Baseline Livestock District Buner 2010

8/8/2019 Baseline Livestock District Buner 2010

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BASELINE REPORT ON LIVESTOCKDISTRICT BUNER

Produced by:

Livestock Trainers & Consultants

In collaboration with

Research & Awareness for Human developmentBenefits And Rights



Baseline Livestock Buner 2………………

LIST OF CONTENTS

LIST OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................ 2

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................. 5

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................... 6

ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................................................................... 7

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ........................................................................................................................................ 8

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 9

BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................ 9

1.1-LIVESTOCK TRAINERS & CONSULTANTS ............................................................................. 9

1.2- RAHBAR ..................................................................................................................................... 10

1.2-TARGET AREA/ COMMUNITY ................................................................................................ 11

1.3- GOAL AND OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................... 11

1.4-SAMPLE METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................... 11

1.5- QUESTIONNAIRE DEVELOPMENT....................................................................................... 11

1.6- ENUMERATORS........................................................................................................................ 12

1.7-SAMPLE STATUS ....................................................................................................................... 12

1.8- SECONDARY DATA ................................................................................................................. 12

GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF DISTRICT BUNER ............................................................................ 13

2.1- INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 13

2.2- LOCATION................................................................................................................................. 13

2.3- BOUNDARIES ............................................................................................................................ 13

2.4- AREA........................................................................................................................................... 13

2.5- TOPOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................... 13

2.5.1- Physical Features ................................................................................................. 13

2.5.2- Soil .......................................................................................................................... 14

2.5.3-Mining .................................................................................................................... 14

2.5.4- Flora ....................................................................................................................... 14

2.5.5- Fauna ..................................................................................................................... 14

2.5.6- Climate .................................................................................................................. 14

2.6- LIVESTOCK POPULATION ..................................................................................................... 15

2.6- DAMAGE ASSESSMENT REPORT .......................................................................................... 15

HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION................................................................................................................... 16

3.1- EDUCATION ATTAINMENT .................................................................................................. 16

3.2- HOUSEHOLD STRENGTH ....................................................................................................... 16

3.3- INCOME SOURCES ................................................................................................................... 17

3.4 PERSON IN-SERVICE/ BUSINESS............................................................................................. 17

3.5- PERSONS INVOLVED IN AGRICULTURE/LIVESTOCK...................................................... 18

3.6- DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION PERHOUSEHOLD........... 18




3.7- LIVESTOCK POPULATION PER HOUSEHOLD ................................................................... 19

3.8- LACTATING ANIMALS PER HOUSEHOLD......................................................................... 20

3.9- MILK PRODUCTION PER ANIMAL....................................................................................... 20

ANIMAL FEED ............................................................................................................................................ 21

4.1-ANIMAL FEEDING.................................................................................................................... 21

4.2-FODDER PRESERVATION........................................................................................................ 21

4.3-FODDER AVAILABILITY .......................................................................................................... 22

4.4-TYPE OF FODDER...................................................................................................................... 22

4.4.1- Green Fodder ........................................................................................................ 22

4.4.2- Dry fodder ............................................................................................................. 23

4.5- CONCENTRATES...................................................................................................................... 23

4.6- SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER FOR ANIMALS .............................................................. 24

4.7- GRAZING LAND....................................................................................................................... 25

4.8- GREEN FODDER SCARCITY ................................................................................................... 27

ANIMAL HOUSING .................................................................................................................................... 28

5.1- STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL SHED............................................................................................ 28

5.2- FLOOR OF ANIMAL SHED...................................................................................................... 29

5.3- VENTILATION IN ANIMAL SHED ........................................................................................ 29

5.4- WATER AVAILABILITY INSIDE ANIMAL SHED ................................................................ 30

5.5- PER ANIMAL SPACE................................................................................................................ 30

5.6- LOCATION OF ANIMAL SHED...............................................................................................31

ANIMAL HEALTH ...................................................................................................................................... 32

6.1- ANIMAL DISEASES PREVALENT IN THE AREA ................................................................ 32

6.2- AVAILABILITY OF HEALTHFACILITY ................................................................................. 32

6.3- DISTANCE OF ANIMAL SHED FROM HEALTH FACILITY................................................33

6.4- ATTITUDE TOWARDS ANIMAL TREATMENT ....................................................................33

6.5- ANIMAL VACCINATION........................................................................................................ 34

6.6- DEWORMING OF ANIMALS AND SOURCE OF SUPPLY .................................................. 34

ANIMAL BREEDING .................................................................................................................................. 35

7.1- ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION CENTER ................................................................................ 35

7.2- BREEDING BULL....................................................................................................................... 35

7.3- FEE CHARGES PER A.I SERVICE............................................................................................ 36

7.4- ATTITUDE TOWARDS A.I VERSUS NATURAL INSEMINATION..................................... 36

7.5- CALVING INTERVAL................................................................................................................ 37

LIVESTOCK EXTENSION.......................................................................................................................... 38

8.1- INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 38

8.2- EXTENSION CENTER............................................................................................................... 38

8.4- REASONS FOR LACK OF EXTENSION SERVICES............................................................... 39

8.5- NEED FOR CHANGE................................................................................................................ 39

8.6- MORE INVESTMENTS IN ANIMAL KEEPING..................................................................... 40




MARKETING ................................................................................................................................................ 41

9.1- MILK SALE ................................................................................................................................. 41

9.2- QUANTITY OF MILK GOES TO MARKET PER HOUSEHOLD........................................... 41

9.3- NUMBER OF ANIMALS SOLD PER YEAR ............................................................................ 42

9.4- AGE OF ANIMAL ATSALE ...................................................................................................... 42

9.5- REASON FOR ANIMAL SALE ................................................................................................. 43

9.6- PLACE OF ANIMAL SALE ....................................................................................................... 44

9.7- USE OF DUNG AS DUNG CAKE............................................................................................. 44

9.8- USE OF DUNG AS NATURAL FERTILIZER .......................................................................... 45

9.9- SALE OF DUNG......................................................................................................................... 45

ISSUES/ BOTTLE NECKS OBSERVED BY FARMER ............................................................................. 46

RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 47

ANNEX-I ....................................................................................................................................................... 49

ANNEX-II ...................................................................................................................................................... 50

REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................... 52




LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 ...................................................................................................................... 12

Table 3. 1 Education Attainment ................................................................................ 16

Table 3. 2 Household strength ................................................................................... 16

Table 3. 3 Livestock Population per household ........................................................... 19

Table 3. 4 Number of Lactating Animals ................................................................... 20

Table 3. 5 Milk production per animal ....................................................................... 20

Table 4. 1 Fodder availability .................................................................................... 22

Table 4. 2 Type of Green Fodder ............................................................................... 22

Table 4. 3 Type of Dry Fodder .................................................................................... 23

Table 4. 4 Sources of Drinking Water for animals ...................................................... 24

Table 4. 5 Distance of animal shed from source of water ............................................ 25

Table 4. 6 Feed giving during scarcity ........................................................................ 27

Table 5. 1 Water availability inside shed ..................................................................... 30

Table 5. 2 Per animal space ........................................................................................ 30

Table 6. 1 Prevalent diseases in the district ................................................................ 32Table 6. 2 Animal Vaccination ................................................................................... 34

Table 6. 3 Deworming and source of supply ............................................................... 34

Table 7. 1 Access to A.I Center ................................................................................... 35

Table 7. 2 Breeding Bull Availability ........................................................................... 35

Table 7. 3 Fee charges per A.I ..................................................................................... 36

Table 9. 1 Milk sale .................................................................................................... 41Table 9. 2 Quantity of milk goes to market ................................................................ 41

Table 9. 3 Number of animal sold per year ................................................................ 42

Table 9. 4 Use of dung as fertilizer ............................................................................. 45

