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baVjusV VwYl ,aM osc MsoyiesaV

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fofHkUu fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds BCA, M.Sc., MCA, 'A' Level

,oa vU; ikB~;Øekuqlkj

ys[kdys[kdys[kdys[kd

'k=qat; /kwfi;k'k=qat; /kwfi;k'k=qat; /kwfi;k'k=qat; /kwfi;k lqjsUnz y[;kuhlqjsUnz y[;kuhlqjsUnz y[;kuhlqjsUnz y[;kuh M.Sc.(CS) MCA

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baVjusVbaVjusVbaVjusVbaVjusV%%%% ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;ifjp; Internet: Introduction


�� ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;ifjp; baVjusV djksM+ksa dEI;wVlZ dk ,slk lewg gS tks ,d nwljs ls tqM+s gq, gSa] rFkk blds ek/;e ls MsVk dE;wfuds'ku fd;k tkrk gSA baVjusV dks usVodZ dk usVodZ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ,sls usVodZ esa izkbosV] ifCyd] 'kSf{kd] O;kolkf;d] ljdkjh vkfn lHkh izdkj ds usVodZ 'kkfey gSaA

lu~ 1960 ds n'kd ds var esa ;wukbVsM LVsV~l ljdkj us ogka dh fefyVªh ,tsalh dks ,slk fMLVªhC;wVsV dEI;wVj usVodZ fodflr djus dh ftEesnkjh lkSaih tks lqn`<+ gks rFkk fofHkUu izdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh dk;Z dj ldsA bl usVodZ dks ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects

Agency) dk uke fn;k x;kA bl usVodZ dh igqap fefyVªh ySCl ds vfrfjDr fofHkUu fo'ofo|ky;ksa rFkk fjlpZ yscksjsVªht rd gks xbZ FkhA

lu~ 1980 ds var esa National Science Foundation us baVjusV izksVksdkWYl dks iz;ksx djrs gq, NSFNet uked usVodZ dks fodflr djus ds fy, iSlk miyC/k djk;kA bl usVodZ ls fofHkUu dkWyst rFkk ;wfuoflZVht+ dks tksM+us dh ;kstuk j[kh xbZA bl usVodZ dk fodkl rsth ls gqvk ftls ge vc baVjusV ds uke ls tkurs gSaA

lu~ 1993 esa baVjusV ij Mksesu use iz.kkyh ds izca/ku ds fy, NSF us InterNIC dk xBu fd;kA vkt] nqfu;k dh vkcknh dk pkSFkkbZ fgLlk baVjusV ls fdlh uk fdlh ek/;e ls tqM+k gSA

baVjusV rFkk oscbaVjusV rFkk oscbaVjusV rFkk oscbaVjusV rFkk osc

orZeku esa ge baVjusV rFkk osc dks i;kZ;okph ekurs gq, dk;Z djrs gSa] fdUrq okLro esa nksuksa ds vFkZ vyx&vyx gSaA baVjusV ,slk flLVe gS tks gkMZos;j rFkk lkW¶Vos;j ls feydj cuk gS rFkk tks fofHkUu dEI;wVlZ@usVoDlZ dks tksM+us ds fy, mŸkjnk;h gSA

nwljh vksj osc fofHkUu MkWD;wesaV~l rFkk fjlkslsZt+ dk ,slk laxzg gS tks ,d nwljs ls gk;ijfyad ds ek/;e ls tqM+k gSA bl izdkj ds MkWD;wesaV~l rFkk fjlkslsZt+ dks ns[kus ds fy, osc czkmt+j dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dqN izeq[k osc czkmtlZ esa ekbØkslkW¶V dk baVjusV ,DlIyksjj] eksftyk Qk;jQkWDl] xwxy Økse] vksisjk] lQkjh vkfn gSaA

baVjusV nqfu;kHkj esa QSyk fMLVªhC;wVsM usVodZ gS] ftldk dksbZ Hkh ekfyd ugha gSA baVjusV vkWijs'ku dks vklkuh ls pykus ds fy,] baVjusV ikWfylh cukus rFkk ewyHkwr baÝkLVªDpj ds fodkl

1


Downloaded from www.itAjmer.com

ds fy, flrEcj 1988 esa Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

uked laLFkk cuh gqbZ gS] ftldk gSM vkWfQl dSfyQksfuZ;k esa gSA

;g laLFkk Mksesu use rFkk vkbZih ,Mªsl ds vkoaVu ds fy, mŸkjnk;h gSA bl laLFkk dks baVjus'kuy cksMZ vkWQ Mk;jsDVlZ }kjk lapkfyr fd;k tkrk gSA bl cksMZ esa baVjusV ls lacaf/kr rduhdh fo'ks"kK] O;kolkf;d] 'kSf{kd rFkk vU; xSj&O;kolkf;d laLFkkvksa ls lacaf/kr O;fDr 'kkfey gSA

baVjusV dh orZeku fLFkfr baVjusV dh orZeku fLFkfr baVjusV dh orZeku fLFkfr baVjusV dh orZeku fLFkfr (Current State) orZeku esa baVjusV dks dHkh Hkh& dgha Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA baVjusV fMokblst] eksckby Qksu] MsVkdkMZ] xsfeax dalksy vkfn fdlh ls Hkh baVjusV dks iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA fofHkUu daifu;ksa ds fy, baVjusV cM+k cktkj cu pqdk gSA daifu;ka baVjusV ij de ykxr esa foKkiu nsrh gSa rFkk bZ&dkWelZ dk ykHk mBkrh gSaA

baVjusV us 'kkWfiax esa Hkh dkQh cnyko yk fn, gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, jsyos fjt+osZ'ku ds fy, ykbu esa yxus dh vko';drk ugha jgh] baVjusV ds ek/;e ls fVdV vklkuh ls cqd djk, tk ldrs gSa] rFkk mldk fizaV fudkyk tk ldrk gSA

dE;wfuVh lkbV~l us ilZuy ekdsZfVax dks vklku cuk fn;k gSA blds fy, dqN yksdfiz; mnkgj.kksa esa FaceBook, Flickr, Twitter, Orkut, Friendster, Hi5, ibibo, LinkedIn, MySpace, eSnips gSA bu osclkbV~l ds T;knkrj ;wt+j 13 ls 25 lky dh mez ds gSaA ;g ;wt+j viuh dE;wfuVh esa viuh ilan rFkk fopkj O;Dr djrs gSaA

baVjusV dh de ykxr us fopkjksa] tkudkfj;ksa ds vknku iznku dks dkQh vklku cuk fn;k gSA baVjusV ds ek/;e ls dk;Z dks Vhe ds e/; collaboration ¼vkilh lg;ksx½ ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ,d vkWuykbu yk;czsjh esa fdlh fo"k; dh iqLrdsa vf/kd gSa rFkk vU; yk;cszjh esa fdlh vU; fo"k; dhA ;fn nksuksa yk;cszjh collaboration djrh gSa rks nksuksa ds ikl nksuksa fo"k;ksa dh <sj lkjh iqLrdsa gksaxhA

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blh izdkj vksiu lkslZ bldk nwljk mnkgj.k gks ldrk gSA vksiuvkWfQl] eksftyk Qk;jQkWDl vkfn lkW¶Vos;j lekt ¼dE;wfuVh½ ds fofHkUu izksxzkelZ ds vkilh iz;klksa dk gh urhtk gSA

baLVsaV eSlsftax ds ek/;e ls fdlh lans'k ¼VSDLV] vkWfM;ks] fofM;ks½ dks rqjar nwljs O;fDr rd igqapk;k tk ldrk gSA baLVsaV eSlsftax ds lkFk gh Qkbyksa dks Hkh rqjar ,d ;wt+j ls nwljs ;wt+j rd igqapk;k tk ldrk gSA blh ds lkFk miyC/k lqfo/kk whiteboard ds ek/;e ls ,d ;wt++j }kjk cukbZ xbZ vkWuykbu MªkWbax dks nwljs ;wt+j vkWuykbu ns[k ldrs gSaA bl izdkj ,d ;wt++j nwj cSBs&cSBs nwljs ;wt++j dks whiteboard ds ek/;e ls fdlh rF; dks vklkuh ls le>k ldrk gSA

otZ+u daVªksy ds gksus ls ;wt+j dks vc ;g fpark ugha gS fd mldk iqjkuk MsVk vksojjkbV gks tk,xkA vkWuykbu ot+Zu daVªksy flLVe esa tSls gh fdlh MsVk dks lso fd;k tkrk gS rks rqjar mldk u;k otZu lso gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj Hkfo"; esa iqjkuk MsVk izkIr djuk cgqr vklku gks x;k gSA Apache dk Subversion ,slk gh yksdfiz; flLVe gSA



baVjusV ds ek/;e ls gh dSys.Mj rFkk MkD;wesaV~l dks 'ks;j fd;k tk ldrk gSA blh Øe esa fdlh dEI;wVj dks nwj cSBs&cSBs fu;a=.k djuk Hkh baVjusV ds ek/;e ls gh laHko gqvk gSA foaMkst+ dk fjeksV MsLdVkWi] fjeksVyh,uhos;j] VheO;wvj ,sls dqN lkW¶Vos;lZ gSa tks fjeksV dEI;wVj ij fu;a=.k laHko cukrs gSaA

�� baVjusV ds fy, vko';d gkMZos;j@lkW¶Vos;lZbaVjusV ds fy, vko';d gkMZos;j@lkW¶Vos;lZbaVjusV ds fy, vko';d gkMZos;j@lkW¶Vos;lZbaVjusV ds fy, vko';d gkMZos;j@lkW¶Vos;lZ fdlh dEI;wVj ij baVjusV iz;ksx djus ds fy, baVjusV dusD'ku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ,d ckj ;fn baVjusV dusD'ku izkIr gks pqdk gS rks bls iz;ksx esa ysus ds fy, leqfpr gkMZos;j rFkk lkW¶Vos;lZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

vko';d gkMZos;j vko';d gkMZos;j vko';d gkMZos;j vko';d gkMZos;j

1- lhih;w (CPU)% isfVa;e 1 & 166 esxkgVZ~t ;k vf/kdA

2- jSe (RAM)% 128 ,ech ;k vf/kdA

3- ekWuhVj jst+ksY;w'ku% 800 x 600 fiDlYl ;k vf/kdA

4- ekWMse@usVodZ dkMZ% usjkscS.M ds fy, ekWMse rFkk czkMcS.M ds fy, usVodZ dkMZA

5- oSdfYid (optional)% gSMQksu] oScdSejk] LdSuj] fiazVj vkfnA

vko';d vko';d vko';d vko';d lkW¶VlkW¶VlkW¶VlkW¶Vos;j os;j os;j os;j

1- vkWijsfVax flLVe% tks TCP/IP izksVksdkWy ij dk;Z dj ldrk gksA vktdy yxHkx lHkh vkWijsfVax flLVe bl ij dk;Z djus esa l{ke gSaA

2- czkmt+j% baVjusV ij HTML rFkk vU; ist ns[kus ds fy,A

3- ,aVh ok;jl% baVjusV ls vkus okys ok;jlksa ls lqj{kk ds fy,A

4- IyxbUl% tSls ¶yS'k Iys;j] tkok juVkbe] ,Mksc jhMj] fDodVkbe Iys;j vkfnA

�� baVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj baVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj baVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj baVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj (ISP) baVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj (ISP) ls vk'k; ,slh daiuh ls gS tks ;wt++j rd baVjusV igqapkrh gSA baVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj fofHkUu izdkj ds dusD'kUl ds ek/;e ls ;wt+j rd baVjusV dh igqap cukrk gSA bu dusD'ku ds mnkgj.kksa esa Mk;y&vi] DSL, ok;jySl vkfn ek/;e 'kkfey gSaA

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baVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj ;wt+lZ dks bZ&esy dh lqfo/kk Hkh iznku djrs gSaA tc Hkh dksbZ bZ&esy gesa izkIr gksrh gS rks og gekjs ISP ds loZj ij LVksj gks tkrh gSA tc ge gekjh bZ&esy esa buCkkWDl ns[krs gSa rks bldk vk'k; gksrk gS fd gekjs ISP ds loZj ij og esy LVksj gSA blds vfrfjDr ISP vkSj Hkh dbZ lqfo/kk,a iznku djrs gSaA

Hkkjr esa turk ds Qk;ns ds fy, 1998 esa baVjusV lfoZl izksokbMlZ ,lksfl,'ku vkWQ bafM;k (ISPAI) dk xBu gqvkA vHkh rd bl laLFkk us VsyhdkWe ikWfylh cukus esa dkQh enn dh gSA blds dkj.k ls VsyhdkWe lsDVj esa ,dkf/kdkj dh fLFkfr dks fu;af=r fd;k x;k gSA

Hkkjr esa ns[kk tk, rks BPO baMLVªh ,oa dkWy lsaVj bu ISP dh lsokvksa ds vk/kkj ij gh dk;Z dj jgs gSaA baVjusV ;wt+lZ dh la[;k dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjr vkt nqfu;k ds igys 10 ns'kks esa ls ,d gSA

� v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u u u u 1- baVjusV ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ blds fodkl dks la{ksi esa le>kb,A

2- fuEu ij fVIi.kh fyf[k,% ¼v½ OgkbV cksMZ ¼c½ otZu daVªksy ¼l½ baVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj

3- baVjusV ij dk;Z djus ds fy, vko';d gkMZos;j rFkk lkW¶Vos;j dh tkudkjh nhft,A

� � �



baVbaVbaVbaVjusV dusD'kujusV dusD'kujusV dusD'kujusV dusD'ku Internet Connections


�� ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;ifjp; baVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj fofHkUu izdkj ds baVjusV dusD'ku ;wt+lZ dks miyC/k djkrs gSa] ftudk fooj.k fuEukuqlkj gS%

Mk;yvi dusD'kuMk;yvi dusD'kuMk;yvi dusD'kuMk;yvi dusD'ku Mk;yvi dusD'ku ls vk'k; ,sls dusD'ku ls gS tks VsyhQksu ykbu ds ek/;e ls baVjusV flXuyksa dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij igqapkrk gSA ,slh VsyhQksu ykbu dbZ ;wt+lZ }kjk 'ks;j dh tkrh gSA tc ;wt+j dks baVjusV ls dusDV gksuk gksrk gS rks og vius baVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj ds loZj dk uacj Mk;y djrk gSA tc ;wt+j ds dEI;wVj dk dusD'ku loZj ls gks tkrk gS rks baVjusV MsVk dk vknku iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA

pwafd leku VsyhQksu ykbuksa dks dbZ ;wt+lZ ds e/; 'ks;j fd;k tkrk gS] vr% ;g dusD'ku lhfer le; ds fy, gh gksrk gSA ;g baVjusV ls dusDV gksus dk lcls ljy rjhdk gSA bldh vf/kdre LihM 56 kbps gksrh gSA

pwafd ,d gh VsyhQksu ykbu dk iz;ksx VsyhQksu dkWYl rFkk baVjusV nksuksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS] vr% tc baVjusV dusDV gksrk gS rks VsyhQksu dkWYl ugha dh tk ldrh gSaA

Qk;nsQk;nsQk;nsQk;ns

• de ykxr] vklku baLVkWys'kuA

• ekStwnk VsyhQksu ykbu dk vfrfjDr iz;ksxA

dfe;kadfe;kadfe;kadfe;ka

• lhfer LihM

• tc baVjusV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks VsyhQksu dkWYl ugha dh tk ldrh gSaA

ISDN dusD'kudusD'kudusD'kudusD'ku baVhxzsVsM lfoZl fMftVy usVodZ ls vk'k; ,sls dE;wfuds'ku LVS.MMZ ls gS] ftlesa okWbl rFkk vU; MsVk Hkstus ds fy, VªsfM'kuy VsyhQksu usVodZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

2

lpZ baftu


pwafd blesa MsVk dks fMthVy :i esa Hkstk tkrk gS vr%] bldh LihM Mk;yvi dusD'ku ls 2&4 xquk vf/kd gksrh gSA


• Mk;yvi ls csgrj LihMA

• fMthVy flXuyksa dk iz;ksxA


• ;g rduhd iz;ksx esa ysus ds fy, vfrfjDr fMokblst yxkuh iM+rh gS] tks bldh ykxr dks c<+k nsrh gSA

• lHkh txg bldk iz;ksx laHko ughaA

DSL dusD'kudusD'kudusD'kudusD'ku fMthVy lcLØkbcj ykbu ls vk'k; ,slh rduhd ls gS tks yksdy VsyhQksu usVodZ ij fMthVy MsVk dk Vªkalfe'ku laHko cukrh gSA bldh LihM 128 Kbps ls 3 Mbps rd gksrh gSA ;fn fdlh DSL dusD'ku dh LihM 1.5 Mbps / 128 Kbps crkbZ tkrh gS rks bldk vk'k; gS fd 1.5 Mbps

cS.MfoM~Fk MkmuyksM ds fy, gS rFkk 128 Kbps viyksM ds fy,A

DSL dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS% vflesfVªd fMthVy lcLØkbcj ykbu (ADSL:

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) rFkk flesfVªd fMthVy lcLØkbcj ykbu (SDSL:

Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line). ADSL dh fLFkfr esa MkmuyksM LihM vf/kd gksrh gS rFkk viyksM LihM deA vke ?kjsyw ;wt+j lkekU; daMh'ku esa MkmuyksM vf/kd djrk gS] ,sls esa mlds fy, ;g dusD'ku csgrj jgrk gSA

nwljh vksj SDSL dh fLFkfr esa viyksM LihM vf/kd jgrh gS rFkk MkmuyksM LihM deA ;g dusD'ku mu O;kolkf;d xzkgdksa ds fy, mi;qDr gS] tks vius usVodZ@loZj ij MsVk viyksM djrs jgrs gSaA


• rqyukRed :i ls csgrj LihMA blls ,d gh dusD'ku ls ,d ls vf/kd dEI;wVlZ ij dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA

• ekStwnk Qksu ykbuksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

• mlh Qksu ykbu ij ,d lkFk baVjusV rFkk VsyhQksu dkWYl dh tk ldrh gSA

• csgrj LihM gksus ds dkj.k vklkuh ls ohfM;ks dkWUÝsflax] vkWuykbu ,Iyhds'ku] xsEl vkfn lsokvksa dk iz;ksx laHkoA


• bl rduhd dk iz;ksx ogha laHko gS] tgka ij igys ls dkWij ok;j dk usVodZ fcNk gqvk gksA

