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Basic Principles of First Aid
Chain of Survival
Early Access”911”
Early CPR or First Aid
You
Early Defibrillation
EMS on scene
Early Advanced Care
Hospital
In order for a person to survive:
Pay attention to:Pay attention to:
HISTORY; HISTORY; what happened; from the casualty or bystanderswhat happened; from the casualty or bystanders
SYMPTOMS; SYMPTOMS; what only the casualty can tell youwhat only the casualty can tell you
SIGNS; SIGNS; what you can see for yourselfwhat you can see for yourself
Securing the Securing the scenescene
• 1. Electrical hazards
• 2. Chemical hazards
• 3. Noxious & Toxic gases• 4. Ground hazards
• 5. Fire
• 6. Unstable equipment
Before performing any Before performing any First Aid, First Aid,
Check for:Check for:
Fundamentals of First Fundamentals of First AidAid
Activate EMS SystemActivate EMS System“911”
• 1. ABC (airway-breathing-circulation)
• 2. Control bleeding• 3. Treat for Shock(medical emergencies)
• 4. Open wounds & Burns• 5. Fractures & Dislocations• 6. Transportation
Signs, Symptoms and Treatment of Major
Medical Emergencies
Heart Attack
• Signals may include;
• persistent chest pain
• pain often radiates to left shoulder and arm
• shortness of breath
• bluish color of lips and fingernails
Stroke• Signals may include;• unconsciousness• limp facial muscles• weakness of one side of body• breathing difficulty• unequal pupils• speech impairment
Treatment for Heart Attack/Stroke
• Call for help or 911
• Pulse, but is not breathing start R.B.
• No pulse or breathing start CPR
• If on medication, get for them
• Keep warm and in sitting position
Diabetic emergenciesDiabetic emergencies
Insulin Shock (Hypoglycemia)Insulin Shock (Hypoglycemia)
Result of insufficient sugar- Fast onsetResult of insufficient sugar- Fast onset
•Cold clammy skin, pale, rapid respiration's and pulse, incoherent
•Treat by giving sugar bases products
Diabetic coma (Ketoacidosis)Diabetic coma (Ketoacidosis)
Too much sugar or insufficient insulin- Slow onsetToo much sugar or insufficient insulin- Slow onset
•Warm, dry skin, slow respiration's, smell of rotten fruit on breath
•True medical emergency, activate EMS system immediately
Find out if victim has past diabetic historyFind out if victim has past diabetic history
Seizure Disorder
• Not a disease• Sign of an underlying
defect, injury or disease
• Epilepsy is one condition which results in seizures
• Signs/Symptoms• Possible loss of
consciousness• Convulsions• Severe spasms• Vomiting• Pale before and bluish during
seizure
• Loud labored breathing
• Short lived, but followed up by another
Treatment of Seizure Disorder
• keep person calm• do not restrain• protect, but do not
hold• nothing in mouth• after ensure airway is
open
• place on side if no spinal injuries
• protect from embarrassment
• transport to medical facility
Anaphylactic Shock
• Eating or drinking• Inhalation• Injection• Absorption
• The more common allergic reactions are the result of;
• bee stings• shell fish• medications
Anaphylactic Shock
• Full fledge emergency• Get help now• Look for medical tags• Time is not on your
side
• Signs/Symptoms• state of awareness• skin irritation, burning, itching,
etc.• headache• weakness• difficulty breathing• abnormal pulse rate• chills and fever• profuse sweating• vomiting• muscle cramps, chest tightening
Control of Bleeding
Types of BleedingTypes of Bleeding
•Veins
•Capillary
SpurtinSpurtingg
Steady Steady flowflow
OozingOozing
Artery
Internal Injuries
Control of BleedingControl of Bleeding
Direct PressureElevation
Cold ApplicationsPressure bandage
Pressure PointsPressure Points Where the artery passes
over a bone close to the skin
Temporal
Facial
Carotid
Sub-clavian
Brachial
Radial
Ulnar
Femoral
Popliteal
Pedal
Treatment of Various Wounds, Burns, and
Musculoskeletal Skeletal Injuries
Types of WoundsTypes of Wounds
BurnsBurnsThermal burnsThermal burns
Cool applicationCool application
Don’t break blistersDry sterile dressing, treat for shock
Severe Burns and ScaldsSevere Burns and Scalds Treatment:
Lay the casualty down and make him as comfortable as possible, Lay the casualty down and make him as comfortable as possible, protecting burn area from ground contact. protecting burn area from ground contact.
Gently remove any rings, watches, belts or constricting clothing Gently remove any rings, watches, belts or constricting clothing from the injured area before it begins to swell. from the injured area before it begins to swell.
Cover the injured area loosely with sterile unmediated dressing or Cover the injured area loosely with sterile unmediated dressing or similar non fluffy material and bandage. similar non fluffy material and bandage.
Don't remove anything that is sticking to the burn. Don't remove anything that is sticking to the burn.
Don't apply lotions, ointments, butter or fat to the injury. Don't apply lotions, ointments, butter or fat to the injury.