Table 9. 5 Sale of dung .............................................................................................. 45




LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2. 1 Livestock Population Buner ...................................................................... 15

Figure 3. 1 Income Resources .................................................................................... 17Figure 3. 3 Persons in-service/business ...................................................................... 17

Figure 3. 4 Persons in Agri/Livestock ......................................................................... 18

Figure 3. 5 Need Satisfaction ..................................................................................... 19

Figure 4. 1 Feed giving to animals ............................................................................. 21

Figure 4. 2 Percentage of fodder availability .............................................................. 22

Figure 4. 3 Concentrates Availability ......................................................................... 24

Figure 4. 4 Grazing Land ........................................................................................... 25Figure 4. 5 Nature of Grazing land ............................................................................. 26

Figure 4. 6 Season of grazing .................................................................................... 26

Figure 4. 7 Scarcity Period ........................................................................................ 27

Figure 5. 1 Percentage of Woody & Concrete Sheds ................................................. 28

Figure 5. 3 Ventilation in Animal Shed ..................................................................... 29

Figure 5. 4 Animal Shed location ................................................................................ 31

Figure 6. 1 Distance of Animal Shed from Health Facility ........................................... 33

Figure 6. 2 Attitude towards Animal Treatment ......................................................... 33

Figure 7.1 Attitude towards A.I ................................................................................. 36

Figure 7. 2 Calving Interval ......................................................................................... 37

Figure 8. 1 Extension Center...................................................................................... 38

Figure 8. 3 Need for Change ...................................................................................... 39

Figure 8. 4 Investment Potential ............................................................................... 40

Figure 9. 1 Age of animal sale .................................................................................... 42

Figure 9. 2 Reason for animal sale ............................................................................. 43

Figure 9. 3 Place of animal sale ................................................................................. 44

Figure 9. 4 Use of Dung ............................................................................................ 44

Figure 10.0 Issues/Bottle necks ................................................................................. 46




ACRONYMS

Acronym/abbreviation Description

A APRIL

AGR AGRICULTURE

A.I ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION

APROX APPROXIMATELY

B.Q BLACK QUARTER DISEASE

CLEW COMMUNITY LIVESTOCK EXTENSION WORKERS

CVC CIVIL VETERINARY CENTER

CVD CIVIL VETERINARY DISPENSARY

CVH CIVIL VETERINARY HOSPITAL

DLO DISTRICT LIVESTOCK OFFICER

DO DISTRICT OFFICER

DPO DISTRICT POPULATION OFFICER

ED ENDEMIC DISEASE

ET ENTERO TOXEMIA

FEB FEBRUARY

FMD FOOT & MOUTH DISEASE

GO GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION

L.E LIVESTOCK EXTENSION

L.S LIVESTOCK

LTC LIVESTOCK TRAINERS & CONSULTANTS

N.A NOT ANSWERED

NGOS NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

N.I NATURAL INSEMINATION

NOV: NOVEMBER

NWFP NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE

PATA PROVINCIAL ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS

PC PRIVATE CLINICIAN

PEP PARTICIPATORY EXTENSION PLANNING

PSU PRIMARY SAMPLE UNIT

RAHBAR RESEARCH & AWARENESS FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BENEFITS AND RIGHTS

SLA SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD ANALYSIS

SSU SECONDARY SAMPLE UNIT

VO VETERINARY OFFICER




ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Livestock sector in Pakistan in general and in NWFP in particular is considered as the base of

the rural economy. Livestock is providing valuable food to the rural community in the form of

milk, meat as well as eggs. Livestock is one of the sectors in the country that has a great

potential to grow bigger by leaps and bounds to improve the socioeconomic conditions of the

farming community but for decades this sector has been ignored. Now the Govt. as well as the

national & international donor organizations are taking the initiatives to develop this sector as

whole to change the dreams of uplifting the living conditions of the farmer’s into reality.

Buner livestock baseline is one of the parts of this development chain to sort out areas of

interventions and to diversify the various means of livelihood in district Buner to contribute to

this noble cause. The major partners who contributed to this splendid achievement are the

LTC and RAHBAR. LTC conducted the baseline while the RAHBAR provided financial

assistance for the successful conduction of the survey. In this regard I strongly acknowledge

the sincere efforts of Mr.Sarmir Khan Chairman and chief executive of RAHBAR for his full

support in the successful completion of this survey. I also extend my hearted gratitude to the

management of RAHBAR especially to Mr.Ijaz Finance Manager RAHBAR for his full

cooperation in this regard.

In the collection of secondary data the cooperation of Mr.Sajjad DPO, Mr.Raziq Shah

Statistical Officer, Dr.Abdul Kabir DLO L&DD, Dr.Fazal Muhammad VO and Dr.Fazal

Yazdan are highly commendable.

In the collection of primary data I strongly appreciate the painstaking efforts of the teams who

conducted this survey very nicely at a short notice of LTC and completed this great task in

time. The management of LTC also lauds the efforts of Mr.MatiUllah District Coordinator

LTC Buner for his effective coordination and Mr.Jehanzeb who took the overall

responsibility of supervision. LTC pay tribute for the contribution of all respondents of the

baseline survey who made it possible.

In the last but not the least I strongly acknowledge the dynamic staff of LTC for their

unprecedented efforts especially Dr.Shaukat Khan Programme Director for his strict

monitoring of all the activities, data processing and drafting, Engineer ZiaUllah Database and

Web development Specialist LTC for his valuable formatting of the overall baseline report. I

am very thankful from the core of my heart to Dr.Nazir Ahmad Chairman LTC who provided

encouragement and expert consultation in the compilation of questionnaire. I hope that this

sort of collaboration will further strengthen the ties between the two organizations in future to

work for the betterment of the poor masses.

Executive Director

LTC NWFP Peshawar




CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1-BACKGROUND

1.1-LIVESTOCK TRAINERS & CONSULTANTS

Livestock Trainers & Consultants (LTC) is a provincial based non-governmental, non-

profitable organization dedicated to provide quality services to the farming community

without discrimination & regardless of race, religion, creed or political affiliations.

The organization is being run by highly qualified well energetic and devoted professionals

while supervised by a panel of experts both at national and international level.

LTC is delivering quality services to the farming community, with the objective to uplift their

socio-economic conditions via better animal health and production. To achieve the desired

goals and objectives, it is joining hands with the national and international sponsoring

organizations to seek monetary funds to benefit all its stakeholders in the country. LTC is

utilizing these funds for the capacity building of the farming community and provides

consultancy services to the rest of the organizations in the field of veterinary and animal

sciences to identify potential pockets, conduct baseline surveys, proposal writing and even to

implement various projects in the said field.

LTC believes in quality and is therefore committed to deliver quality services to its

stakeholders in the field of Livestock Trainings and Consultancies having all the capabilities

as well as expertise in the mentioned field.

Currently LTC is working on the following programmes:

Poverty Alleviation through skill Development

Farmer’s linkages development with NWFP Agriculture University Peshawar

Women Empowerment through Layer farming in District Chitral

Livelihood Improvement through better livestock Management in District Buner




1.2- RAHBAR

RAHBAR (Research & Awareness for Human development Benefits And Rights) is a non-

profit non-government civil society organization. RAHBAR works with local people within

the local culture and customs and is fully familiar with local practices.

The organization has a well defined mission “to address the socio-economic-politico

empowerment of the community at large in the concrete-though free of Gender discrimination

but tilting in favor of women and children, they being the weaker and vulnerable segment of

society”. The organization is working in community with the objectives:

The aim of the organization is to create sustainable social structures at the grass

roots level to address rural poverty through enhancing the livelihood of the rural

poor.

Literacy Promotion.

Reproductive Health services through establishing mother and child health care

centers.

