP

a. Nguyn liu dng trong qu trnh nui to

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Mi trng c bn

(mi trng Zarrouk)Thnh phn Lng s dng

0.1g/200ml

0.5g/200ml7H2O 0.04g/200mlFeSO4 0.0002g/200mlK2SO4 0.2g/200mlCaCl2.2H2O 0.008g/200ml

NaCl.2H2O 0.2g/200mlMi trng b sung 1

H3PO4 2.6g/lZnSO4.7H2O 0.04g/lCuSO4.5H2O 0.08g/l

MnCl.4H2O 1.81g/lMoC3 0.01g/lMi trng b sung 2

K2Cr2(SO).2H2O 960g/lTi(SO4)3 400g/l

NiSO4.5H2O 478g/lCo(NO3)2.7H2O) 44g/l

Trnh t tin hnh pha mi trng:

1. Cn chnh xc v ha tan16.8g NaHCO3 trong 500ml ncct bng mt becher sch th 1.

2. Cn v pha chnh xc cchthnh phn trong mi trng cbn ng vi lng s dng theos liu trong becher th 2.

3. Cn v pha chnh xc cchthnh phn trong mi trng bsung 1 ng vi lng s dngtheo s liu trong becher th 3.

4. Cn v pha chnh xc cchthnh phn trong mi trng bsung 2 ng vi lng s dngtheo s liu trong trong becher th4.

5. Lc u v ht chnh xc10ml dung dch mi trng c bncho vo becher 1000ml.

6. Lc u v ht chnh xc 1mldung dch b sung 1 cho vobecher trn.

7. Lc u v ht chnh xc 1mldung dch b sung 2 cho vobecher trn

8. Thm n vch bng ncct.

Hp kh trng mi trng


19/26

b. Phn tch thnh phn ca mi trng:

Mi trng c bn (mi trng Zarrauk)

K2HPO4 cung cp phosphate v ion K+ tn ti dng ha tan ion K+ v HPO4. Vai tr:

Phosphate: l thnh phn tham gia cu to ATP, Purin, Pyrinmidin, lipide, RNA,

Pyruvate, c gn vo nhng phn t gip enzyme thc hin chc nng sinh hc

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20/26

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21/26

Quy trnh nui to Spirulian spp:

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Nhn ging X lnc

H nuito

Lc

Ra

To t

20% nc

B cha nhngha cht b sung

To ging

Khng kh

Dng ti: ch binthnh bt dinh dng

Sy kh: sn xutdng thuc, hoc boqun

Chic xut

Thc phm chn nui Nhng acid amin

Phycocyanin

Polysacharide

Karotenoid

X l nc thi

Nng lngnh sng


22/26

Thuyt Minh Quy Trnh Sn Xut To:

Mc ch nhn ging: l cung cp s lng to spirulina spp cho thit b nui chnh.

Mc ch x l nc: l loi b nhng cht, phn t, nhng vi sinh vt l c hi hindin trong nc nh hng n qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca to.

Mc ch ca cung cp khng kh: cung cp ngun Carbon thng qua kh CO2 v khO2 cho to.

Mc ch s dng b cha nhng ha cht b sung: c dng cung cp nhngngun dinh dng cho to trong qu trnh nui to.

Mc ch h nui to: c dng tng sinh khi to nh mong mun.

Mc ch ca lc: loi b nc (cn xt li mt t thnh phn mi trng) v thu nhnsinh khi to spirulina.

Mc ch ca x l nc thi: tr li ngun nc sch cho mi trng sinh thikhng gy nhim mi trng sng ca nhng sinh vt khc.

Mc ch ca ra: loi b nhng cht, phn t cn st li trn si t bo to.

Mc ch ca chic xut: ph v cu trc t bo v gii phng nhng acid amin,Phycocyanin, Polysacharide, Karotenoid v thu nhn nhng phn t ny dng tinh

khit. ng thi, phn xc sinh khi to c s dng lm ngun dinh dng trong

chn nui.

Mc ch cung cp ngun nh sng: nh sng l yu t quan trng v rt cn thit

to nng lng ATP gip to tng sinh khi v thc hin nhng chc nng khc cho t

bo sng ca to.

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23/26

Thit b lin quan n nui to spirulina spp:

Thit b nui to dng kn:

Thit b nui to dng h

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24/26

Nhng tiu chun quc gia lin quan n sn phm sinh khi spirulina spp:

Hiu tm cha ra.

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25/26

PHN III

Kt lun v ngh n sn phm sinh khi spirulina sp:

Ci ny th L vit gip Hiu nh, hi hi

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26/26

Ti Liu Tham Kho:

B.S L Vn Lng

K thut nui cy to theo bng ting anh.

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