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Bangsamoro Struggle
Abhoud Syed M. Lingga
Executive Director
Institute of Bangsamoro Studies
Symposium on The Plight of Mindanao and the Bangsamoro Struggle
University Convention Center, Central Mindanao University
Musuan, Bukidnon
September 13, 2006
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Costs of the conflict
50,000 deaths
2 million refugees
535 mosques destroyed
200 schools demolished
35 cities and towns destroyed
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Costs of the conflict
Government spent P76 billion from 1970-1996
Government spent no less than P6 billionin 2000 all-out war against the MILF
Economic output lost directly
$2 billion to $3 billion from 1970-2001(about P5 billion to P7.5 billion annually)
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Who are the conflicting parties?
The Government of the Republic of thePhilippines
The Bangsamoro people
Represented by Moro National Liberation Front
Moro Islamic Liberation Front
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The Muslims whotraditionally inhabited
Mindanao, the islands of Basilan,
Palawan, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi
call themselves Bangsamoro.
Who are theBangsamoro?
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They are the
Iranun
Magindanaon
MaranaoTao-Sug
Sama
Yakan
Badjao
Jama Mapun
KaganKalibugan
Sangil
MolbogPalawani
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Bangsamoro Homeland
The traditional homeland of theBangsamoro people were the territoriesunder the jurisdiction of their governments
before the Philippine Republic.
The Sulu Sultanate exercised sovereigntyover the present day provinces ofSulu,
Tawi-Tawi, Palawan, Basilan and theMalaysian state of Sabah (North
Borneo).
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Bangsamoro Homeland
The territory of the Magindanaw Sultanateincluded Maguindanao province, the coastalareas of the provinces of Sultan Kudarat,South Cotabato, Sarangani, parts of Lanao
provinces, Davao del Sur and DavaoOriental, and the eastern part of Zamboangadel Sur.
The Datu Dakula of Sibugay, who ruled theSibugay autonomous region under theMagindanaw Sultanate, exercised jurisdictionoverZamboanga del Norte, ZamboangaSibugay, Zamboanga City and the western
part of Zamboanga del Sur.
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Bangsamoro Homeland
The Rajah of Buayan ruled North Cotabato, the uppervalley of Maguindanao and the interior areas ofSultan Kudarat and South Cotabato and some partsof Bukidnon.
The Pat a Pangampong ko Ranao (confederation of thefour lake-based emirates) ruled the interior parts ofLanao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, and parts ofBukidnon, and eastern and western Misamisprovinces.
The small sultanate of Kabuntalan separates the domainsof Magindanaw and Buayan
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ISSUES
Core issue
is the assertion
of theBangsamoro
people for
restorationof their
independence.
Other Issues
Landmass povertyneglect
underdevelopmentsocial inequities
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Bases of Bangsamoro Struggle
for Self-determination
Their historical right as free and
independent nation before theformation of the Philippine state
Their unpleasant experiences underthe Philippine republic
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Historical Experiences
Before the arrival of the Spanish colonialists theBangsamoro were already in the process of stateformation, while Luzon and the Visayas were still inthe barangay stage of political development.
They had developed well-organized administrativeand political systems; and
Organized strong maritime and infantry forces thatdefended the Bangsamoro territories from Westerncolonial intrusion, thus preserving the continuity oftheir independence
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Historical Experiences
Resistance continued even during theAmerican occupation. Although thesultanate-sponsored resistance were not asfierce as during the Spanish-Moro wars, butgroup-organized and individual resistance(prang sabil martyrdom seekingoperations) continued.
These compelled the U.S. to govern the Moroterritories separate from the PhilippineIslands.
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Historical Experiences
When the U.S. planned to grant independence
to the Philippines, Bangsamoro leaders
petitioned the U.S. government that the
Bangsamoro territories should not beincluded in the would-be Philippine Republic.
June 9, 1921- petition of the people of Sulu
February 1, 1924 - Declaration of Rightsand Purposes (Zamboanga declaration)
March 18, 1935 - Dansalan Declaration
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Historical Experiences
When their territories were made part of thePhilippine Republic in 1946, theBangsamoro people continue to assert
their right to independence
Amilbangsa Bill (H.B. 5682)
MIM Manifesto Organization of the MNLF and MILF
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Experiences Under the Philippines
Strong bias and prejudice of the Christianmajority towards the Muslims
Filipinas Foundation study (1973) Muslim-Filipinos were the least likeable ethnic group 54% of respondents had unfavorable comments towards
Muslims
Philippine Human Development Report (2005) 33% to 39% of Filipinos are biased against Muslims 46% of Christian population would choose Christian male
worker and 40% Christian female domestic helper. Only 4%will choose a Muslim male worker and 7% Muslim femaledomestic helper.
In Metro Manila 57 percent opt for residence with higher rentbut far from a Muslim community.
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Muslim Majority Areas
2000 Census
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Palawan
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Experiences Under the Philippines
Failure of the Government to protect the interest of the
Bangsamoro people over theirlands.
Worst still, government
development programs are amongthe reasons why they lost theirlands to migrants from the north.
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Public Land Law and Resettlement
Allowed Number of Hectares
1,024 has.4 has.16 has.1936
1,024 has.10 has.24 has.1919
1,024 has.
No
provision16 has.1903
CorporationMoro andWild Tribe
HomesteaderYear
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Experiences Under the Philippines
Failure of Government to deliver basicservices and needed development
Muslim areas continue to suffer the highestpoverty incidence.
Between 1991-1997, there was reduction in
poverty incidence in many parts of the countrybut in predominantly Muslim areas povertyincidence increased.
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0
20
40
60
80
Incidence of Poor Families
Lanao Sur 55.6 55
Maguindanao 41.6 55
Sulu 67.1 63.2
Tawi-Tawi 35 56.5
Basilan 20.9 26.2
1997 2000
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Human Development Index, 2003
0.36Tawi-Tawi75
0.41Basilan74
0.45Sulu77
0.48Lanao del Sur68
0.36Maguindanao76
HDIProvincesNational Rank
Note: The HDI is a summary measure of human development. It measures the average achievement
in a country in three basic dimensions of human development, namely: Longevity as measured by
life expectancy at birth; Knowledge, as measured by basic enrollment ratio; Standard of Llving, as
measured by real income per capita (Philippine Human Development Report, 2005, UNDP
Source: Human Development Report 2005 (UNDP)
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Experiences Under the Philippines
Failure of Government to protect their personsand properties
Reported massacres of Muslims remain unsolved
until now (e.g., massacres in Manili, Tacub,Malisbung, Pata island)
Reported bombings of mosques remain unsolved.
A senior police superintendent was quoted (see
Manila Times website, 11/19/03) to have said:
We are at war with Islam, and the Muslims are theaggressors. Nobody wants to recognize that, butthats whats happening.