Agriculture Livestock and Natural Resource Management. (ALNRM)

Gender and Development.

Infrastructure Development.

Good Local governanceRAHBAR has a vast experience of work in community and has successfully implemented

various projects in community. A glimpse of various completed and ongoing projects in

community under RAHBAR is as below:

Basic Education Community Schools Project (BECS) (Previously NFBE)

Malakand Rural Development Project(MRDP): (Jan 2002 31st Dec 2007)

AROMA Project of IPRP/SDC: (Sep 2004 to Feb 2008)

Action Aid Pakistan Development Area (DA)-23 Project: (Nov 2005 to date)

PAIMAN: (Dec 5, 2006 to date)

PSDW-HPP (1st July 2008 – 30th June 2009)

CMAM Project (UNICEF): 15th November 2008 till date)

Emergency Response Short Term Project Agreement

The organization also has actively participated in earth quake 2005 rehabilitation and current

IDPs disaster due to Malakand military operation.




1.2-TARGET AREA/ COMMUNITY

The study was designed and implemented in Buner District of North West Frontier Province.

1.3- GOAL AND OBJECTIVESThe primary goal of the activity was to diversify the rural livelihood means in District Buner

through introducing better management practices in livestock keeping. The study was

conducted in district Buner to achieve the following objectives:

To establish a baseline data on livestock

To identify the management gaps and other issues related to livestock sector in the

district

To recommend management prescriptions to mitigate the livestock issues in the district

Buner

To identify and strategize interventions for the development of livestock sector in the

Buner district

To obtain detail information needed for the design of the proposed project and, in

particular, behavior change, communication, public/private partnerships and livelihood

improvement

To identify the potential pockets for future interventions in livestock sector

1.4-SAMPLE METHODOLOGY

The sampling design adopted for the survey was a stratified and systematic sample of

households. The universe consists of the entire district. The total numbers of 24 villages was

selected in the district. The selection procedure is described below:

The criteria for village selection were based on village household strength and distance from

the capital of tehsil. For this purpose, the 1998 Population Census list of villages was used as

the sampling frame. Four villages have been selected from each tehsil. Those villages in the

area were considered as Primary Sample Units (PSU). In each PSU 24 households were

selected randomly as Secondary Sample Units (SSU). PEP (Participatory Extension Planning)

techniques were used for interviewing individuals. Sampling Chart is annexed as annex-I.

1.5- QUESTIONNAIRE DEVELOPMENT

For personal interviewing a comprehensive questionnaire was developed by the experts of

LTC keeping in view livestock composition in the area and demography of the district Buner.

The questionnaire contained information regarding livestock keeping as

Personal Information regarding education, profession, income, members of household

and number of animals and backyard poultry

Animal housing




Animal feeding

Animal health

Animal breeding

Animal Production and its use

Marketing of animal products and animals

Use of dung etc.

Issues and bottlenecks faced by the farmers regarding animal keeping

1.6- ENUMERATORS

The enumerators were selected from the targeted area keeping in view their technicality and

past experiences. They were trained in PEP techniques. Three teams were constituted with

two members in each team. Two tehsils were assigned to each team. To ensure quality of the

activity, the supervision was carried out by the Programme Director LTC personally and the

District Coordinator LTC as well.

1.7-SAMPLE STATUS

Table 1 depicts the status of sampling interviewed in the field. The households were selected

randomly and the persons available there were interviewed. There was a very negligible figure

0.87% of refusal. The reason was probably disinterest in Livestock Sector or hesitation to

confront questioning and answering. The participation of female farmers was very low due to

the typical cultural constraints of the area, while some female were not ready to enlist their

names, so their names were substituted by their husband’s or son’s names.

Status Number Percentage

Completed 571 99.13

Refused 05 0.87

Total 576 100

Table 1 1.8- SECONDARY DATA

To make the survey more comprehensive the secondary data was collected from various

sources. For this purpose meetings were held with District Population Officer Buner , District

Livestock Officer, Agriculture Officers, Veterinary Officer CVH Daggar, District Statistical

Officer and private clinicians. Their valuable inputs have been incorporated in this baseline.

Personal observation’s reports were also collected from the enumerators of this survey. These

reports in the form of inputs have been made part of this baseline.




CHAPTER II

GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF DISTRICT BUNER

2.1- INTRODUCTION

It is not known as to when the area was named Buner, or what did that really mean, however it

was opinioned that Buner is a Sanskrit word, which means forest (Jungle). It is true to some

extent because Buner was rich in forestry. In1991 Buner was upgraded as district.

Administratively Buner is divided into six tehsils, Daggar, Gadaizi, Gagra, Chagharzi, Chamla

and Totalai.

Buner is accessible from West by a widen road through Ambela pass, from South by a

metalated road vide Totalai and from North by a mountainous zigzag road through Karakar

Pass.

2.2- LOCATION

The District Buner lies between 34o-11i to 34

o- 43i North Latitude and 72

o- 13i to 72

o-45i East

Longitude.

2.3- BOUNDARIES

Buner is bounded on North by Swat and Shangla Districts, on the West by Malakand Agency

and Mardan District. From the South it shares boundaries with Swabi District while on the

East border Buner is bounded by River Indus, Mansehra and Haripur Districts.

2.4- AREA

The total area of District Buner is 1865 Square Kilometers.

2.5- TOPOGRAPHY

2.5.1- Physical Features

The District is encircled by hills on all sides and is separated from Swat by a range of

mountains reaching to an elevation of 2911 meters. Elevation varies from 366 meters in

Totalai (KhadoKhail) in the south to 2911 meters of Dosara Peak in the North. Slopes are

gentle to precipitous. Surface configuration is rugged and uneven. Buner terrain contains

mountains and valleys. Buner is famous for marble mines, which become the vivid symbol of

business in the area.




2.5.2- Soil

The soil has developed from the old loess plains. The soil is deep silly clay and used for dry

farming or irrigated Agriculture.

2.5.3-Mining

District Buner is progressing by leaps and bounds with rapid increase in the marble factories

in the area. Some 40% labour forces are engaged in excavation and finishing of different

types of marbles.

2.5.4- Flora

A number of medicinal herbs and other plants are found in the district like Wild Pomegranate,

Ailanthus, Persian Lilae, Walnut, Fig, Kambela, Olive, Gum tree, Oak, Wild Persimmon,

Mountain Ebony, Eucalyptus and Mulberry etc.

2.5.5- Fauna

Jackal, Wolf, Fox ,Goral, Rabbit, Monkey, Black Partridge, Chukar, Grey Partridge, See See,

Dove, Pigeon, and other migratory birds.

2.5.6- Climate The climate of district Buner varies with elevation and may be classified as dry-subtropical.

Most part of the year remains pleasant. Winter season is of four to five months while summer

season also remains for four to five months. In winter in addition to rain, occasional snow fall,

on the mountain peaks is common. Climate in Buner is marked by two distinctive rainy

seasons, that is Rabi season winter rain from November to May and Kharif season Monsoon

rains from July to October. This together with the associated temperature and day length

changes makes two different cropping seasons. The winter season is suitable for growing

crops like wheat, tobacco and summer season suitable for crops like maize and sugar cane etc.

The temperature rises steadily in summer, where it reaches to 44o

C and thereafter dipsgradually to the lowest level 2

oC in winter. Rain continues falling throughout the year, making

a total 165 cm with uniform distribution.

Cyclones of the Monsoon bring about torrential showers, constituting 42.7% of the total

annual rainfall. Appreciable amount of rains 33.2% occurs also in the cold season, but

extending over a longer period of time. The warm and post monsoon periods are relatively dry

as 11.4% rain fall in the farmer and 12.7% in the latter. Hailstorms are also frequent during

Monsoon.




