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Barbara WeberUniv. of Innsbruck, Austria
Manfred ReichertUniv. of Ulm, Germany
Presenter:
Arghyadip Paul
Refactoring Process Models inLarge Process Repositories
Motivation and Process Smells
Process Model Refactorings
Refactorings for Process Model Trees
Refactoring for Process Variants
Refactorings for Model Evolution
Summary
Contents
Emergence of large model repositories with increasing adoption of PAIS
Process adaptations bear the risk of introducing redundancies.(Over the time new Process Model gets included in the Process Model Repositories)
This unnecessary complexity makes changes costly and time consuming and makes errors more probable
Maintenance of process models is poorly supported in today’s business process modeling tools
Motivation
Motivation Refactoring Techniques are widely used in
Software Engineering Process Model: Software Programming in Large Process Model Designers are either have to
refactor process models manually or not process model refactoring is done at all.
This paper proposes a catalogue of process model smells for identifying refactoring opportunities.
Set of behavior preserving refactoring techniques.
Motivation
We know from software engineering that productivity decreases when no continuous efforts are made to keep the code base simple
Motivation
Large case study in the healthcare domain and the automotive domain
> 130 process models partially created by different designers at different points in time
Observations redundant process fragments in many process models
(e.g., activities for scheduling and planning appointments) names of activities often not intention revealing process models often unnecessarily complex
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Example of an Automotive Engineering Process
Model trees
Motivation
A B
D
C
+ + E F
Generic Process Schema
A B
D
C
+ + E
Delete F
Variant V1
A B
D
C
+ + E
Variant V2 Y
Delete FInsert Y after C
A
B
x x D
Schema S
+C
E
H
G
+ + I
Schema S1
+F
J K L
Schema S2
Process model family
Motivation and Process Smells
Process Model Refactorings
Refactoring for Process Model Trees
Refactoring for Process Variants
Refactorings for Model Evolution
Summary
Contents
Refactorings are model transformations which are behavior-preserving if certain pre- and post conditions are met
Process schemes must be trace equivalent before and after the refactoring
Differs from model transformation where the entire process model is redefined.
Refactoring
M
+
+
+
+
Process Model S
Trace Equivalence Example:
AND-Split/Join
A
Atomic Activity
+Complex Activity
+
B C D +
E F
G
(Sub) Process Model S3
X Y Z
+
+
B C D E F
Process Model S2
L+
A
M+
Process Model S’
(Sub) Process Model S3
X Y Z
Transformations between models expressed in different modeling languages
Transformations which are altering the execution behavior (e.g., change patterns)
What Refactoring is Not
When to refactor?(In SE) Code smells Quality metrics
How to ensure that the execution behavior remains unchanged? Formal pre- and post conditions Testing
Refactoring
How refactoring is applied and evaluated
Process Smells
This list of process smells are not exhaustive, but rather found empirically by investigating a number of process model repositories in the Healthcare and automotive domain
Examples of PMS PMS1: In Source 1 several activities with same intention found like “Appointment”, “Fix
Appointment”, “Fix Day” etc PMS2: Unnecessarily using logic gateways in the process model like AND Join and AND
Split repetitively. PMS3: Source 1 has different process models for a women clinic. Many process model
contain may redundant process fragments which executes the same control flow logic. PMS4: There are process models found with 800 activities. Empirical data shows that
larger the process model size is larger will be the flows and lesser will be the understandability.
PMS5: Inclusion of more number of process models with less activities makes the entire process model tree burdensome and difficult to understand. Extreme decomposition is not good.
PMS6: 46 process models of source 2 shows significant number of flows in the model which are never executed
PMS7:Deviate from the process model defined while execution found in Source 3 PMS8: Leads to enlargement of the process model repository . Despite the large
similarity between variants they have been captured as separate process models.
3 categories of refactoring
Refactoring for Process Model Trees
Can be applied to a single Process Model or a Process Model
Tree.
Refactoring for Process Variants
To identify a reference process model closest to a given variant
collection.
Refactoring for Model Evolution
Refactoring technique which considers history data.
