Bamboo Reinforced Concrete in Earthquake Resistant Housing Interim Report

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Bamboo Reinforced Concrete in Earthquake

Resistant Housing Interim Report

Andrew Jardine

December 2009

Supervisor: Dr. Alan Bloodworth

Andrew Jardine Interim Report December 2009

Abstract This report outlines the structure, progress and aims of the dissertation titled “Bamboo

Reinforced Concrete in Earthquake Resistant Housing”.

An introduction and understanding of the topic is given. Existing sources in the literature

review provide justification for the research and highlight relevant information.

Progress to date is summarized in findings from the literature review and design

calculations that have taken place to date, and any other actions that further progressed

the dissertation. This includes the outcomes of research and problems encountered and

how they have affected the progress of the dissertation.

Expected dates for the completion of research, experimentation and write up are shown in

a Gantt chart timeline. A draft copy of the contents page for the dissertation is also

included. Together these show the plan of future dissertation work.

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Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1

1.1 Project Aim ................................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Bamboo ...................................................................................................................... 1

1.2.1 General .......................................................................................................... 1

1.2.2 Anatomy ........................................................................................................ 1

1.3 Reinforced Concrete .................................................................................................. 2

1.4 Earthquakes ................................................................................................................ 2

1.5 Indian Living Conditions ........................................................................................... 3

2.0 Literature Review ....................................................................................... 4

2.1 Suitability of Bamboo for Seismic Resistant House Construction ............................ 4

2.2 General Properties of Bamboo ................................................................................... 4

2.2.1 Directional Strength ...................................................................................... 4

2.2.2 Node Properties ............................................................................................. 5

2.2.3 Water Absorption .......................................................................................... 5

2.3 Bamboo Species in India ............................................................................................ 6

2.4 Mechanical Properties of Calcutta Bamboo ............................................................... 6

2.4.1 Water Absorption .......................................................................................... 6

2.4.2 Tensile Strength ............................................................................................ 6

2.4.3 Bending Strength .......................................................................................... 7

2.5 Low-Cost Indian House Design ................................................................................. 7

2.5.1 House Size .................................................................................................... 7

2.5.2 Construction Materials .................................................................................. 7

2.6 Socioeconomic Effects of Earthquakes ...................................................................... 8

2.6.1 Cost ............................................................................................................... 8

2.6.2 Residential Buildings .................................................................................... 8

2.7 Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Construction .............................................................. 9

2.7.1 Waterproof Coating ...................................................................................... 9

2.7.2 Assembly ....................................................................................................... 9

2.8 Concrete Element Seismic Testing ............................................................................ 9

2.8.1 Loading Condition ........................................................................................ 9

2.8.2 Critical Section ............................................................................................ 10

3.0 Progress Summary and Evaluation ......................................................... 11

3.1 Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 11

3.2 Design Calculations ................................................................................................. 11

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3.3 Material Acquisition ................................................................................................ 12

4.0 Methods .................................................................................................... 13

4.1 Bamboo Choice ........................................................................................................ 13

4.2 Bamboo Treatment ................................................................................................... 13

4.3 House Design ........................................................................................................... 13

4.4 Testing Method ........................................................................................................ 13

5.0 Future Work ............................................................................................. 15

5.1 Gantt Chart ............................................................................................................... 15

5.2 Dissertation Contents Plan ....................................................................................... 15

References ...................................................................................................... 16

Appendix A Experimental Properties of Calcutta Bamboo .......................... 19

Appendix B House and Frame Design Calculations ..................................... 21

Appendix C Draft Contents Page of Completed Dissertation ....................... 29

Appendix D Gantt Chart Outlining Future Targets ...................................... 31

III


Table of Figures Figure 1.0 - Anatomical Features of Bamboo Internode…………………………...2

