Battery Science.

‘Spiked’ voltage discharging.

If two unlike metals or conducting substances are placed in a liquid which

causes a greater chemical change in one of the substances than in the other, an

electrical pressure, or “electromotive” force is caused to exist between the two

metals or conducting substances.

As current flows through the battery’s combination of liquid sulphuric acid and

water; and its immersed substances, known as a ‘voltaic’ cell, one or both of the

substances undergo chemical changes which persists until one of the substances

is entirely changed. These chemical changes produce the electrical pressure

which causes current to flow, and flow until one or both substances are changed

entirely. This change, due to the chemical action may result in the formation of

gases, or of solid compounds.

Assuming that one of the conducting substances or ‘electrodes’ which are

immersed in the liquid has been acted upon by the liquid, or ‘electrolyte’ until

no further chemical reaction can take place, our voltaic cell will no longer be

capable of causing a flow of electricity. If none of the substances resulting from

the original chemical reaction have been lost as “off-gassing”, it may be

possible to reverse the entire set of operations which have taken place. Thus, a

current sent in the opposite direction through the cell from an outside source of

electricity can reverse the chemical reaction of that which occurred originally.

The cell can now be used again as a source of electricity until ‘discharged.’ It

may then be ‘charged’ again, the chemical action in one case causing a flow of

current, and a reverse flow of current causing reversed chemical reactions.

The action, therefore, of the ‘storage’ battery is to change electrical into

chemical energy when ‘charging.’

On modern automobile storage cells used today for starting and lighting, the

electrodes are constructed in one set of lead and one set of peroxide of lead. The

electrode upon which the electrolyte has the greater chemical effect is the

peroxide of lead, and it is called the positive or “+” electrode.

Electricity taken from the battery can be explained in the following chemical

formula:

(a) At the positive plate:

Lead peroxide and sulphuric acid produce lead sulphate, water and

oxygen.

Expressed as: PbO2 + H2SO4 += PbSO4 + H2O + O.

(b) At the negative plate, lead and sulphuric acid produce lead sulphate and

Hydrogen.

Expressed as: Pb + H2SO4 = PbSO4 + H2.

To summarise: The oxygen of equation (a) and the hydrogen of equation (b)

combine to form an extra water molecule in the battery cell, giving one equation

(c) for the entire discharge action;

Expressed as: (c) PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4 = 2PbSO4 + 2H2O.

Written chemically as PbSO4, lead sulphate deposits itself on both sets of the

immersed battery plates. One part lead, a solid, one part sulphur , a solid and

four parts oxygen, a gas the sulphate diminishes the potential chemical

difference that produces the chemical reaction in the battery.

If PbSO4 is allowed to build up on the plates, the battery’s expected lifespan is

considerably shortened, thus replacement expectancy is every three years.

Spike “charging.”

The method of capacitive ‘spiking’ by way of distributing a reverse on/off

pulse low voltage during charging encourages the travel of oxygen molecules

back to the positive plates where they should be, and the hydrogen molecule

back to the “electrolyte.”

The capacitive method utilises minimum electrical output, with no off-gassing

or heat production, in slowly removing the lead sulphate deposits which

suffocate the electrolytes ability to maintain the lead peroxides potential

difference. The electrolyte is re-balanced with the return of the sulphuric acid

and hydrogen molecule from the negative plate.

This more efficient process produces long term removal of harmful battery

deposits and increases potential battery power and deep term charge.

Trouble shoot

Standard battery chargers supply a voltage direct current at no more than 14.8

volts. To be re-charged efficiently a direct current supply of up to 16.8 volts

needs to be available to to remove the lead sulphate and amplify the chemical

difference in the electrode plates.

Constant undercharging by conventional methods leads to a consecutive layer

of chemically weakened molecules that produce battery failure. Added, an

automobiles standard alternating current supply is restricted to 15.6 volts

providing no further preventative measure to sulphation build up.

With efficient charging, the pulsed process can be re-cycled over 50,000

times, a battery lifetime of over 15 years.