Basics of Microwave Communication 1231

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

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Guide

Name Basics of Microwave Communication

Contents What Is Microwave Communication?

Technologies and Terms Learned from a Quotation

How Far Can Microwave Reach?

Future of Microwave Communication

3ms Link

Problem

Feedback

If you find any problem in this document or any suggestions, please

feedback to xiaojun 55794 or renpeiqi 36995 ， email:

[email protected] or [email protected]

For internal use only. Do not spread this document to the public.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

www.huawei.com

Huawei Confidential

Security Level:


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23/4/8

By Transmission Network Marketing Support Dept.

Basics of Microwave Communication

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 3

Contents

What Is Microwave Communication?

Technologies and Terms Learned from a BOQ


Evolution Trend of Microwave Communication

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Microwave: A Tiny and Invisible Electromagnetic Wave

Page 4

Microwave: a tiny member of electromagnetic wave family• The wavelength of microwave ranges from 1 mm to 1 m. Microwave is tiny when it is compared with other members of

the family.• The frequency of microwave ranges from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. Therefore, the microwave is invisible to human eyes.

Microwave transmission: Microwave, like water waves, will be blocked.• Microwave can be blocked by objects which size are similar or greater than microwave length. • Wavelength = Velocity of light / Frequency

1mm 1m

Microwave

Microwave oven

Microwave communication

Microwave usually refers to microwave communication

radial

X radial

ultraviolet radiation

Visible Light infrared

ray

Radio music



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Microwave Communication Is One of Transmission Modes

Page 5

Fibers Microwave Satellite cables

Definition: a means of signal transmission using microwave as the signal carrierFrequency: a part of microwave frequency are used for microwave communication

• Usually band: 3 GHz to 42 GHz• E-band: 71 GHz to 86 GHz

Transmission mode: sight transmission

Definition: a means of signal transmission using microwave as the signal carrierFrequency: a part of microwave frequency are used for microwave communication

• Usually band: 3 GHz to 42 GHz• E-band: 71 GHz to 86 GHz

Transmission mode: sight transmission

Microwave communication



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Microwave VS. Fibers

Page 6

Regional communications, suitable for mountainous areas, forests, cities, and other regions

Resistance to natural disasters, fast restoration

Low investment, short construction period

secrecy

Microwave

Fibers

Service is affected by climate and terrains

Limited frequency resources, requirements for frequency licenses

Smaller transmission capacities (compared with fibers)

Short construction

period

Large transmission capacities, strong networking capabilities

Stable transmission quality, resistance to the effects of climate and terrains

Long transmission distances

Microwave's advantages Fibers' advantages

Microwave's disadvantages Fibers' disadvantages

Long construction period, high costs on laying fibers, especially on complex terrains

Occupation of a large land area

Large transmission

capacity



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Appearances and Features of Microwave Equipment

RF/IF and baseband unitSignal

processing unit

Multiplexer

High cost, large transmission capacity, stable transmission quality

Applications to long-distance trunk transmission

No requirement for space in telecommunications rooms, unstable transmission quality, transmission of limited types of services

Applications to metropolitan short-distance transmission

Convenient installation and maintenance, fast network construction

Most widely-applied microwave equipment, applications to transmission medium distances,

and short distances

RF unit

Service and power cable

RF unit

Antenna

IF cable

IDUIDU

Page 7

Full indoor microwave Full indoor microwave equipmentequipment

FullFull outdooroutdoor microwavemicrowave equipmentequipment

Split microwave Split microwave equipmentequipment


Microwave Transmission: Convert Baseband Signal to RF Signal

Page 8

IDU: indoor unit

• Receives signals (FE/GE/STM-1/E1) from the user side.

• Cross-connects the received signals (like what the optical transmission equipment does).

• Converts basebase signals to IF signals by means of modulation and amplification.

ODU: outdoor unit

• Converts IF signals to RF signals by means of frequency translation, power amplification, and filtering.

• ODU is the essential part of microwave equipment.

Antenna

• Converts RF signals to electromagnetic wave.

Waveguide or RF cable

(separate Mounted)

No feeder needed

(directly mounted)

调制上变

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Baseband Baseband signalsignal

IF IF signalsignal RF RF

signalsignal ElectromagElectromagnetic wavenetic wave

调制

Cro

ss-con

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ction

IDU ODU Antenna

IF a

mp

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IF cable

The signal conversion process in the receive direction is reverse to that in the transmit direction.