2.6- LIVESTOCK POPULATION

Livestock in district Buner consists of buffaloes, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, mules, Asses,camels and backyard poultry as mentioned in the figure 2.1 below

13198579644

31909

130948

737762

2094 1257 13868 1153

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

Series1 131985 79644 31909 130948 737762 2094 1257 13868 1153

Cattle Buff Sheep Goats Poultery Camel Horses Asses Mules

Figure 2.1 Livestock Population Buner

2.6- DAMAGE ASSESSMENT REPORT

Post conflict Damage Assessment Report was prepared by the District Office Livestock &

Dairy Development Department District Buner. According to the report farmers of District

Buner either lost their animals or sold at nominal prices at the time of displacement and faced

a huge loss of Rs. 10332.54 million.

The detail report is annexed as annex –II.




CHAPTER III

HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION

3.1- EDUCATION ATTAINMENT

The education status of the respondents is illustrated by the Table 3.1. The table shows that

56.4% of the respondents were illiterate. 10.4% were educated up to primary, 8.8% middle

and 11.4% were matriculate. The ratio declines further and at inters level only 4.0% attained

education while 8.2% were graduated. A small number just 0.7% had professional education.

Tehsil Illiterate Primary Middle Metric Inter Graduate Others Total

Daggar 62 08 08 05 06 05 Nil

Gadaizi 51 10 7 14 02 10 01

Gagra 46 05 11 21 02 09 01

Chagharzi 49 16 04 13 07 06 0

Chamla 55 12 11 07 04 05 01

Totalai 59 09 09 05 02 12 01

Total 322 60 50 65 23 47 4 571

Percent 56.4 10.5 8.8 11.4 4.0 8.2 0.7 100

Table 3.1 Education Attainment.

3.2- HOUSEHOLD STRENGTH

The population trend is towards joint family system which has both positive as well as

negative aspects. More than 75% of the population is residing in joint family system. In

agriculture and livestock perspective, this trend makes easier the job of farmers in animal

keeping. It was observed that more than 10 people residing in a single home. The Table 3.2

shows that 9.0% of the households have 1 to 5 members and 39.2% of the households have 6

to 10 members per household. The percentage of 11 to 20 members per household reaches to

42.7% while 9.1% of the households have above 20 members.

Householdmembers

Number Percent

1-5 48 9.0

6-10 224 39.2

11-20 243 42.7

Above 20 52 9.1

Total 571 100

Table 3.2 Household strength




3.3- INCOME SOURCES

Major part of population drives their income from Agriculture and livestock which isapproximately 62% as mentioned in figure 3.1 below. Then come business which accounts for

13.5%, services for 11.3% and the last category “others” brings 13.2% earning to

households. In the last category earnings from abroad are also included as a large part of the

population residing abroad like in Middle East and Malaysia to earn bread for their kins.

11.30%13.50%

62.00%

13.20%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

Series1 11.30% 13.50% 62.00% 13.20%

Services Business Agri/Livestoc

k Others

Figure 3.1 Income Resources

3.4 PERSON IN-SERVICE/ BUSINESS

Table 3.3 Person in-Service/business

Figure 3.2 Persons in-service/business

Range Number Percent

1000-5000 79 39.9

6000-10,000 70 35.4

11,000-20,000 49 24.7

Total 198 100

92.50%

7.50%

0.00%

20.00%

40.00%

60.00%

80.00%

100.00%

Series1 92.50% 7.50%

1 to 5 6 to 10




95.00%

4.80%0.20%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00% 30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

Series1 95.00% 4.80% 0.20%

1 to 5 6 to 10 11 to 20

The figure 3.2 illustrates clearly the picture in district Buner about the person in-service or

involved in business. In Buner there is no such large business center except town Swari.A large portion of households having 1-5 persons involved in business or earn their bread

from business activities. A very minute portion 7.5 % of total household has more than six

persons in service or business.

39.9% of the population deriving their income from service or business in range of Rs 1000 to

5000 per month, while 35.4% and 24.7% earn from Rs 6000 to 10,000 and 11000 to 20,000

respectively as shown in Table 3.3 above.

3.5- PERSONS INVOLVED IN AGRICULTURE/LIVESTOCK

Buner is totally rural area where urban

population is zero. People almost are

depending for their livelihood on

Agriculture and Livestock . During the

survey it was observed that 95% of total

population has 1-5 household members

involved in this sector, while 4.8% spare6 to 10 persons per household. A very

minute portion 0.2% of the household

has more than 10 members involved in

Agriculture and livestock .

Figure 3.3 Persons in Agri/Livestock

It is also a point of worth importance that female of these rural areas equally share the burden

and actively take part in livestock and Agriculture activities. Animal rearing is the prime

responsibility of female in their homes along with laborious work in their Agriculture lands.

3.6- DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION PERHOUSEHOLD

The respondents were asked that if their Agriculture production is enough for their needs

from the figure 3.4 it is illustrated that only 40% of the population answered in affirmative

while the remaining 60% were of the opinion that they are compelled to purchase it.

A supplementary question was asked from the farming community regarding any cash income

from Agriculture where only 9.8% of the population was affirmative




40%

60%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

1

2

Figure 3.4 Need Satisfaction

3.7-LIVESTOCK POPULATION PER HOUSEHOLD

Table 3.4 shows that 78.3% of the population keeping animals in range of 1 to 5 per

household, while 16.3% and 3.6% of the people keeping 6 to 10 and 11 to 20 animals

respectively. 1.8% of the total households have above 20 animals per household.


1-5 430 78.3

6-10 89 16.3

11-20 20 3.6

Above 20 10 1.8

Total 549 100

Table 3.4 Livestock Population per household

Due to feed scarcity, and previous militant’s conflict, majority of the people lost their animals.

On the other hand, there is severe shortage of animal feed as the affected farmers could not

arrange feed for their animals due to the ongoing military operation and the dry spell further

aggravated the situation. All those factors compelled the farmer to keep his herd size small.




3.8- LACTATING ANIMALS PER HOUSEHOLD

The prime purpose of animal keeping is to get the milk. Milk is need of every household


1-5 505 97

6-10 15 2.8

11-20 01 0.2

Total 521 100

Table 3.3 Number of Lactating Animals

Table 3.4 clearly depicts the household picture regarding animal keeping. 97% households

depend on 1 to 5 animals for milk. 2.8% of the population keeping lactating animals in range

of 11 to 20.

While only 0.2% a very negligible figure of the remaining population keeping more than 20

lactating animals per household.

3.9- MILK PRODUCTION PER ANIMAL

Tehsil 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-8 8-10 Above

20

Total

Daggar 41 30 05 06 02 01 01

Gadaizi 24 33 07 11 00 00 00

Gagra 04 12 33 31 09 06 00

Chagharzi 23 27 24 11 06 00 00

Chamla 46 23 16 03 00 00 00

Totalai 52 30 09 01 00 00 00

Total 190 155 94 63 17 07 01 527

Percent 36.0 29.5 17.8 12.0 3.2 1.3 0.2 100

Table 3.4 Milk production per animal

High Livestock production is a clear indication of good management. This picture in Table 3.5

is not appreciable as the highest numbers 36% of the total lactating animals produce 1 to 2

litres of milk. Similarly only a very negligible amount 0.2% of total animals produces more

than 10 litres of milk. Unsuitable management practices, non-descriptive animal breeds, low

grade and insufficient feed are the contributory factors for this low production.




CHAPTER IV

21.70%

49.00%

29.30%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

Green Roughages Dry Roughages Concentrates

ANIMAL FEED

4.1-ANIMAL FEEDING

figure 4.1 shows that 29.30% farmers feed green fodder to their animals while 49.0% have

only dry fodder for their survival. A very small segment 21.7% can provide concentrates to

enhance their animal production. Nutrition has main role in body growth and production.