• ADSL rFkk SDSL bl rduhd dks tfVy cukrs gSaA

• bls iz;ksx esa ysus ds fy, fo'ks"k ekWMse dk iz;ksx djuk iM+rk gSA



dscy ekWMse dusD'kudscy ekWMse dusD'kudscy ekWMse dusD'kudscy ekWMse dusD'ku vkt dscy Vhoh fdlh ls lHkh yksx ifjfpr gSaA dscy Vhoh esa iz;ksx esa vkus okyh dscy dks,fXt,y dscy gksrh gSA bl dscy ls dbZ pSuy lkQ fiDpj ds lkFk izkIr fd, tk ldrs gSaaA

,d dks,fXt,y dscy lSdM+ksa esxkgVZ~t flXuy dks ,d lkFk izkslsl djus esa l{ke gksrh gSA ,d pSuy dks yxHkx 6 esxkgVZt flXuy iznku fd, tkrs gSaA

tgka gesa dscy Vhoh dh fLFkfr esa MsVk flQZ izkIr gh gksrs gSa] ogha dscy ekWMse dscy ij nksuksa fn'kkvksa esa MsVk Hkstus dh {kerk j[krk gSA ;g ,d ;k nks Vhoh pSuYl dks MsVk ds vknku iznku ds fy, iz;ksx esa ysrk gSA

,d dscy ekWMse esa nks dusDVlZ gksrs gSaA ,d dusDVj esa dks,fXt,y (Coaxial) dscy dks dusDV fd;k tkrk gS rFkk nwljs dusDVj (Ethernet) ds ek/;e ls dEI;wVj dks tksM+k tkrk gSA u, ekWMse dEI;wVj esa tksM+us ds fy, USB dusDVj Hkh ik;k tkrk gSA

dEI;wVj uk gksus dh fLFkfr esa dscy ekWMse dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ,d lsV VkWi ckWDl flXuYl dks fLIyV djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA bldh LihM 1 esxkfcV izfr lSdaM ls Hkh vf/kd gksrh gSA

Hkkjr esa ;g lsok vHkh fnYyh] eqacbZ] dydŸkk] psUubZ] iwuk] gSnjkckn] xqMxkao vkfn 'kgjksa esa miyC/k gSA

lpZ baftu



• pwafd ?kjksa esa dscy dusD'ku gksuk vke ckr gS] vr% mlh rduhd dk Js"B mi;ksx laHko gks ikrk gSA

• rqyukRed :i ls csgrj LihMA blls ,d gh dusD'ku }kjk ,d ls vf/kd dEI;wVlZ ij dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA

• pwafd ISP ls gekjs dEI;wVj rd vkus okyk MsVk dks,fXtvy dscy ds ek/;e ls vkrk gS] vr% loZj ls nwjh dk LihM ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA


• iz;ksx ogha laHko gS] tgka ij dscy dusD'ku ekStwn gksA

• ykxr esa dscy ekWMse vFkok fLIyVj dh vko';drk gksrh gS] tks fd ykxr dks c<+krh gSA

• dscy vkWijsVj ij fuHkZjrk jgrh gSA

Wi-Fi dusD'kudusD'kudusD'kudusD'ku (Wireless Fidelity) okbZ&QkbZ dusD'ku ls vk'k; ,sls dusD'ku ls gS tks ,d fo'ks"k (IEEE 802.11) ok;jySl yksdy ,fj;k usVodZ (WLAN) LVS.MMZ ij dk;Z djrs gks rFkk tks Wi-Fi Alliance ls lfVZQkbM gksA ;g Wi-Fi Alliance dk ,d VªsMekdZ gSA

Wi-Fi fMokblst tSls ilZuy dEI;wVj] ohfM;ks xsEl] eksckby Qksu vkfn dks baVjusV ls tksM+us ds fy, vko';d gS fd bldh jsat esa ,slk ok;jySl usVodZ gks tks baVjusV ls tqM+k gksA mnkgj.k ds fy, BSNL dk wireless enabled ekWMse ;fn baVjusV ls dusDV gS rFkk mldh jsat esa dksbZ Wi-Fi

l{ke ySiVkWi gS rks ml ij Hkh baVjusV dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Hkkjr esa orZeku esa VkVk bafMdkWe 500 ls vf/kd dsUnzksa ij Wi-Fi lqfo/kk miyC/k djk jgk gSA bu dsUnzksa esa izeq[k gksVy] ,;jiksVZ] vLirky] LVsfM;e] jsyos LVs'ku] 'kS{kf.kd laLFkk,a vkfn 'kkfey gSaA bl usVodZ dks iz;ksx esa ysus ds fy, VkVk dk Wi-Fi vdkmaV gksuk vko';d gSA




• iz;ksx esa vklku

• dgha Hkh ?kwers gq, baVjusV dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA


• fdlh Hkh ,fj;k dks Wi-Fi buscYM cukus ds fy, dbZ gkWV&LikWV cukus gksrs gSa] tks bls egaxk cukrs gSaA

• pwafd Wi-Fi ,fj;k esa bls dksbZ Hkh vklkuh ls iz;ksx dj ldrk gS] vr% usVodZ dh lqj{kk ds fy, vfrfjDr bartke djus gksrs gSaA

yhTyhTyhTyhT++++M ykbu dusD'kuM ykbu dusD'kuM ykbu dusD'kuM ykbu dusD'ku (Leased Line Connection) tgka Mk;yvi dusD'ku dks fofHkUu ;wt+lZ ds e/; 'ks;j fd;k tkrk gS] ogha yhT+M ykbu dh fLFkfr esa Qkbcj vkWfIVd dh ykbu dedicated ykbu ;wt+j rFkk baVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj ds e/; fcNk nh tkrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa gj le; baVjusV dusD'ku vkWu jgrk gSA ,sls dusD'ku dk iz;ksx baVjusV ds vfrfjDr VsyhQksu vFkok MsVk ds fy, Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

pwafd blesa usVodZ VªsfQd ds fy, gj le; fuf'pr cS.MfoM~Fk feyrh jgrh gS] vr% vyx&vyx {ks=ksa esa fLFkfr fdlh daiuh ds fofHkUu vkWfQlksa dks vkil esa tksM+us ds fy, vDlj bldk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldh LihM 64 fdyksfcV~l izfr lSdaM ls ysdj 45 esxkfcV~l izfr lSdaM rd gksrh gSA


• cgqr vPNh LihM feyrh gSA

• MsMhdsVsM dusD'ku gksus ds dkj.k ls ges'kk leku LihM feyrh gSA

• miyC/k cS.MfoM~Fk dks MsVk] okWbl esa bPNkuqlkj ckaVk tk ldrk gSA

dfe;dfe;dfe;dfe;kakakaka

• MsMhdsVsM dusD'ku ds fy, ISP rFkk dusD'ku ikWbaV ds e/; Qk;cj vkWfIVd dk usVodZ fcNkuk gksrk gS] vr% dkQh vf/kd ykxr vkrh gSA

�� baVjusV dusD'ku dSls lsV djsa baVjusV dusD'ku dSls lsV djsa baVjusV dusD'ku dSls lsV djsa baVjusV dusD'ku dSls lsV djsa baVjusV dusD'ku lsV djus ls iwoZ ;g vko';d gS fd ge ISP ls baVjusV dusD'ku izkIr dj ysaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ge BSNL ls baVjusV dusD'ku [kjhn ldrs gSaA ,d ckj dusD'ku izkIr dj ysus ds i'pkr~ gekjs dEI;wVj ij mls lsV djuk gksrk gSA

Mk;yvi dusD'ku lsV djukMk;yvi dusD'ku lsV djukMk;yvi dusD'ku lsV djukMk;yvi dusD'ku lsV djuk foaMkst ,Dlih esa Mk;yvi dusD'ku lsV djus ds fy, fuEu izfØ;k viukb,%

1- Start > Control Panel ij fDyd dhft,A iznf'kZr foaMks esa ls Network and Internet

Connections ij Mcy fDyd dhft,A

lpZ baftu


2- iznf'kZr foaMks ds ys¶V ls Create a new connection fodYi ij fDyd dhft,A blls fuEukuqlkj foaMks iznf'kZr gksxh%

3- iznf'kZr foaMks ls Connect to the Internet fodYi dks pqurs gq, Next ij fDyd dj nhft,A blls fuEukuqlkj foaMks iznf'kZr gksxh%



4- mijksDr foaMks esa ls Set up my connection manually ij fDyd djrs gq, Next ij fDyd dhft,A blls fuEukuqlkj foaMks iznf'kZr gksxhA

5- bl foaMks esa connect using a dial-up modem fodYi dks pqurs gq, Next ij fDyd dj nhft,A iznf'kZr gksus okyh vxyh foaMks esa viuh ilan dk uke Vkbi dj nhft,%

6- vc Next ij fDyd dhft,] blls vxyh foaMks iznf'kZr gksxhA vxyh foaMks esa og uacj Vkbi dhft, tks ISP us miyC/k djk;k gSA bl mnkgj.k esa ge ;g uacj 172222 eku jgs gSaA vc okil Next ij fDyd dhft,%

lpZ baftu


7- vxyh foaMks esa dqN Hkh Vkbi fd, fcuk Next ij fDyd dj nhft,A

8- vxyh foaMks dusD'ku complete gksus dh lwpuk fuEukuqlkj nsxh%



9- bl foaMks esa Add a shortcut to this connection to my desktop fodYi dks buscy dj nhft, vkSj var esa Finish ij fDyd dj nhft,A ,slk djrs gh baVjusV dusD'ku lsV gks tk,xkA

czkWMcS.M dusD'ku lsV djukczkWMcS.M dusD'ku lsV djukczkWMcS.M dusD'ku lsV djukczkWMcS.M dusD'ku lsV djuk mijksDr izfØ;k esa pj.k la[;k 4 ds i'pkr~ iznf'kZr gksus okys Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa ls Connect

using a broadband connection that requires a user name and password pqfu,A

Next ij fDyd djus ds i'pkr 'ks"k lHkh pj.k leku gksaxsA

lpZ baftu


baVjusV dusD'kbaVjusV dusD'kbaVjusV dusD'kbaVjusV dusD'ku dks iz;ksx esaa ysuku dks iz;ksx esaa ysuku dks iz;ksx esaa ysuku dks iz;ksx esaa ysuk ,d ckj Mk;yvi dusD'ku lsV dj ysus ij mls iz;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA lkekU;r% bldk 'kkWVZdV vkidks MsLdVkWi ij gh fey tk,xkA bl 'kkWVZdV ij Mcy fDyd djrs gq, bls iz;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA fodYi ds rkSj ij fuEukafdr izfØ;k viukbZ tk ldrh gS%

1- Start > Connect To ij fDyd dhft,] blls vkids }kjk cuk, x, dusD'ku dk uke iznf'kZr gks tk,xkA /;ku nhft, fd fiNys mnkgj.k esa geus dusD'ku dk uke My Dial

Up Connection j[kk Fkk] blfy, fuEukafdr fp=kuqlkj My Dial Up Connection ij fDyd dhft,A

2- blls fuEukuqlkj foaMks iznf'kZr gksxhA bl foaMks esa User name: VSDLV ckWDl esa og uke Vkbi dj nhft, tks vkidks ISP ls baVjusV [kjhnus ij feyk gksxkA blh izdkj Password: VSDLV ckWDl esa Hkh ISP ls izkIr ikloMZ Vkbi dj nhft,A



3- var esa Dial ij ij fDyd dj nhft,A

/;ku nhft, fd ;fn mijksDr dusD'ku czkWMcS.M gS tks iznf'kZr gksus okyk Mk;ykWx ckWDl fuEukuqlkj gksxkA blesa Dial ds LFkku ij Connect ij fDyd djuk gksxkA

,d ckj tc baVjusV dusDV gks tk,xk rks flLVe Vªs esa fuEukuqlkj vkbdu vk tk,xkA

tc baVjusV dks fMldusDV djuk gks rks bl vkbdu ;k MsLdVkWi 'kkWVZdV ij Mcy fDyd dhft, rFkk Disconnect ij fDyd dj nhft,A

� v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u 1- Mk;yvi rFkk okbZ&QkbZ dusD'ku dks foLrkj ls le>kb,A

2- fofHkUu izdkj ds baVjusV dusD'kal ds Qk;ns rFkk dfe;ksa dks le>kb,A

3- DSL rFkk ISDN dusD'ku esa varj fyf[k,A

4- czkWMcSaM dusD'ku lsV djus ds fofHkUu pj.kksa dks fyf[k,A

� � �

lpZ baftu


oYMZ okbM oscoYMZ okbM oscoYMZ okbM oscoYMZ okbM osc World Wide Web


�� ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;ifjp; lkekU;r% ge baVjusV rFkk osc dks i;kZ;okph ekurs gSa] fdUrq okLro esa nksuksa ds vFkZ vyx&vyx gSaA baVjusV ,slk flLVe gS tks fofHkUu dEI;wVlZ@usVoDlZ dks tksM+us ds fy, tckons; gSA ogha nwljh vkSj osc fofHkUu MkWD;wesaV~l rFkk fjlkslsZt+ dk ,slk laxzg gS tks ,d nwljs ls gk;ijfyad ls tqM+k gSA

pwafd osc MkWD;wesaV~l dk vFkkg lkxj gS] vr% izR;sd MkWD;wesaV dk vyx&vyx uke gksuk vko';d gSSA bl gsrq URL dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA URL ls vk'k; ;wfuQkWeZ fjlkslZ yksdsVj gSA ;g osc ds lHkh MkWD;wesaV dks vyx&vyx uke iznku djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, http://www.yahoo.com/ ,d URL gS tks ;kgw uke dh osclkbV dks bafxr dj jgk gSA

fofHkUu laLFkk,a vius ckjs esa tkudkjh nsus ds fy, Lo;a ds fy, osclkbV~l cukrh gSA izR;sd osclkbV dk bl izdkj vyx&vyx URL gksrk gSA ,d osclkbV ij ,d ls vf/kd osc ist gks ldrs gSaA bl izdkj ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd osclkbV fofHkUu osc istksa dk laxzg gSA

osc dh vko/kkj.kk 1980 esa fLoVtjyS.M ds ,d fjlpZ lsaVj CERN esa gqbZA izkjaHk esa ;g flQZ VSDLV vk/kkfjr gh FkkA 1993 esa bldk xzkfQdy baVjQsl izdk'k esa vk;k] ftldk uke Mosaic

¼ekSt+Sd½ FkkA

3



;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ekSt+Sd izkjafHkd vkoLFkk dk osc czkmt+j Fkk] ftls usVLdsi dE;wfuds'kal dkiksZjs'ku uked daiuh us cuk;k FkkA orZeku esa ;g daiuh osc vk/kkfjr dbZ izksMDV cukrh gSA ckn esa 1994 esa CERN rFkk ;w,l, dh MIT laLFkk us ,d vuqca/k fd;k ftlesa osc ds fy, leku LVSaMMZ iz;ksx esa ysus ds fy, fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA

osc dh fo'ks"krk,aosc dh fo'ks"krk,aosc dh fo'ks"krk,aosc dh fo'ks"krk,a osc ds QhplZ@fo'ks"krk,a fuEukuqlkj gSa%

fMLVªhC;wVsMfMLVªhC;wVsMfMLVªhC;wVsMfMLVªhC;wVsM osc ds ek/;e ls gtkjks osclkbV~l bls Kku ds lkxj ds :i esa izLrqr dj jgh gSaA ;g lHkh osclkbV~l iwjs fo'oHkj ds vyx&vyx loZj ij fLFkr gSA bl izdkj iwjs fo'oHkj esa fc[kjh tkudkfj;ksa dks osc vius esa lesVs gSaA

Mk;usfedMk;usfedMk;usfedMk;usfed osc ds ek/;e ls blds ;wt+j viuh vko';drk dh tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA lwpuk dks osclkbV ij j[kus okys ;wt+j bls fdlh Hkh le; viMsV dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj ,d ;wt++j dks gj le; latest information izkIr gksrh gSA

ØkWl IysVQkWeZØkWl IysVQkWeZØkWl IysVQkWeZØkWl IysVQkWeZ osc dks iz;ksx esa ysus ds fy, fdlh fuf'pr IysVQkWeZ dh fuHkZjrk ugha gSA ;g pkgs foaMkst+ gks ;k ;wfuDl ;k esfduVks'k] ;g lHkh vkWijsfVax flLVe ij iz;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA

baVªsfDVobaVªsfDVobaVªsfDVobaVªsfDVo osc ij tks tkudkfj;ka gS] og vFkkg gSaA ,sls esa ;wt+j dk lgh tkudkjh rd igqapuk dkQh eqf'dy dk;Z gSA fdUrq pwafd osc baVªsfDVo Hkh gSa] vr% ;wt+j viuh vko';drk buiqV ds rkSj ij ns ldrk gS] ftlls mls flQZ ogh tkudkjh feyrh gS] ftls og izkIr djuk pkgrk gSA

/;ku nhft, fd ;fn osclkbV baVªsfDVo ugha gksxh rks og lHkh ;wt+lZ dks leku lwpuk,a iznku djus dk dk;Z djsxh] fdUrq ;fn og baVªsfDVo gS rks og ;wt+j dh vko';drk ds vuqlkj tkudkfj;ka iznku dj ldrh gSA osclkbV ij ekStwn fofHkUu VSDLVckWDl] jsfM;ks cVUl] dekaM cVUl vkfn mls baVªsfDVfoVh iznku djrh gSA

fofHkUu izdkj dh lsok,afofHkUu izdkj dh lsok,afofHkUu izdkj dh lsok,afofHkUu izdkj dh lsok,a oso ij osclkbV~l ds vfrfjDr vU; osc vk/kkfjr lsok,a Hkh miyC/k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, bZ&esy] pSfVax] Qkby VªkalQj (FTP)] Qksje] VsyusV vkfn dbZ vU; lsok,a gS] tks bldh mi;ksfxrk c<+krh gSaA

xzkfQdy baVjQslxzkfQdy baVjQslxzkfQdy baVjQslxzkfQdy baVjQsl osc ij VSDLV ds lkFk&lkFk xzkfQDl dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA baVjQsl ds xzkfQd vk/kkfjr gksus ls ;wt+j ds fy, bls iz;ksx esa ysus dkQh vklku gks x;k gSA osc ij xzkfQDl ds vfrfjDr lkmaM] fofM;ks] ,uhes'ku Hkh vklkuh ls iz;ksx esa iz;ksx esa fy, tk ldrs gSaA

lpZ baftu


�� ;wfuQk;wfuQk;wfuQk;wfuQkWWWWeZ fjlkslZ yksdsVj eZ fjlkslZ yksdsVj eZ fjlkslZ yksdsVj eZ fjlkslZ yksdsVj (URL:Uniform Resource Locator) osc ij fdlh fjlkslZ dks igpkuus (identify) ds fy, URL dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, www http://www.shabdkosh.com ,d URL gS rks osc ij ekStwn fdlh osclkbV dks bafxr dj jgk gSA bldk lkekU; izk:i fuEukuqlkj gS%