Applications of Microwave Communication

Backup and supplementary communication resources of fiber links

Backhaul transmission of base station services in mobile communication

Comprehensive service transmission at the tail of fixed networks

Railway and expressway

Water conservancy electricity

Petroleum, harbors Radio and

television, finance

Telecom Operators

Private Networks


Contents





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Page 11

ItemPrice(per

hop)Quantity

Total Price

8G STM-1 1+1SD 0.6m With RTN610_620(16E1 (75 ohm) )

　 3 　

15G 1+0 0.6m With RTN605(1E_ 2*FE/2*GE/16*E1 ) 　 1 　

8G 400M 1+0 XPIC 0.6m With RTN910( 2*FE/2*GE ) 　 2 　

13G 200M 3+0 0.6m With RTN950(1*(4FE(RJ45)+2GE(RJ45)) 1*16*E1 )

　 1 　

Total Price 　

1

2

4

3

5

6

7

Service interface ： 16E1 (75 ohm)

Equipment Type ： RTN610_620

Antenna Size ： 0.6m

RF Configuration ： 1+1SD

Radio Interface Capacity ：STM-1

Frequency Band ： 8G


8G: One of the Operating Frequency Bands (for Long-Distance Transmission)

Page 12

The ITU-R recommendations specify the following common frequency bands for

microwave communication: 4/5/6/7/8/11/13/15/18/23/26/28/32/38/42 GHz.

Frequency band is the necessary information for selecting ODU and antenna.

854 11

Long-distance trunk transmission

3.3 11

GHz6 7

Medium-distance/Short-distance transmission

18 23 3826

City short-distance transmission

13 15

1823

42

8G STM-1 1+1SD 0.6m With RTN610_620(16E1 (75 ohm) )1

1


Frequency Arrangement Principles

Page 13

8 GHz f0 (MHz)T/R Spacing

(MHz)

Channel Spacing

(MHz)

Number of Working

Channels (n)

7725--8275 8000 311.32 14 8

f0: center frequency

For example: 8 GHz

Channel spacing: difference between the center frequencies of Adjacent channels, for example, 3.5/7/14/28/56 MHz. Channel spacing is specified depending on services.

High/Low station: A high station and a low station must be used in pairs. The station with a higher transmit frequency is a high station and the station with a lower transmit frequency is a low station.

T/R spacing: difference between the transmit frequency and receive frequency of an ODU.

f0

Bandwidth of the frequency band

Channel spacing

f1 f2fn f1

’ f2’ fn

’

T/R spacingT/R spacing

Frequency band of the low station

Frequency band of the high station

Edge protection margin

n: number of channels in the frequency band

Channel spacing


1


400M: Radio Interface Capacity (Determined by Channel Spacing and Modulation Mode)

Page 14

radio interface Capacity : service transmission capacity in the air

Receive endTransmit end

400 Mbit/s: channel spacing is 56 MHz modulation scheme is 256QAM The radio interface can transmit 400 Mbits

services

数字基带信号中频信号Channel spacing

56 Mbit/s

基带信号速率

Channel spacing256QAM modulation

Services of a total rate of 400 Mbit/s

A greater channel spacing , a higher modulation scheme then a higher radio interface capacity

Customer services

8G 400M 1+0 XPIC 0.6m With RTN910( 2*FE/2*GE22

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 15Page 15

Modulation Principles

A*COS (Wc*t+φ ）

Amplitude Frequency Phase

The RF signals converted from digital baseband signals can be indicated by the following formula:

Modulation Scheme Carrier modulated Parameters Carrier unmodulatled

Parameters

QAM A, φ Wc

PSK φ A, Wc

ASK A Wc , φ

PSK φ A, Wc


2

Digital microwave communication

usually adopts PSK and QAM modulation schemes.

Demodulation is the reverse process of modulation.



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Common Microwave Modulation SchemesPSK

PSK: Digital information is represented by the phase changes of

carriers.

The common PSK modulation schemes include 2PSK, 4PSK,

and 8PSK. 4PSK is also QPSK.K

The highest PSK modulation scheme is 8PSK. For more efficient

bandwidth utilization, QAM modulation schemes are adopted.