Proper feeding according to the requirements of animal is of utmost importance. The survey

shows that the farmers do not provide sufficient and balanced animal feed and this is due to

the lack of resources as well as high ignorance on the part of farmers.

Figure 4.1 feed giving to animals

4.2-FODDER PRESERVATION

To cope with the scarcity period and satisfy the hunger of their animals farmers preserve

various Agriculture by-products and grasses. These feed stuffs are usually low in nutrition,

and seasonal effects i.e. rain and Sun further distorts its quality. The pictures below present a

view of the traditional practices in district Buner. There is need of intervention to sensitize the

farmer about the proper preservation and maintenance of dry feed stuffs.

Traditional Hay Maize Stover Wheat Straw




4.3-FODDER AVAILABILITY

During the data collection, the respondents were asked whether they purchased the fodder fortheir animals or get them from their own resources. The figure 4.2 depicts that 61.1% have

their own fodder while 38.90% purchased. Table 4.1 below shows that the residents of

Daggar and Gadaizi Tehsils were purchasing fodder for their animals as they are the most

affected population of previous militancy and military operation. Some farmers were of the

view that they partially purchased their fodder as their own fodder is not sufficient to fulfill

the requirement of their animals.

61.10%

38.90%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

Series1 61.10% 38.90%

Own Purchased

Figure 4.2 Percentage of fodder availability

4.4-TYPE OF FODDER

4.4.1- Green Fodder

As green fodder has a more nutritive value, farmers were asked about the green fodder which

they provide to their animals. Table 4.2 depicts that 16.3% of the population give barseem,

33.4% barley and oat as a green fodder to their animals. A small segment of the population

17.6% gives maize/jwar while rest of the 32.2% provide other green stuffs like self-

vegetative weeds, green range grasses etc. It was also noticed during the survey that properplanning for availability of green fodder is lacking in Buner.

Tehsil Own Purchased Total

Daggar 40 64

Gadaizi 26 64

Gagra 70 36

Chagharzi 60 21

Chamla 75 21

Totalai 80 17

Total 351 223 574

Percent 61.1 38.9 100

Table 4.1 Fodder availability

Fodder Type Total Percent

Barseem 117 16.3

Oat/Barley 244 33.9

Maize/Jwar 127 17.6

Others 232 32.2

Total 720 100

Table 4.2 Type of Green Fodder




4.4.2- Dry fodder

In Buner farmers are traditional; they use mostly Agriculture by-products like wheat straw,maize stover, and dry hilly grasses. Table 4.3 illustrates the prevailing condition of dry fodder

in District Buner. Majority of the population feeding wheat straw and maize stover as dry

fodder to their animals, while only 27.8% of the farmer’s community feeding dry grasses

typical hay to livestock. In Buner it was also learnt during the data collection that people

residing in hilly areas practice hay making. They cut the matured somehow dry grasses from

their rangelands, dry them and store them for winter scarcity period.

Dry feed stuff Number Percent

Wheat Straw 353 36.1Maize Stover 353 36.1

Hay/Grasses 271 27.8

Total 977 100

Table 4.3 Type of Dry Fodder

Maize Stover Typical Hay

4.5-CONCENTRATES

Concentrates is a rich source of energy and protein which are the integral part of animal

nutrition. From the data collected during survey it was observed that only a small segment

21.70% ( figure 4.1) of the farmer’s community provides traditional concentrates to their

animals.




Figure 4.3 Concentrates Availability

figure 4.3 depicts that 29% of the people have their own concentrates, while the remaining

71% of the farmer’s community purchases concentrates from local markets. It is also a matter

of great concern that farmers usually feed only cottonseed cake which cannot satisfy the need

of a producing animal. Cotton seed cake also contains a harmful substance gossypol that badly

affects the production of animals. A supplementary question was asked from the farmers

about the price of cotton seed cake which is available in the market at a range of Rs 30 to

45/Kg, which is higher than the price of commercially available concentrates.

4.6-SOURCES OF DRINKING WATER FOR ANIMALS

The following Table 4.4 shows that 31.7% of farmers get water from springs for their

animals, while a major segment of animals depends on stream for drinking water. Only 7.9%

and 23.6% of farmers provide water from ponds and wells. It is a matter of highly concern

that water of ponds and stream are unhygienic. As showed in the table below, a large segment

36.8% gets water from stream, which is heavily contaminated due to sewerage from nearby

villages.

Tehsil Spring Stream Pond Well Total

Daggar 38 25 5 26

Gadaizi 06 43 18 28

Gagra 12 18 15 51

Chagharzi 82 05 07 00

Chamla 35 43 00 18

Totalai 08 76 00 12

Total 181 210 45 135 571

Percent 31.7 36.8 7.9 23.6 100

Table 4.4 Sources of Drinking Water for animals

Own

29%

Purchased

71%




Distance Number Percent

Inside 74 16.2

Attached 35 7.8

Near <500m 226 49.5

Far >500m 121 26.5

Total 456 100

Table 4.5 Distance of animal shed from source of water

When the respondents were asked about the distance of drinking water from animal shed it

was learnt that 16.2% of the population has water inside their animal shed or inside their

houses, 7.8% has water attached (less than 10 yards). A large portion 49.5% of farmer’s

community has access to drinking water for their animals in limits of less than 5000 meterswhile 26.6% of the remaining either travel their animals more than 500 meters or bring water

for them daily which is highly laborious job both for the farmers as well as for their animals.

4.7-GRAZING LAND

Respondents were asked about the grazing land availability for their animals; in which only

19% had the facility as showed in the figure 4.4 below. Grazing land can provide an

alternative for animal feed and minimize feed burden.

Figure 4.4 grazing Land

Yes

19%

No

81%




54.10%

43.10%

2.80%0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

Hilly Plain Both

10.50%

86.00%

0.90% 2.60%0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

Spring Summar Autumn Winter

Figure 4. 5 Nature of Grazing land

In the available grazing land 54.1% is hilly, 43.10% plain and only 2.8% of population has

both hilly as well as plain grazing land as shown in figure 4.5.

Figure 4. 6 Season of grazing

figure 4.6 illustrates that 86.0% of the farmers send their animals for grazing during summer,

10.5% in spring season. In autumn the grazing graph declines to 0.9% and in winter slightly

elevates to 2.6%. In summer there are plenty of green grasses and the farmers utilize this

opportunity very well.




May,June

39%

Dec to Feb

61%

4.8-GREEN FODDER SCARCITY

The figure 4.7 depicts the scarcity period in which the farmers are forced to offer dry fodder to

their animals. From this survey it was learnt that farmer faces two spells of scarcity.

First spell starts from December and ends at the end of February, which is a long period while

in the months of May and June 39% of the farmers were of the view that they also faces green

fodder shortage.

Figure 4. 7 Scarcity Period

To cope with scarcity period, farmers provide mostly dry fodder to their animals. By the

following Table 4.6 , it is illustrated that the animal feed offered consists of 34.5% wheat

straw, 24.2% maize stover, 26.6% hay or dry grasses while the remaining 14.7% is

traditional concentrates. As concentrate is an integral part of animal feed and should be

provided round the year but during scarcity period its demand is further increased as the

animal body need feed rich in energy and protein for maintenance and production as well. The

figure 14.7 is of high concern and must be addressed to get the desired animal production.