URL Syntex mnkgj.kmnkgj.kmnkgj.kmnkgj.k

protocol://domain_name http://www.yahoo.com

https://www.axisbank.co.in

ftp://mywebsite.com

protocol://domain _name/path/filename http://www.sebi.gov.in/dp/infomedia18.pdf

http://www.itajmer.com/downloads.html

URL esa colon (:) fpUg ls igys dk fgLlk izksVksdkWy dgykrk gSA vf/kdka'k txg ;g http (hyper

text transfer protocol) gksrk gSA bldh txg ij https, ftp vFkok gopher Hkh gks ldrk gSA izksVksdkWy ds ckjs esa blh v/;k; esa vkxs le>k;k x;k gSA blds ckn Mksesu use vkrk gSA ;g loZj rFkk ml ij osclkbV dh igpku djrk gSA blds i'pkr~ iksVZ uacj Hkh vk ldrk gS] ftls mijksDr mnkgj.kksa esa ugha fn;k x;k gSA vkxs "/" ds i'pkr~ loZj ij fLFkr ikFk ;k Qkbyuse fn;k tk ldrk gSA

D;k URL dsl lsaflfVo gS\ pwafd Mksesu use flLVe esa dsfiVy rFkk Leky dSjsDVlZ esa varj ugha fd;k tkrk gS] vr% URL esa Mksesu use okyk fgLlk dsl bulsaflfVo gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, http://www.yahoo.com ;k http://WWW.YAHOO.COM nksuksa leku osclkbV vksiu djsaxsA URL

dk 'ks"k Hkkx dsl lsaflfVo gks ldrk gSA ;fn loZj ;wfuDl vk/kkfjr gS rks ;g 'ks"k Hkkx dsl lsaflfVo gksxk] ogha ;fn loZj foaMkst+ vk/kkfjr gS rks ;g dsl bulsaflfVo gksxkA

�� Mksesu useMksesu useMksesu useMksesu use (Domain Name) Mksesu use ,slk uke gS tks fdlh IP ,Mªsl dks bafxr djrk gksA pwafd baVjusV IP ,Mªsl ij vk/kkfjr gS] vr% izR;sd osc lkbV dk vyx IP ,Mªsl gksrk gSA pwafd IP ,Mªsl dks ;kn j[k ikuk eqf'dy gksrk gS] vr% izR;sd IP ,Mªsl dks ,d uke ns fn;k tkrk gS] ftls Mksesu use dgk tkrk gSA

tc czkmt+j ds ek/;e ls ge dksbZ Mksesu use vksiu djrs gSa rks ;g fjDosLV Mksesu use loZj ds ikl tkrh gSA Mksesu use loZj fn, x, Mksesu use ds vk/kkj ij mldk IP ,Mªsl vius MsVkcsl esa <wa<rk gSA tc IP ,Mªsl fey tkrk gS rks ml IP ,Mªsl dks fjDosLV Hkst nh tkrh gSA ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd Mksesu use loZj baVjusV ds fy, Qksucqd dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA

Mksesu ds izdkjMksesu ds izdkjMksesu ds izdkjMksesu ds izdkj Mksesu dks fuEukuqlkj vyx&vyx izdkjksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA

izeq[k izeq[k izeq[k izeq[k VkWi ysoy MksesuVkWi ysoy MksesuVkWi ysoy MksesuVkWi ysoy Mksesu

.aero ,;j VªkaliksVZ lsokvksa gsrq

.com O;kolkf;d iz;ksx gsrq



.coop dkWijsfVOl }kjk mi;ksx gsrq

.edu 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa ds iz;ksx gsrq

.gov ljdkjh iz;ksx gsrq

.mil fefyVªh lsokvksa iz;ksx gsrq

.mobi eksckby fMokblst }kjk iz;ksx gsrq

.net baVjusV lfoZl izksokbMlZ ds iz;ksx gsrq

.org laLFkkvksa gsrq

http://mtld.mobi

http://www.misc.coop

lpZ baftu


fofHkUu ns'kksa ds fy, izeq[k MksesufofHkUu ns'kksa ds fy, izeq[k MksesufofHkUu ns'kksa ds fy, izeq[k MksesufofHkUu ns'kksa ds fy, izeq[k Mksesu

.ca dukMk gsrq

.ch fLoVtjyS.M gsrq

.co dksyfEc;k gsrq

.in bf.M;k gsrq

.it bVyh gsrq

.ly fyfc;k gsrq

.mu ekfj'kl gsrq

�� osc czkmt+josc czkmt+josc czkmt+josc czkmt+j osc czkmt+j ,slk izksxzke gksrk gS tks oYMZ okbM osc ls tkudkjh dks izkIr djrs gq, ;wt+j ds lkeus iznf'kZr djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA tgka izkjafHkd osc czkmt+j flQZ HTTP ls gh VSDLV dks iznf'kZr djus esa l{ke Fkk] ogha orZeku ds osc czkmt+j HTTP ds vfrfjDr vU; dbZ izksVksdkWYl tSls FTP,

E-mail, Usenet vkfn ij Hkh dk;Z dj ldrk gSA

oSls rks osc czkmt+j dk eq[; iz;ksx oYMZ okbM osc ls tkudkjh izkIr djrs gq, ;wt+j ds lkeus iznf'kZr djuk gS] fdUrq bls vc baVªkusV esa Hkh iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr dqN izksxzkfeax ySXost (PHP, ASP, Pearl) esa cus izksxzke Hkh blh ds ek/;e ls dk;Z djrs gSaA

bl izdkj rduhdh :i esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd osc czkmt+j ,slk Vwy gS tks eq[;r% HTTP

izksVksdkWy dk iz;ksx djrs gq, tkudkjh dks iznf'kZr dj ldrk gSA dqN izeq[k osc czkmt+lZ esa baVjusV ,DlIyksjj] xwxy Økse] eksftyk Qk;jQkWDl] vksisjk] lQkjh vkfn lfEefyr gSaA

vksisjk czkmt+j xwxy Økse czkmt+j

czkmt+j ds eq[; ,yhesaV~lczkmt+j ds eq[; ,yhesaV~lczkmt+j ds eq[; ,yhesaV~lczkmt+j ds eq[; ,yhesaV~l

,d czkmt+j ds baVjQsl ij fuEukafdr ,yhesaV~l gksrs gSa%

• Home cVu% ;wt+j }kjk lsV fd, x, gkse ist ij tkus ds fy,A



• Address bar: ;wt+j }kjk URL Vkbi fd, tkus dk LFkkuA

• Back ,oa Forward cVu% ;wt+j }kjk foft+V fd, x, fiNys ist rFkk vxys ist ij tkus ds fy,A

• Refresh/Reload cVu% djaV oscist dks loZj ls okil izkIr djus ds fy,A

• Close cVu% yksM gks jgs oscist dh yksfMax jksdus ds fy,A

• Status bar: djaV LVsVl iznf'kZr djus ds fy,A

osc czkmt+josc czkmt+josc czkmt+josc czkmt+j ds eq[; QhplZds eq[; QhplZds eq[; QhplZds eq[; QhplZ ,d lkekU; osc czkmt+j eq[;r% fuEukafdr QhplZ miyC/k djkrs gSa%

• czkmft+ax

• cqdekdZ

• MkmuyksM eSustesaV

• lpZ batu Vwyckj]

• tkok fLØIV liksVZ

• ikWi&vi CykWdj

• Tabbed czkmfta+x

• CSS liksVZ

osc czkmt+josc czkmt+josc czkmt+josc czkmt+j ds izdkjds izdkjds izdkjds izdkj osc czkmt+j dks daVsaV ds daVsaV ds daVsaV ds daVsaV ds vk/kkvk/kkvk/kkvk/kkj ij j ij j ij j ij fuEukuqlkj nks izdkjksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS%

1- VSDLV osc czkmt+j 2- xzkfQdy osc czkmt+j

VSDLV osc czkmtVSDLV osc czkmtVSDLV osc czkmtVSDLV osc czkmt++++jjjj ;g czkmt+j osc ist ij iznf'kZr gksus okys xzkfQDl] ,uhes'ku] lkmaM vkfn dks iznf'kZr

ugha djrk gSA izkjafHkd VSDLV vk/kkfjr osc czkmtlZ esa Lynx osc czkmt+j dk uke vkrk gSA izeq[k VSDLV osc czkmt+lZ esa Lynx, Edbrowse, w3m, ALynx, ELinks, Emacs/W3, LInks,

Net-Tamer, WebbIE vkfn uke 'kkfey gSA

xzkfQdy xzkfQdy xzkfQdy xzkfQdy osc czkmtosc czkmtosc czkmtosc czkmt++++jjjj ;g czkmt+j osc ist ij iznf'kZr gksus okys eYVhehfM;k ,yhesaV~l tSls xzkfQDl] ,uhes'ku]

lkmaM vkfn dks iznf'kZr djus esa l{ke gksrk gSA Internet Explorer, Safari, Opera,

Google Chrome, Netscape Navigator, Mozilla Firefox vkfn blds mnkgj.k gSaA

blh izdkj osc czkmt+j dks ysvkmV batuysvkmV batuysvkmV batuysvkmV batu ds ds ds ds vk/kkj ijvk/kkj ijvk/kkj ijvk/kkj ij fuEukuqlkj izdkjksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS%

lpZ baftu


1. Trident vk/kkfjr osc czkmt+j 2. Tasman vk/kkfjr osc czkmt+j 3. Gecko vk/kkfjr osc czkmt+j 4. KHTML vk/kkfjr osc czkmt+j 5. WebKit vk/kkfjr osc czkmt+j

Trident vk/kkfjr osc czkmtvk/kkfjr osc czkmtvk/kkfjr osc czkmtvk/kkfjr osc czkmt++++jjjj ekbØkslkW¶V }kjk fodflr ;g batu baVjusV ,DlIyksjj 4 rFkk mlds ckn ds czkmtlZ esa 'kkfey gksrk gSA baVjusV ,DlIyksjj ds vfrfjDr AOL Explorer, Winamp, Enigma,

GreenBrowser, iRider, Maxthon, MenuBox, MSN Explorer, NeoPlanet, NetCaptor,

RealPlayer, SlimBrowser, TomeRaider, TheWorld Browser, UltraBrowser, WebbIE

czkmt+lZ bls iz;ksx esa ys jgs gSaA

Tasman vk/kkfjr osc czkmtvk/kkfjr osc czkmtvk/kkfjr osc czkmtvk/kkfjr osc czkmt++++jjjj ;g Hkh ekbØkslkW¶V }kjk fodflr batu gS] ftls eSfduVks'k ds baVjusV ,DlIyksjj 5 ds fy, iz;ksx esa fy;k tk jgk gSA

Gecko vk/kkfjr osc czkmtvk/kkfjr osc czkmtvk/kkfjr osc czkmtvk/kkfjr osc czkmt++++jjjj bls eksftyk QkmaMs'ku }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k gSA orZeku esa Hkh bl dk;Z py jgk gSA ;g Firefox, Camino, Flock, SeaMonkey, K-Meleon, Netscape 9, Lunascape osc czkmt+j }kjk osc ist dks iznf'kZr djus ds fy, iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA

KHTML vk/kkfjr osc czkmtvk/kkfjr osc czkmtvk/kkfjr osc czkmtvk/kkfjr osc czkmt++++jjjj

bls volunteer ¼Lo;alsodks½ us fodflr fd;k gS] ftldk iz;ksx ;wfuDl vk/kkfjr e'khu

ij fd;k tkrk gSA ;g osc czkmt+j ds lkFk&lkFk Qkby eSustj dk dk;Z Hkh djrk gSA

blesa FTP, SAMBA (Microsoft file-sharing) browser, IMAP, ISO (cd image), VNC

viewer vkfn QhplZ miyc/k gSA

WebKit vk/kkfjr osc czkmtvk/kkfjr osc czkmtvk/kkfjr osc czkmtvk/kkfjr osc czkmt++++jjjj ;g ekbØkslkW¶V foaMkst+ dk phu ds fy, cuk laLdj.k gSA blds eq[; QhplZ esa Tabbed

baVjQsl] fdlh VSc ds vpkud can dj nsus ds ckn Undo ds ek/;e ls mls okil [kksyus dh lqfo/kk] ¶yS'k Iys;j] tkok ,IysV ,oa ,fDVo,Dl CykWdj] izksxzkescy ekml ewoesaV] RSS jhMj] RSS reader vkfn 'kkfey gSA

fofHkUu fofHkUu fofHkUu fofHkUu oooosc czkmt+jsc czkmt+jsc czkmt+jsc czkmt+j fofHkUu yksdfiz; osc czkmt+lZ fuEukuqlkj gS%

Internet Explorer



Mozilla Firefox

Google Chrome

Safari

Opera

Netscape Navigator

SeaMonkey

Amaya

�� osc czkmtosc czkmtosc czkmtosc czkmt++++j vkfdZVsDpj j vkfdZVsDpj j vkfdZVsDpj j vkfdZVsDpj (web browser archicture) osc czkmt+j ls vk'k; ,sls Vwy ls gS tks fdlh osc MkWD;wesaV dks le>rs gq, fMLIys dj nsrk gSA igyk czkmt+j 1991 esa fVe cuZlZ yh }kjk cuk;k x;k FkkA izkjaHk ds osc czkmt+j ukWu&ekWM~;wyj gqvk djrs FksA ckn esa bUgsa ekWM~;wyj cukus dh vko';drk izrhr gqbZA bl izdkj czkmt+j dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaV fn;k x;k] ftUgsa ;wt+j baVjQsl rFkk batu dgk x;kA

bUgsa vyx&vyx djus dk Qk;nk ;g gqvk fd osc czkmt+j dks vc fdlh vU; ,Iyhds'ku ds lkFk Hkh fyad fd;k tk ldrk ldrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa vU; ,Iyhds'ku dks lh/ks gh batu ls tksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA blls ;wt+j ml vU; ,Iyhds'ku ds baVjQsl ds ek/;e ls batu ls dk;Z djokus esa l{ke gks tkrk gSA

lkekU;r% lHkh osc czkmt+j yxHkx leku vkfdZVsDpj ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA vyx&vyx czkmt+j ds vkfdZVsDpj esa FkksM+k cgqr varj ik;k tk ldrk gS] fdUrq eq[; fgLls fuEukuqlkj gh jgrs gSa%

lpZ baftu


osc czkmt+j vkfdZVsDpj

;wt+j baVjQsl;wt+j baVjQsl;wt+j baVjQsl;wt+j baVjQsl osc czkmt+j dk ;wt+j baVjQsl ;wtj ls buiqV ysrk gS rFkk czkmt+j batu }kjk cuk, x, ist dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA baVjQsl ij fofHkUu eSU;w vkbVe] ,Mªsl ckj] fofHkUu fyad vkfn fLFkr gksrs gSa] ftudh lgk;rk ls ;wt+j fdlh URL ds fy, fjDosLV dj ldrk gSA

czkmtczkmtczkmtczkmt++++j batuj batuj batuj batu czkmt+j batu dks ysvkmV batu ;k jsaMfjax batu Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;g batu izkIr HTML

MkWD;wesaV dks parse djrs gq, le>rk gSA ;g batu HTML ds vfrfjDr Java Script. XML vkfn vU; fLØIVl dks Hkh le>rk gSA bldk dk;Z izkIr ist dks mfpr QkWesZfVax esa LØhu ij iznf'kZr djus ;ksX; cukuk gksrk gSA

orZeku esa eksftyk dkWiksZjs'ku }kjk Gecko uke ysvkmV batu cuk;k tk jgk gS] tks fd Firefox,

Camino, Flock, SeaMonkey, K-Meleon, Netscape 9, Lunascape osc czkmt+j }kjk osc ist dks iznf'kZr djus ds fy, iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA blh izdkj Trident ,oa WebKit Hkh ysvkmV batu gS ftUgsa Øe'k% baVjusV ,DlIyksjj rFkk lQkjh }kjk iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA

� Mk;usfed ,oa LVSfVd osclkbV~l Mk;usfed ,oa LVSfVd osclkbV~l Mk;usfed ,oa LVSfVd osclkbV~l Mk;usfed ,oa LVSfVd osclkbV~l (Dynamic & Static websites) osclkbV~l dks muds daVsV ds vk/kkj ij nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,slh osclkbV~l tks ges'kk leku ist izLrqr djs og LVSfVd osclkbV~l gksrh gSa] rFkk ,slh osclkbV~l tks fn, x, buiqV ds vk/kkj ij mfpr MsVk izLrqr djs og Mk;usfed osclkbV dgykrh gSA

vU; 'kCnksa esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd tks oscist le;] ;wt+j] fo"k; vkfn ds lanHkZ esa cnyrk jgrk gks] mls Mk;usfed oscist dgk tk,xkA blds foijhr tks ist mijksDr izR;sd ifjfLFkfr esa leku jgs og LVSfVd oscist dgyk,xkA Mk;usfed oscist ds fy, lkekU;r% MsVkcsl rFkk izksxzkfeax ySaXost dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;wt+j dh vko';drk ds vuqlkj izksxzke MsVkcsl esa ls mfpr MsVk izLrqr dj nsrk gSA Mk;usfed osclkbV dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

• DykbaV lkbM fLØfIVax% blds ek/;e ls ekml@dhcksMZ ds bosaV~l ds vk/kkj ij ,D'ku fy, tk ldrs gSaA blesa izksxzke ;wt+j ds dEI;wVj ij dk;Z djrk gSA

• loZj lkbM fLØfIVax% blesa izksxzke loZj ij dk;Z djrk gSA izksxzke loZj ij gh mfpr MsVk izkIr dj mls ;wt+j ds dEI;wVj ij Hkstrk gSA

User Interface

Browser/Rendering Engine

Networking Java Script XML Parser Display Backend



blh izdkj ftl osclkbV ij ;wt+j baVªsD'ku ds fcuk Hkh daVsaV cnyrk jgrk gks] og ,fDVo osclkbV dgykrh gSA ,slh osclkbV ij lkekU;r% ,uhes'ku] tkok ,IysV vkfn ds ek/;e ls daVsaV dks iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA

� v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u 1- www ls vki D;k le>rs gS\ foLrkj ls le>kb,A

2- osc dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks fyf[k,A

3- fuEu ij fVIi.kh fyf[k,% ¼v½ URL ¼c½ Mksesu use ¼l½ osclkbV ¼n½ czkmt+j ds izdkj

4- osc czkmt+j D;k gS\ blds fofHkUu ,yhesaV~l rFkk QhplZ fyf[k,A

� � �

lpZ baftu


baVjusV rFkk lqj{kkbaVjusV rFkk lqj{kkbaVjusV rFkk lqj{kkbaVjusV rFkk lqj{kk Internet & security


�� ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;ifjp; baVjusV dk iz;ksx vkt dkQh c<+ pqdk gSA gesa dqN Hkh tkudkjh pkfg, rqjar baVjusV gkft+j gSA bl ij iz;ksx esa vkus okyh ,Iyhds'kal Hkh dkQh c<+ pqdh gSaA ysfdu nwljh rjQ blds [krjs Hkh c<+rs tk jgs gSaA baVjusV ij dk;Z djrs&djrs vU; osclkbV Lor% [kqy tkrh gSa] dEI;wVj dh dk;Z djus dh j¶rkj de gks tkrh gS] ;g [krjk cuk jgrk gS fd dksbZ vU; gekjs dEI;wVj ij fLFkr tkudkfj;ka uk pqjk ys] cSafdax ysunsu djrs le; dksbZ gekjk ;wt+juse ikloMZ uk pqjk ys---- bl izdkj ds dqN [krjs ges'kk cus jgrs gSaA

[krjs[krjs[krjs[krjs (Risks) dEI;wVj ij gksus okyk vVSd nks izdkj ls gks ldrk gS& iSflo vVSd rFkk ,fDVo vVSdA fdlh dEI;wVj ij gksus okyh xfrfof/k ij ut+j j[kuk iSflo vVSd dgykrk gSA nwljh vksj vukf/kd`r :i ls MsVk esa ifjorZu djuk ,fDVo vVSd dgykrk gSA ,d rjQ tgka iSflo vVSd dk mn~ns'; ;wt+j dk MsVk izkIr djuk dgykrk gS] ogha ,fDVo vVSd dk mn~ns'; ;wt+j ds MsVk dks uqdlku igqapkuk gksrk gSA

usVodZ ls gksus okys izeq[k [krjs fuEukuqlkj gSa%

igpku igpku igpku igpku dh pksjhdh pksjhdh pksjhdh pksjh (Theft of Identity) usVodZ ij fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa dh ckrphr ds le; mudh igpku ¼;wt+juse] ikloMZ½ dks xyr iz;ksx ds fy, pqjk ysus dk [krjk cuk jgrk gSA

4



vuqfprvuqfprvuqfprvuqfpr nkok djuk nkok djuk nkok djuk nkok djuk (Phishing) dksbZ gSdj viuh igpku Nqik dj fdlh vU; O;fDr ds :i esa ;wt+lZ ls vfrfjDr tkudkjh ekax dj mls Bx ldrk gSA blds og fy, ;wt+j dks vfrfjDr Qk;ns igqapkus dk ykyp nsrk gSA

vuqfpr fjdkWfMZaxvuqfpr fjdkWfMZaxvuqfpr fjdkWfMZaxvuqfpr fjdkWfMZax (Unauthorized Recording) usVodZ ij fd, x, dE;wfuds'ku dks fjdkWMZ dj mls ckn esa xyr mi;ksx esa yssus dk [krjk jgrk gSA

MsVk esaMsVk esaMsVk esaMsVk esa cnykocnykocnykocnyko (Data Manipulation) fdlh vukf/kd`r O;fDr }kjk dE;wfuds'ku ds nkSjku vknku iznku fd, tkus okys MsVk esa NsM+NkM+ fd, tkus dk Hk; jgrk gSA

lsokvksa ds iz;ksx lsokvksa ds iz;ksx lsokvksa ds iz;ksx lsokvksa ds iz;ksx esa nsjhesa nsjhesa nsjhesa nsjh (Delay in Services)

,slh lsok ftlesa le; dkQh egRoiw.kZ gks] esa usVodZ ds dkj.k nsjh gksuh dh laHkkouk jgrh gSA

cpkocpkocpkocpko (Remedies) ,sls [krjksa ls cpus ds fy, gesa lqj{kk ls lacaf/kr dqN mik; djus pkfg,A ,sls mik;ksa dks ge baVjusV flD;ksfjVh ds uke ls tku ldrs gSaA baVjusV flD;ksfjVh ds fy, ge dqN VwYl rFkk lko/kkfu;ksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA ,sls gh dqN VwYl fuEukuqlkj gSa%

• ,aVhok;jl% ,aVhok;jl% ,aVhok;jl% ,aVhok;jl% ,sls lkW¶Vos;j baVjusV ds ek/;e ls vkus okys ok;jlksa ls lqj{kk iznku djrs gSaA bUgsa le;≤ ij viMsV djrs jguk pkfg,] rkfd u, ok;jlksa ls Hkh lqj{kk fey ldsA

• ,aVh Lik;os;j,aVh Lik;os;j,aVh Lik;os;j,aVh Lik;os;j% Lik;os;j ,slk izksxzke gS tks ;wt+j ds dEI;wVj ij baLVkWy gksdj ;wt+j dh

ethZ ds fcuk mldh tkudkfj;ka pqjkrk jgrk gSA Lik;os;j ;wt+j ds dEI;wVj dh lSfVax Hkh mldh tkudkjh ds fcuk cny nsrk gS] tks fd dEI;wVj dh LihM de dj nsrk gS] gkse ist cny nsrk gS---A ,aVh Lik;os;j ,sls izksxzke dks baLVkWy gksus ls jksd nsrk gSA

• Qk;jokWy% Qk;jokWy% Qk;jokWy% Qk;jokWy% ;g ,slk izksxzke gS tks ;wt+j ds dEI;wVj ij baVjusV ds ek/;e ls vukf/kd`r igqap dks jksd nsrk gSA Qk;jokWy gkMZos;j rFkk lkW¶Vos;j nksuksa ek/;eksa ls iz;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA bls usVodZ esa iz;ksx esa vkus okyh fMokblst tSls jkmVlZ] loZj] vkfn ij baLVkWy fd;k tk ldrk gSA

pwafd ;g baVjusV ls izkIr gksus okys iSdsV rFkk Hksts tkus okys iSdsV~l dh tkap djrk gS] vr% bl dkj.k ls usVodZ dh LihM FkksM+h de gks tkrh gSA cM+h daifu;ka Qk;jokWy dk iz;ksx baVjusV rFkk baVªkusV ds chp esa djrh gSA blls og gSdlZ dks daiuh ds vkarfjd usVodZ rd igqap ls jksd nsrh gSA

lpZ baftu


• isjsaVy daVªksy% isjsaVy daVªksy% isjsaVy daVªksy% isjsaVy daVªksy% ;g ,slk izksxzke gksrk gS tks cPpksa ds fy, vuqi;qDr daVsaV iznf'kZr ugha gksus nsrk gSA ,sls Vwy ds ek/;e ls eq[;r% fuEukafdr dk;Z fd, tk ldrs gSa%

o daVsaV fQYVfjax% mez ds vuqlkj daVsV ij fu;a=.kA

o ;wt+st daVªksy% iz;ksx dh le; lhek r; djus ds fy,A

Internet Explorer esa Content Advisor ds ek/;e ls daVªksy



• SSL dk iz;ksx% dk iz;ksx% dk iz;ksx% dk iz;ksx% Secure Socket Layer izksVksdkWy dk iz;ksx izkbosV MkWD;wesaV~l dks baVjusV ds ek/;e ls ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij lqjf{kr Hkstus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g izksVksdkWy ,slk cryptographic flLVe iz;ksx esa ysrk gS ftlesa MsVk dks encrypt djus ds fy, nks izdkj dh keys dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bu nks keys esa ls ,d public key gksrh gS tks lHkh dks irk gksrh gS] rFkk nwljh private key gksrh gS tks flQZ MsVk izkIrdrkZ dks irk gksrh gSA

bl izdkj encrypt fd, x, MsVk dks i<+us ds fy, private key dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bl private key dks MsVk ij apply djrs gq, MsVk dks decrypt fd;k tk ldrk gSA pwafd private key izR;sd ds ikl uk gksdj flQZ lacaf/kr izkIrdrkZ ds ikl gh gksrh gS] vr% bl ek/;e ls Hkstk x;k MsVk dksbZ vU; ugha i<+ ldrk gSA

dbZ osclkbV bl izksVksdkWy dks ;wt++j laca/kh xksiuh; tkudkjh ¼tSls ØsfMV dkMZ uacj½ izkIr djus ds fy, iz;ksx esa ysrh gSA tgka ;g rduhd iz;ksx esa yh tkrh gS ogka http: dh txg https: dk iz;ksx ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

SSL dk iz;ksx% https://www.axisbank.co.in

�� fofHkUu izksVksdkWyfofHkUu izksVksdkWyfofHkUu izksVksdkWyfofHkUu izksVksdkWy baVjusV ij MsVk dk vknku iznku djus ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj ds izksVksdkWy iz;ksx esa fy, tkrs gSaA /;ku nsa fd izksVksdkWy ls vk'k; fu;eksa ds lewg ls gksrk gSA eq[; izksVksdkWy fuEukuqlkj gS%

�� gk;ij VSDLV VªkalQj izksVksdkWy gk;ij VSDLV VªkalQj izksVksdkWy gk;ij VSDLV VªkalQj izksVksdkWy gk;ij VSDLV VªkalQj izksVksdkWy (HTTP) gk;ij VSDLV VªkalQj izksVksdkWy ,slk usVodZ izksVksdkWy gS tks loZj rFkk HTTP DykbaV ¼tSls osc czkmt+j½ ds e/; dE;wfuds'ku dk dk;Z djrk gSA ;g izksVksdkWy ,d vU; izksVksdkWy TCP dh enn ls dk;Z djrk gSA

;g ,d ukWu izksijk;Vjh] IysVQkWeZ bafMisaMsaV] vksiu MkWD;wesaV vkfdZVsDpj vk/kkfjr] ISO LVS.MMZ vk/kkfjr izksVksdkWy gS] ftls fVe cuZlZ yh us 1989 ds izkjaHk esa fMt+kbu fd;k FkkA

lpZ baftu


loZj rFkk DykbaV ,d nwljs ls dE;wfudsV djus ds fy, fjDosLV rFkk jsLikal dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA DykbaV Vwy ¼tSls czkmt+j½ URL ds :i esa fjDosLV loZj dks Hkstrk gS] loZj ml URL ls lacaf/kr oscist okil DykbaV dks Hkst nsrk gSA DykbaV Vwy bl izdkj izkIr gq, MsVk dks iznf'kZr dj nsrk gSA

HTTP esa izR;sd ckj Hksth tkus okyh fjDosLV vyx&vyx ikFk rFkk dusD'ku ds ek/;e ls tkrh gS rFkk blh izdkj izkIr gksus okyk MsVk Hkh vyx dusD'ku ls izkIr gksrk gS] vr% bls LVsVySl izksVksdkWy Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

�� Qkby VªQkby VªQkby VªQkby VªkalQj izksVksdkWy kalQj izksVksdkWy kalQj izksVksdkWy kalQj izksVksdkWy (FTP) Qkby VªkalQj izksVksdkWy ,d usVodZ izksVksdkWy gS ftldk iz;ksx Qkby dks TCP/IP vk/kkfjr usVodZ ¼tSls baVjusV ;k baVªkusV½ ij ,d loZj ls nwljs LFkku ij dkWih djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA loZj ls Qkby dks DykbaV ij dkWih djus dh izfØ;k dks MkmuyksfMax dgk tkrk gS] rFkk DykbaV ls loZj ij Qkby dkWih djus dh izfØ;k dks viyksfMax dgk tkrk gSA FTP loZj blds fy, iksVZ uacj 21 dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

bl izksVksdkWy esa daVªksy rFkk MsVk ds fy, vyx&vyx dusD'ku dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl izksVksdkWy ds ek/;e ls Qkby VªkalQj djrs le; ,d daVªksy dusD'ku cuk;k tkrk gSA bl dusD'ku ds ek/;e ls daVªksy dekaM VªkalfeV fd, tkrs gSaA MsVk dks VªkalQj djus ds fy, ,d vyx MsVk dusD'ku cuk;k tkrk gSA ;g dusD'ku iwjs MsVk VªklaQj ¼ls'ku½ ds nkSjku cus jgrs gSaA blesa HTTP dh Hkkafr izR;sd ckj dusD'ku cukus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gS] mlh dusD'ku ls iwjk MsVk VªkalfeV fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj MsVk VªkalQj djus ds fy, ;g izksVksdkWy HTTP dh rqyuk esa rst dk;Z djrk gSA

FTP loZj ls dusD'ku rFkk MsVk viyksM@MkmuyksM djus ds fy, FTP DykbaV lkW¶Vos;j dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g lkW¶Vos;j GUI vFkok VSDLV baVjQsl vk/kkfjr gks ldrk gSA ,sls gh DykbaV ds mnkgj.kksa esa FileZilla, CuteFTP, SmartFTP, WS_FTP vkfn vkrs gSaA

CuteFTP Vwy



FTP dusD'ku anonymous rFkk non-anonymous gks ldrs gSaA Annonymous dusD'ku esa ;wt+juse dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA dusD'ku ds nkSjku ;wt+juse iwNus ij anonymous Vkbi djuk gksrk gS rFkk ikloMZ dh txg lkekU;r% bZ&esy ,Mªsl Vkbi djuk gksrk gSA nwljh vksj non

anonymous dusD'ku dh fLFkfr esa fdlh FTP loZj ls dusDV gksus ds fy, ;wt+juse rFkk ikloMZ dk gksuk vko';d gSA

�� fVªfofVªfofVªfofVªfovvvvy Qkby VªkalQj izksVksdkWy y Qkby VªkalQj izksVksdkWy y Qkby VªkalQj izksVksdkWy y Qkby VªkalQj izksVksdkWy (TFTP) ;g FTP dk gh lk/kkj.k :i gSA ;g FTP dh rjg gh Qkby dks VªkalQj djus ds fy, cuk gS] fdUrq blesa flD;wfjVh dk izko/kku ugha gSA lkekU;r% bldk iz;ksx loZj }kjk fcuk fMLd okys odZLVs'ku ;k router dks cwV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g izksVksdkWy iksVZ uacj 69 rFkk ;wt++j MsVkxzke izksVksdkWy dk iz;ksx djrk gSA

blds lk/kkj.k ls fMt+kbu ds dkj.k ;g eSeksjh esa dkQh de Lisl ysrk gSA ;g izksVksdkWy loZj ij fLFkr Mk;jsDVªht+ dks uk gh iznf'kZr dj ldrk gS] uk gh nwljh Mk;jsDVªh dks djaV Mk;jsDVªh cuk ldrk gSA pwafd blesa ;wt+j authentication dk dksbZ izko/kku ugha gS] vr% bldk iz;ksx lkekU;r% izkbosV usVodZ esa gh fd;k tkrk gSA

�� flaiy esy VªkalQj izksVksdkWy flaiy esy VªkalQj izksVksdkWy flaiy esy VªkalQj izksVksdkWy flaiy esy VªkalQj izksVksdkWy (SMTP) baVjusV izksVksdkWy usVodZ ij bZ&esy VªkalQj ds fy, ;g izksVksdkWy iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA bZ&esy DykbaV lkW¶Vos;j bZ&esy eSlst Hkstus ds fy, SMTP dk iz;ksx djrs gSa rFkk eSlst izkIr djus ds fy, iksLV vkWfQl izksVksdkWy (POP) ;k baVjusV eSlst ,Dlsl izksVksdkWy (IMAP) dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA SMTP loZj blds fy, iksVZ uacj 25 dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

;g izksVksdkWy bZ&esy eSlst dks lh/ks loZj ij viyksM dj nsrk gSA LVSfVd IP ,Mªsl okys loZj bl izksVksdkWy ds ek/;e ls eSlst Hkh izkIr dj ldrs gSaA

;g izksVksdkWy DykbaV ls loZj dh rjQ TCP dusD'ku cukus ds i'pkr~ loZj ds tokc dk bartkj djrk gSA tc loZj dh rjQ ls ready flXuy izkIr gksrk gS rks DykbaV] izkIrdrkZ rFkk Hkstusokys

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dk bZ&esy ,Mªsl loZj dks Hkst nsrk gSA loZj ;g tkap djrk gS fd ;g bZ&esy ,Mªsl okLro esa ekStwn gS ;k ughaA ;fn ,Mªsl fey tkrk gS rks loZj flXuy nsrk gS fd bZ&esy eSlst Hkst fn;k tk,A ,sls esa DykbaV eSlst loZj dks Hkst nsrk gSA

�� iksLV vkWfQl VªkalQj izksVksdkWy iksLV vkWfQl VªkalQj izksVksdkWy iksLV vkWfQl VªkalQj izksVksdkWy iksLV vkWfQl VªkalQj izksVksdkWy (POP) ;g izksVksdkWy yksdy bZ&esy DykbaV~l ¼tSls vkmVyqd ,Dlizsl½ }kjk loZj ls bZ&esy izkIr djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA mijksDr of.kZr nwljs izksVksdkWy dh Hkkafr bl izksVksdkWy dks Hkh TCP/IP dusD'ku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bl izksVksdkWy ds fofHkUu otZ+u fodflr gq, gSaA orZeku esa bldk otZu 3 iz;ksx esa fy;k tk jgk gS] ftls POP3 ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA POP3 loZj blds fy, iksVZ uacj 110 dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

,d POP3 loZj fdlh Hkh eSlst dks rc rd LVksj j[krk gS] tc rd fd DykbaV ml eSlst dks MkmuyksM ugha dj ysrk gSA fdlh eSlst dks izkIr djus ds fy, POP DykbaV TCP ls'ku cukrk gS] ;wt+juse rFkk ikloMZ ds ek/;e ls Lo;a dh igpku fl) djrk gSA blds i'pkr~ eSlst dks tc MkmuyksM fd;k tkrk gS] rks og loZj ls fMyhV gks tkrk gSA

