Basic Elements of Sustainable Agriculture

7/27/2019 Basic Elements of Sustainable Agriculture

1/12

Basic Elements of Sustainable Agriculture

Sustainable agricultures benefit to farm and community economies is grounded in four well-established economic development principles and a fifth, concern for the community:

Input Optimization: Sustainable production practices maximize on-farm resources. Internallyderived inputs, such as family labor, intensive grazing systems, recycled nutrients, legumenitrogen, crop rotations, use of renewable solar energy, improved management of pests, soils andwoodlands are a few examples of substituted resources. Studies have shown that thesesubstitutions can be made while maintaining yields and often result in increased net farmearnings. These earnings can benefit the community by increasing local retail sales and providinga stronger tax base.

Diversification: To develop healthy soils and reduce purchased inputs, sustainable agricultureemphasizes diverse cropping and livestock systems. Diversification can lead to more stable farmincome by lowering economic risk from climate, pests, and fluctuating agriculture markets. This

helps to keep farmers on the land and helps buffer the local economy from the shock of adramatic decline in a single commodity/industry.

Conservation of Natural Capital: It is standard accounting practice to depreciate capital assets.It has not been standard practice for farmers to depreciate natural capital that is depleted byfarming methods that do not conserve resources. Nevertheless, the loss is real, eventuallyaffecting yields, farm profitability, and sustainability. In sustainable agriculture, economic valueis created by maintaining the productivity of land and water resources while enhancing humanhealth and the environment.

Capturing Value-Added: The marketing of crops and products grown is by far the weakest link

in the farmers role in the field to table food system. To create and maintain a truly sustainableagriculture, farmers will have to develop ways of retaining a higher percentage of value-addedon the farm. While individuals farmers can and do design, process and direct-market their ownproducts, many other value-added strategies require more resources than one farmer can handlefinancially. Therefore, these value-added strategies will require the formation of a coop of localfarmers and a collaborative relationship with the local community.

Community: The elements of sustainable agriculture are integral to all communities. If we are tosupport sustainable agriculture, we must recognize the rural/urban interconnection, the conflictsand tremendous opportunities. The positives of a sustainable farming system include sharedcommitment to profitability, food security, food safety, open space for water recharge, naturalhabitats for flora, fauna and recreation and a cooperative and supportive social and economiccommunity infrastructure. Currently our urban communities are separated from farmingcommunities not only in philosophy, but also in their mutual understanding, particularly in theirknowledge of the entire food production and distribution system. Recognition of the role farminghas played in stabilizing our community is critical or we shall continue to disintegrate our ruralfabric and preferred standards of living. In other words, we must rekindle a sense of caring aboutthe welfare of our neighbors in order for viable rural and urban communities to survive.


2/12

Sustainable Agriculture

Sustainable agriculture refers to farming practices that are healthy for the environment andprovide a fair and safe work environment for people who produce the crops. Dig a little deeper,

however, and you will find important divisions in the way sustainable agriculture is defined incertification standards and retail specifications. These differences are resulting in increasedmarket confusion about what constitutes true sustainability.

In 2003, SCS was asked to review many different sustainable agricultural programs in operation,analyzing definitions, strengths and deficiencies. SCS conducted this review from theperspective of more than 20 years of experience conducting independent assessment ofagricultural practices, detailed knowledge of agrochemical usage, a history of involvement in thedevelopment and implementation of sustainability standards in the forestry, seafood, and coffeeindustries, and status as an accredited certifier to GlobalGap and to the US National OrganicProgram.

Based on this analysis, SCS has identified eightkey elements of sustainability. SCS recognizesorganic as an integral part of the overall sustainability profile, along with several other areas ofmeasurable performance that extend beyond the traditional realm of organic practice.

