Upload
tg-tarro
View
218
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
1/37
Excellence in Execution
Excellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P u b l i c
S c h l um b er g er P u b l i c
Introduction
to
E&PBasic
Logging
and
Petrophysics
Rob Leveridge
Schlumberger
Geological Society, Piccadilly W1J 0BG
17th November 2011
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
2/37
Excellence in Execution
Excellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P u b l i c
Introduction
to
E&P
Basic
Logging
and
Petrophysics
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
3/37
Excellence in Execution
Excellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P u b l i c
Wireline set up
LOGGING UNIT
8 Tons
Lower Sheave
Upper Sheave
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
4/37
Excellence in Execution
Excellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
Wireline set up
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
5/37
Excellence in Execution
Excellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
What is logging?
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
6/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
Wireline Log
What is logging?
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
7/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
1927: Pechelbronn E‐Log
Geological
layers
Resistivity
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
8/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
Why log?
Get information, make decisions,
understand what is there & will it move ?
1
2
3
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
9/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
How does it relate to the rest of the
field?
1
2
3
A
B
C
Well A Well B
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
10/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
Mother Nature is cruel …?
1
2
3
A
B
C
Well A Well B
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
11/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
What Geology is there ?
Imaging
tools• Calipers the borehole
• Determines “formation electrical
resistance”
• Finds which way the formations
dip (tilt) finds faults / fractures
1
2
3
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
12/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
1
2
3
Imaging Tools
FMI tool (Fullbore
Formation
MicroImager )
Wh fl id i h ?
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
13/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
• Examines if reservoirs are
connected
• Examines if reservoirs are
depleted
• Examines what fluid is present
What fluid is there ?
Formation pressure & sampling tools
1
2
3
Wh fl id i h ?
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
14/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
What fluid is there ?
Are the sands connected ?
MDT
1
2
3
Pressure
D e p t h
Wh fl id i h ?
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
15/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
What fluid is there ?
Are the sands depleted ?
MDT
1
2
3
Pressure
D e p t h
Wh t fl id i th ?
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
16/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
What fluid is there ?
Will the fluid flow?
Sample the fluid
1
2
3
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
17/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
Variety of Viscous Oils
0 1
1
10
100
1 000
10 000
100 000
1 000 000
10 000 000
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
API Gravity
V
i
s
c
t
y
c
P
)
a
r
e
e
v
o
r
T
BitumenExtraheavy
Heavy
CanadaUSVenezuela/ColombiaChinaIndia/IndonesiaUS
Canada
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.guidaconsumatore.com/english/guides/food_beverage/honey.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.guidaconsumatore.com/english/guides/food_beverage/honey.html&usg=__vYChJ6SrdU3srvjEfOkt0ZkSEFE=&h=300&w=336&sz=30&hl=en&start=25&tbnid=mRAHUm-fZFeUiM:&tbnh=106&tbnw=119&prev=/images?q=honey&gbv=2&ndsp=18&hl=en&sa=N&start=18http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.delmontepacific.com/products/images/new/Tomato_juice.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.delmontepacific.com/products/beverages/index.html&usg=__kFyZfCz4G_8N43egzvhYta7F3VY=&h=779&w=736&sz=107&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=--wXW85BxvflAM:&tbnh=142&tbnw=134&prev=/images?q=tomato+juice&gbv=2&hl=enhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.blisstree.com/chocolatebytes/files/2006/10/chocolate01.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.blisstree.com/chocolatebytes/melting-chocolate/&usg=__qT14wL92pp9hKYlH3ZD7ZA05yGk=&h=768&w=800&sz=85&hl=en&start=6&tbnid=rucKnLceVUxHKM:&tbnh=137&tbnw=143&prev=/images?q=chocolate&gbv=2&hl=enhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.fortunecookiechronicles.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/peanutbutter.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.fortunecookiechronicles.com/2007/09/29/peanut-butter-is-so-american-you-cant-even-really-find-it-in-the-uk/&usg=__PgVUIX40woq6wt96BepY-MP8Z6Y=&h=500&w=500&sz=44&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=7ioXBOiWPYotMM:&tbnh=130&tbnw=130&prev=/images?q=peanut+butter&gbv=2&hl=enhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~srs/Antiques/Radios/Heinz_Tomato_Ketchup.jpg&imgrefurl=http://nyyu.blogspot.com/2008/04/bob-watson-is-stooge.html&usg=__M283dH1y0RKUyG-3qOQVW3kQFjE=&h=550&w=343&sz=20&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=-zqZGPiSFkiN-M:&tbnh=133&tbnw=83&prev=/images?q=tomato+ketchup&gbv=2&hl=enhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://fatquestion.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/olive-oil.jpg&imgrefurl=http://fatquestion.com/2008/07/10/is-it-simply-the-olive-oil/&usg=__57VQEefiwNWFNF09mju4l4g6FCo=&h=325&w=320&sz=29&hl=en&start=16&tbnid=2aaEVo18zP8dcM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=116&prev=/images?q=olive+oil&gbv=2&hl=enhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://media.kcby.com/images/stock_glass_milk.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.kcby.com/news/health/9313171.html&usg=__dN0Hj9zAdrZcHwZsXdsnIgmLxqk=&h=240&w=320&sz=5&hl=en&start=18&tbnid=el3I3oqd0ILpnM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=118&prev=/images?q=glass+milk&gbv=2&hl=en