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Gopher

bls University of Minnesota esa fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA 1996 rd xksQj ,d egRoiw.kZ baVjusV ,Iyhds'ku FkkA bldk dk;Z loZj ls VSDLV QkbYl dks izkIr dj DykbaV dEI;wVj ij baLVkWy O;wvj dks miyC/k djkuk gksrk FkkA ml le; xksQj dks www dh 'kq:vkrh voLFkk dgk



tk ldrk FkkA ckn esa tc HTML dk fodkl gqvk rFkk mosiac uked xzkfQdy czkmt+j vfLrRo esa vk;k rks xksQj dk iz;ksx de gksrk x;kA

xksQj esa iz;ksx esa vkus okyh izeq[k dekaM~lxksQj esa iz;ksx esa vkus okyh izeq[k dekaM~lxksQj esa iz;ksx esa vkus okyh izeq[k dekaM~lxksQj esa iz;ksx esa vkus okyh izeq[k dekaM~l

<Q> xksQj ls rqjar ckgj vkus ds fy,

<q> xksQj ls ckgj vkus ds fy,] fdUrq iwN dj

<?> gSYi n'kkZus ds fy,

<-> fdlh vkbVe ds ckjs esa rduhdh tkudkjh iznf'kZr djus ds fy,

<O> xksQj fodYiksa dks cnydj tkap djus ds fy,

<Space> eSU;w ds vxys ist ij tkus ds fy,

<b> eSU;w ds fiNys ist ij tkus ds fy,

<k> ikbaVj dks ,d ysoy Åij ys tkus ds fy,

<j> ikbaVj dks ,d ysoy uhps ys tkus ds fy,

<n> vxys eSU;w vkbVe dks lpZ djus ds fy,

<m> main eSU;w ij tkus ds fy,

<Return> djaV vkbVe dks lySDV djus ds fy,

<s> djaV vkbVe dks Qkby esa lso djus ds fy,

<D> djaV vkbVe dks fdlh Qkby esa MkmuyksM djus ds fy,

xksQj xksQj xksQj xksQj dks iz;ksx esa ysus dk rjhdkdks iz;ksx esa ysus dk rjhdkdks iz;ksx esa ysus dk rjhdkdks iz;ksx esa ysus dk rjhdk xksQj dks liksVZ djus okys fdlh czkmt+j ¼tSls Qk;jQkWDl eksftyk½ ds ek/;e ls xksQj ls dusDV gksus ds ckn fuEukuqlkj eSU;w ut+j vkrk gS%

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bl eSU;w esa djaV vkbVe dks rhj ds fu'kku (-->) ds ek/;e ls n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA xksQj cbreak

eksM esa dk;Z djrk gSA cbreak eksM ls vk'k; gS fd blds fofHkUu dekaM ,d v{kj ds gh gSaA fdlh Hkh dekaM dks Vkbi djus ds ckn ,aVj nckus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn dhcksMZ ls <j> nck;k tk,xk rks ikbaVj nwljs fodYi ij igqap tk,xkA

blh izdkj <s> nckus ij Save a file uke ls iz'u iwNk tk,xkA ;gka ij bfPNr Qkbyuse Vkbi djrs gq, ,aVj nck;k tk ldrk gSA

�� VsyusV VsyusV VsyusV VsyusV (Telnet) VsyusV 'kCn VsyhdE;wfuds'ku usVodZ ls cuk gSA ,slk ;wVhfyVh izksxzke gS tks fdlh fjeksV dEI;wVj dks iz;ksx esa ysus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA VsyusV ls LAN ;k baVjusV ds ek/;e ls vU; dEI;wVj dks fu;af=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds ek/;e ls fjeksV dEI;wVj ij ;wt+juse&ikloMZ dh enn ls ykWx&bu fd;k tk ldrk gSA VsyusV ds fy, iksVZ uacj 23 dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bls fuEukuqlkj iz;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gS% telnet shatru.myserver.com

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<c> djaV dusD'ku dks Dykst+ djus ds fy,



<d> vkWijsfVax iSjkehVlZ dks iznf'kZr djus ds fy,

<o> fn, x, gksLV ls dusDV djus ds fy,

<q> VsyusV ls ckgj tkus ds fy,

<st> LVsVl fizaV djus ds fy,

<?> gSYi n'kkZus ds fy,

<h> gSYi n'kkZus ds fy,

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SNTP eSustesaV lkW¶Vos;j dk iz;ksx usVodZ fMokbl dks fu;af=r j[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blds fy, SNTP agent lkW¶Vos;j dk baLVkWy gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA ,sls lkW¶Vos;j ds ek/;e ls usVodZ fMokbl ij vukf/kd`r igqap dks jksdk tk ldrk gS] fdlh Qsfy;j ds gksrs gh mldh tkudkjh yh tk ldrh gS rFkk fjeksV fMokbl dks viuh vko';drk ds vuqlkj lsV Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

� v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u 1- baVjusV ij gks ldus okys [krjksa dks foLrkj ls le>kb, rFkk muds cpko Hkh fyf[k,A

2- fdUgh pkj izksVksdkWy dks la{ksi esa le>kb,A

3- xksQj D;k gS rFkk bls iz;ksx esa ysus dk D;k rjhdk gS\

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�� ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;ifjp; bZ&esy ,slh lqfo/kk dk uke gS ftlds ek/;e ls fdlh vU; O;fDr dks bysDVªkWfud@fMftVy :i esa lans'k Hkstk tk ldsA ;g baVjusV ij miyC/k ,d izeq[k lqfo/kk gSA Hksts tkus okys bl lans'k esa VSDLV ds lkFk&lkFk xzkfQd] lkmaM rFkk fofM;ks Hkh Hkstk tk ldrk gSA

bZ&esy lqfo/kk iz;ksx djus ds fy, Hkstus okys rFkk ikus okys nksuksa ;wt++lZ dk fdlh bZ&esy loZj ij vdkmaV gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA ;g vdkmaV ,Mªsl [email protected] ds :i esa gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn dksbZ bZ&esy ,Mªsl [email protected] gS] rks bldk vk'k; gS fd gmail loZj ij ravi uke dk vdkmaV gSA

;g vko';d ugha gS fd fdlh O;fDr dks bZ&esy djrs le; ikus okys rFkk Hkstus okys nksuksa dk vdkmaV leku loZj ij gh gksA ;g laHko gS fd ;fn fdlh O;fDr dk bZ&esy vdkmaV yahoo.com ij gS rks og gmail.com ds fdlh bZ&esy vdkmaV ij bZ&esy dj ldsA

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5



vkmVyqd ,Dlizsl ds ek/;e ls bZ&esy

Gmail osclkbV ds ek/;e ls bZ&esy

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ds fy, [email protected] esa ravi ;wt+j dk uke gS rFkk gmail.com bZ&esy loZj dk Mksesu use gSA

2222---- gSMj%gSMj%gSMj%gSMj% izR;sd bZ&esy ds izkjaHk esa dqN tkudkfj;ka LVksj jgrh gSaA ;g izeq[k tkudkfj;ka@QhYM~l

fuEukuqlkj gksrh gSa%

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To bZ&esy ikus okys dk bZ&esy ,MªslA ;g ,Mªsl fdlh Hkh loZj ij gks ldrk gSA

CC

dkcZu dkWih% leku bZ&esy dks fdlh vU; O;fDr dks ;fn Hkstk tkuk gks rks og ,Mªsl bl QhYM esa vkrk gSA

BCC

CykbaM dkWcZu dkWih% CC ds ek/;e ls Hksth tkus okyh dkWcZu dkWih dk irk To esa fy[ks ,Mªsl okys O;fDr dks pyk tkrk gSA ogha BCC ds ek/;e ls Hksth tkus okyh dkcZu dkWih dk irk To okys O;fDr dks ugha pyrk gSA

Sender bZ&esy Hkstus okys O;fDr dk bZ&esy ,Mªsl

Received bZ&esy izkIr gksus dk le; ,oa fnukad

Reply to og bZ&esy ,Mªsl tgka bZ&esy dk tokc Hkstk tkuk gksA

Message-ID izR;sd bZ&esy eSlst dh igpku ds fy, ,d ;wfud uacj

Subject lans'k ls lacaf/kr laf{kIr fo"k;

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gksrk gSA vktdy dqN bZ&esy loZj QkWesZVsM eSlst Hkstus dh lqfo/kk Hkh nsrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, eSlst esa dqN 'kCnksa dks cksYM ;k vaMjykbu djuk] ;k fQj vyx&vyx QksaV lkbt+ dk iz;ksx djuk] QkWesZVsM eSlst dgykrk gSA

4444---- vVSpesaV vVSpesaV vVSpesaV vVSpesaV (attachment)%%%% fdlh bZ&esy ds lkFk vU; Qkby dks Hkh Hkstk tk ldrk gSA ,slh vU; Qkby dks

vVSpesaV ds :i esa Hkstuk gksrk gSA ;g vU; Qkby dksbZ fiDpj] lkmaM] fofM;ks ;k dksbZ Hkh vU; QkWesZV okyh Qkby gks ldrh gSA bZ&esy loZj bl izdkj ds vVSpesaV ds lkbt+ dh ,d vf/kdre lhek fu/kkZfjr j[krs gSaA

5555---- flXuspj flXuspj flXuspj flXuspj (signature)%%%% izR;sd bZ&esy ds var esa ge Lo;a dk uke ,oa vU; tkudkfj;ka tSls in] irk vkfn

fy[krs gSaA bZ&esy dh Hkk"kk esa bls flXuspj dgk tkrk gSA ;g laHko gS fd ge ;g lSfVax dj ns fd izR;sd Hksth tkus okyh bZ&esy ds var esa Lo;a ;g tkudkfj;ka pyh tk,aA



�� bbbbZZZZ&esy dh dk;Ziz.kkyh&esy dh dk;Ziz.kkyh&esy dh dk;Ziz.kkyh&esy dh dk;Ziz.kkyh bZ&esy dk;Ziz.kkyh iksLV vkWfQl rduhd ij vk/kkfjr gSA ;g iksLV vkWfQl loZj ij fLFkr gkMZfMLd ij ,slk ,fj;k gksrk gS tgka ij bZ&esy LVksj jgrh gSA bl ,fj;k esa gh izR;sd ;wt+j }kjk Hksth tkus okyh rFkk izkIr bZ&esy LVksj gksrh gSA

bZ&esy Hkstus ds fy, ;wt+j fdlh bZ&esy DykbaV ;k osclkbV vk/kkfjr lsok dh lgk;rk ysrk gSA bl bZ&esy DykbaV dh lgk;rk ls fuEukafdr QhYM~l esa vko';d tkudkfj;ka Hkj nh tkrh gSa] ftls bZ&esy daikst djuk Hkh dgk tkrk gS%

To, CC, BCC, Subject rFkk eSlst

tc ;wt+j DykbaV ls Send cVu ij fDyd djrk gS rks daikst+ fd;k x;k eSlst baVjusV lsok iznkrk (ISP) ds ek/;e ls mlh ;wt+j ds vdkmaV esa LVksj gks tkrk gSA

blds i'pkr~ ;wt+j dk bZ&esy loZj To, CC rFkk BCC esa fy[ks fofHkUu vU; bZ&esy loZj dks lpZ djrk gSA ,sls loZj fey tkus ij ;g tkap djrk gS fd izkIrdrkZ dk vdkmaV ml loZj ij gS ;k ughaA ;fn vdkmaV fey tkrk gS rks og eSlst dh dkWih izkIrdrkZ ds vdkmaV esa buckWDl esa Hkst nsrk gSA

ckn esa tc Hkh izkIrdrkZ bZ&esy DykbaV ds ek/;e ls viuk vdkmaV ns[krk gS rks mls buckWDl esa izkIr bZ&esy fey tkrh gSA

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2- bZ&esy LVªDpj dks le>kb,A

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fofHkUu lpZ baftu

mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn gesa ;g irk djuk gks fd Hkkjrh; jsy esa vkj{k.k fdl osclkbV ij gksrk gS] rks blds fy, fdlh Hkh lpZ baftu dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA xwxy ds ek/;e ls ;g irk djus ds fy,%

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6



2- fjt+YV esa fofHkUu fyad gksaxs tks vyx&vyx osclkbV~l ds fy, gks ldrs gSaA fofHkUu fyad ds lkFk fy[ks VSDLV ds vk/kkj ij vanktk yxkb, fd vkids fy, dkSulk fyad mi;qDr jgsxk] vkSj ml fyad ij fDyd dj nhft,A

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czkmt+j foaMks ds eq[; cVu

�� lfpZax rduhdsalfpZax rduhdsalfpZax rduhdsalfpZax rduhdsa ,d lpZ baftu rhu izdkj ds dk;Z djrk gS%

1- baVjusV ij fofHkUu lpZ vkWijs'ku djrk gSaA 2- lpZ esa feys eq[; 'kCnksa dk MsVkcsl cuk ysrk gSa] ftls baMsDl dgk tkrk gSA bl baMsDl

esa izR;sd 'kCn fdl oscist ij feyk gS] ;g tkudkjh LVksj jgrh gSA 3- ;wt+j tc lpZ djrk gS rks lpZ baftu bl baMsDl esa lpZ djrk gS] rFkk lpZ ls lcaf/kr

osoist dh fyLV iznf'kZr dj nsrk gSA

MsVkcsl cukus ds fy, lpZ baftu fofHkUu rduhdsa iz;ksx esa ysrs gSa] tks fuEukuqlkj gSa%

osc Økmyj osc Økmyj osc Økmyj osc Økmyj (Web Crawler) bl rduhd esa lpZ baftu ,d fo'ks"k izksxzke iz;ksx esa ysrs gSa] ftls LikbMj vFkok jkscksV dgk tkrk gSA LikbMj ,d osc ist dks Ldsu djrk gS] bl ist esa ftrus eq[; 'kCn feyrs gSa] mUgsa baMsDl esa 'kkfey djrk jgrk gSA tc fdlh ist ij dksbZ fyad feyrk gS rks ;g LikbMj ml fyad ls lacaf/kr osc ist ij Hkh igqap tkrk gSA bl izdkj og ml u, ist dks Hkh baMsDl esa 'kkfey dj ysrk gSA

eq[; 'kCnksa dk fu/kkZj.k bl ckr ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gS fd lacaf/kr 'kCn ist esa feyk gS] ist VkbVy esa feyk gS] fdlh gSfMax esa feyk gS ;k fQj fdlh esVk VSx esaA ist VkbVy] gSfMax rFkk esVk VSx esa fy[ks 'kCnksa dks vf/kd egŸkk nh tkrh gSA

Mk;jsDVªht+ Mk;jsDVªht+ Mk;jsDVªht+ Mk;jsDVªht+ (Directories) ;g ,slh fyLV gksrh gS ftlesa fofHkUu osclkbV~l ds uke gksrs gSaA bl fyLV dks fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa esa ckaV fn;k trk gS] rkfd ;wt+j fdlh osclkbV dks mldh Js.kh ds vuqlkj vklkuh ls lpZ dj ldsA ;g dk;Z esuqvyh fd;k tkrk gSA



http://www.google.com/dirhp http://dir.yahoo.com

Økmyj dh fLFkfr esa fdlh oscist esa ifjorZu djus ij LikbMj mls okil foftV djrs gq, jh&baMsDl dj ysrk gS] ogha Mk;jsDVªh dh fLFkfr esa fdlh osclkbV esa ifjorZu djus ij Mk;jsDVªh dh fyLV esa dksbZ QdZ ugha iM+rk gSA

�� osc ist ,oa eYVhehfM;k osc ist ,oa eYVhehfM;k osc ist ,oa eYVhehfM;k osc ist ,oa eYVhehfM;k (web page and multimedia) ,d osc ist ij fofHkUu eYVhehfM;k ,yhesaV~l gks ldrs gSaA ge ;g Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd osc ist Lo;a ,d eYVhehfM;k mRikn cu pqdk gSA fofHkUu osc ist ds baVjQsl vyx&vyx gks ldrs gSa] ,sls esa ;g vko';d gS fd ,sls eYVhehfM;k ;qDr osc ist fMt+kbu djrs le; fuEukafdr fl)karks dk /;ku j[kk tk,%

1- ljyrk (simplicity) 2- ,d:irk (consistancy) 3- Li"Vrk (clarity) 4- larqyu (balance) 5- ,dkRedrk (harmony)

ljyrk ljyrk ljyrk ljyrk (simplicity) dE;wfuds'ku dk ,d egRoiw.kZ igyw gksrk gS] /;ku vkdf"kZr djuk] blfy, ;g vko';d gS fd gekjs lans'k esa ljyrk j[kh tk,A ,slk lans'k fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks vklkuh ls le> esa vk tk,A blds fy, fuEukafdr fcanqvksa dk /;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg,%

• fdlh Hkh fo"k; dks le>kus ds fy, mruk gh fy[ks ftrus dh U;wure vko';drk gksA blh izdkj mrus gh xzkfQDl dk iz;ksx fd;k tk, tks fo"k; dks le>kus ds fy, i;kZIr gksA

• xzkfQDl dh vf/kdrk le> dks ckf/kr dj ldrh gSA

• fofHkUu izdkj ds QksaV rFkk jaxksa dk iz;ksx fo"k; dks le>kus dh txg /;ku HkVdkus dk dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA

• tgka oscist ds vf/kdka'k Hkkx esa VSDLV gksrk gS] ogha eq[; gSfMaXl esa MsdksjsfVo GIF gSfMaXl dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

lpZ baftu


• usfoxs'ku ds fy, iz;ksx esa vkus okys lkbMckj eSU;w dks cVu ds :i esa cukus ds txg VSDLV vk/kkfjr gh j[kk tkuk pkfg,A blls mu czkmt+j esa Hkh eSU;w utj vk,xk] ftlesa xzkfQDl dks vkWQ fd;k x;k gksrk gSA

,d:irk ,d:irk ,d:irk ,d:irk (consistancy) osclkbV ds lHkh istksa ds ysvkmV esa lekurk gksuh pkfg,A vleku ysvkmV dh fLFkfr esa ;wt+j dks ,d ist ls nwljs ist ij tkus esa (navigation) vfrfjDr le; yxkuk iM+rk gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa ;g Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;wt+j tks lkexzh (content) pkgrk gS] mls og <wa<us esa ijs'kkuh gksrh gSA oscist ij fuEukafdr ,yhesaV~l ds laca/k esa ,d:irk dk /;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg,%