Refactoring
Refactoring in this category can be applied to a single model or
to entire process model trees
RF1: Rename Activity: Name of an activity can be changed if it is not intention revealing
RF2: Rename Process Model: enables designers to rename a model S into S1
RF3: Substitute Proces Fragment: a fragment G can be substituted by another fragment G0 with
simpler structure, but showing same behavior
RF4: Extract Process Fragment: Applying RF4 results in the creation of a new (sub) process model S0
implementing the fragment
RF5: Replace Process Fragment by Reference: replace a process fragment by a trace-
equivalent subprocess model
RF6: Inline Process Fragment: used to collapse the hierarchy of a model by in lining the process fragment
RF7: Re-label Collection: : is a composed refactoring for re-labeling a particular activity in all
models of a model collection
RF8: Remove Redundancies
Refactorings for Process Model Trees
PNG File
Example RF3
Refactorings for Process Model TreesRF4, RF5 and RF7
A B
F
C
x X G
Process Schema S
D E
H I
Z
F
C
x X Y
Process Schema S1
D E
T
X
+ +
W V
A B G
Process Schema S‘
H I
F
C
x X
D E
Process Schema S2
+S2
Z Y
Process Schema S1‘
T
X
+ +
W V
+S2
Challenge is to maintain Process Model Variants of the same Reference Process Model.
In many cases the process variants have to be maintained by their own, and even simple changes acting multiple variants require error-prone, manual re-editing of a large number of related process variants.(Due to new laws and engineering effort)
In general, the configuration of new variants or the adaptation of existing ones can be done most effectively if the reference model is kept close to the given variant collection by minimizing the average change distance
RF9 - Generalize Variant Changes: enables designers to pull changes, which are common to several variants, up to the reference model
Refactoring for Process Variants
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++
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++
+ +xx
Distance (S, V1) = 6 Bias(S,V1) = <Insert(H,A,B), Insert(loop,START,B), Insert(I,D,E), Move(D,B,I), Insert (J,I,E), Insert(K,E,F) >
Select Examination
OrderExamination
Inform Patient about Procedure
Prepare Patient (ward(
PerformExamination
Create Medical Report
Read/Validate Medical Report
Select Examination
OrderExamination
Inform Patient about
Procedure
Prepare Patient (ward)
Second Opinion by other Physician
Prepare Patient
(exam unit)
PerformExamination
Create Medical Report
Read/Validate Medical Report
Call Patient
Aftercarefor Patient
+ +Select Examination
OrderExamination
Inform Patient about Procedure
Prepare Patient (ward)
Prepare Patient
(exam unit)
PerformExamination
Create Medical Report
Read/Validate Medical Report
Call Patient
Aftercarefor Patient
Create Summary Read Summary
Process Configuration
Select Examination
OrderExamination
Register Examination
Inform Patient about Procedure
Prepare Patient
PerformExamination
Create Medical Report
Read/Validate Medical Report
Aftercarefor Patient
Create Summary
Read SummaryCall
Patient
+
+
Select Examination
OrderExamination
ScheduleExamination
Inform Patient about Procedure
Prepare Patient
PerformExamination
Create Medical Report
Read/Validate Medical Report
Aftercarefor Patient
Create Summary
Read Summary
Call Patient
Tranport Patient
Tranport Patient back
Reference Model S
Variant V1
Variant V3
Variant V2
Variant V4
Distance (S, V3) = 5 Bias(S,V3) = <Insert(N,B,C), Insert(I,D,E), Insert(K,E,G), Insert(L,E,F), Insert(M,L,G)>
Distance (S, V2) = 6 Bias(S,V2) = <Insert(I,D,E), Insert(J,I,E), Move (D,B,I), Insert(K,E,F), Insert(L,E,END), Insert(M,L,END)>
Distance (S, V3) = 7 Bias(S,V4) = <Insert(O,B,C), Insert(I,D,E), Insert(K,E,G), Insert(L,E,F), Insert(M,L,G), Insert(P,I,E), Insert(Q,K,G)>
A B C D E F G
H
JK
L M
N O
P
Q
I J
I
K
I
K
L