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
18/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
Petrophysics Definition
Petrophysics
( petro is Latin for "rock" and physics is the study of nature) is the study of the physical and chemical
properties that describe the occurrence and
behavior of rocks, soils and fluids
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
19/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
Common Logs for Petrophysics
Common Logs to acquire
– Gamma Ray
• How radioactive the rock is
• Rough guide to the type of rock
– Density
• How dense the rock + fluid is
• Guide to the rock porosity
– Neutron
• Guide to the rock porosity
– Resistivity
• What fluids present
– Spontaneous Potential
– Sonic
Properties to determine
– Porosity
• Where the fluids can reside
– Saturation
• Volume of each fluid present
– Fluid Properties• What is it? How will it flow?
Is it corrosive?
– Permeability
• How the fluid can move through the rocks
Plan How to get it out effectively
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
20/37
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
21/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
Petrophysics Example
Caliper
Resistivity (deeper)
Resistivity
(Shallower)
Gamma Ray
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
22/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
Petrophysics Example
Gamma Ray
Caliper
Resistivity (deeper)
Resistivity
(Shallower)
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
23/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
How do you use Petrophysics to
quantify Hydrocarbon?
– Archie Equation (or variations) that link porosity φ and Resistivity
(Rw and Rt) to the water that is present in the rock
– Logging tools are used to provide the values for Rw, Rt, and φ , and guide on a, m and n.
– Hydrocarbon is then calculated all the fluids less the volume of water
n w
w m
t
Ra
S R= ×φ
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
24/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
Effects of parameters
►Example of variations in the Archie parameters:
►The following are measurements:■φ = 25%, Rt = 5 ohm‐m, Rw = .02 ohm‐m
►Assuming a simple formation with:
■ a = 1, m = 2, n = 2 → Sw = 25% – Changing n to 2.5, changes Sw to 33%
– Changing m to 3, changes Sw to 50%
►Hence the choice of these constants is important.
n w
w m
t
RaSR
= ×φ
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
25/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
•••••• •
•
Other Techniques – Cross plots
– This is a typical crossplot of density
vs porosity – There are many
others!
– The lines are the sandstone, limestone and dolomite lithology lines.
– Watch out for gas effect
D e n
s i t y
Porosity
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
26/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
Spontaneous Potential (SP)?
• SP results from electric
currents flowing in the
drilling mud.
• There are three sources
of the currents
1) Membrane potential ‐
largest.
2) Liquid junction
potential.3) Streaming potential ‐
smallest.
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
27/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
Why log? Get information, make decisions,
understand what is there & will it move ?
1
2
3
Pressure
D e p t h
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
28/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
CASED
HOLE
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
29/37
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
30/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
Cement Evaluation tools
Imaging Tools
• Ultra sonic – Examines casing &
cement
Cement Bond Logs
• Sonic Cement Bond Log – Qualitative cement
examination
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
31/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
USIT – Ultra Sonic Imaging Tool
Casing Integrity
• Internal diameter• Thickness
• Pin / bullet holes
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
32/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
USIT – Ultra Sonic Imaging Tool
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
33/37
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
34/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
Cement Integrity
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
35/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
CBL – Cement Bond Low
VDL – Variable Sonic Density Log
50
Feet
Poor
GOOD
CBL VDL
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
36/37
Excellence in ExecutionExcellence in Execution
S c h l um b er g er P
u b l i c
Summary Why wireline & Petrophysics ?
1
2
3
1
2
3
Is there Hydrocarbon there?
Will it economically produce?
What to complete ?
Adjustments to plan ?
Where
next?
8/15/2019 Basic Wire Line and Petro Physics r Leveridge
37/37