• osclkbV ds vyx&vyx fgLlksa esa vyx&vyx izdkj dh LVkby dk iz;ksx ugha gksuk pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds ,d iSjkxzkQ esa ,d fgLls esa vkSipkfjd Hkk"kk rks nwljs Hkkx esa vukSipkfjd Hkk"kk ds iz;ksx ls cpuk pkfg,A ,slk izrhr gksuk pkfg, fd iwjh osclkbV esa daVsaV ,d gh O;fDr us fy[kk gSA

• fofHkUu rRoksa ds IyslesaV esa ,d:irk gksuh pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy, ist vksfj,aVs'ku] usfoxs'ku ckj] ;wt+j ls buiqV ysus ds rjhds vkfn iwjh osclkbV esa lekurk ds lkFk gksA

• jaxks dk iz;ksx ftlesa dkyk] lQsn rFkk xzs jax Hkh 'kkfey gS] ,d:irk ds lkFk iz;ksx fd;k tk,A

• vko';drk iM+us ij fdlh iSjkxzkQ vFkok ykbu dks gkbykbV djus dk rjhdk ,d:irk ds lkFk gksA

• QkWesZfVax LVkby ¼QksaV] lkbt+] jax½ esa ,d:irk gksA mnkgj.k ds fy, lHkh gSfMaXl leku QksaV] lkbt rFkk jax ds gksus pkfg,A blh izdkj fy[kk x;k VSDLV Hkh lHkh txg leku QksaV] lkbt rFkk jax ds gksus pkfg,A

• ;wt+j ls buiqV ysus ds rjhds esa lekurk gksuh pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh osclkbV ij ;wt+j dks fofHkUu iz'uksa ds mŸkj nsus gSA blds fy, izR;sd iz'u dk mŸkj nsus ds fy, ;k rks lHkh txg cVu yxk fn, tk, ;k fQj lHkh txg ;wt+j ls VSDLV ckWDl esa buiqV fy;k tk,A

• lkbMckj rFkk ist ds ckWVe esa fn, tkus okys usfoxs'kuy ,yhesaV~l dk ysvkmV leku gks rks usfoxs'kuy ,d y; esa izrhr gksrs gSaA

Li"Vrk Li"Vrk Li"Vrk Li"Vrk (clarity) osclkbV esa fy[kk tkus okys izR;sd lans'k Li"V gksuk pkfg,A lans'k dks le>kus ds fy, tks U;wure vko';drk gks ogh fy[kk tkuk pkfg,A Li"Vrk ds fy, fuEukafdr fcanqvksa dk /;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg,%

• Hkk"kk dk Lrj ogh gksuk pkfg, tks ;wt+j dh le> esa vk tk,A mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh osclkbV ds vf/kdka'k ;wt+j MkWDVlZ gSa rks MkWDVj dh le> esa vkus okyh Hkk"kk fy[kh tkuh pkfg,] ogha ;fn vf/kdka'k ;wt+j Ldwy ds fo|kFkhZx.k gS rks Hkk"kk esa ljyrk dh vf/kdrk gksuh pkfg,A

• Hkk"kk esa 'kCnksa dk tky (jargon) U;wure gksuk pkfg,A



• vius fopkjksa dks laf{kIr esa izdV djuk pkfg,] rFkk NksVs&NksVs okD; cukus pkfg,A

• tgka laHko gks ogka ij fo"k; dks ikbaV~l esa le>k;k tkuk pkfg,A ikbaV~l ds fy, cqysVsM fyLV dh lgk;rk yh tk ldrh gSA

• vaxzsth esa iSflo okWbl dh txg ,fDVo okWbl dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

larqyu larqyu larqyu larqyu (balance) larqyu ls vk'k; ysvkmV ds larqyu ls gSA osclkbV dk ysvkmV bl izdkj dk gksuk pkfg, fd og LØhu ij larqyu n'kkZ,A fdlh osc ist ij n'kkZ, tkus okys fofHkUu ,yhesaV~l dk IyslesaV bl izdkj gks fd og ;fn ,d fgLls esa xzkfQDl dh vf/kdrk gks rks nwljk fgLlk larqyu laHkkysA /;ku j[ksa fd tc LØhu cSysal ugha gksrh gS rks og ;wt+j ds fnekx ij tksj Mkyrh gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ist ds ,d fdukjs ij xzkfQDl dh vf/kdrk gS rks nwljs fdukjs ij Hkh xzkfQDl yxk dj mls larqfyr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g QkWeZy cSysal dgykrk gSA blh izdkj buQkWeZy cSysal esa ,d rjQ ;fn xzkfQDl gSa rks mls larqfyr djus ds fy, nwljs fdukjs ij dbZ NksVs&NksVs VSDLV ,yhesaV~l dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSa

,dkRedrk ,dkRedrk ,dkRedrk ,dkRedrk (harmony) fdlh ist ij ,dkRedrk n'kkZus ds fy, ist ij ,d:irk dk gksuk vko';d gSA ,dkRedrk ds fy, fuEukafdr fcanqvksa dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,%

• leku QksaV~l rFkk jaxksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

• ,sls xzkfQDl iz;ksx esa ysus pkfg, tks fo"k; ls lh/ks lacaf/kr gksA

• xzkfQDl dh DokfyVh leku gksA

• ist ij iznf'kZr gksus okys lHkh ,yhesaV ,d nwljs ls lacaf/kr izrhr gksrs gksaA

• vyx&vyx ist ij iznf'kZr VSDLV rFkk fMt+kbu esa lekurk gksA

mijksDr fcanqvksa dk /;ku j[kus ls osclkbV esa laiw.kZrk dk vglkl Hkh gksrk gSA

� v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u 1- lpZ baftu dh mi;ksfxrk dks mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A

2- lpZ baftu ds dk;Z djus ds rjhds dks foLrkj ls le>kb,A

3- oscist ij eYVhehfM;k ,ayhesaV~l dh vko';drk dks mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A

� � �

tkok fLØIV% ,d ifjp;


tkok fLØIV% ,d ifjp;tkok fLØIV% ,d ifjp;tkok fLØIV% ,d ifjp;tkok fLØIV% ,d ifjp; JavaScript: An Introduction


� ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;ifjp; tkok fLØIV ,d fLØfIVax ySaXost gSA dksbZ Hkh fLØfIVax ySaXost ,d izdkj dh izksxzkfeax ySaXost gh gksrh gSA buesa cuk, x, izksxzke dks baVjizsV fd;k tkrk gS tcfd vU; izksxzkfeax ySXosftl tSls C,

C++ vkfn esa cuk, x, izksxzke dks ju djkus ls igys lk/kkj.kr% daikbZy fd;k tkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd fLØfIVax ySaXost esa cus izksxzke ds LVsVesaV~l ,d&,d djds baVjizsV gksrs gq, ju gksrs gSaA

fLØfIVax ySaXost dk iz;ksx lk/kkj.kr% osclkbV (website) esa ,Mokal QhplZ tksM+us ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh osc ist dks dsoy HTML dk iz;ksx djds Hkh cuk;k tk ldrk gS] fdarq dsoy HTML dk iz;ksx djds osc ist ij izksxzkfeax ls lacaf/kr dbZ dk;Z tSls fdlh daMh'ku dks pSd djkuk] fuf'pr le; rd fdlh ywi dks pykuk vkfn dk;ksZa dks ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn ge vius osc ist ij bl izdkj ds dk;Z djkuk pkgrs gSa rks blds fy, gesa fdlh u fdlh fLØfIVax ySaXost dks HTML ds lkFk iz;ksx esa ysuk gksxkA

mnkgj.k ds fy, eku ysrs gSa fd gesa ,d ,slk osc ist cukuk gS ftlesa ,d ;wt+j dh salary iwN dj mlds vk/kkj ij DA Kkr djuk gS ¼;fn salary 10000 ls T+;knk gks rks DA 50% vU;Fkk 45%½] rks ;g dk;Z dsoy HTML dk iz;ksx djds ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy, gesa dksbZ u dksbZ fLØfIVax ySaXost tSls tkok fLØIV dks Hkh HTML ds lkFk dke esa ysuk gksxkA

fLØfIVax ySaXost fuEukuqlkj nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa%

• DykbaV lkbM fLØfIVax ySaXost (Client-Side Scripting Language)

• loZj lkbM fLØfIVax ySaXost (Server-Side Scripting Language)

DykbaV lkbM fLØfIVax ySaXost esa fy[ks x, izksxzke ;wt+j dh e'khu ij gh czkmt+j }kjk ju djok, tkrs gSaA tcfd loZj lkbM fLØfIVax ySaXost esa cuk, x, izksxzke osc loZj ij ju gksrs gSaA DykbaV lkbM fLØfIVax ySaXost dk iz;ksx eq[;r% ;wt+j }kjk fn, x, buiqV dks osfyMsV djus ¼tSls ;wt+j }kjk Vkbi fd;k x;k uke 20 v{kj ls vf/kd gS ;k ugha] bZ&esy ,Mªsl esa @ dk fpUg mifLFkr gS ;k ugha vkfn½ ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA nwljh vksj loZj lkbM fLØfIVax ySaXost dk

7



iz;ksx eq[;r% MsVkcsl ls lacfa/kr dk;Z djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS ¼tSls ;wt+j dk ykWx&bu use rFkk ikloMZ lgh gS vFkok ugha ;k ;wt+j }kjk nh xbZ tkudkjh dks MsVkcsl esa LVksj djuk vkfn½A

DykbaV lkbM fLØfIVax ySaXost ds mnkgj.kksa esa JavaScript, VBScript vkfn izeq[k gSa tcfd loZj lkbM fLØfIVax ySaXost ds mnkgj.kksa esa Perl, PHP, ASP vkfn izeq[k gSaA

� tkok fLØIVtkok fLØIVtkok fLØIVtkok fLØIV (JavaScript)

tkok fLØIV ,d vkWCtsDV vksfj,aVsM {kerkvksa okyh fLØfIVax ySaXost gSA ;|fi bldk iz;ksx loZj lkbM fLØfIVax esa Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS fdarq bldk eq[;r% iz;ksx DykbaV lkbM fLØfIVax esa fd;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr~ blesa cuk, x, izksxzke dks ;wt+j ds czkmt+j ¼tSls baVjusV ,DlIyksjj] Qk;jQkWDl] Økse vkfn½ }kjk gh ju djok;k tkrk gSA /;ku jgs fd tkok fLØIV esa cus izksxzke dks ju djkus ds fy, vko';d gS fd og czkmt+j tkok fLØIV dks liksVZ djrk gksA vktdy miyC/k yxHkx lHkh czkmt+j bls liksVZ djrs gSaA

tkok fLØIV dks flrEcj 1985 esa usVLdsi daiuh us fodflr fd;k Fkk ftls daiuh ds vius czkmt+j usVLdsi usfoxsVj ds lkFk gh tkjh fd;k FkkA ml le; bldk uke LiveScript FkkA ckn esa usVLdsi us Sun ¼tkok izksxzkfeax ySaXost dh fuekZrk dEiuh½ ds lkFk ,d ekdsZfVax Mhy dh ftlds rgr LiveScript dk uke fnlEcj 1995 esa cny dj JavaScript dj fn;k x;kA

tkok fLØIV ,d dsl lsaflfVo ySaXost gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, blesa tot rFkk Tot nks vyx&vyx osfj,cy ds uke gks ldrs gSaA bl ySaXost ds vf/kdre dhoMZ] QaD'ku rFkk vkWCtsDV vkfn ds uke dsfey&dsl (camel case) esa gSaA dsfey&dsl esa ;fn fdlh vkbMsafVQk;j ds uke esa ,d ls vf/kd 'kCn gSa rks mlds igys 'kCn ds lHkh v{kj NksVs rFkk vkxs ds lHkh 'kCnksa ds dsoy igys v{kj cM+s gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, getelementbyid uke ds eSFkM dks getElementById

fy[kk tkrk gSA

tkok fLØIV dk u;k ot+Zu 1-8 gS ftls twu 2008 esa izfrikfnr fd;k x;k gSA tkok fLØIV dk iz;ksx djds fdlh osc ist ij dbZ vfrfjDr dk;Z djk, tk ldrs gSa tSls%

1. ;wt+j }kjk fn, x, buiqV dks osfyMsV djuk] tSls ;wt+j ds uke esa vf/kdre v{kjksa dh tkap djuk vkfnA

2. ;wt+j dh e'khu ij dqdht+ (cookies) lsV djukA

3. osc ist ij mifLFkr fdlh ,yhesaV dk Lo#i tSls mldk jax] yackbZ] pkSM+kbZ vkfn ifjofrZr djukA

4. osc ist ij mifLFkr fdlh ,yhesaV dks viuh vko';drk ds vuqlkj Nqikuk ;k iznf'kZr djkukA

5. osc ist ij mifLFkr fdlh ,yhesaV dh ikst+h'ku dks ifjofrZr djukA

6. ;wt+j }kjk fdlh ,yhesaV ij fn, x, bosaV tSls click, double click, mouse move vkfn ij fdlh fu/kkZfjr QaD'ku dks dkWy djuk vkfnA



� tkok fLØIVtkok fLØIVtkok fLØIVtkok fLØIV dh fo'ks"krk,adh fo'ks"krk,adh fo'ks"krk,adh fo'ks"krk,a • HTML ds lkFk bldk iz;ksx djds osc ist dks dkQh izHkkoh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

• bldh lgk;rk ls ;wt+j }kjk iz;ksx fd, tkus okys czkmt+j dks fMVsDV fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk ml czkmt+j ds vuq#i osc ist dks iznf'kZr djok;k tk ldrk gSA

• blesa izksxzkfeax djuk dkQh ljy gS ftlls le; dh cgqr cpr gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, blesa dke vkus okys daVªksy LVªDpj C rFkk C++ dh rjg gh dke esa fy, tkrs gSaA

• ;g DOM (Document Object Model) dks liksVZ djrh gS ftlls czkmt+j dks vkWCtsDV dh rjg daVªksy fd;k tk ldrk gSA

• ;g ,d baVjizsVsM ySaXost gSA

• bldk iz;ksx djds dbZ izdkj ds baVjsfDVo xse cuk, tk ldrs gSaA

• bldk iz;ksx djds ;wt+j }kjk nh xbZ tkudkfj;ksa dks osfyMsV fd;k tk ldrk gSA

• bls yxHkx lHkh czkmt+j liksVZ djrs gSaA

• bls DykbaV lkbM rFkk loZj lkbM nksuksa gh izdkj dh fLØfIVax ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS fdarq bldk eq[;r% iz;ksx DykbaV lkbM fLØfIVax esa fd;k tkrk gSA

• blesa izksxzke dks QaD'kUl esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS ftlls izksxzkfeax dkQh ljy gks tkrh gSA

• ;g vkWCtsDV vksfj,aVsM izksxzkfeax dh yxHkx lHkh fo'ks"krkvksa dks liksVZ djrh gSA

• bldk iz;ksx djds osc ist ij date rFkk time ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu dk;Z fd, tk ldrs gSaA

• bldk iz;ksx djds ;wt+j dh e'khu ij dqdht+ lsV dh tk ldrh gSaA

� tkok fLØIVtkok fLØIVtkok fLØIVtkok fLØIV dh dfe;kadh dfe;kadh dfe;kadh dfe;ka

• vU; izksxzkfeax ySaXosftl dh Hkkafr bldk iz;ksx djds MsVkcsl gSaMfyax ugha dh tk ldrh gSA

• blds iz;ksx ls DykbaV dh e'khu ij Qkby dks jhM ;k jkbV ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

• ;fn fdlh foaMks dks tkok fLØIV dh lgk;rk ls vksiu ugha fd;k x;k gS rks mls bldh lgk;rk ls can Hkh ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

• blesa fy[ks x, izksxzke dks ;wt+j }kjk vklkuh ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

� tkok fLØIVtkok fLØIVtkok fLØIVtkok fLØIV rFkk tkok esa varjrFkk tkok esa varjrFkk tkok esa varjrFkk tkok esa varj tkok fLØIVtkok fLØIVtkok fLØIVtkok fLØIV tkoktkoktkoktkok

1- ;g ,d baVjizsVsM ySaXost gSA vFkkZr~ ;g ,d daikbZYM&baVjizsVsM ySaXost gSA vFkkZr~



bldh LVsVesaV~l ,d&,d dj ,Xt+hD;wV gksrh gSaA

blesa fy[ks x, izksxzke dks igys daikbZy djds ckbV dksM esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk ckn esa bl ckbV dksM dks baVjizsV djds ,Xt+hD;wV djok;k tkrk gSA

2- ;g loosely typed ySaXost gSA vFkkZr~ blesa fdlh osfj,cy esa vyx&vyx le; ij vyx&vyx izdkj dh oSY;w dks LVksj djok;k tk ldrk gSA

;g strongly typed ySaXost gSA vFkkZr~ blesa fdlh osfj,cy esa mlds MsVk Vkbi ds vuq#i gh oSY;w dks LVksj djk;k tk ldrk gSA

3- blesa MsVk Vkbi dh la[;k tkok dh rqyuk esa de gksrh gSA

blesa MsVk Vkbi dh la[;k vf/kd gksrh gSA

4- bldk iz;ksx osc ,Iyhds'kUl cukus esa fd;k tkrk gSA

bldk iz;ksx osc ,Iyhds'kUl cukus ds lkFk&lkFk MsLdVkWi ,Iyhds'ku cukus esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA

� tkotkotkotkok fLØIV izksxzke dk izk#ik fLØIV izksxzke dk izk#ik fLØIV izksxzke dk izk#ik fLØIV izksxzke dk izk#i HTML izksxzke ds lkFk tkok fLØIV ds dksM dks 'kkfey djus ds fy, <script> VSx dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl VSx esa ge fLØfIVax ySaXost fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, language ;k type ,VªhC;wV dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA <script> VSx dks head ;k body, fdlh Hkh lsD'ku esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] fdarq bldk vf/kdre iz;ksx head lsD'ku esa fd;k tkrk gSA

<html>

<head>

<title> .... </title>

<script type="text/javascript">

.... //javaScript commands

</script>

</head>

<body>

....

....

</body>

</html>

;k

<html>

<head>


</head>

<body>

....





</script>

....

</body>

</html>

mijksDr izk#i esa geus ySaXost dks JavaScript fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, <script> VSx ds lkFk type ,VªhC;wV dke esa fy;k gS] blds ctk, ge language ,VªhC;wV dk Hkh iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa fdarq language ,VªhC;wV ,d deprecated ,VªhC;wV gSA deprecated ls rkRi;Z gS ftls igys dke esa fy;k tkrk Fkk rFkk ftlds LFkku ij vc u;k fodYi miyC/k gSA vr% vktdy type ,VªhC;wV dks gh iz;ksx djus dh lykg nh tkrh gSA language ,VªhC;wV ds lkFk izksxzke dk izk#i fuEukuqlkj gksxk%

<html>

<head>


<script language="javascript">


</script>

</head>

<body>

....