Figure 2.0 - Bamboo Framed House on an Earthquake Shaker Platform………….4

Figure 2.1 - Expansion of Untreated Bamboo in Concrete Causing Cracking….....6

Figure 2.2 - Typical House Exterior…………………………………………….....7

Figure 2.3 - Typical unreinforced concrete block building………………………..8

Figure 2.4 - Test Set up………………………………………………………...…10

Figure 4.0 - Column-Beam Joint Section under Testing………………………….14

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1.0 Introduction

1.1 Project Aim

The aim of the project is to discover whether bamboo reinforced concrete is a viable

alternative to steel reinforced concrete in earthquake resistant low-cost residential

buildings. This will be tested by fabricating column-beam sections of bamboo reinforced

frames for a typical house, and comparing them to their steel reinforced equivalents. The

project is being researched for Engineers without Borders in conjunction with a research

facility in India, Vigyan Ashram. Significant findings or solutions may be tested at

Vigyan Ashram. The project will focus on a solution specific to the Earthquake prone

Indian regions, but the findings may also be applied to other locations.

1.2 Bamboo

1.2.1 General

Bamboos are giant arborescent grasses, not trees and are part of the Bambusoideae family.

They grow naturally in all continents other than Europe and Antarctica (Liese, 1987).

Over 1100 Species of bamboo have been identified (Grewal, 2009), some can withstand

temperatures in excess of forty degrees Celsius, whilst others can grow at a rate of twenty

four inches per day (Liang, 2005).

1.2.2 Anatomy

The structure of the bamboo culm breaks down into two constituents, the nodes and the

internodes (Fig 1.0). The internode is the cylindrical shell between the nodes that forms

the majority of the culm. The thickness of the internode wall is a major factor in the

strength of the bamboo. The wall thickness usually decreases with height causing the

strength to change as a function of height. The hollow section inside the internodes is

called the lacuna. The lacuna reduces the weight of the bamboo without reducing its

strength, as only structurally unnecessary material is removed. The bulbous section along

the culm is the node. The node creates a transverse diaphragm across the lacuna,

maintaining the cylindrical shape of the culm. The node can limit the bending strength of

the bamboo, as it is more brittle than the internodal sections (Khare, 2005).

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Bamboo is a composite material consisting of cellulose fibres embedded in a lignin matrix.

The cellulose fibres run parallel to each other along the length of the bamboo (Ghavami,

2004). This causes bamboo to be orthotropic, with high strength in the longitudinal

direction of the cellulose fibres and different strengths in the other principal directions,

radial and tangential.

1.3 Reinforced Concrete

Reinforced concrete is a popular material with over 1.57x109 tons per year being

produced (Vanderly, 2003). It is very popular in developing countries such as India

because of its low initial cost compared to steel and its in situ design flexibility. This

shows that if bamboo reinforced concrete can match the properties of reinforced concrete

properties, then it will become a widely used material in developing countries.

1.4 Earthquakes

On average, 152 earthquakes with magnitudes greater than four occur every year (United

States Geological Survey, 2009). These earthquakes can cause severe structural and

socioeconomic damage, as in the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which killed 73,709 and

destroyed 450,000 homes (Peiris et al, 2005). If bamboo reinforced concrete can improve

the build quality of housing then the impact of earthquakes may be reduced in future.

Fig 1.0 Anatomical Features of Bamboo Internode (Arrifin, 2005)

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1.5 Indian Living Conditions

The majority of India’s 1.1billion residents live in rural areas and work in agriculture, and

42% of these are at or below the poverty line (The World Bank, 2009). The annual

average income for an Indian family is US$1068 (Department of Economics, 2009). If

bamboo reinforced concrete is to be available to the majority of the population it will

need to be affordable.

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2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Suitability of Bamboo for Seismic Resistant House Construction

International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (2009) has shown that bamboo can be used

to produce affordable housing. This was done by running a housing project in Nepal,

which pre-fabricated wall panels from woven bamboo and concrete. The cost for a 30m2

house was approximately $1000. The houses were claimed to be earthquake resistant and

durable, but this was not quantified or proven. However, bamboo-framed houses can be

highly resistant to earthquake loading. Central Power Research Institute researched

earthquake loading with a 2.7m2 bamboo framed house tested on a shaking table (Fig 2.0)

(Follet, 2004). The house withstood shaking equivalent to that of a 7.8 Richter earthquake.