Element 1: Sustainable Crop ProductionElement 2: Ecosystem Management and ProtectionElement 3: Resource Conservation and Energy EfficiencyElement 4: Integrated Waste ManagementElement 5: Fair Labor PracticesElement 6: Community Benefits

Element 7: Product QualityElement 8: Product Safety and Purity

SCS then embarked upon an effort to develop the strongest possible sustainable agriculturalguidelines for the North American marketthe SCS Sustainable Agriculture Practice Standard.In addition, it launched an initiative through the American National Standards Institute todevelop a voluntary national, multi-stakeholder, consensus-based standard for sustainableagriculture.
http://www.scscertified.com/fff/sustainable_ag_key_principles.phphttp://www.scscertified.com/fff/sustainable_ag_key_principles.phphttp://www.scscertified.com/fff/sustainable_ag_key_principles.phphttp://www.scscertified.com/fff/sustainable_ag_key_principles.php


3/12

What is Sustainable Crop Production Intensification?

FAO/Alessandra Benedetti

The need to feed a growing population is a constant pressure on crop production, as is copingwith an increasingly degraded environment and uncertainties resulting from climate change - andthe need to adapt farming systems to these. Sustainable crop production intensification providesopportunities for optimizing crop production per unit area, taking into consideration the range ofsustainability aspects including potential and/or real social, political, economic and

environmental impacts. Recent trends would indicate that the incorporation of scientificprinciples of ecosystem management intofarming practicescan enhance crop production (yield).With a particular focus on environmental sustainability through an ecosystem approach,sustainable crop production intensification aims to maximize options for crop productionintensification through the management ofbiodiversity and ecosystem services.

New Compendium for SCPI on-line now

Thiswebsitecontains information on a number of approaches and practices that FAO works onand that have proven to be successful in increasing agricultural productivity by harnessingbiological processes. In the section onTools and Guidelines, information is available on: whatthese approaches entail and how these can be practiced in the field; the latest case studies and

publications; and relevant links. Special focus is given to sustainable rice systems and productionsystems that integrate crops with livestock. Other topics in the compendium include capacitybuilding throughFarmer Field Schools(FFS) and how policies can contribute to sustainablecrop production intensification.

AGPME is a multidisciplinary team committed to provide services to member countries.Services focus on enhancing ecological, social and economic resilience of agricultural systemsfor the food security of current and future generations.We work on the sustainable intensification of agricultural systems by promoting managementpractices built on natural ecosystems processes and the enhancement of knowledge, in order to

restore systems and increase efficiencies of resource use (natural/human/economic). We

integrate different disciplines (weed management, agronomy, plant nutrition, mechanization,ecology, social science, IPM, climate change, pollination and biodiversity management,crop/livestock interactions) and we work in a variety of ecological zones (dry and humidsavannah, mountains, drylands and rangelands, humid tropics, temperate) in over 80 countries.Our focus is on farmers and policy makers to help providing increased awareness of the diversityof choices for adapting practices and technologies, through encouraging partnership and capacitybuilding at multiple levels.We contribute by collecting, reviewing and sharing information; supporting networks at national,
http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/spi/good-farming-practices/en/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/spi/good-farming-practices/en/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/spi/good-farming-practices/en/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/biodiversity/en/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/biodiversity/en/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/biodiversity/en/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/spi/scpi-home/framework/en/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/spi/scpi-home/framework/en/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/spi/scpi-home/framework/en/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/spi/scpi-home/framework/tools-and-guidelines-for-scpi/en/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/spi/scpi-home/framework/tools-and-guidelines-for-scpi/en/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/spi/scpi-home/framework/tools-and-guidelines-for-scpi/en/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/spi/scpi-home/framework/capacity-building-farmer-field-schools/en/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/spi/scpi-home/framework/capacity-building-farmer-field-schools/en/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/spi/scpi-home/framework/capacity-building-farmer-field-schools/en/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/spi/scpi-home/framework/capacity-building-farmer-field-schools/en/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/spi/scpi-home/framework/tools-and-guidelines-for-scpi/en/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/spi/scpi-home/framework/en/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/biodiversity/en/http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/core-themes/theme/spi/good-farming-practices/en/


4/12

regional and global level; developing capacity; integrating of scientific, traditional, and localknowledge; mainstreaming use and enhancement of biodiversity and ecosystem services intoagricultural policies as well as at the field level; monitoring trends and developing databases,tools and policy guidelines.

The Importance of Ecosystem Management and Protection.