....

</body>

</html>

;k

<html>

<head>


</head>

<body>

....

<script language ="javascript">


</script>

....

</body>

</html>

� tkok fLØIV dk igyk izksxzketkok fLØIV dk igyk izksxzketkok fLØIV dk igyk izksxzketkok fLØIV dk igyk izksxzke tkok fLØIV dk izksxzke cukus ds fy, fdlh Hkh VSDLV ,fMVj dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ge viuk tkok fLØIV izksxzke cukus ds fy, foaMkst+ dk uksViSM iz;ksx esa ys ldrs gSaA ,d ckj izksxzke dks cuk ysus ds ckn mls .html ,DlVsa'ku ls lso dj mls fdlh Hkh osc czkmt+j esa ju djok;k tk ldrk gSA uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa tkok fLØIV dk iz;ksx djrs gq, czkmt+j esa Hello fizaV djokus dk izksxzke cuk;k x;k gSA



<html>

<head>

<title> First Program </title>

</head>

<body>


document.write("Hello");

</script>

</body>

</html>

mijksDr izksxzke esa geus czkmt+j esa Hello fizaV djkus ds fy, document.write("Hello"); dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA ;gka document ,d vkWCtsDV gS tks fd html MkWD;wesaV dks iznf'kZr (represent) djrk gS rFkk write( ) bl vkWCtsDV dk ,d eSFkM gS ftldk dk;Z MkWD;wesaV foaMks esa fdlh VSDLV dks iznf'kZr djokus dk gSA

;wt+j ds lkeus dksbZ eSlst iznf'kZr djokus ds fy, ge tkok fLØIV esa alert( ) eSFkM dk Hkh iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa tks fd window vkWCtsDV dk eSFkM gSA bl eSFkM dks dke esa ysus ds fy, window vkWCtsDV dks dke esa ysuk vko';d ugha gSA bls le>us ds fy, fuEu mnkgj.k dks ns[ksa% <html>

<head>


</head>

<body>


alert("Hello");

</script>

</body>

</html>



� desaV~l desaV~l desaV~l desaV~l (Comments) desaV~l dk iz;ksx MkWD;wesaVs'ku ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr desaV~l dk iz;ksx dqN LVsVesaV~l dks ju gksus ls jksdus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd ftu LVsVesaV~l dks desaV cuk fn;k tkrk gS os LVsVesaV~l ,Xt+hD;wV ugha gksrh gSaA tkok fLØIV esa fuEukuqlkj nks izdkj ds desaV cuk, tk ldrs gSa%

• flaxy ykbu desaV (Single Line Comment // )

• eYVh ykbu desaV (Multiline Comment /* .. */ ) flaxy ykbu desaV dk iz;ksx djds fdlh ,d LVsVesaV dks desaV cuk;k tk ldrk gS tcfd eYVh ykbu desaV dk iz;ksx djds ,d ls vf/kd LVsVesaV~l dks desaV cuk;k tk ldrk gSA flaxy ykbu desaV cukus ds fy, // dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tcfd eYVh ykbu desaV cukus ds fy, /* .. */ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bls le>us ds fy, fuEu mnkgj.k ns[ksa% <html>

<head>


</head>

<body>


document.write("Ajmer "); //Ajmer

// document.write("Jaipur ");

document.write("Kota ");

/* document.write("Bikaner ");

document.write("Jodhpur "); */

</script>

</body>

</html>



� tkok fLØIVtkok fLØIVtkok fLØIVtkok fLØIV Qkby Qkby Qkby Qkby ge tkok fLØIV LVsVesaV~l dks ,d vyx Qkby esa LVksj dj ml Qkby dks html Qkby ls fyad dj ldrs gSaA blds fy, tkok fLØIV LVsVesaV~l dks ftl Qkby esa LVksj fd;k tkrk gS mls .js ,DlVsa'ku }kjk lso fd;k tkrk gS rFkk html Qkby esa <script> VSx ds vanj .js Qkby dks fyad djus ds fy, src ,VªhC;wV dk iz;ksx djuk gksrk gSA

bls le>us ds fy, uksViSM esa fuEukuqlkj ,d Qkby cukb,%

vc] bls demo.js uke ls lso dj nhft,A rFkk ,d vU; Qkby demo.html cukb, ftlesa fuEu dksM fyf[k,%



vc] demo.html Qkby dks czkmt+j esa vksiu dhft,A bldk vkmViqV fuEukuqlkj iznf'kZr gksxk%

� v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u 1- fLØfIVax ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ ;g fdrus izdkj dh gksrh gSa\ le>kb,A

2- tkok fLØIV dh fo'ks"krkvksa rFkk dfe;ksa dks fyf[k,A

3- tkok rFkk tkok fLØIV esa varj Li"V dhft,A

4- tkok fLØIV izksxzke dks fdrus izdkj ls cuk;k tk ldrk gS\ mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A

� � �



tkok fLØIV% eq[; vo;otkok fLØIV% eq[; vo;otkok fLØIV% eq[; vo;otkok fLØIV% eq[; vo;o JavaScript: Basic Elements


� ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;ifjp; bl v/;k; esa ge tkok fLØIV ds eq[; vo;o tSls MsVk Vkbi] dkWUlVsaV] ,Ldsi flDosal dSjsDVlZ vkfn ds ckjs esa v/;;u djsaxsA

� MsVk Vkbi MsVk Vkbi MsVk Vkbi MsVk Vkbi (Data Types) tkok fLØIV esa ge fuEukuqlkj pkj izdkj ds MsVk Vkbi dh oSY;wt+ dks dke esa ys ldrs gSa%

• Number

• String

• Boolean

• Null

Number

;s ,slh oSY;wt+ gksrh gSa ftUgsa izkslsl ;k dSYdqysV fd;k tk ldrk gSA tkok fLØIV esa ge n'keyo okyh rFkk fcuk n'keyo okyh la[;kvksa dks dke esa ys ldrs gSaA blds vykok tkok fLØIV esa vkWDVy rFkk gSXt+kMslhey la[;kvksa dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s la[;k,a /kukRed rFkk _.kkRed nksuksa gh izdkj dh gks ldrh gSaA uEcj Vkbi dh oSY;wt+ ds dqN mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa%

17

17.56

-13

-13.68

2e3 (2 x 103 = 2000)

053 (Octal number 53, start with zero)

0x7A (Hexadecimal number 7A, start with zero and x)

8

tkok fLØIV% eq[; vo;o


String

tkok fLØIV esa fLVªax oSY;wt+ dks flaxy ;k Mcy dksV ds chp esa fy[kk tk ldrk gSA fuEufyf[kr fLVªax ds dqN mnkgj.k gSa% "Hello"

'Hello'

"" (empty string but not null)

/;ku nsa fd tkok fLØIV esa empty string ("") dk rkRi;Z null ugha gksrk gSA tkok fLØIV esa fLVªax okLro esa vkWCtsDV gksrs gSaA ge buds dbZ eSFkM~l dk Hkh iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA bls vkWCtsDV~l okys v/;k; esa foLrkj ls le>k;k x;k gSA

Boolean

ge tkurs gSa fd cwfy;u oSY;w true vFkok false esa ls ,d gks ldrh gSA tkok fLØIV esa bls O;Dr djus ds fy, true vFkok false dhoMZ dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blesa vU; izksxzkfeax ySaXosftl dh Hkkafr cwfy;u oSY;w dks 1 vFkok 0 ls O;Dr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Null Value

Null oSY;w dk vFkZ gksrk gS% ^dqN Hkh ugha*A ;gka rd fd 'kwU; Hkh ughaA tkok fLØIV esa fdlh oSfj,cy esa null oSY;w dks fuEukuqlkj LVksj djok;k tkrk gS% var a = null;

� dhoMZ dhoMZ dhoMZ dhoMZ (Keywords) dhoMZ ,sls 'kCn gksrs gSa ftudk vFkZ daikbyj dks igys ls gh Kkr gksrk gSA ge fdlh osfj,cy] QaD'ku] vkWCtsDV vkfn ds uke esa dhoMZ dk iz;ksx ugha dj ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ge vius izksxzke esa if uke dk osfj,cy dke esa ugha ys ldrs gSa D;ksafd if tkok fLØIV dk ,d dhoMZ gSA tkok fLØIV esa fuEufyf[kr dhoMZ gksrs gSa%

break do if switch typeof

case else in this var

catch false instanceof throw void

continue finally new true while

default for null try with

delete function return

blds vykok tkok fLØIV esa dqN vU; fjt+oZ oMZ~l Hkh gSa ftudk iz;ksx Hkh osfj,cy vkfn dh Hkkafr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd bUgsa Hkfo"; esa iz;ksx ds fy, lqjf{kr j[kk x;k gSA bu fjt+oZ oMZ~l dh lwph fuEukuqlkj gS%

abstract double goto native static

boolean enum implements package super



byte export import private synchronized

char extends int protected throws

class final interface public Transient

const float long short volatile

debugger

� vkbMsaVhQk;j vkbMsaVhQk;j vkbMsaVhQk;j vkbMsaVhQk;j (Identifiers) tkok fLØIV esa osfj,cy] QaD'ku] dkWUlVsaV vkfn ds uke dks vkbMsaVhQk;j dgrs gSaA vkbMsaVhQk;j dks fMQkbu djus ds dqN fu;e gksrs gSa] tks fuEukuqlkj gSa%

• buds uke dk igyk v{kj ,YQkcsV (a-z ;k A-Z)] vaMjLdksj (_) ;k MkWyj ($) }kjk gh izkjaHk gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fuEufyf[kr vkbMsaVhQk;j xyr gSa%

1salary, #name, (id)

tcfd fuEufyf[kr vkbMsaVhQk;j lgh gSa% salary1, _name, $x

• buds uke esa dsoy v{kj (a-z ;k A-Z)] vaMjLdksj (_)]MkWyj ($) ;k fMftV~l (0-9) dk gh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, fuEufyf[kr vkbMsaVhQk;j xyr gSa%

emp#, emp.name

• fdlh dhoMZ dks vkbMsaVhQk;j dh rjg iz;ksx esa ugha fy;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ge if uke dk osfj,cy iz;ksx esa ugha ys ldrs gSaA

� osfj,cy osfj,cy osfj,cy osfj,cy (Variables) osfj,cy eSeksjh dk og LFkku gksrk gS ftlesa fdlh oSY;w dks LVksj fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk ckn esa bl oSY;w dks ifjofrZr Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA tkok fLØIV esa ge fdlh osfj,cy esa U;wesfjd] fLVªax] cwfy;u ;k null oSY;w dks LVksj dj ldrs gSaA

pwafd osfj,cy ,d vkbMsaVhQk;j gh gksrk gS vr% bls fMDys;j djus ds fu;e ogh gksrs gSa tks vkbMsaVhQk;j ds fy, gksrs gSaA osfj,cy dks ge fuEukuqlkj nks izdkj ls fMDys;j dj ldrs gSa%

• osfj,cy esa Mk;jsDV oSY;w LVksj djokrs gq,A tSls x = 10;

• var dhoMZ dk iz;ksx djdsA tSls var x = 10;

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa osfj,cy dk iz;ksx djrs gq, fofHkUu izdkj dh oSY;wt+ dks fizaV djk;k x;k gSA <html>

<head>

<title> Variable demo </title>

</head>

<body>




a = 10;

var b = 20;

var pi = 3.14;

var n = 2e3;

var nm1 = "Champak";

var nm2 = 'Maya';

var flag = true;

var x = null;

document.write(a + "<br>");

document.write(b + "<br>");

document.write(pi + "<br>");

document.write(n + "<br>");

document.write(nm1 + "<br>");


document.write(flag + "<br>");

document.write(x + "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

10

20

3.14

2000

Champak

Maya

true

null

mijksDr mnkgj.k esa geus document.write(...) LVsVesaV esa html ds <br> VSx dk iz;ksx ykbu czsd nsus ds fy, fd;k gSA fdlh Hkh html VSx dks tkok fLØIV ds lkFk iz;ksx djus ds fy, mls Mcy dksV esa fy[kk tkrk gSA

tkok fLØIV ,d ywt+yh VkbIM ySaXost gS vFkkZr~ ge fdlh osfj,cy esa vyx&vyx le; ij vyx&vyx Vkbi dh oSY;wt+ LVksj djk ldrs gSaa bls le>us ds fy, fuEu mnkgj.k dks nsf[k,% <html>

<head>

<title> Variable demo </title>

</head>

<body>


var a = 10;




a = 'Champak';


</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

10

Champak

mijksDr mnkgj.k esa geus ,d gh osfj,cy a esa igys 10 LVksj djok dj fizaV djok;k gS rFkk ckn esa blh osfj,cy esa Champak LVksj djk dj fizaV djk;k gSA

� dkWUlVsaV dkWUlVsaV dkWUlVsaV dkWUlVsaV (Constants) dkWUlVsaV os gksrs gSa ftudh oSY;w dks ,d ckj fu/kkZfjr dj ysus ds ckn mUgsa ju Vkbe ij cnyk ugha tk ldrkA tkok fLØIV esa dkWUlVsaV cukus ds fy, const dhoMZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bls le>us ds fy, fuEu mnkgj.k dks nsf[k,% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


const PI = 3.14;

var r = 10;

PI = 4.15; //this will not affet the value of PI

var area = PI * r * r;

document.write("Area of circle is: " + area);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Area of circle is: 314

/;ku nsa] mijksDr izksxzke dks eksft+yk Qk;jQkWDl czkmt+j esa gh ju djus ij vkmViqV izkIr gksxk D;ksafd vU; dqN czkmt+j vHkh tkok fLØIV dkWUlVsaV~l dks liksVZ ugha djrs gSaA

� ,Ldsi lhDosal dSjsDVlZ,Ldsi lhDosal dSjsDVlZ,Ldsi lhDosal dSjsDVlZ,Ldsi lhDosal dSjsDVlZ (Excape Sequence Characters) ,Ldsi lhDosal dSjsDVlZ dk iz;ksx djrs gq, ge vius izksxzke esa dqN Lis'ky dSjsDVlZ dks Hkh fizaV djok ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, \n dk iz;ksx djds ge ykbu czsd ns ldrs gSaA tkok fLØIV esa dke esa fy, tk ldus okys ,Ldsi lhDosal dSjsDVlZ dh lwph fuEukuqlkj gS%

Character Meaning

\b Backspace

\f Form feed



\n New line

\r Carriage return

\t Tab

\v Vertical tab

\' Apostrophe or single quote

\" Double quote

\\ Backslash character (\).

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ,Ldsi lhDosal dSjsDVlZ ds iz;ksx dks le>k;k x;k gSA <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


document.write("Jinna said \"Gandhi was a great hindu leader\"");

alert("Hello\nWorld");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

� ;wt+j ls buiqV ysuk ;wt+j ls buiqV ysuk ;wt+j ls buiqV ysuk ;wt+j ls buiqV ysuk (Input from user) tkok fLØIV esa ;wt+j ls buiqV ysus ds fy, prompt eSFkM dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl eSFkM ls izkIr gksus okys buiqV dk Vkbi fLVªax gksrk gS ftls ckn esa parseInt ;k parseFloat eSFkM dh lgk;rk ls baVhtj ;k ¶yksV oSY;w esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ;wt+j ls uke iwN dj mls fizaV djk;k x;k gSA <html>



<head>

</head>

<body>


var nm;

nm = prompt("Enter your name:");

document.write("Hello " + nm);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

� Vkbi ifjorZu Vkbi ifjorZu Vkbi ifjorZu Vkbi ifjorZu (Type conversion) tkok fLØIV osfj,cy fMDys;j djrs le; mldk Vkbi crkus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA blhfy, bls dynamically typed language Hkh dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ge fdlh osfj,cy esa igys ,d Vkbi dh oSY;w LVksj djk ldrs gSa rFkk FkksM+h nsj ds ckn vko';drk ds vuqlkj fdlh vU; Vkbi dh oSY;w LVksj djk ldrs gSaA

blds vykok fdlh ,Dlizs'ku esa ;fn + vkWijsVj ds lkFk U;wesfjd rFkk fLVªax oSY;w dk iz;ksx fd;k tk, rks U;wesfjd oSY;w Lor% gh fLVªax oSY;w esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA bls le>us ds fy, fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k dks nsf[k,% <html>

<body>


var x = "Total is " + 440;

var y = 440 + " is the total";

var z = "10" + 440;


document.write(y + "<br>");

document.write(z);

</script>

</body>



</html>

Output:

Total is 440

440 is the total

10440

fdUrq ,Dlizs'ku esa ;fn + vkWijsVj ds vykok vU; fdlh vkWijsVj dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gks rks U;wesfjd oSY;w fLVªax esa ifjofrZr ugha gksrh gS vfirq ;fn fLVªax oSY;w U;wesfjd oSY;w esa ifjofrZr gks ldrh gS rks gks tkrh gSA bls fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k esa le>k;k x;k gS% <html>

<body>


var x = "10" - 4;

var y = "10" * 4;

var z = "10" / 4;

var p = "ab" - 4;


document.write(y + "<br>");

document.write(z + "<br>");

document.write(p);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

6

40

2.5

NaN

;gka NaN ls rkRi;Z not a number ls gSA

;fn ge prompt eSFkM dk iz;ksx djds ;wt+j ls buiqV ysrs gSa rks og fLVªax ds #i esa izkIr gksrk gSA eku ysrs gSa fd gesa ,slk izksxzke cukuk gS ftlesa ;wt+j ls nks baVhtj uacj ysdj mudk tksM+ djokuk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa gesa mUgsa parseInt eSFkM dk iz;ksx djds baVhtj esa ifjofrZr djuk gksxkA bls fuEu mnkgj.k esa le>k;k x;k gS% <html>

<body>


var a = parseInt(prompt("Enter 1st number:"));

var b = parseInt(prompt("Enter 2nd number:"));

var tot = a + b;

document.write("Total: " + tot);