These sources show bamboo to be affordable and structurally capable in earthquake

resistant housing, but they do not use bamboo reinforced concrete, showing further

research is needed to determine the suitability of bamboo reinforced concrete.

2.2 General Properties of Bamboo

2.2.1 Directional Strength

Ghavami (2004) stated that bamboo is an orthotropic material, meaning it has different

properties in different directions. Bamboos are strong in the direction of the cellulose

fibres, but are weaker perpendicular to them. This gives bamboos high tensile strengths

and low shear strength. Janssen (1981) confirmed this with compiled data from existing

bamboo tests on a range of species, showing that tension and bending strengths are high

in comparison to shear strength. The compressive strength of bamboo is also low

compared to its tensile strength (Table 2.0). This is because the bamboo fibres are prone

to buckling in compression.

Fig 2.0 Bamboo Framed House on an Earthquake Shaker Platform (Follet, 2004)

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Stress Type Range of Strengths (N/mm2)

Compressive 35-74

Bending 33-143

Shear 3.1-19.8

Tensile 200-300

Bamboo is a non-uniform material in its size and its properties. Liese (1987) stated that

specific density of bamboo varies from the bottom to the top due to the reduced thickness

of the culm wall. This causes the strength of the bamboo to reduce along the culm.

Ahmad (2005) agreed with this, stating that it is impossible to standardise the specific

gravity of bamboo as it constantly changes. This makes it crucial that similar sections of

bamboo are used in structural elements to maintain uniform strength.

2.2.2 Node Properties

Davies (2009) found that in tension bamboo culms with nodes would fail at the location

of the node; however flaws in his experiment led the failure loads to be similar for

specimens with and without nodes. Khare (2005) confirmed that failure occurs at the

nodes, but showed that samples without nodes were up to 50MPa stronger. The failure of

the bamboo culm often occurs at the node because the internal diaphragm and random

direction of cellulose fibres at the nodes make it more brittle. It is critical to understand

these non-uniform properties because using different sections of the bamboo in the

reinforcement design will change the strength of the structural element.

2.2.3 Water Absorption

Liese (1987) states that bamboos are naturally hygroscopic and absorb water even once

seasoned, leaving them prone to insect and fungal attack. Ghavami (2004) confirmed this

and highlighted that water absorption also causes bamboo to swell by up to 6%. Brink &

Rush (1966) also recognised these properties and recommended that to stop bamboo

expanding and cracking that a waterproofing agent is used to stop the deterioration of the

bamboo and to stop it expanding causing cracking in the concrete as shown in Fig 2.1.

Table 2.0 Combined Strength Ranges for Different Bamboo Species (Janssen, 1981)

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2.3 Bamboo Species in India

The National Mission on Bamboo Applications (NMBA) (2009) has catalogued and

characterised all available Bamboo types in India. It has shown that there are one hundred

and thirty species available in India, from this sixteen have commercially significant

properties. Dendrocalamus Strictus (Calcutta bamboo) was one of the sixteen species that

was recommended for construction. It is also the most widely used bamboo in India

(Ahmad & Kamke, 2005). The NMBA does not explain why Calcutta bamboo is suitable

for construction, however separate tensile strength tests by Khare (2005) and Ahmad &

Kamke (2005) show Calcutta bamboo to have a tensile strength of up to 160MPa. These

sources show Calcutta bamboo to have suitable mechanical properties and availability for

construction.

2.4 Mechanical Properties of Calcutta Bamboo

2.4.1 Water Absorption

Ahmad & Kamke (2005) found from experimentation that the radial and tangential

swelling of Calcutta bamboo in concrete is between 13-29% (Appendix A), which is

larger than the 6% stated by Ghavami (2004) for bamboos in general. The experiment was

repeated four times and carried out in accordance with the American Society of Testing

and Materials standard, so is accepted as reliable. The difference between sources may

show that swelling in Calcutta bamboo is more extreme than bamboo in general.