Reference phase

11

1000

QPSK signal vectors (binary code)

01

16QAM signal vectors (quaternary code)

0010

0011

0110

0111

1110

1111

1010

1011

0001

0000

0101

0100

1101

1100

1001

1000

QAM

The QAM modulation schemes fully utilize the signal plane by

combining amplitude and phase modulation. In QAM modulation

schemes, the signal vectors are well distributed on the signal plane.

The common QAM modulation schemes include 4QAM, 16QAM,

32QAM, 64QAM, 128QAM, and 256QAM.

The QAM modulation schemes achieve high bandwidth utilization

efficiency. The 256QAM functions in octonary code.

Tips: In quaternary code, one point represents four bits. That is, 1 MHz can carry 4 Mbit/s traffic. (Service is less than 4 Mbit/s due to redundant bits.) The 16QAM modulation schemes is so called because the fourth power of two is 16. Do you understand why 256QAM is so called?


2


Adaptive Modulation (AM)

Page 17

Adaptive modulation (AM): By using the AM function, the microwave transmission system automatically changes the modulation scheme according to weather conditions.

This function ensures the most effective service transmission in any weather conditions.

256QAM ... 64QAM...QPSK...64QAM ... 256QAM

Voice

data

Tx Path

AM Engine

ChangeCommand

Rx Path

QualityIndicator

Rx Path

AM Engine

ChangeCommand

Tx Path

QualityIndicator

Data Sink

Data SinkData

Source

DataSource

IF Module IF ModuleWorking principles


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0.6 m: Antenna Diameter

Page 18

Microwave antennas include parabolic antenna and Cassegrain antenna. The parabolic antenna is commonly used.

The common diameters of microwave antennas are 0.3 m, 0.6 m, 0.9 m, 1.2 m, 1.8 m, 2.4 m, 3.0 m, and 3.7 m.

Within one frequency band, N channels can be supported by one antenna.

Parabolic antenna Cassegrain antenna

Antenna

diameter.

Antenna

diameter

0.6m

Commonly used in microwave communication

15G 1+0 0.6m With RTN605(1E_ 2*FE/2*GE/16*E1 )33

Copyright © 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page 19Page 19

Antennas Main parameters Antenna gain:

Antenna gain indicates the concentricity of the energy radiated by an antenna.

Antenna gain is the ratio of the power of the antenna at a point in space to the power of an ideal

antenna (directionless) at the same point. The measurement unit is dBi.

GdB = 20lgf(GHz) + 20lgD(m) + 10lg η + 20.4dB

In this formula, η (antenna efficiency) = Antenna radiation power / Antenna input power If the frequency is specified, the antenna gain increases by 6 dB when the antenna diameter

doubles. If the antenna diameter is specified, the antenna gain also increases by 6 dB when the frequency

doubles.

15G 1+0 0.6m With RTN605(1E_ 2*FE/2*GE/16*E1 )33

3dB beam bandwidth angle:

Deviated from the center of the main lobe to one of the two sides, the half-

power (–3 dB) point appears when the detected power is reduced by half.

The angle between the two half-power points is called 3dB beam bandwidth

angle.

3dB beam bandwidth angle indicates the directivity of antennas. Larger

antenna diameter ,smaller 3dB beam bandwidth angle, better directivity, and

higher antenna gain.

3dB

-3dB

Main Lobe



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Space diversity is more cost-effective and efficient that frequency diversity. Therefore, SD is used more often

than FD. FD applies when more channels are available.

FD: Frequency Diversity SD: Space Diversity

Hf1f1

f2f2

Application scenarios: Areas prone to fading, such as rivers and lakes.Working principle: One antenna transmits signals and two antennas receive signals. There is a low probability that both receive antennas are interfered simultaneously.Note: The distance between two receive antennas is determined by frequency bands.

Application scenarios: Areas where the weather changes frequentlyWorking principle: Two frequencies are used to transmit the same service. There is a low probability that both frequencies are interfered simultaneously.Note: Frequency spacing needs to be increased to reduce the correlation of different frequencies.

1+1 SD: Anti-Fading Diversity Technology The diversity technology is used to offset the effects of fading. To be specific, the system transmits the

same information over two or more paths and selects or combines the signals from the receiver.