Tehsil Wheat

Straw

Maize

Tovar

Hay

/Grasses

Concentrates Total

Daggar 49 24 67 40

Gadaizi 75 22 61 34

Gagra 82 34 43 27

Chagharzi 20 24 54 26

Chamla 96 93 43 11

Totalai 96 96 54 40

Total 418 293 322 178 1211

Percent 34.5 24.2 26.6 14.7 100

Table 4. 6 Feed giving during scarcity




CHAPTER V

Woody

Concrete

90.40%

9.60%0.00%

20.00%

40.00%

60.00%

80.00%

100.00%

ANIMAL HOUSING

5.1- STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL SHED

Besides good nutritive feed, comfortable environment for animal keeping is also important to

get maximum production per animal. The figure 5.1 gives a picture that 90.4% of the total

animal sheds are made of wood, stones and mud. 9.6%, a very small figure represents the

concrete structure of animal shed. The woody is risky and not reliable as it is very prone to

damage by rain and other seasonal factors. Cleaning of such structure is very difficult, and

water seepage through walls and roof predisposes animal to variety of diseases as reflected inthe picture below.

Figure 5. 1 Percentage of Woody & Concrete Sheds A pity glance of an Animal Shed

In the figure, 90.40% shows the socio-economic condition of the poor farmers residing in

such remote area like Buner.




Muddy

Concrete

94.00%

6.00%0.00%

20.00%

40.00%

60.00%

80.00%

100.00%

36.60%

63.40%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

Yes No

5.2- FLOOR OF ANIMAL SHED

The floor, the place where the animals take rest and feed should be clean and resistant to

damages by animals. Floor made of concrete material best serve the purpose, but the picture in

figure 5.2 below shows that only 6% of the people have made concrete floors in their animalsheds while a large segment of the farmers have muddy floors in their Animal Sheds.

The poor condition of animal sheds is clearly visible in the picture below taken during this

survey conduction.

5.3- VENTILATION IN ANIMAL SHEDFresh air is the need of human as well as animals, but in case of animals, its requirement

increases as the dung inside shed produces a lot of harmful gases. For escape of these gases

and breathing of fresh air, presence of proper ventilation is of utmost importance. The figure

5.3 below shows that 63.4% of the Animal Sheds have openings for ventilation, while 36.6%

lacking this essential factor. During the survey it was observed that farmers usually closed all

the ventilation means during winter, where need of ventilation increases as animal are

compelled to pass more time inside shed.

Figure 5. 3 Ventilation in Animal Shed Closed Ventilation Mean

Figure 5.2 Percentage of Muddy & Concrete Shed Floor




5.4- WATER AVAILABILITY INSIDE ANIMAL SHED

A question regarding water availability was asked during the survey, where 10.3% of the

respondents answered in affirmative, while a huge number 89.7% replied in negative. A verylarge portion of the population either travel animals towards water source or bring water from

the remote sources for their animals. It was also learnt during the survey that mostly

housewives performed this duty along with other laborious jobs.

5.5- PER ANIMAL SPACE

To simplify this category of the questionnaire, the question was divided into two components;

either have sufficient or not sufficient space. The figure 5.4 gives a picture as 81.40% farmers

have enough space for their animals, while 18.60% have congested animal sheds. One thing

was also observed that mostly farmers had reduced their animal numbers as they lost or sold

their animals due to the previous catastrophe in the form of militancy and displacement.

Tehsil Sufficient Not Total

Daggar 86 08

Gadaizi 80 15Gagra 77 19

Chagharzi 56 38

Chamla 85 11

Totalai 81 15

Total 465 106 571

Percent 81.4 18.6 100

Table 5. 2 Per animal space

Tehsil Yes No Total

Daggar 02 92

Gadaizi 12 83

Gagra 45 51

Chagharzi 00 94

Chamla 00 96

Totalai 00 96

Total 59 512 571

Percent 10.3 89.7 100

Table 5. 1 Water availability inside shed




Inside house

36%

Out side

64%

5.6- LOCATION OF ANIMAL SHED

According to the figure 5.4, 36% of the animal sheds are inside the house where members of

household living. The remaining 64% of the sheds are outside the human houses. In areas like

Gokand and Chagharzi valleys, people construct animal shed in their agriculture lands as thefeed accessibility is easier comparatively. In most plain areas like Daggar and surroundings,

people construct Animal shed in premises of their houses, this make easier their job in daily

handling of their animals but from the public health point of view it is hazardous to human as

well as animal’s health.

Figure 5. 4 Animal Shed location

Figure 5.5 Animal Shed inside residence




CHAPTER VI

26.10%

73.90%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

Series1 26.10% 73.90%

Yes No

ANIMAL HEALTH

6.1- ANIMAL DISEASES PREVALENT IN THE AREAFarmers were asked about the animal diseases they observed mostly in their animals.

According to the data collected, the most prevalent disease is FMD which is on the top with

26.2%, and then various ailments like indigestion, tympany, mastitis, prolapse etc.

represented by category “Other”. Hemorrhagic Septicemia is in 3rd

rank. The other prevalent

diseases observed by farmers are Worm Infestation with 15.3%, Black Quarter 12.5% and

Entero Toxemia which is less noticed only 2.5%. These are the diseases that are known to the

farmers, there might be other diseases endemic in the area.

Disease Number Percent

FMD 312 26.2

H.S 214 18

B.Q 148 12.5

E.T 30 2.5

W.I 182 15.3

Others 303 25.5

Total 1189 100.00

Table 6. 1 Prevalent diseases in the district

6.2 AVAILABILITY OF HEALTHFACILITY

figure 6.1 illustrate that a minor segment of population 26.1% has the health facility for their

animals while the 73.9% threefold of the former deprived from this essential facility.

Figure 6.1 Availability of Health Facility




14.70%

52.70%

36.60%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

Series1 14.70% 52.70% 36.60%

Government Private Traditional

6.3- DISTANCE OF ANIMAL SHED FROM HEALTH FACILITY

The farmers were asked about their reach to the nearest CVH, CVD, and CVC. To

differentiate between near and far a limit was fixed considering the demographic features of

the area. Health facility located less than 1000 meters was put in near category, while distance

more than 1000 meters was considered as far. According to figure 6.2, a very small portion of

the population has health facility in limits of 1000 meters, while a large segment 79.2% is

forced to travel more than 1000 meters to avail the facility.

20.80%

79.20%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

Series1 20.80% 79.20%

Near<1000m Far>1000m

Figure6.1 Distance of Animal Shed from Health Facility

6.4-ATTITUDE TOWARDS ANIMAL TREATMENT

The respondents were asked about their attitude towards animal treatment. They were

questioned that where and by what mean they usually treat the ailments of their animals.

14.7% of the group interviewed replied that they travel their animals to Government Health

Facility, 52.7% were treating their animals privately at home calling practioner , while 36.6%

of the group preferring to treat their animals traditionally with various medicinal plants, or

depend on quacks due to their poverty as well as inaccessibility to the government health

facility.

Figure 6. 2 Attitude towards Animal Treatment






CHAPTER VII

ANIMAL BREEDING

7.1- ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION CENTER

Table 7.1 shows that 46.2% of the farmers have access to Artificial Insemination Center ,

while nearly equal 53.8% have no accessibility to this facility. There is also a point to be

mentioned that mostly the Inseminators visit to remote areas privately but this increase the

cost of services.

Tehsil Yes No Total

Daggar60 34

Gadaizi 00 95

Gagra 54 42

Chagharzi 18 76

Chamla 93 03

Totalai 39 57

Total 264 307 571

Percent 46.2 53.8 100

7.2-BREEDING BULL

When respondents were interviewed about the availability of bull for breeding purpose,

77.8% replied in “ yes” and only 22.2% told that they had no breeding bull. During the survey

it was observed that some farmers keep bulls especially for this purpose.