2.4.2 Tensile Strength

Mean ultimate tensile strengths were found by Ahmad & Kamke (2005) in two

experiments as 156N/mm2 and 185N/mm2 (Appendix A). These agree with results of

Khare (2005) which show the strength to be between 120-250N/mm2. These results show

Fig 2.1 Expansion of Untreated Bamboo in Concrete Causing Cracking (Ghavami, 2004)

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that Calcutta bamboo is strong enough be used for the reinforcement for an element;

however wide strength variability is shown in the results.

2.4.3 Bending Strength

The ultimate bending strength found by Ahmad & Kamke (2005) ranged from 137-

189N/mm2 (Appendix A). This conflicts with results compiled by Janssen (1981) that

range from 92-97N/mm2. This reduces the reliability of the results, and suggests that

Calcutta bamboo varies in strength significantly.

2.5 Low-Cost Indian House Design

2.5.1 House Size

Prasad et al (2005) showed that typical low-cost houses are categorised as either single

rooms, double rooms or double rooms with kitchen facilities. Average areas for these

categories are given as 11.25m2, 22.5m2 and 33m2. Kulkarni (2009) confirms these sizes.

2.5.2 Construction Materials

Prasad et al (2005) states that the construction of the houses is usually from 40mm thick

bamboo concrete panels. The common frame used is timber, this can be susceptible to rot

and insect attack. A concrete frame replacement can be justified as it would remove these

problems and extend the lifespan of the building. Photos from Vigyan Ashram confirm

these construction methods are used (Fig 2.2).

Fig 2.2 Typical House Exterior (Engineers Without Borders, 2008)

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2.6 Socioeconomic Effects of Earthquakes

2.6.1 Cost

The Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT) (2008) field report states

that the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in India killed 13,800 and cost US$4.6bn in aid and

recovery costs. The scale of the damage was greater than expected for the size of the

earthquake. This was because of limited economic resources resulting in sub-standard

building quality. Jain et al (2001) agreed that the damage was severe because design

codes were ignored in order to reduce building costs. If an affordable construction method

was available that had sufficient earthquake resistance then the impact of the earthquake

may have been reduced.

2.6.2 Residential Buildings

EEFIT (2008) stated that 97% of the damage during the 2005 Kashmir earthquake was in

residential buildings. The residential buildings were mostly constructed from

unreinforced concrete blocks and could not withstand earthquake loading (Fig 2.3).

Commercial buildings were affected less because they were usually reinforced concrete

frame buildings which had better earthquake loading resistance. Jain et al (2001) agrees

that residential buildings were badly affected due to their construction methods, but states

that only government built reinforced concrete buildings resisted earthquake loading well,

because they followed the design codes. This suggests that if reinforced concrete frames

are used for residential buildings, and built using design codes then earthquake damage

could be reduced.

Fig 2.3 Typical unreinforced concrete block building (EEFIT, 2008)

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2.7 Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Construction

2.7.1 Waterproof Coating

Waterproofing agents are needed to prevent the bamboo from swelling when in concrete.

Brink & Rush (1966) suggests the use of asphalt emulsion, latex, coal tar, paint, varnish

or sodium silicate. In reality, the most easily available coating will be used. Hot tar is

currently used at Vigyan Ashram as a coating for bamboo in construction (Kulkarni,

2009).

The bond strength of a coating with concrete will limit shear stress transferred between

the concrete and bamboo. This would reduce the effectiveness of the reinforcement, as it

would not be able to carry as much stress. Brink & Rush (1966) stated that an allowable

bond stress between bamboo and concrete is 0.34MPa, whilst Jung (2006) found the

maximum stress to be 1.11MPa, both of these values are small; impregnating the coating

with sand to increase the bond strength is recommended by Ghavami (2004). Ghavami

(1995) confirmed this with pullout tests that showed negrolin sand coating increased the

bond strength by up to 90%.

2.7.2 Assembly

Brink & Rush (1966) advise when assembling a bamboo cage for a structural element to

secure the cage to the formwork; otherwise the bamboo will rise in the concrete. Ahamad

& Kamke (2005) shows that the specific gravity of Calcutta bamboo to be approximately

0.65, which is less than the specific gravity of concrete, this confirms it will float in

concrete.