Inter-antenna distance H: 100 times of wavelength to 200 times of wavelength




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Microwave Protection Schemes

Network management center

Ch5

Site6

Site 1Site 4

Site 7

Site 5

Ch32 km

Ch47km

6km

Ch86km

Site 2

Site

3

Ch16 km Ch2

5 km

Ch75km

Link-level protectionRF protection: 1+1 FD, SDService protection: LAG, N+1

Equipment-level equipment1+1HSB,System control unit 1+1Cross-connect and clock unit Input power 1+1

Network-level protectionTDM: SNCP, MSPETH: ERPS, MSTP

• Microwave equipment supports multiple protection schemes: link-level protection, equipment-level protection, and network-level protection.

• A combination of multiple protection schemes ensures 99.999% reliability of microwave equipment.




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XPIC: Cross-Polarization Interference Cancellation

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CCDP: Co-Channel Dual-Polarization

The transmit end transmits two electromagnetic waves whose polarization directions are orthogonal to each other. The receive end cancels interference between the two electromagnetic waves by means of the XPIC function, thus retrieving the two original signals.

The XPIC technology improves the utilization of frequency spectrum resources and thus doubles the transmission capacity.

6 GHz channel configuration without the XPIC 6 GHz channel configuration with the XPIC

Vertical polarization

Horizontal polarization

55 8G 400M 1+0 XPIC 0.6m With RTN910( 2*FE/2*GE )


3+0: RF Configuration Mode

The commonly used configuration modes are N+0/1+1/N+1.

Page 23

RF Configuration Meaning Required Channels

Number of ODUs

Ax(N+M)

A: number of configuration groups > 0N: number of main links > 0M: number of standby links ≥ 0

N+M Ax(N+M)

1+11+1N+1 protection refers to the protection configuration that N microwave working channels in a microwave direction share one microwave protection channel.

2+12+1

1+1 protection schemes include 1+1 HSB/FD/SD. The above figure shows 1+1 HSB/FD.

3+0

66

13G 200M 3+0 0.6m With RTN950(1*(4FE(RJ45)+2GE(RJ45)) 1*16*E1 )


Hop: Units of Radio Links

Page 24

One hop of radio link

• Hop: One hop of radio link includes the equipment at the two ends, and the equipment may be comprised of multiple IDUs, ODUs, and antennas.

• Microwave equipment is quoted and sold by hop.• The tree, chain, and ring topologies of microwave networks are all comprised of hops.• Networked microwave requires two hops of communal IDUs, which are called

combined stations. Combined stations help reduce the redundant IDUs.

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Page 26

Factors That Affect Microwave Transmission Distances

• The microwave transmission distances ranges from 1 km to 100 km and the microwave transmission capacity reaches the GE level.

• Major factors: space loss, antenna gain, line loss, transmit power, and receive sensitivity Space loss is determined by the nature. Antenna gain, feeder loss, transmit power, and receive sensitivity are determined by the microwave equipment.

• (Transmit power – Receive sensitivity + Antenna gain – Feeder loss) - Space loss > 0 Network design reserves 30 dB as fade margin.

• Frequency bands, weather, terrains, equipment gain, and feeder loss affect microwave transmission distances.

Space loss

Transmission distance

Antenna gain

Transmit power Receive endTransmit end

Receive

sensitivity

Feeder loss

Antenna gain

Feeder loss

2

1

2

3 3

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Major Factors That Affect Space Loss

Space lossSpace loss

Free space loss

Obstacle and terrain

Weather (rain, snow, fog)



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Free Space Loss

• The attenuation of electromagnetic waves due to spreading in free space is called free space loss.

• Free space is the ideal vacuum space where electromagnetic waves do not generate reflection, refraction, scattering, and other physical phenomena.

Higher frequency band, lager Free space loss

Natural factors

Equipment factors

Free space Loss Ls (dB) = 92.4 + 20logF + 20logD

F: transmit frequency (unit: GHz)

D: transmission distance (unit: km)

For example: loss of transmission of 13 GHz signals over 20 km:

Ls = 92.4 + 22.3 + 26 = 140.7 (dB)

Page 29

Example: Loss of Signals at Different Frequencies in Air

Temperature = 30oCHumidity = 50%

Frequency (GHz)

0 25 50

0.4

Temperature = 40oC Humidity = 80%

1.0

23GHz

Loss in air(dB/Km)



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The terrains whose reflection coefficient is lower are more suitable for microwave transmission.