Table 7. 1 Access to A.I Center

Tehsil Yes No Total

Daggar 94 00

Gadaizi 74 21Gagra 81 15

Chagharzi 83 11

Chamla 57 39

Totalai 55 41

Total 444 127 571

Percent 77.8% 22.2% 100

Table 7. 2 Breeding Bull Availability




7.3-FEE CHARGES PER A.I SERVICE

Table 7.3 above shows that 9.2% of the farmer’s group interviewed pay Rs 100 per A.I

service, a major component 47% pays Rs 200, while 30.6% pay per A.I service Rs 300 to the

Inseminator. 12.0% of the farmers told that the inseminators charged Rs 500 and only 1.2% a

minor segment of pays more than Rs 500 per A.I service. The variation in fee is subject to

distance of the vicinity.

7.4-ATTITUDE TOWARDS A.I VERSUS NATURAL INSEMINATION

When the respondents were asked about their preference regarding Insemination of their

animals, a very small figure of 23.1% was in favour of Artificial Insemination. 76.9% of the

farmers prefer Natural Insemination. From the secondary data during this survey it was

observed that majority of the farmers are not concern with future progeny and increase

production. They consider natural breeding as the easiest way to get pregnant their animals.

According to farmer’s view reason for this practice is high cost and low conception rate in

case of Artificial Insemination.

23.10%

76.90%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

Series1 23.10% 76.90%

Artificial Insemination Natural Insemination

Figure 7.1Attitude towards A.I

Tehsil 50 100 200 300 500 More

Daggar 00 01 23 14 03 01

Gadaizi 00 00 00 00 00 01

Gagra 00 01 12 31 27 01

Chagharzi 00 00 06 12 00 00

Chamla 00 11 63 17 00 00

Totalai 00 10 13 02 00 00

Total 00 123 317 376 530 3

Percent 00 9.2% 47% 30.6% 12.0% 1.2%

Table 7. 3 Fee charges per A.I




40.30%

59.70%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

Series1 40.30% 59.70%

1 to 2 years 2 to 3 years

7.5-CALVING INTERVAL

Average calving interval is indication of good management. The figure 7.2 indicates that

40.30% of farmer’s community observes 1 to 2 years between two consecutive calving, while

majority of farmers 59.70% were of the opinion that they have noticed 2 to 3 years calving

interval in their animals. This is a matter of high concern that long calving interval increase

the cost of production and decrease per year productivity of an animal which lead to huge loss

to farmer.

Figure 7.2 Calving Interval

It was also learnt from the secondary data that due to infertility in their animals, farmers

generally sale their potential animals. Most often the fate of these potential animals is

slaughter house, which is direct loss to the farmer and indirectly to the country.




CHAPTER VIII

LIVESTOCK EXTENSION

8.1- INTRODUCTION

The act of increasing the area, sector or productivity is called extension. In Livestock

Extension, the aim is to increase and enhance per animal production, and attract more

investment. Extension is a regular component of line departments and remained part of

various projects. In this survey this part was included to know about the prevalent condition

and areas and gaps for future intervention. From the secondary data it was learnt that

Agriculture and Livestock Department has jointly established Farm Services Center, whilevarious CLEWS has been trained and equipped to work in community.

8.2- EXTENSION CENTER

When the respondents were asked about the facility of Livestock Extension Center in their

areas, no view came in favour of “ yes”. 56.3% of the interviewed told that they have no such

facility, while 43.7% did not know about this question.

0.00%

56.30%

43.70%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

Series1 0.00% 56.30% 43.70%

Yes No Don't know

Figure 8. 1 Extension Center




30.10%

46.90%

23.70%

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

40.00%

45.00%

50.00%

Series1 30.10% 46.90% 23.70%

lack of interst on

govt:side

Lack of interst on

farmer's s ide Don't know

94.40%

4.60%

0.00%

20.00%

40.00%

60.00%

80.00%

100.00%

Series1 94.40% 4.60%

Yes No

8.4- REASONS FOR LACK OF EXTENSION SERVICES

figure 8.2 enlighten the situation regarding livestock Extension. 30.10% put the responsibility

on government. They were of the opinion that government should give special attention

towards this issue as the farmers need innovations in their existing Animal husbandry. 46.9% were putting responsibility on their shoulders. In their view farmers do not show interest in

this sector. They must be sensitized for realization and innovation in their traditional Animal

keeping practices. A minor component expressed “ Don’t know” about the question.

8.5-NEED FOR CHANGE figure 8.3 showing that people want change but they need guidance and resources. The

respondents were asked whether they want to improve their existing traditional Animal

Husbandry or not. A good figure, 94.4%, of the total respondents was willing for change,

while a small segment 4.6% was not interested. Figure below indicates that there is a great

potential in the area about livestock improvement.

Figure 8. 3 Need for Change

Figure 8.2 Reason for lack of Interest




8.6-MORE INVESTMENTS IN ANIMAL KEEPING

It is shown that in the figure 8.4 below 80.10% of the interviewed individuals were ready to

invest more in animal keeping and improve their livelihood while the remaining 19.90% were

not interested in more investment. The data above provide an evidence for further

interventions and planning. The constraints in this regard are lack of resources, know how

regarding livestock, and proper marketing.

80.10%

19.90%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

Series1 80.10% 19.90%

Yes No

Figure 8. 4 Investment Potential




CHAPTER IX

MARKETING

9.1- MILK SALE

The respondents were asked during the survey about the amount of milk used in their home

and part which they sale. The Table 9.1 shows that 80.1% used whole milk in their home

while 19.9% sale part of milk which they get from their animals. 19.9% indicates that there is

insufficient milk production and the farmers hardly satisfy their milk need. It was also

observed that in homes, milk is used as an alternative for dipping their breads.

Tehsil Whole Partly Total

Daggar 70 19

Gadaizi 72 11

Gagra 72 15

Chagharzi 95 00

Chamla 53 41

Totalai 74 22

Total 436 108 544

Percent 80.1 19.9 100

Table 9. 1 Milk sale

9.2- QUANTITY OF MILK GOES TO MARKET PER HOUSEHOLD

Table 9.2 above presents a glance of milk quantity that goes for sale per household. The

respondents were asked that how much milk they sale. 42.5%, the biggest number in the table

sells 2 to 3 litres milk daily. 24.5% sell 1 to 2 litres per day. 17.9% of the interviewed persons

sell 6 to 10 litres milk, while only a minute number 1.8% sells milk above 10 litres.


1-2( Lit) 26 24.5

2-3(Lit) 45 42.4

4-5(lit) 14 13.2

6-10(lit) 19 17.9

Above 10 (lit) 2 1.8

Total 106 100

Table 9. 2 Quantity of milk goes to market




9.3- NUMBER OF ANIMALS SOLD PER YEAR

In Table 9.3, the data shows that 67.9% of the farmers sell one animal per year, 17.8% sell

two animals per year while the remaining 14.3% sell more than two animals annually. It was

also observed during the survey that farmer replace these sold animals by either rearing of their progeny or purchasing other producing animals, especially in case of lactating animals.

Tehsil One Two More

than two

Total

Daggar 52 03 04

Gadaizi 28 08 05

Gagra 21 18 35

Chagharzi 59 12 02

Chamla 37 22 09

Totalai 82 10 04

Total 279 73 59 411

Percent 67.9 17.8 14.3 100

Table 9. 3 Number of animal sold per year

9.4-AGE OF ANIMAL ATSALE

The interviewers asked a question about the age of animal at sale, in which 24.2% were of the

view that they sell their animals at an age of one year, 17.4% sell their animals at age of two

years while a large number 58.4% sell their animals at adult stage. It was observed thatmature adult animals are sold for more money or due to low production, where the former one

leads to financial gain while the latter one leads to financial loss for the farmer.

Figure 9. 1 Age of animal sale

24.20%

17.40%

58.40%

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

Series1 24.20% 17.40% 58.40%

One year Two YearMore than

two Years




9.5-REASON FOR ANIMAL SALE

The figure 9.2 below enlightens the reason for animal sale. According to the figure, 21.2% sell their animals due to poverty as they have no financial resources and thus compelled to sell

their animals. The second most prominent reason for animal sale is need of money. About

49.0% of the farmers sell their animals, when they need money for other requirements like

medication, wedding or any emergency. In such circumstances they prefer to sell adult or

productive animals for more money.