2.8 Concrete Element Seismic Testing

2.8.1 Loading Condition

Kankam & Odum-Ewuakye (2005) tested Babadua reinforced slabs in direct and cyclic

loading conditions, applying the load to the centre of the slab, and measuring the

deflection of the slab with load until failure (Fig 2.4). The test showed that cyclic loading

made no notable difference to the load capacity or deflection of the slab, and that it was

more convenient to simply test the slabs using direct loading. The similarity between

direct and cyclic loading is not confirmed by other sources, however Mukherjee & Joshi

(2004) and Zhao (2009) both used cyclic loading on beams whilst applying a constant

load to the column in their seismic testing of reinforced concrete frames. There is no

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definite conclusion from these sources, but testing using cyclic loading is not less realistic

than direct loading.

2.8.2 Critical Section

The critical section of a reinforced concrete frame is the joint between the column and the

beam according to Uma & Prasad (2009). This is because it sustains the greatest bending

moment. This is agreed in Mukherjee & Joshi (2004) and Zhao (2009) where tests on

reinforced concrete frames are focused on the critical load of the beam-column joint.

Fig 2.4 Test Set up (Kankam & Odum-Ewuakye, 2005)

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3.0 Progress Summary and Evaluation

3.1 Literature Review

The literature review covered:

• Types of current bamboo structures currently used.

• Bamboo properties and its suitability for reinforced concrete construction in India.

• Typical Indian house requirements and construction.

• Socioeconomic effects of previous earthquakes in the Indian region.

• Seismic testing of concrete elements.

A review into the affordability of bamboo and reinforced concrete construction is needed,

as no information on the subject has currently been reviewed. This information will be

critical to achieving an affordable earthquake resistant design.

3.2 Design Calculations

A design for a suitable house was produced from the information on property sizes

provided in Prasad et al (2005). The dimensions of the design are (4 x 5 x 2.4m). This

was used to determine the areas affected by wind loading, and the necessary frame size.

These calculations are available in Appendix B.

The typical wind and earthquake loads were calculated using the Indian Standards design

codes from Bureau of Indian Standards (1987) and Bureau of Indian Standards (2002)

(Appendix B). These loads were used in a plastic analysis to determine the failure

mechanism and plastic moment of different frame designs. The plastic moment was used

to calculate the bamboo or steel reinforcement required for the different frame designs in

accordance with BS EN 1998-1:2004 (British Standards Institute, 2005), calculations are

available in Appendix B. The most suitable frame design is a 150 x 150mm section. This

size was chosen because bending rebar for sections any smaller than this becomes too

difficult.

The details for the reinforced section are:

Cross Section = 150 x 150mm

Concrete = C25/30

Plastic Moment = Mp = 7796N.m

Max Shear Force = Usd = 5248N

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Bamboo Tensile/Compressive Reinforcement Area = 965mm2

Bamboo Shear Reinforcement Area = 600mm2

Bamboo Percentage Reinforcement = 7%

Steel Tensile/Compressive Reinforcement Area = 186mm2

Steel Shear Reinforcement Area = 600mm2

Steel Percentage Reinforcement = 3.5%

Although the Bamboo Percentage Reinforcement is greater than would be allowed in steel

reinforced concrete, it is acceptable. This is because bamboo is weaker than steel and so

the section will not be over-reinforced even at a reinforcement percentage greater than

four.

3.3 Material Acquisition

To be able to test the properties of a bamboo reinforced concrete frame, bamboo has to be

sourced for the production; however India does not allow the export of Calcutta bamboo

poles. A source in South America was found to export the bamboo, but it has not been

done before and it is still in the process of being purchased. The delay of the bamboo will

reduce the length of time available for experimentation and may hinder the project.

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4.0 Methods

4.1 Bamboo Choice

Calcutta bamboo is the bamboo chosen to be the reinforcement in the reinforced concrete

frame. This is because Ahmad & Kamke (2005) and NMBA (2009) have shown Calcutta

bamboo to be widely available throughout India. This means that this method of

construction would be available and affordable in different regions. The mechanical

properties of Calcutta bamboo were also suitable for construction. The tensile and

bending strengths were shown to be relatively high although they varied widely by

Ahmad & Kamke (2005), Khare (2005) and Janssen (1981).