M
I K
L
M
+ +Select Examination
OrderExamination
Inform Patient about Procedure
Prepare Patient (ward)
PerformExamination
Read/Validate Medical Report
Call Patient
ScheduleExamination
Aftercare forPatient
Create Medical Report
A B
C
D E F G
New Reference Model S*
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+ +xx
Distance (S*, V1) = 4 Bias(S,V1) = <Insert(H,A,B), Insert(loop,START,B), Delete(O), Insert(J,I,E)>
Select Examination
OrderExamination
Inform Patient about
Procedure
Prepare Patient (ward)
Second Opinion by other Physician
Prepare Patient
(exam unit)
PerformExamination
Create Medical Report
Read/Validate Medical Report
Call Patient
Aftercarefor Patient
+ +Select Examination
OrderExamination
Inform Patient about Procedure
Prepare Patient (ward)
Prepare Patient
(exam unit)
PerformExamination
Create Medical Report
Read/Validate Medical Report
Call Patient
Aftercarefor Patient
Create Summary Read Summary
Select Examination
OrderExamination
Register Examination
Inform Patient about Procedure
Prepare Patient
PerformExamination
Create Medical Report
Read/Validate Medical Report
Aftercarefor Patient
Create Summary
Read SummaryCall
Patient
+
+
Select Examination
OrderExamination
ScheduleExamination
Inform Patient about Procedure
Prepare Patient
PerformExamination
Create Medical Report
Read/Validate Medical Report
Aftercarefor Patient
Create Summary
Read Summary
Call Patient
Tranport Patient
Tranport Patient back
Variant V1
Variant V3
Variant V2
Variant V4
Distance (S*, V3) = 6 Bias(S,V3) = <Delete(O), Move(C,B,D), Insert(N,B,C), Move(K,E,G), Insert(L,E,F), Insert(M,L,G)>
Distance (S*, V2) = 4 Bias(S,V2) = <Delete(O), Insert(J,I,E), Insert(L,E,END), Insert(M,L,END)>
Distance (S*, V3) = 6 Bias(S,V4) = <Move(C,O,D), Move(K,E,G), Insert(L,E,F), Insert(M,L,G), Insert(P,I,E), Insert(Q,K,G)>
H
J
L M
N
O
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J
I K
L
M
L
M
Remove Unused Branch Pull Up Instance Change
Refactorings for model evolution are not behavior-preserving
However, all traces on S have to be reproducible on S’
Refactoring for Model Evolution
Refactoring for Model Evolution
RF10 - Remove Unused BranchesEnables designers to remove non-executed process
fragments from a model S.
RF10 is not automatically applied,
Designers have to ensure that the misalignment between model and log
design errors execution log not covering all relevant traces.
Remove Unused Branch
Refactorings for Model Evolution
A B
F
C
X x G
Process Schema S
D E
Instance 1: A, B, C, GInstance 2: A, B, F, GInstance 3: A, B, C, GInstance 4: A, B, F, GInstance 5: A, B, F, G
…
Execution Log
RemoveUnusedGraph(S, {D, E})
A B
F
C
X x G
Process Schema S’
Refactoring for Model Evolution
RF11 - Pull Up Instance Changecan be used to generalize frequently occurring
instance changes by pulling them up to the process type level
Changes are done by the Process Model owner at the execution level only and not at the Process model definition level.
Similar refactoring RF9 which is done from the Variant level.
X
Pull Up Instance Change
Refactorings for Model Evolution
A B DC E
Process Schema S
I1: ParallelInsert(S,Y,B), Delete(E)I2: ParallelInsert(S,Y,B)I3: Delete(A) I4: ParallelInsert(S,Y,B), Delete(A)I5: ParallelInsert(S,Y,B)
Change Biases
Change Distance = 7
A B DC E
Process Schema S’
x
Y
I1: Delete(E)I2:I3: Delete(A), Delete(Y) I4: Delete(A)I5:
Change Biases
Change Distance = 4
Motivation
Process Model Refactorings
Refactoring for Process Model Trees
Refactoring for Process Variants
Refactorings for Model Evolution
Summary
Contents
11 refactoring techniques for business process models
Refactorings applicable to process model trees, but also to process variants
Proof-of-concept implementation
Summary
Thank You
Prototype Implementation Implemented as an Eclipse RCP application on the top of SecServ
platform.
Abstractions:
