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8/12/2019 Battery, Charger, Ups System_new
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AC/DC UPS & BATTERIES
PART 2
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INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
BATTERY V/S CELL
CELL COMPONENTS
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BATTERY VOLTAGE CAPACITY AND BATTERY RATINGS
SERIES AND PARELLEL CONNECTION
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Control power for switchgears & S/S automation equipment in Electrical system.
Instrumentation system shut down power requirement.
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TYPES OF BATTERY
PRIMARY BATTERIESused only once, irreversible chemical reaction, cheap,
mostly use in flashlights, watches, toys, radios
SECONDARY BATTERIESreversible chemical reaction, mostly use in starting,lighting & ignition of automobiles, engine-generator sets, UPS, traction,
telecommunication etc.
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TYPES OF SECONDARY BATTERIES
Ni-CD BATTERY
LEAD-ACID BATTERY
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Ni-CD BATTERY
CELL CONSTRUCTION
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/My%20Documents/Battery/Ni-Cd%20Batteries-basic_files/cellconst.jpg8/12/2019 Battery, Charger, Ups System_new
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ELECTROCHEMISTRY
During Discharge :
- At AnodeCd Cd(OH)2 + 2e
- 0.8 Volts
- At Cathode
NiOOH + e- Ni(OH)2 0.5 Volts
During charging reverse reaction will take place.
- Overall reaction :
2 NiOOH + Cd + 2 H2O 2 Ni(OH)2 + Cd(OH)2
Electrode Potential = EOP + ERP
Electrode Potential = 0.8 + 0.5
= 1.3 Volts
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Typical Data for Ni-Cd
Cell type KPM100P
Cell end Volt 1.1 V
Discharge time 30 min
Min. Ambient temperature 0C
Lowest expected electrolyte temp. 0+10C
Temperature de rating factor Shall be taken from the battery curve
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APPLICATIONS
Engine starting
Switchgear Control supply
UPS
Process control Data & Information
Emergency Lighting
Security & Fire Alarm
Switching & Transmission
Signaling
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LEAD ACID BATTERIES
Flooded or wet cell battery
Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) Battery
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ELECTROCHEMISTRYDuring Discharge :
- At Anode
Pb + HSO4- PbSO4+ 2e- + H
+ 0.356 Volts
- At Cathode
PbO2+ Pb + 2H2SO4 2PbSO4 + 2 H2O 1.685 Volts
During charging reverse reaction will take place.
- Overall reaction :
Pb + PbO2+ 2 H2SO4 2 PbSO4 + 2 H2O
Electrode Potential = EOP + ERP
Electrode Potential = 0.356 + 1.685
= 2.041 Volts
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ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Following reactions form the basis of Lead acid cell chemistry
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Typical Data for Lead-acid
Float Voltage 2.16V-2.25V/Cell
Boost Charging=1000AH rating 14-16 Hrs
Max boost charger voltage 2.75 V/Cell
Equalising charge Voltage 2.33 V/Cell
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Construction
Lead-acid battery plate arrangement
Lead-acid battery construction
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Construction Details
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Comparison between Vented & VRLA batteries
Failure Mechanism
- Dry out
- Thermal runaway
Electrolyte concentration
Float voltage
Absence of free electrolyte
Maintenance
Orientation in Use
Vented Gas
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Selection of VRLA Batteries
Temperature
Charging limitations
Space limitation
Environment Life consideration
Safety
Battery sizing
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Battery sizing calculation Battery duty cycle
Cell size
Equalizing charge
Full float operation Period
Rated capacity
Load classification
- continuous load
- Noncontinuous load- Momentary loads
- other considerations (Random load, etc.)
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Duty cycle diagram
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Factors considered in Battery sizing
Temperature correction factor
Aging factor
Design margin
Capacity rating factor (Kt)
Final battery size = Battery size (which we get from work sheet) x
Temperature correction factor x Aging factor x
design margin
When the battery size is greater than standard battery size, the next larger battery is
required.
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Battery Room & Battery Installation
Battery room should be in corner of substation.
Exhaust fan & water connection to sink.
Floors and walls up to 1.5m height shall have acid/alkaline resistant protective
epoxy coating. Room temperature should be between 5C to 25C.
Maximum temperature between cells & blocks shall not exceeds 10K for ventedand 5K for VRLA type battery.
Lighting fixtures used shall be chemical resistant type and mounted on wall for easyreplacement.
Switching controlling light fittings & exhaust fans shall be installed outside batteryroom.
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Check list after battery installation
Name plate details and number of cells are as per approved drawings.
Sufficient clearance is maintained around battery bank for ease of maintenance.
Acid proof tiles have been provided for lead acid batteries.
An eyewash shower and wash basin are available nearby.
Voltage and specific gravity of all cells are as per manufacturers recommendations.
Cell terminal connections are tight and coated with petroleum jelly.
Stand and cell insulators are clean. Wooden stands are painted with anticorrosive paint.
Cell numbers are properly fixed to cells.
Float level indicators are free.
Gas vent are provided and free from blockage.
Cells have not developed any crack/damage/leak.
Cells are mounted on treated wooden racks and insulated bases.
Suitable drainage has been provided for likely electrolyte spillage.
Acid treatment chart is prominently displayed inside the room.
Cable connection are made with recommended lugs.
Alkaline batteries are not in the same room where lead acid cells are installed.
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BatteryCharger
Scope
Mode (Float & Boost Charging mode)
Type ( Float & Boost Charger)
Input supply voltage
V +/- 10 %
F +/- 5 %
THD < 5 %
3 phase controlled rectifier with protective devices
Parallel redundant-Performance controls
Current Limit, Cell Booster
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Battery Chargersizing
Sizing criteria
Discharge current
Charging hours Efficiency of charger
Average DC load
Capacity rating factor
Trickle charging current of battery
Float charger capacity
Boost chargercapacity
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UPS System Single UPS with bypass
Parallel redundant bypass
Hot standby bypass
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UPS System
UPS- Performance (Spec Cl 5.3.16)
Types of loads (Linear, Non linear)
Load Transfer Bypass F + / - 4 %
FDU (Cl 5.9)
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UPSSIZING
CF= Peak Value/ RMS Value
Based on sum of Load KVA
Sum of (Load X CF)
CF for linear load 1.414 (Check With UPS CF)
Loads and P.F.
Overall PF X UPS rating
Start up current (Inrush)
Remains within permissible limit of Inv Rated Current
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REFERENCES
IEEE std 1115-2000, IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Nickel-cadmium
batteries for stationary applications
IEEE std 1189-1996, IEEE Guide for Selection of Valve regulated lead acid
(VRLA) batteries for stationary applications
IEEE std 485-1997, IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead Acid batteries
for stationary applications
IEEE std 450-1995, IEEE Recommended Practice for Maintenance, Testing, and
Replacement of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications
IEEE std 484-1996, IEEE Recommended Practice Installation Design and
Installation of Vented Lead-Acid Batteries for Stationary Applications
OISD-recommended practice-147, Inspection and safe practices during electricalinstallations
DOE-HDBK-1084-95, DOE Handbook Primer on lead acid storage batteries
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THANK YOU