4.2 Bamboo Treatment

The bamboo will be given an asphalt emulsion coating to prevent water absorption when

in concrete. Asphalt emulsion was chosen because it is similar to the hot tar coating,

which is the method currently used at Vigyan Ashram, but safer to use. Therefore, when

the concrete element is tested it will produce results that will be comparable to the

construction techniques that would be used in India. Asphalt emulsion was also

recommended in Brink & Rush (1966).

A sand coating will be impregnated into the asphalt emulsions to improve the bond

strength between the bamboo and concrete. This was proven to be effective in Ghavami

(1995) and should allow the concrete to transfer more stress to the bamboo increasing the

strength of the element.

4.3 House Design

The house that the bamboo concrete frame will be designed for will be approximately

20m2 and have walls and a roof made from concrete encased bamboo weave. This is

because in Prasad et al (2005) and photos of Vigyan Ashram it is shown to be typical.

4.4 Testing Method

Only the column-beam joint section of the designed bamboo and steel reinforced concrete

frames will be fabricated. This is because it is stated to be the critical section of the frame

in Uma & Prasad (2009), and so it is the strength of this section that determine the failure

load of the whole frame.

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Figure 4.0 shows that sections will be tested under cyclic loading on the beam with a

constant imposed load on the column. Measuring the forces along with the deflection of

the sections will allow comparison between the two. This loading scenario mimics the

load that would be experienced during earthquake loading and is used in Mukherjee &

Joshi (2004) and Zhao (2009) in the testing of column-beam joints.

Fig 4.0 Column-Beam Joint Section under Testing

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5.0 Future Work

5.1 Gantt Chart

A Gantt chart outlining the duration and date of experimental and research tasks needed

for the completion of the dissertation is provided in Appendix D.

5.2 Dissertation Contents Plan

An outline of the contents for the dissertation titled “Bamboo Reinforced Concrete in

Earthquake Resistant Housing” is available in Appendix C.

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References Ahmad, M. and Kamke, F. (2005) ‘Analysis of Calcutta bamboo for structural composite materials: physical and mechanical properties’, Wood Science and Technology Journal, 39, pp. 448-459. Arrifin, W. (2005) Numerical analysis of bamboo and laminated bamboo strip lumber. Fig. [Online]. Available at: www.iem.bham.ac.uk/computation/wan.htm (Accessed: 9 November 2009). Brink, F. Rush, P. (1966) Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Construction. U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory. British Standards Institute (2005) BS EN 1998-1:2004 Eurocode 8. Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance. General Rules, Seismic Action and Rules for General Buildings. bsol.bsigroup.com [Online]. Available at: https://bsol.bsigroup.com/BsiBsol/BsolHomePage (Accessed: 04 December 2009). Bureau of Indian Standards (1987) IS-875 Part 3. A Commentary on Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures, Part 3 Wind Loads (Second Revision).I Roorkee, India, Indian Institute of Technology. Bureau of Indian Standards (2002) IS-1893. Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures. .I Roorkee, India, Indian Institute of Technology. Davies, A. (2009) Bamboo as a Structural Component. MEng Dissertation. University of Brighton. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009) (.PDF). World Population Prospects, Table A.1. 2008 revision. United Nations. Available at: http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf. (Accessed: 28 November 2009). Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (2008) KashmirPakistan Earthquake of 8 October 2005. Institution of Structural Engineers. Engineers Without Borders (2008) Picasaweb [Online]. Available at: http://picasaweb.google.com/ewb.uk.org/BioDieselInPabal (Accessed: 04 December 2009). Follet, P. (2004) ‘Earthquake-proof House Shakes Bamboo World’, Trada News [Online]. Available at: http://www.trada.co.uk/news/view/85407B85-2BB9-4DD1-9184-0320B32BD4C9/Earth (Accessed: 18 November 2009). Ghavami, K. (1995) ‘Ultimate Load Behaviour of Bamboo-Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Beams’, Cements and Concrete Composites, 17, pp 281-288 [Online]. Available at: www.sciencedirect.com (Accessed: 28 November 2009). Ghavami, K. (2004) ‘Bamboo as reinforcement in structural concrete elements’, Cements and Concrete Composites, 27, pp 637-649 [Online]. Available at: www.sciencedirect.com (Accessed: 14 October 2009).

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Grewal, J. (2009) ‘Bamboo housing in Pabal’, EWB-UK Research Conference 2009. Royal Academy of Engineering 20th February. International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (2009) Bamboo Housing. Available at: http://www.inbar.int/housing/current%20activities-Nepal.htm (Accessed: 8 September 2009). Jain, S. Lettis, W. Murty, C. and Bardet, J. (2001) Bhuj, India, Earthquake of January 26, 2001 Reconnaissance Report. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. Janssen, J.J.A. (1981) Bamboo in Building Structures. PhD thesis. Eindhoven University of Technology. Jung, Y. (2006) Investigation of Bamboo as Reinforcement in Concrete. MEng Dissertation. University of Texas Arlington. Kankam, C and Odum-Ewuakye, B. (2005) ‘Babadua Reinforced Concrete Two-Way Slabs Subjected to Concentrated Loading’, Construction and Building Materials, (20), pp. 279-285. Khare, L. (2005) Performance evaluation of bamboo reinforced beams. MEng Dissertation. University of Texas at Arlington. Kulkarni, Y. (2009). Interviewed by Andrew Jardine, 21 September. Liang, C. (2005) Bamboo as a permanent structural component. Imperial College London, Department of Aeronautics. Liese, W. (1987) ‘Research on bamboo’, Wood Science and Technology, 21 (3), pp. 189-209. Mukherjee, A and Joshi, M. (2004) ‘FRPC Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints Under Cyclic Exitation’, Composite Structures, 70, pp 185-199. National Mission on Bamboo Applications (2009) Species. Available at: http://www.bambootech.org/ (Accessed: 18 November 2009). Peiris, N..,Rossetto, T., Burton, P., Mahmood, S. (2008) Kashmir Pakistan Earthquake of 8 October 2005. Institution of Structural Engineers. Prasad, J. Pandley, B. Ahuja, R. and Ahuja, A. (2005) ‘Low Cost Housing For Hilly Regions Using Locally Available Material’, Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 6 (4), pp.257-265. The World Bank (2009) New Global Poverty Estimates. Available at: http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21880725~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html (Accessed: 28 November 2009) UGA Geology Department (2009) Geological Diagrams. Available at: http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/GeologicalDiagrams1.html (Accessed: 10 November 2009). Illus.

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http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21880725%7EpagePK:141137%7EpiPK:141127%7EtheSitePK:295584,00.html




Uma, S. Prasad, A. (2009) Seismic Behaviour of Beam Column Joints in Reinforced Concrete Moment Resisting Frames. [Online]. Available at: http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/IITK-GSDMA/EQ31.pdf (Accessed: 04 December 2009). United States Geological Survey (2009) USGS. Available at: http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eqlists/eqstats.html (Accessed: 10 November 2009). Vanderly, J. (2003) ‘On The Sustainability of Concrete’, UNEP Journal Industry and Environment.[Online]. Available at: http://vmjohn.pcc.usp.br (Accessed: 09 November 2009). Zhao, H. (2009) ‘Reconsideration of Seismic Performance and Design of Beam-Column Joints of Earthquake-Resistant Reinforced Concrete Frames’, Journal of Structural Engineering, 135, pp 762-773.

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APPENDIX A

Experimental Properties of Calcutta Bamboo

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Section

Mean tensile strength (N/mm2) Stress at proportional limit

(SD) Ultimate

stress (SD) Young

modulus (SD) Internode Internode

Node 95.5 (33.8)

136.7 (26.7) 71.0 (22.3)

156.1 (37.7) 185.3 (41.8) 106.2 (26.8)

16,779 (6952.0) 12,723 (4496.3) 17,771 (5354.9)