Obstacle and Terrain

Page 30

Straight line

Reflection

Impacts of Impacts of terrainsterrains

Inc

rea

sin

g re

flec

tion

co

effic

ien

tIn

cre

as

ing

refle

ctio

n c

oe

fficie

nt

Natural factors

Equipment factors

Category AMountains or cities with dense buildings

Category BHills

Category C Plains

Category DLarge-area water surface

Straight line

Reflection

Poor transmission Poor transmission quality!quality!

Impacts of Impacts of obstaclesobstacles

Good transmission Good transmission quality!quality!



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Weather (Snow, Rain, Fog)

Page 31

• Rain, snow, and fog are the major weather factors that affect microwave transmission.

Raindrops or ice causes scattering loss of microwave signals.

• Rain has the greatest impact on microwave transmission.

Microwave signals at frequencies lower than 10 GHz can hardly be affected by rain.

Microwave signals at frequencies higher than 10 GHz can be affected by rain;

the higher the frequency, the greater the rain fading.

• Snow and fog cause loss of about 0.5 dB/km for microwave signals.

Natural factors

Equipment factors



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Antenna gainThe lower the frequency band, the larger the antenna

diameter, and the higher the antenna gain.

Transmit power

The higher the transmit power, the longer the transmission distance.

Feeder loss The lower the frequency band, the shorter the feeder, and

the lower the feeder loss.Transmit power

The lower the frequency band and modulation scheme, the higher the transmit power.

Antenna gainThe greater the antenna gain, the longer the transmission distance.

Feeder lossThe lower the feed line loss, the longer the transmission distance

Receive sensitivity

The lower the receiver sensitivity, the longer the transmission distance.

Receive sensitivity The lower the frequency band and modulation scheme, the smaller the channel spacing, and the lower (better) the

receive sensitivity. With the given channel spacing, the smaller the service capacity, the better the receive sensitivity.

Equipment Factors That Affect Microwave Transmission

Natural factors

Equipment factors



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Page 33

Contents





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History of Microwave Transmission

Page 34

In 1947, Bell Telephone Laboratories (BTL) built the first analog microwave circuit (TD-X) between New York and Boston. This circuit adopted the frequency modulation (FM) mode.

In 1950, the 4 GHz TD-2 microwave system was used for the first time to provide commercial telephone services.

In the late 1960s, the first digital microwave system was built to improve the voice quality. In 1988, the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) internationalized Synchronous

Optical Network (SONET) of U.S.A as Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) transport network standards. The SDH microwave system developed rapidly in the 1990s.

In 2007, equipment vendors launched the IP radio (Hybrid/Packet radio) equipment that provided higher transmission efficiency.

Analog microwave

Digital microwave

TDM

Digital microwave IP

Capacity

30-1920K

IP400M

155M

34/140M

2/4/6/8M

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

1950s

SDH

Analog microwave

PDH

Small capacity

TDM

Digital microwaveAnalog microwaveE_BAND>1G

In accordance with the LTE deployment, equipment vendors started the R&D efforts on E-BAND products in 2010. These products will be put into wide commercial use in 2012.

Digital microwave

E_BAND

2010s



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TDM Radio and IP Radio

PDH/SDH

Application scenario: 2G, majority of TDM services, small capacity

Frame structure: Radio interfaces transmit TDM services. Ethernet services are mapped to TDM services

eliminated gradually

Hybrid

Application scenario: 2G/3G hybrid transmission, majority of E1 services

Frame structure: Radio interfaces transmit Ethernet and TDM services in Native mode.

Now mainstream

Packet

Application scenario: 3G/4G applications, majority of ETH services

Frame structure: Radio interfaces transmit Ethernet services. TDM services are encapsulated into Ethernet packets.

IP radioTDM radio

mainstream in future



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Page 36

Frequency band: 71-76 GHz, 81-86 GHz Native data transmission: a maximum transmission capacity of 1500 Mbit/s Typical transmission distance: 1-1.5 km Full outdoor solution

What Is E-Band Radio?What Is E-Band Radio?

Native Ethernet traffic in air

Ethernet

Full Outdoor

DC

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

6L/6U 1113 15 18 23 26 38

e-band

71GHz - 86GHz

Traditional Radio Link

7/8 42 55 58 (TDD)

ITU-R Radio-Frequency Channel Arrangements



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Page 37

Thanks!

Documents

Basics of Microwave Communication 1231