21.20%

49.00%

11.50%

2.10%

16.20%

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

35.00%

40.00%

45.00%

50.00%

Series1 21.20% 49.00% 11.50% 2.10% 16.20%

Poverty Need of Money Extra Animals Due to male Sex Low Production

Figure 9. 2 Reason for animal sale

11.5% of the respondents sell extra animals to minimize the rearing cost. Only 2.1% farmers

do selective sale on the basis of sex. They prefer to retain female calves while sell male ones.

The remaining 16.2% of the farmer’s community sell their animals due to low production.

They sell their animals when become dry or their milk production declines.




9.6-PLACE OF ANIMAL SALE

When the respondents were asked, whether they sell their animals in animal market or to the

middle man, 17.2% of the respondents sell their animals directly in Animal Market, while

majority of the farmers, 82.8%, as illustrated in figure 9.3 below, sell their animals indirectly

to the middle man.

17.20%

82.80%

0.00%

20.00%

40.00%

60.00%

80.00%

100.00%

Series1 17.20% 82.80%

Market Middle m an

Figure 9. 3 Place of animal sale

9.7- USE OF DUNG AS DUNG CAKE

Dung a valuable by-product of animals is a good natural fertilizer. In some areas the dung is

also used as fuel. People make dung cakes in summer, dry them and then used as fuel with

wood for cooking. In this survey it was also included to know how much population practicedung cake. In figure 9.6 it is shown that 22.1% of the population use dung cake as a fuel.

77.9% do not practice it. It was observed that mostly in hot and plain areas of the district,

poor households usually make dung cakes. It is matter of great concern that in some

households even they use 2/3rd

of dung for this purpose. In this high hike, where synthetic

fertilizers are out of reach of poor farmer, an alternative should be sorted.

Figure 9. 4 Use of Dung

22.10%

77.90%

0.00%

20.00%

40.00%

60.00%

80.00%

Series1 22.10% 77.90%

Yes No




9.8- USE OF DUNG AS NATURAL FERTILIZER

Table 9.4 shows that 97.9% of the farmer’s community use dung as fertilizer to substitute

synthetic fertilizer and increase their agriculture production. The remaining very small

segment, 2.1%, do not use dung as fertilizer in their own field. They may probably sell it or

use as dung cake for fuel purpose.

Tehsil Yes No

Daggar 94 00

Gadaizi 95 00

Gagra 84 12

Chagharzi 94 00

Chamla 96 00

Totalai 96 00

Total 559 12

Percent 97.9% 2.1%

Table 9. 4 Use of dung as fertilizer

9.9- SALE OF DUNG

When the respondents were asked whether they sell dung or not, 5.8% replied in affirmativewhile 94.2% were of the opinion that they use it as fertilizer in their own fields. It was

observed that the price of per trolley of dung varies from Rs 600 to Rs 2500. The variation is

subject to its demand. The Table 9.5 shows the data tehsil wise

Tehsil Yes No

Daggar 00 94

Gadaizi 00 95

Gagra 28 68

Chagharzi 00 94

Chamla 00 96

Totalai 05 91

Total 33 538

Percent 5.8 94.2

Table 9. 5 Sale of dung




ISSUES/ BOTTLE NECKS OBSERVED BY FARMER

To know and include the needs of farmers felt by them respondents were given an option to

enlist the problems and issues faced by them regarding livestock. The following figure shows

their problems censes and ranking.

With 26.0% health issues were on the top, secondly they are facing animal feed shortage. On

the 3rd

rank the problem which is striking the farmer is farmer Education. The farmer feels the

need for better animal keeping but due to lack of resources and proper guidance he failed to

do. Clean Drinking water for their animals is the next problem, while in the last “Other”

category was given to various problems like range management, low standard medicine, need

of high yielding breeds and animal losses during conflict.

18.70%

26.00%

22.80%

19.40%

13.10%

0.00%

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

Series1 18.70% 26.00% 22.80% 19.40% 13.10%

Drinking Water Animal Health Animal Feed Farmer;s

Education Others

Figure 1 Issues/Bottle necks




RECOMMENDATIONS

Thick analysis of the findings reveals that development of livestock sector in Buner district is

hampered by some bottlenecks. These problems or bottlenecks are primarily related to issues

confronted by Social, Human, Natural, financial and Physical assets available in the district

which in turn have negative impacts on the livestock sectors. These problems along with the

remedial measures and possible impacts are elaborated below:

Bottleneck-1: Lack of capacity to manage Livestock and associatedresources

Recommendation: Majority of the farmers in the area lack capacity in livestock

management Practices. To combat this problem and refine skills of the farmers and more

specifically the livestock owners extension education in animal health and management

should be arranged.

Possible impact: The productivity of livestock enhanced and mortality rate among the

livestock reduced.

Bottleneck-2: Lack of proper physical arrangements for livestock keeping

Recommendation: Due to lack of proper physical arrangements including water

availability the livestock owners especially the female members, who are the predominant

managers of in-house livestock affairs, suffer from physical fatigue. Therefore, in-house water

facilities should be made available for the female members of the family.

Possible impact: The female members would find extra time to take good care of theirlivestock and thus health and productivity of the livestock is improved.

Bottleneck-3: Lack of proper shed arrangements for livestock

Recommendation: Unavailability of proper shed arrangements leads to the depression

of animals hampering their health and consequently resulting in diminished production. Hence

interventions related to shed improvement should be undertaken to relieve the animals from

stress and maximize production.

Possible impact: Productivity is enhanced and stressed is reduced.




Bottleneck-4: Lack of nutrient rich feed

Recommendation: Like human do the animals also require nutrient rich feed for high

productivity and good health. Nutrient rich feed in the form of commercial concentrates

should be provided to the farmers on subsidized rates.

Possible impact: Health and productivity of the animals enhanced and income of the

farmers increased.

Bottlenecks-5: Lack of access and unavailability of vet medicines i.e. De-wormers and vaccines

Recommendation: De-wormer and vaccines as per prevalent livestock diseases in the

area should be provided well in time to the local livestock owners and farmers.

Possible impacts: Mortality rate reduced and shock factors combated

Besides this, the progressive farmers who are willing to accept and adopt innovative livestock

practices should be reached out and their skills in entrepreneurship should be built. Also pilot

farm should be introduced for demonstration effects to persuade and encourage other farmers.




TakhtaBand

Maira

ANNEX-I

BUNER

CHAMLA GAGRA DAGGAR CHAGHARZAI GADEZAI

KalabatShalbandi

Nagrai

Kangan

Nawagai

Totalai

Swawai

Chinglai

Gonmbad

Ganshal

Gokand

Giro

Ghurghushto

Miagano Mira

Gulbandi

Matwani

Daggar Kalai

Tauda Chena

Sora

Rega

Torwarsak

Beshoni

Ghazikhanai

TOTALAI




ANNEX-II






REFERENCES

1- District Office Livestock & Dairy Development Department District Buner “Damages

Assessment Report”

2- Federal Bureau of Statistic “Livestock & Agriculture censes 2006”

3- Federal Bureau of Statistic “Household Survey Report Buner 1998”

4- PIMAN “Baseline household”

5- Save the Children “Rapid Assessment Report”

6- “Geography Buner” (www.buner.com)

7- “Socio Economic Indications” (www.nwfp.gov.pk)

8- “Buner History” (www.wikipedia.org)

http://www.buner.com/



http://www.nwfp.gov.pk/





Documents

Baseline Livestock District Buner 2010