Section Direction Shrinkage % (SD) Swelling % (SD) Internode Radial 2.50 (0.75) 13.8 (8.40) Internode Radial 3.10 (0.64) 24.3 (11.7) Internode Radial 3.20 (0.68) 24.0 (13.3) Internode Radial 3.70 (1.25) 28.7 (17.9) Internode Tangential 2.90 (1.07) 14.6 (9.03) Internode Tangential 3.70 (1.71) 20.5 (8.59) Internode Tangential 3.20 (1.05) 16.3 (9.25) Internode Tangential 3.30 (1.19) 24.7 (17.7) Internode Longitudinal 0.43 (1.41) 0.64 (0.32) Internode Longitudinal 0.16 (0.10) 0.51 (0.33) Internode Longitudinal 0.17 (0.09) 0.60 (0.28) Internode Longitudinal 0.19 (0.08) 0.59 (0.20)

Node Radial 2.85 (2.89) 18.7 (13.7) Node Tangential 0.71 (1.58) 20.6 (11.6)

Internode Radial 3.08 (0.96) 22.4 (14.1) Internode Tangential 3.25 (1.15) 18.8 (12.2) Internode Longitudinal 0.18 (0.09) 0.59 (0.29)

Section

Direction

Mean bending strength (N/mm2) Stress at proportional

limit (SD) Ultimate

stress (SD) Young

modulus (SD) Internode Internode Internode Internode

Radial Radial Radial Radial

91.2 (30.5) 99.5 (33.1) 100.0 (26.3) 113.5 (38.4)

152.3 (39.5) 149.3 (42.1) 151.2 (49.1) 185.5 (52.8)

10,428 (3073.0) 11,305 (3473.5) 11,426 (2919.0) 12,358 (3824.8)

Node Internode Internode

Radial Radial

Tangential 101.0 (30.3) 90.9 (38.7) 91.9 (33.9)

149.9 (42.4) 137.1 (52.3) 148.4 (45.1)

9,691 (2774.1) 9,791 (3341.9) 9,878 (3413.8)

Table A3 Mean Bending Strength at Different Sections and Directions of Dendrocalamus Strictus Culms (Ahmad & Kamke, 2005)

Table A2 Mean Tensile Strength at Different Sections of Dendrocalamus Strictus Culms (Ahmad & Kamke, 2005)

Table A1 Mean Dimensional Stability at Different Sections and Directions of Dendrocalamus Strictus Culms (Ahmad & Kamke, 2005)

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APPENDIX B House and Frame Design Calculations

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APPENDIX C

Draft Contents of Completed Dissertation

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1.0 Introduction 1.1 Project Aims 1.2 Bamboo

1.2.1 General 1.2.2 Anatomy

1.3 Reinforced Concrete 1.4 Earthquakes 1.5 Indian Living Conditions

2.0 Literature Survey 3.0 Literature Review

3.1 Suitability of Bamboo for House Construction 3.2 General Properties of Bamboo

3.2.1 Directional Strength 3.2.2 Node Properties 3.2.3 Water Absorption

3.3 Bamboo Species in India 3.4 Mechanical Properties of Calcutta Bamboo

3.4.1 Water Absorption 3.4.2 Tensile Strength 3.4.3 Bending Strength

3.5 Low-Cost Indian House Design 3.5.1 House Size 3.5.2 Construction Materials

3.6 Affordability of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete 3.7 Socioeconomic Effects of Earthquakes

3.7.1 Cost 3.7.2 Residential Buildings

3.8 Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Construction 3.8.1 Waterproof Coating 3.8.2 Assembly

3.9 Concrete Element Seismic Testing 3.9.1 Loading Condition 3.9.2 Critical Section

4.0 Methods 4.1 Bamboo Choice

4.2 Bamboo Treatment 4.3 House and Frame Design 4.4 Reinforcement Design

4.4.1 Wind and Earthquake Loading 4.4.2 Earthquake Design Detailing

4.5 Element Choice 4.6 Testing Method

5.0 Test Results 6.0 Discussion of Test Results 7.0 Conclusions References Bibliography Appendices

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APPENDIX D Gantt Chart Outlining Future Targets

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Documents

Bamboo Reinforced Concrete in Earthquake Resistant Housing Interim Report