Essay bydainty12, October 2005

download word file, 6 pages ( 9 KB )0

Downloaded 124 times

Keywordsgenerations,preservation,sustainable development,savannah,forests

0Like0

Recent growth in scientific knowledge has helped humanity comprehend the complexrelationships in ecosystems and the devastating effects of human interference. As a result wehave become increasingly aware of the need to protect and manage the ecosystems that we dohave remaining for their utility, genetic, intrinsic and heritage values and also for the need toallow natural change and thus evolution to take place. Natural ecosystems have provided muchthat has been of benefit to humanity and with careful protection it can last for many moregenerations. Management strategies involving sustainable development, total preservation andthe educating of the populace are becoming progressively more important in today's society andfor the protection of ecosystems. Ecosystems such as the Amazon basin with its rich biodiversityincluding swamps, mangroves, forests and savannah and coral reefs with their large biodiversityof fish species are under threat from development and are shrinking rapidly. Preservation ofecosystems is important as an insurance to keep the Earth suitable for human occupancy and ismore valuable as a long term investment.

The utility value of an ecosystem is a particularly important factor regarding the importance ofmanagement and protection. Ecosystems prevent accumulation of waste, they help clean waterand soil of pollutants, recycle vital chemical elements and conserve soil and water resources.Loss of biodiversity caused by humans may threaten the capacity of ecosystems to captureenergy through photosynthesis, cycle nutrients and resist or adapt to the step functional change.They parts of the ecosystem are used by humans as medicines, pigments, fibres, poisons,chemicals, perfumes and food. Over 25% of prescriptions in the USA contain drugs made formorganisms and more that 40% of medicines contain a natural substance as an active ingredient

and are worth over $US 40 Billion each year. In 80%...
http://www.writework.com/user/249084http://www.writework.com/user/249084http://www.writework.com/user/249084http://www.writework.com/essay/download/64242http://www.writework.com/essay/download/64242http://www.writework.com/tag/generationshttp://www.writework.com/tag/generationshttp://www.writework.com/tag/generationshttp://www.writework.com/tag/preservationhttp://www.writework.com/tag/preservationhttp://www.writework.com/tag/preservationhttp://www.writework.com/tag/sustainable-developmenthttp://www.writework.com/tag/sustainable-developmenthttp://www.writework.com/tag/sustainable-developmenthttp://www.writework.com/tag/savannahhttp://www.writework.com/tag/savannahhttp://www.writework.com/tag/savannahhttp://www.writework.com/tag/forestshttp://www.writework.com/tag/forestshttp://www.writework.com/tag/forestshttp://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.writework.com%2Fessay%2Fimportance-ecosystem-management-and-protection&t=Interesting+essay%3A+The+Importance+of+Ecosystem+Management+and+Protection.http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.writework.com%2Fessay%2Fimportance-ecosystem-management-and-protection&t=Interesting+essay%3A+The+Importance+of+Ecosystem+Management+and+Protection.http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.writework.com%2Fessay%2Fimportance-ecosystem-management-and-protection&t=Interesting+essay%3A+The+Importance+of+Ecosystem+Management+and+Protection.http://www.writework.com/tag/forestshttp://www.writework.com/tag/savannahhttp://www.writework.com/tag/sustainable-developmenthttp://www.writework.com/tag/preservationhttp://www.writework.com/tag/generationshttp://www.writework.com/essay/download/64242http://www.writework.com/user/249084


5/12

Conserving energy

Using less costs less

If you reduce your energy consumption you can save money and reduce greenhouse gases caused

by burning fossil fuels.

Improvements can be made...

In the workplace

Turn off all lights and equipment when they do not need to be operating. Use energy efficient office equipment and power saving functions where they will be most

effective.

Use the most efficient motors, make sure equipment is the right size for the job, that is, not toobig.

Use the most efficient lights triphosphor tubes are cheaper to run than fluorescent lights. Replace incandescent globes with fluorescent tubes to save power as well as reduce air

conditioning loads and reduce labour needed to change globes.

Install skylights in the roof or walls to reduce the need for artificial lighting. Minimise expenditure on space heating. At 20C, a 1C increase can cost about 20 per cent

more.

