Basin and Petroleum Systems Modelling: Applications for Conventional and Unconventional

Petroleum Exploration Risk and Resource

Assessments

By Dr Bjorn Wygrala Schlumberger

21-22 November 2013

9. Closing Session

Education Days Moscow 2013

2

1. Opening Session: Industry Challenges and Opportunities

Conventional Petroleum Systems

2. Deepwater and Salt

3. Structural Complexity

4. Reservoir in Petroleum Systems Modeling

Theoretical Aspects

5. Temperature and Pressure

6. Petroleum Generation and Migration

Unconventional Petroleum Systems

7. Shale Gas/Oil

8. Gas Hydrates

9. Closing Session: Petroleum Systems Modeling in Context

3

Geologic Risk Factors in Exploration

3

source

carrier

Trap Risk

- Prospect/fault geometry

Reservoir Risk

- Porosity/permeability

Seal Risk

- Capillary pressure, fault seal

Charge* Risk

- Petroleum generation and expulsion

- Petroleum migration, entrapment and loss

- Timing relationship with structural evolution

- Petroleum property predictions

seal carrier/

reservoir

* Charge is the volume of hydrocarbons available for entrapment

4

Trap

Seal

Charge Reservoir

Geologic Risk Factors in Exploration

5

PetroMod 3D Petroleum Systems Model – Campos Basin, Brazil

Roncador oil field

Jubarte oil field

Pre-salt

lacustrine

source rocks

Post-salt

marine

source rock

Play

Oligocene-

Miocene

Play Upper

Cretaceous

6

PetroMod 3D Petroleum Systems Modeling – Campos Basin, Brazil

6

mature source rocks salt

existing known fields and

potentially charged prospects

predicted hydrocarbon

migration routes

PetroMod

7

PetroMod 3D Modeling: Petroleum Property Predictions

Petrobras Application of 3D Petroleum Systems Modeling for

petroleum property prediction (Santos Basin, post-salt prospect)

Pre-drilling

prediction of

petroleum

charge history,

volumetrics and

properties (API

gravities, GOR)

Post-drilling

results

(discovery)

Courtesy of Petrobras

8

Exploration Workflow Requirements From megaregional screening to prospect/field scale

8

Screen: Focus:

Screening Workflows:

- Cover large areas with sparse data

- Basin to Play to Prospect scale

- Rapid workflows

- High uncertainties!

Focussed Workflows:

- … add locally refined data

- Basin to Play to Prospect scale

- Efficient workflows

- Reduce uncertainties!

9

PetroMod 3D Modeling: From Megaregional to Reservoir Scales

MEGA-REGIONAL SCALE

Hydrocarbon Resource Assessment

Entire Golf of Mexico, PEMEX

REGIONAL SCALE

Exploration Risk Assessment:

Campos Basin, Brasil

100-200 km

1000- 2000 km

RESERVOIR SCALE

Middle-East Oil Field

KOC Kuwait

MEGA-REGIONAL SCALE

Total HC Resource Assessment:

Complete Mexican Gulf of Mexico

Typical Model Size in Exploration:

Regional Scale

with about 10 million cells

10 - 20 km

10 10

Sparse Data

11

“Interpretation” on

bitmap images

12

“Interpretation” on

bitmap images

Additional control

points for surface

modeling

13

“Interpretation” on

bitmap images

Additional control

points for surface

modeling

14

“Interpretation” on

bitmap images

TWT

surface

Additional control

points for surface

modeling

Water velocity

Overburden velocity based on

thickness/compaction stage

TWT <=> TVD

15

TVD

surface

16

Frontier Exploration: Basement Structure Inferred from Radar Gravity

17

Rich Data

18

Gulf of Mexico: Geology from Seismic

Green Knoll

Salt

sheet

Salt diapir

Sigsbee

Escarpment

Turbidites

Salt diapir

Peripheral plain

Post-salt sediments

Geological features :

Salt features: salt sheets, diapir; salt dissolution; salinar tectonics

Sedimentary features: turbidites, salt-sediment interaction

Shallow drilling hazards: seafloor instability, shallow gas

2013 © 2013 WesternGeco AL

Laake and Fiduk,

First Break, v.31,

September 2103,

p.81-85

19

Extraction of Geobodies: Salt Sutures and Impurities

Structurally sharpened

PSDM cube

Geobodies

2013 © 2013 WesternGeco AL

Laake and Fiduk,

First Break, v.31,

September 2103,

p.81-85

20

Geology from Seismic: Cut-out into turbidite, gas hydrate zone above salt

Gas hydrates

Faulted roof of salt diapir Shallow turbidite channel

Green Knoll

Sigsbee Escarpment Salt canopy

Abyssal plain

2013 © 2013 WesternGeco AL

Laake and Fiduk,

First Break, v.31,

September 2103,

p.81-85

21

Petroleum Resource Assessments

22 22

G&G Data

into

Model

Petroleum

Systems

Analysis

and

Mapping

Risks

and

Resources

Statistical

Analysis

Petroleum Systems

Modeling of maturation,

expulsion vs. retention,

migration and

accumulation

Interpretation, mapping

of Gross Depositional

Environments and

model construction

Risk Mapping and

definition of

Assessment Units

(ASU)

Statistical assessment of

conventional and

unconventional

hydrocarbon resources

Resource

Mapping and

Reporting

Petroleum Resource Assessment Workflow for conventionals and unconventionals

23 23

Conventionals and Unconventionals

24

Conventional Petroleum Systems and Processes

source unit

In conventional petroleum systems, we are interested

in the hydrocarbons that have been expelled from the

source rocks

Source System

Reservoir System

Carrier System

source unit

carrier

Basic processes:

- generation

- expulsion

- migration

- containment

(accumulation/loss)

loss

loss

25

Unconventional Petroleum Systems and Processes 1

source unit

In unconventional petroleum systems, we are

interested in the hydrocarbons that have been

retained in the source rocks

source unit

Basic processes:

- generation

- retention

- secondary cracking

of oil to gas

- containment

(accumulation/loss)

Source/Reservoir System

26

Unconventional Petroleum Systems and Processes 2

source unit

In unconventional petroleum systems, we are

interested in the hydrocarbons that have been

retained in the source rocks ... or migrated into

juxtaposed, continuous organic-lean intervals

source unit

carrier

loss

Source/Carrier/Reservoir

System

Shale-oil Resource Systems

... are organic-rich mudstones that have

generated oil that is stored in the organic-

rich mudstone intervals or migrated into

juxtaposed, continuous organic-lean

intervals. Thus these systems may

include primary and secondary migrated

oil.

Jarvie, 2012

27 27

1. Opening Session: Industry Challenges and Opportunities

Conventional Petroleum Systems

2. Deepwater and Salt

3. Structural Complexity

4. Reservoir in Petroleum Systems Modeling

Theoretical Aspects

5. Temperature and Pressure

6. Petroleum Generation and Migration

Unconventional Petroleum Systems

7. Shale Gas/Oil

8. Gas Hydrates

9. Closing Session: Petroleum Systems Modeling in Context