Don't break blisters or otherwise interfere with the injured area. Don't break blisters or otherwise interfere with the injured area.
Don't over-cool the patient and cause shivering. Don't over-cool the patient and cause shivering.
If breathing and heartbeat stop, begin If breathing and heartbeat stop, begin resuscitation immediately, immediately,
If casualty is unconscious but breathing normally, place in the If casualty is unconscious but breathing normally, place in the recovery position.
Treat for Treat for shock. .
Send for medical attention. Send for medical attention.
Minor Burns and ScaldsMinor Burns and Scalds Treatment: Treatment:
Place the injured part under slowly running water, Place the injured part under slowly running water, or soak in cold water for 10 minutes or as long as or soak in cold water for 10 minutes or as long as pain persists. pain persists.
Gently remove any rings, watches, belts, and Gently remove any rings, watches, belts, and shoes from the injured area before it starts to shoes from the injured area before it starts to swell. swell.
Dress with clean, sterile, non fluffy material. Dress with clean, sterile, non fluffy material.
Don't Don't use adhesive dressings. use adhesive dressings.
Don'tDon't apply lotions, ointments or fat to burn/ apply lotions, ointments or fat to burn/ scald. scald.
Don'tDon't break blisters or otherwise interfere. break blisters or otherwise interfere.
If in doubt, seek medical aid. If in doubt, seek medical aid.
Chemical BurnsChemical Burns
Treatment:
Flood the area with slowly running Flood the area with slowly running water for at least ten minutes. water for at least ten minutes.
Gently remove contaminated clothing Gently remove contaminated clothing while flooding injured area, taking care while flooding injured area, taking care not to contaminate yourself. not to contaminate yourself.
Continue treatment for SEVERE Continue treatment for SEVERE BURNS BURNS
Remove to hospital. Remove to hospital.
Fractures & Fractures & DislocationsDislocations
Must treat for bleeding first
Do not push bones back into place
Don’t straighten break Treat the way you found it
IF A DISLOCATION IS SUSPECTED...IF A DISLOCATION IS SUSPECTED...1. Apply a splint to the joint to keep it from moving.1. Apply a splint to the joint to keep it from moving.2. Try to keep joint elevated to slow bloodflow to the area2. Try to keep joint elevated to slow bloodflow to the area3. A doctor should be contacted to have the bone set back 3. A doctor should be contacted to have the bone set back into its socket.into its socket.
The most common dislocations occur in the shoulder, elbow, The most common dislocations occur in the shoulder, elbow, finger, or thumb.finger, or thumb.
DislocationsDislocations
LOOK FOR THESE SIGNS:LOOK FOR THESE SIGNS:1. swelling1. swelling2. deformed look2. deformed look3. pain and tenderness3. pain and tenderness4. possible discoloration of the affected area4. possible discoloration of the affected area
SplintsSplintsMust be a straight line break Can be formed to shape of
deformity
Be careful of temperature change
PROPER CARE:PROPER CARE:1. While waiting on help to arrive, keep the victim lying down in the recovery 1. While waiting on help to arrive, keep the victim lying down in the recovery position2. Control any bleeding, and be sure that he is breathing properly.2. Control any bleeding, and be sure that he is breathing properly.3. Do not give the victim any liquids to drink.3. Do not give the victim any liquids to drink.4. If the victim becomes unconscious for any amount of time, keep track of 4. If the victim becomes unconscious for any amount of time, keep track of this information so that you can report it when medical help arrives.this information so that you can report it when medical help arrives.
HeadHead InjuriesInjuriesA sharp blow to the head could result in a concussion, a jostling of the A sharp blow to the head could result in a concussion, a jostling of the brain inside its protective, bony covering. A more serious head injury brain inside its protective, bony covering. A more serious head injury
may result in contusions, or bruises to the brain.may result in contusions, or bruises to the brain.
OTHER SYMPTOMS TO LOOK FOR IF YOU SUSPECT A VICTIM MAY HAVE OTHER SYMPTOMS TO LOOK FOR IF YOU SUSPECT A VICTIM MAY HAVE A BRAIN INJURY:A BRAIN INJURY:1. clear or reddish fluid draining from the ears, nose, or mouth1. clear or reddish fluid draining from the ears, nose, or mouth2. difficulty in speaking2. difficulty in speaking3. headache3. headache4. unequal size of pupils4. unequal size of pupils5. pale skin5. pale skin6. paralysis of an arm or leg (opposite side of the injury) or face (same 6. paralysis of an arm or leg (opposite side of the injury) or face (same side of the injury)side of the injury)
Neck & Spinal InjuriesNeck & Spinal InjuriesCARE AND TREATMENTCARE AND TREATMENT
ABC ABC
extreme care in initial extreme care in initial examination — minimal examination — minimal movement movement
urgent ambulance transport urgent ambulance transport
apply cervical collar apply cervical collar
treat for shock treat for shock
treat any other injuries treat any other injuries
maintain body heat maintain body heat
if movement required, 'log if movement required, 'log roll' and use assistants roll' and use assistants
always maintain casualty's always maintain casualty's
head in line with the shouldershead in line with the shoulders