Insulate rooms to minimise energy waste. Fit self closing doors to reduce heat (or cold) loss from draughts. Consider installing a co-generation plant to reduce energy costs and increase energy efficiency. Minimise the use of hot water as it costs much more than cold water.

In the process

Improve insulation of all hot process items and steam lines to minimise simple heat loss. Remove frost on refrigerated coolant lines through better insulation. This will keep the ice

where you need it and where it can add value to your business.

Avoid steam leaks. A 1kg/min steam leak costs about $1/hour and $2/hour in an air-conditionedspace.

Find ways to transfer heat from hot process streams into cold streams.


6/12

Ensure your boiler is tuned properly and that blowdown losses are minimised. Improvedfeedwater quality (for example rainwater) may help reduce blowdown losses.

Require suppliers to quote the energy consumption and costs of a new piece of equipment.When choosing energy sources

Investigate alternative energy sources such as solar hot water, waste, bio-ethanol and windenergy.

Use a clean fuel such as LPG or methanol. Use fuels with the least greenhouse impact.

Methane LEAST| |

LPG || |

Oil || |

Diesel || |

Black coal || |

Brown coal MOST

II.C Integrated Solid Waste Management

Integrated solid waste management systems are also recognised at the international level, and

they incorporate all the policies, programs, and technologies that are necessary to manage the

waste stream. The mix and emphasis of approaches that are taken generally varies from

region-to-region and from country-to-country, and depends on local conditions. The process

of solid waste management is summarised in Figure II-1.

Figure II-1

Solid Waste Management Process

Waste

ReductionGeneration Storage Collection Composting

Combustion

Transfer

Materials

Recovery

Markets

Disposal


7/12

Solid Waste Management

Integrated Solid Waste Management

Source: Hickman

However, in order for an integrated solid waste system to be successful they must be

embraced, coordinated, and implemented at the national, state/provincial/regional, municipal,

community, and institutional levels. The IWM Scoreboard has been developed to recognise

these linkages. The overall framework for the IWM Scoreboard is summarised in Exhibit C-1

that is contained in Appendix C.

II.D Waste Management Hierarchy

The Waste Management Hierarchy is an internationally recognised strategy for

management of municipal solid wastes. It places greatest emphasis on strategies and

programs for avoiding and reducing waste, with treatment and disposal being the least

favoured options. The waste management hierarchy is shown in Figure II-2.

Certified Fair Labor

Resources

Brochures

Case Study: Maggies Organics Certification Manual Fair Labor Practices

Standards
http://www.scscertified.com/docs/Case_Study-Maggies_Organics_Fair_Labor_Certification.pdfhttp://www.scscertified.com/docs/Case_Study-Maggies_Organics_Fair_Labor_Certification.pdfhttp://www.scscertified.com/docs/FLP_MAN_CertificationManual_V1-4_110310.pdfhttp://www.scscertified.com/docs/FLP_MAN_CertificationManual_V1-4_110310.pdfhttp://www.scscertified.com/docs/FLP_onesheet_031111.pdfhttp://www.scscertified.com/docs/FLP_onesheet_031111.pdfhttp://www.scscertified.com/service_request.php?id=29http://www.scscertified.com/service_request.php?id=29http://www.scscertified.com/service_request.php?id=29http://www.scscertified.com/docs/FLP_onesheet_031111.pdfhttp://www.scscertified.com/docs/FLP_MAN_CertificationManual_V1-4_110310.pdfhttp://www.scscertified.com/docs/Case_Study-Maggies_Organics_Fair_Labor_Certification.pdf


8/12

Fair Labor Practices and Community Benefits Standard Draft Version 2.0 Fair Labor Practices Evaluation Criteria

Related Links

Fair Food Project: Field to TableFair Labor Practices and Community Benefits certificationdeveloped by ScientificCertification Systems (SCS) in conjunction with key stakeholdersvalidates sociallyresponsible practices in agricultural production and processing. Complementing organic andother environmental certifications, Fair Labor Practices offers a strategy to differentiate yourbusiness by meeting the growing consumer demand for products produced in accordance withfair and equitable labor practices.

Fair Labor Practices and Community Benefits Standard Draft Version 2.0

SCS is currently reviewing stakeholder comments on the second draft of our Fair Labor Practicesand Community Benefits Standard. We appreciate the feedback that was received during thecomment period, which ended on November 20th, 2010.

Pilot Program June, 2009 to June 2011

Currently Fair Labor Practices is in a two year pilot program with an emphasis on stakeholderengagement. Areas of focus during the pilot are auditing methodology, program prerequisites,environmental criteria, and the appeals and complaints policy in addition to a public review ofthe standard. If you are interested in participating as a stakeholder during the pilot phase orwould like more information,please contact us.

About SCS Fair Labor Practices Certification

All Crops, All CountriesAny and all food and fiber crops are eligible. Fair Labor Practicescertification is open to all agricultural supply chains, both domestic and international.

Beyond SmallWith the majority of the worlds most pressing labor issues evident in large-scale, intensive agricultural and manufacturing operations, Fair Labor Practices has beendesigned to apply to a wide-variety of agricultural operatorsfrom small family farmers tolarger commercial growers.

Fair EverywhereWages and labor conditions are measured and monitored at every point in

the supply chain, not merely on the farm. In this way, social responsibility is promotedthroughout the supply chain, providing a clear path for continuous improvement.

Competitive, Market-Based PricingNo licensing fees are required. Fair Labor Practices doesnot mandate minimum price guarantees. As a result, certified Fair Labor Practices products canbe more competitively priced in the marketplace.
http://www.scscertified.com/docs/DRAFT_FLP_STN_V2.0_081810.pdfhttp://www.scscertified.com/docs/DRAFT_FLP_STN_V2.0_081810.pdfhttp://www.scscertified.com/docs/FLP_CRI_EvalCriteria_V1-2_031610.pdfhttp://www.scscertified.com/docs/FLP_CRI_EvalCriteria_V1-2_031610.pdfhttp://www.fairfoodproject.org/http://www.fairfoodproject.org/http://www.scscertified.com/contact/?a=jclarkhttp://www.scscertified.com/contact/?a=jclarkhttp://www.scscertified.com/contact/?a=jclarkhttp://www.scscertified.com/contact/?a=jclarkhttp://www.fairfoodproject.org/http://www.scscertified.com/docs/FLP_CRI_EvalCriteria_V1-2_031610.pdfhttp://www.scscertified.com/docs/DRAFT_FLP_STN_V2.0_081810.pdf


9/12

Benefits of Certification

Meets consumers growing demand for ethically produced products Demonstrates a commitment to socially responsible sourcing Complements the value of organic and other environmental labeling by addressing social issues Enhances worker productivity and job satisfaction Improves relationships with local communities and cultural institutions

Community Benefits Agreement


10/12

A Community Benefits Agreement ("CBA") in theUSAis acontractsigned by communitygroups and a real estate developer that requires the developer to provide specific amenitiesand/or mitigations to the local community or neighborhood. In exchange, the community groupsagree to publicly support the project, or at least not oppose it. Often, negotiating a CBA reliesheavily upon the formation of a multi-issue, broad based community coalition including

community, environmental, faith-based and labor organizations. A similar agreement in theUnited Kingdomis known as aSection 106 agreement.

Purposes

Economic developmentprojects are often heavilysubsidizedby taxpayer dollars, but there isusually no guarantee that a project's ripple effects will benefit current residents.

[1]Developments can cause inner-citygentrification, pushing out low-income residents as housingprices rise, or they may create onlylow-wage retail and service sector jobs. As a result, manymetropolitan regions continue to experience problems related topovertyandhousing, despitemajor investments in economic development.

Responding to these problems, the CBA model was created in the late 1990s as a way for thecommunities most impacted by economic development projects to participate in the planningprocess and seek to ensure that development benefits will accrue to existing communities.[2]Fordevelopers, negotiating with community representatives can be an attractive way to gaincommunity support and help move their projects forward. Participating in CBA negotiations caneliminate surprises in the development approvals process and allow developers to work with aunified coalition rather than having to engage community organizations one by one.[3]

The Community Benefits Movement

Aslocal governmentsgrapple with their responsibility to shape development andland usepatterns, the community benefits movement emerged to challenge conventional thinking andoffer a broader vision. Related tosmart growthandenvironmental justice, the communitybenefits movement aims to ensure that the main purpose of economic development is to bringmeasurable, permanent improvements to the lives of affected residents, particularly those in low-income neighborhoods and communities of color. Organizations allied with the communitybenefits movement have pressured the public sector to play a more strategic role in land useplanning and urban growth, and to leverage economic development subsidies toward the creationof good jobs, affordable housing, and neighborhood services that improve the quality of life forall residents.[2]

Although the community benefits movement began in Los Angeles, it has spread rapidly to othercities, includingAtlanta,Denver,Milwaukee,Minneapolis,New Haven,New York City,Philadelphia,Pittsburgh,San Diego,San Francisco,San Jose,Seattle,Syracuse,Washington,D.C., andWilmington.[4]Leading organizations include The Partnership for Working Families[1], Los Angeles Alliance for a New Economy ("LAANE")[2],Strategic Actions for a JustEconomy("SAJE")[3], Georgia Stand-Up[4], and Pittsburg UNITED[5].
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_106_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_106_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_106_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidizedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidizedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidizedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_poorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_poorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_poorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_housinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_housinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_housinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement#cite_note-Understanding_Community_Benefits_Agreements-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement#cite_note-Understanding_Community_Benefits_Agreements-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement#cite_note-Understanding_Community_Benefits_Agreements-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement#cite_note-CBA_Handbook-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement#cite_note-CBA_Handbook-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement#cite_note-CBA_Handbook-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_governmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_governmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_governmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement#cite_note-Understanding_Community_Benefits_Agreements-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement#cite_note-Understanding_Community_Benefits_Agreements-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement#cite_note-Understanding_Community_Benefits_Agreements-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Havenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Havenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Havenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diegohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diegohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diegohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Franciscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Franciscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Franciscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Delawarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Delawarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement#cite_note-Case_Studies_of_Current_and_Developing_Agreements-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement#cite_note-Case_Studies_of_Current_and_Developing_Agreements-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement#cite_note-Case_Studies_of_Current_and_Developing_Agreements-3http://www.communitybenefits.org/http://www.communitybenefits.org/http://laane.org/http://laane.org/http://laane.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Actions_for_a_Just_Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Actions_for_a_Just_Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Actions_for_a_Just_Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Actions_for_a_Just_Economyhttp://www.saje.net/http://www.saje.net/http://www.saje.net/http://www.georgiastandup.org/http://www.georgiastandup.org/http://www.georgiastandup.org/http://www.pittsburghunited.org/http://www.pittsburghunited.org/http://www.pittsburghunited.org/http://www.pittsburghunited.org/http://www.georgiastandup.org/http://www.saje.net/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Actions_for_a_Just_Economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Actions_for_a_Just_Economyhttp://laane.org/http://www.communitybenefits.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement#cite_note-Case_Studies_of_Current_and_Developing_Agreements-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Delawarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Franciscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diegohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Havenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement#cite_note-Understanding_Community_Benefits_Agreements-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_governmentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement#cite_note-CBA_Handbook-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement#cite_note-Understanding_Community_Benefits_Agreements-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_housinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_poorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Benefits_Agreement#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidizedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_106_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA


11/12


12/12

cost? Between quality and market share? More generally, do quality improvements lead to higheror lower profits?

Five Approaches to Defining Quality

Five major approaches to the definition of quality can be identified: (1) the transcendentapproach of philosophy; (2) theproduct-basedapproach of economics; (3) the user-basedapproach of economics, marketing, and operations management; and (4) the manufacturing-basedand (5) value-basedapproaches of operations management.Table 1presentsrepresentative examples of each approach.
http://cdn.mitsmr.com/files/2008/12/2613-ex1-lo10.pnghttp://cdn.mitsmr.com/files/2008/12/2613-ex1-lo10.pnghttp://cdn.mitsmr.com/files/2008/12/2613-ex1-lo10.pnghttp://cdn.mitsmr.com/files/2008/12/2613-ex1-lo10.png

Documents

Basic Elements of Sustainable Agriculture