</script>



</body>

</html>

mijksDr mnkgj.k esa ;fn ;wt+j a esa 10 rFkk b esa 20 LVksj djrk gS rks vkmViqV Total: 30 izkIr gksxkA

blh izdkj ge ;wt+j ls izkIr buiqV dks parseFloat eSFkM dh lgk;rk ls n'keyo okyh la[;k esa Hkh ifjofrZr dj ldrs gSaA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa simple interest Kkr djus dk izksxzke cuk;k x;k gSA <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var p = parseFloat(prompt("Enter principle Amt.:"));

var r = parseFloat(prompt("Enter rate of interest:"));

var t = parseFloat(prompt("Enter time:"));

var si = p * r * t / 100;

document.write("Principle Amt.: " + p + "<br>");

document.write("Rate of Interest: " + r + "<br>");

document.write("Time: " + t + "<br>");

document.write("Simple Interest: " + si);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Principle Amt.: 10000

Rate of Interest: 8.5

Time: 3

Simple Interest: 2550

� v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u 1- tkok fLØIV ds fofHkUu MsVk VkbZi dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>k,A

2- fuEufyf[kr dks le>kb,% ¼v½ dhoMZ ¼c½ vkbMsaVhQk;j ¼l½ dkWUlVsaV ¼n½ Vkbi ifjorZu

3- ;wt+j ls nks la[;k,a buiqV esa ysdj mUgsa osfj,y esa LVksj djokb, rFkk bu osfj,cYl dh oSY;wt+ dks vkil esa cny (swap) nhft,A

� � �

vkWijsVlZ


vkWijsVlZvkWijsVlZvkWijsVlZvkWijsVlZ Operators ¼ys[kd% /kwfi;k] y[;kuh½

� ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;ifjp; izksxzke esa fofHkUUk izdkj dh x.kuk,a djus ds fy, gesa fofHkUUk izdkj ds QkWewZys iz;ksx esa ysus gksrs gSaA tc ge dksbZ QkewZyk iz;ksx djrs gSa rks mlesa vkWijsVj ,oa vkWijsaM nksuksa gksrs gSaA vkWijsVj ,oa vkWijsaM ds lewg dks ,Dlizs'ku ¼expression½ dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,%

¼¼45 $ 5½ @ 2½

;g ,d ,Dlizs'ku gS ftlesa 45] 5 vkSj 2 vkWijsaM ds rFkk $ vkSj @ vkWijsVj ds mnkgj.k gSaA bl izdkj vkWijsVj ls vk'k; fdlh ,Dlizs'ku ds ml Hkkx ls gS tks ;g crkrk gS fd dkSulk vkWijs'ku fd;k tkuk gSA ogha vkWijsaM ls vk'k; ,Dlizs'ku ds ml Hkkx ls gS tks ;g crkrk gS fd vkWijs'ku fdl ij djuk gSA

� tkok fLØIVtkok fLØIVtkok fLØIVtkok fLØIV esa miyC/k fofHkUu vkWijsVjesa miyC/k fofHkUu vkWijsVjesa miyC/k fofHkUu vkWijsVjesa miyC/k fofHkUu vkWijsVj vkWijsVj dks vkWijsaM ds vk/kkj ij nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS% ckbujh ¼Binary½ vkSj ;wujh ¼Unary½A ckbujh vkWijsVj ls vk'k; ,sls vkWijsVj ls gS ftUgsa nks vkWijsaM dh vko';drk gksrh gS] rFkk ;wujh vkWijsVj ls vk'k; ,sls vkWijsVj ls gS ftUgsa ek= ,d gh vkWijsaM dh vko';drk gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ge &45 fy[krs gS rks ;gka ij ekbul vkWijsVj *&* ;wujh dk mnkgj.k gksxk] D;ksafd blds lkFk ek= ,d gh vkWijsaM dh vko';drk gS] ogha ;fn 45 @ 2 fy[krs gSa rks ;gka *@* ckbujh dk mnkgj.k gksxk] D;ksafd bls nks vkWijsVj dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA

tkok fLØIV esa iz;ksx fd, tkus okys vkWijsVjksa dks ge fuEu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSa%

1- vadxf.krh; vkWijsVj (Arithmetic Operator)

2- fjys'kuy vkWijsVj (Relational Operator)

3- ykWftdy vkWijsVj (Logical Operator)

4- baØhesaV ,oa fMØhesaV vkWijsVj (Increment/ Decrement Operator)

5- fcVokbt+ vkWijsVj (Bitwise Operator)

9



6- vlkbuesaV vkWijsVj (Assignment Operator)

7- dkWUdsVhus'ku vkWijsVj (Concatenation Operator)

8- fo'ks"k vkWijsVj (Special Operator)

vadxf.krh; vkWijsVj vadxf.krh; vkWijsVj vadxf.krh; vkWijsVj vadxf.krh; vkWijsVj (Arithmetic Operator)

,sls vkWijs'ku tks xf.krh; la[;kvksa ij fd, tkrs gS] bl Js.kh esa vkrs gSA

vkWijsVjvkWijsVjvkWijsVjvkWijsVj Js.khJs.khJs.khJs.kh fooj.kfooj.kfooj.kfooj.k

+ ;wujh $ vkWijsVj

- ;wujh & vkWijsVj

+ ckbujh $ vkWijsVj

- ckbujh & vkWijsVj

* ckbujh xq.kk djus ds fy, vkWijsVj

/ ckbujh Hkkx nsus ds fy, vkWijsVj

% ckbujh 'ks"kQy ¼remainder½ Kkr djus ds fy,A bls eksM ,oa eksM~;wyl (modulus) vkWijsVj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% fuEu mnkgj.k esa xf.krh; vkWijsVlZ dk iz;ksx le>k;k x;k gS% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var x = 10;

document.write("x = 10 and -x is " + -x + "<br>");

document.write("10 + 3 = " + (10 + 3) + "<br>");

document.write("10 - 3 = " + (10 - 3) + "<br>");

document.write("10 * 3 = " + (10 * 3) + "<br>");

document.write("10 / 3 = " + (10 / 3) + "<br>");

document.write("10 % 3 = " + (10 % 3) + "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

x = 10 and -x is -10

10 + 3 = 13

10 - 3 = 7

vkWijsVlZ


10 * 3 = 30

10 / 3 = 3.3333333333333335

10 % 3 = 1

fjys'kuy vkWijsVj fjys'kuy vkWijsVj fjys'kuy vkWijsVj fjys'kuy vkWijsVj (Relational Operator)

,sls vkWijs'ku tks nks la[;kvksa ds rqyukRed laca/k dh tkap djrs gksa] bl Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA

vkWijvkWijvkWijvkWijsVjsVjsVjsVj fooj.k fooj.k fooj.k fooj.k ¼lHkh ckbujh½

== Equal

!= Not Equal

> Greater Than

< Less Than

>= Greater Than or Equal

<= Less Than or Equal

=== Strict Equal / Identical

!== Strict Not Equal / Not Identical

fjys'kuy vkWijsVjksa ls cus ,Dlizs'ku dk fjt+YV ges'kk ykWftdy ¼cwfy;u½ oSY;w gh gksxhA ykWftdy oSY;w ls vk'k; true ;k false ls gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% fuEu mnkgj.k esa fjys'kuy vkWijsVlZ dk iz;ksx le>k;k x;k gS% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


document.write("3 == 2: " + (3 == 2) + "<br>");

document.write("3 != 2: " + (3 != 2) + "<br>");

document.write("3 > 2: " + (3 > 2) + "<br>");

document.write("3 < 2: " + (3 < 2) + "<br>");

document.write("3 >= 2: " + (3 >= 2) + "<br>");

document.write("3 <= 2: " + (3 <= 2) + "<br>");

document.write("3 == 3: " + (3 == 3) + "<br>");

document.write("3 == \"3\": " + (3 == "3") + "<br>");

document.write("3 === 3: " + (3 === 3) + "<br>");

document.write("3 === \"3\": " + (3 === "3") + "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>



Output:

3 == 2: false

3 != 2: true

3 > 2: true

3 < 2: false

3 >= 2: true

3 <= 2: false

3 == 3: true

3 == "3" :true

3 === 3 :true

3 === "3" :false

ykWftdy vkWijsVj ykWftdy vkWijsVj ykWftdy vkWijsVj ykWftdy vkWijsVj (Logical Operator)

,sls vkWijsVj tks nks ykWftdy oSY;w ds lkFk iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSa] bl Js.kh esa vkrs gSa%

vkWijsVjvkWijsVjvkWijsVjvkWijsVj fooj.k fooj.k fooj.k fooj.k

&& Logical AND- Binary Operator

|| Logical OR- Binary Operator

! Logical NOT- Unary Operator

lkekU;r;k bu vkWijsVjksa dk iz;ksx fjys'kuy vkWijsVjksa ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA

tc Logical AND (&&) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks mlds nksuksa rjQ okys ,Dlizs'ku dk ifj.kke ;fn true gksxk rks gh vafre ifj.kke true gksxkA vkSj ;fn fdlh ,d Hkh ,Dlizs'ku dk ifj.kke false gqvk rks vafre ifj.kke false gh gksxkA

blds foijhr ;fn Logical OR (||) dk iz;ksx fd;k tk, rks ;fn ,d Hkh rjQ ,Dlizs'ku dk ifj.kke true gqvk rks vafre ifj.kke true gksxkA vkSj ;fn nksuksa gh rjQ false gqvk rks vafre ifj.kke false gksxkA

mnkgj.kLo:Ik ;g ekurs gS fd osfj,cy p esa 21 LVksj gS] ,sls esa fuEu ,Dlizs'ku dk ifj.kke false

vk,xk%

(p > 10) && (p < 20);

D;ksafd ;gka ij && ds nk;ha ¼right½ vksj okys ,Dlizs'ku dk ifj.kke false gSA ogha ;fn osfj,cy p

esa 18 LVksj gksrk rks bldk ifj.kke true gksrkA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% fuEu mnkgj.k esa ykWftdy vkWijsVlZ dk iz;ksx le>k;k x;k gS% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


document.write("(1>5 && 9>6): " + (1>5 && 9>6) + "<br>");

vkWijsVlZ


document.write("(1>5 || 9>6): " + (1>5 || 9>6) + "<br>");

var b = true;

document.write("!b: " + (!b) + "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

(1>5 && 9>6): false

(1>5 || 9>6): true

!b: false

baØhesaV ,oa fMØhesaV vkWijsVj baØhesaV ,oa fMØhesaV vkWijsVj baØhesaV ,oa fMØhesaV vkWijsVj baØhesaV ,oa fMØhesaV vkWijsVj (Increment/ Decrement Operator)

,sls vkWijsVj tks fdlh osfj,cy dh oSY;w dks ,d ls c<+kus vFkok ?kVkus ds dke esa vkrs gSa] bl Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA

vkWijsVjvkWijsVjvkWijsVjvkWijsVj fooj.k fooj.k fooj.k fooj.k ¼nksuksa ;wujh½

++ osfj,cy dh oSY;w dks ,d ls c<+kus ds fy,

-- osfj,cy dh oSY;w dks ,d ls ?kVkus ds fy,

mijksDr vkWijsVlZ dks nks izdkj ls iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS% izh ¼Pre½ ,oa iksLV ¼Post½A izh baØhesaV vkWijsVj dks vkWijsaM ds igys yxk;k tkrk gS ¼tSls ++p½ rFkk iksLV baØhesaV dks vkWijsaM ds ckn ¼tSls p++½A

tc bu vkWijsVlZ dks vdsys iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks nksuksa ds ifj.kke leku gh gksrs gSaA ogha ;fn budk iz;ksx fdlh ,Dlizs'ku esa fd;k tkrk gS rks nksuksa ds ifj.kke vyx&vyx gks ldrs gSaA

izh baØhesaV%izh baØhesaV%izh baØhesaV%izh baØhesaV% tc ,Dizs'ku esa bUgsa izh vkWijsVj dh Hkkafr iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks buesa igys baØhesaV gksrk gS vkSj ckn esa og c<+h gqbZ oSY;w dk ,Dlizs'ku esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k%

var p = 10, q;

q = ++p;

document.write(q + "<br>");

document.write(p + "<br>");

mijksDr mnkgj.k esa q dk eku 11 o p dk eku Hkh 11 gh fizaV gksxkA

iksLV baØhesaV%iksLV baØhesaV%iksLV baØhesaV%iksLV baØhesaV% tc ,Dizs'ku esa bUgsa iksLV vkWijsVj dh Hkkafr iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks buesa baØhesaV rks gksrk gh gS fdUrq ,Dlizs'ku esa iz;ksx gksus okyh oSY;w baØhesaV ls igys okyh gksrh gSA mnkgj.k%

var p = 10, q;

q = p++;

document.write(q + "<br>");



document.write(p + "<br>");

mijksDr mnkgj.k esa q dk eku 10 gh fizaV fd;k tk,xk] fdUrq p dk eku 11 fizaV gksxkA ,slk gksus dk dkj.k ;g gS fd tc q = p++; dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS rks pwafd ;gka $$ dks iksLV dh Hkkafr iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS] vr% p esa baØhesaV gksdj mldh oSY;w rks 11 gks tk,xh] fdUrq mldh baØhesaV ls igys okyh oSY;w ¼10½ dk gh iz;ksx ,Dlizs'ku esa fd;k tk,xkA blh dkj.k ls q esa 10 gh LVksj gqvk gSA

ftl izdkj izh vkSj iksLV baØhesaV vkWijsVlZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] Bhd mlh izdkj izh vkSj iksLV fMØhesaV vkWijsVlZ Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% fuEu mnkgj.k izh baØhesaV vkWijsVj dk iz;ksx Li"V djrk gS% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var a = 10, b;

b = a + ++a + ++a;


document.write(b + "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

12

33

fcVokbt+ vkWijsVj fcVokbt+ vkWijsVj fcVokbt+ vkWijsVj fcVokbt+ vkWijsVj (Bitwise Operator)

tgka vHkh rd lkjs vkWijsVj de ls de ,d ckbV ij dk;Z djus esa l{ke Fks] ogha fcVokbt+ vkWijsVjksa ds ek/;e ls vyx&vyx fcV ij dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA

vkWijsVjvkWijsVjvkWijsVjvkWijsVj fooj.k fooj.k fooj.k fooj.k ¼lHkh ckbujh½

& fcVokbt+ ,.M (Bitwise AND)

| fcVokbt+ vkSj (Bitwise OR)

^ fcVokbt+ t+kWj (Bitwise XOR)

<< fcVokbt+ ys¶V f'k¶V (Bitwise Left shift)

>> fcVokbt+ jkbV f'k¶V (Bitwise Right shift)

>>> fcVokbt+ t+hjks fQy jkbV f'k¶V (Bitwise Zero-fill

Right shift)

vkWijsVlZ


fcVokbt+ ls vk'k; vkWijsaM ds fcV iSVuZ ls gSA fdlh Hkh Mslhey la[;k dk fcV iSVuZ mls ckbujh esa cnyus ls feyrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, MsLkhey la[;k 45 dk fcV iSVuZ 101101 gksxk] ogha 158 dk fcV iSVuZ 10011110 gksxkA

fcVokbt+ ,.M fcVokbt+ ,.M fcVokbt+ ,.M fcVokbt+ ,.M (&)

fcVokbt+ & ds iz;ksx djus ij nksuksa la[;kvksa ds fcV iSVuZ esa vyx& vyx vadksa ds e/; AND

vkWijs'ku fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k%

45 & 7

(00101101) & (00000111)

= 5

;gka bu nksuksa fcV iSVuZ esa vyx&vyx vadksa ds e/; AND vkWijs'ku fd;k tk,xkA ;g fuEu rkfydk ls Li"V gks tk,xk%

45 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

& & & & & & & & &

7 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

� � � � � � � � �

5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

(00101101) & (00000111)

= 00000101

= 5

bl izdkj mijksDr ,Dlizs'ku dk gy 5 gqvkA

fcVokbt+ vkSj fcVokbt+ vkSj fcVokbt+ vkSj fcVokbt+ vkSj (|)

fcVokbt+ | ds iz;ksx djus ij nksuksa la[;kvksa ds fcV iSVuZ esa vyx&vyx vadksa ds e/; OR

vkWijs'ku fd;k tkrk gSA

45 | 23

(00101101) | (00000111)

= 63

45 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

| | | | | | | | |

23 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

� � � � � � � � �

63 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

(00101101) | (00010111)

= 00111111

= 63



fcVokbt+ t+kWjfcVokbt+ t+kWjfcVokbt+ t+kWjfcVokbt+ t+kWj (^)

fcVokbt+ ^ dh fLFkfr esa ;fn nksuksa vkijsaM esa ls ,d gh true gksxk rks gh mldk ifj.kke true gksxk] vU;Fkk ifj.kke false gksxkA bl izdkj ;fn nksuksa gh vkijsaM true gksaxs rks Hkh ifj.kke false gh vk,xkA

45 ^ 23

(00101101) ^ (00000111)

= 58

45 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

23 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

� � � � � � � � �

58 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0

(00101101) ^ (00010111)

= 00111101

= 58

fcVokbt+ ys¶V f'k¶VfcVokbt+ ys¶V f'k¶VfcVokbt+ ys¶V f'k¶VfcVokbt+ ys¶V f'k¶V (<<)

fcVokbt+ << dh fLFkfr esa left hand side okyh la[;k dk fcV iSVuZ right hand side okyh la[;k ftruh ckj ck;ha vksj f[kldrk gSA blls nk;ha vksj [kkyh gqbZ txg ij Lor% 'kwU; vk tkrk gSA lkekU;r% bldk mi;ksx fdlh la[;k dk eku nks&xquk djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

44 << 1

= 00101100 << 1

=88

44 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

� � � � � � � � �

88 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0

fcVokbt+ jkbV f'k¶V fcVokbt+ jkbV f'k¶V fcVokbt+ jkbV f'k¶V fcVokbt+ jkbV f'k¶V (>>)

fcVokbt+ >> dh fLFkfr esa left hand side okyh la[;k dk fcV iSVuZ right hand side okyh la[;k ftruh ckj nk;ha (right) vksj f[kldrk gSA blls ck;ha vksj [kkyh gqbZ txg ij Lor% 'kwU; vk tkrk gSA lkekU;r% bldk mi;ksx fdlh la[;k dks vk/kk djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

44 >> 1

= 00101100 >> 1

= 22

44 = 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

vkWijsVlZ


� � � � � � � � �

22 = 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% fuEu mnkgj.k esa >> dk iz;ksx n'kkZ;k x;k gS% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


document.write("45 & 7: " + (45 & 7) + "<br>");

document.write("45 | 23: " + (45 | 23) + "<br>");

document.write("45 ^ 23: " + (45 ^ 23) + "<br>");

document.write("44 << 1: " + (44 << 1) + "<br>");

document.write("44 >> 1: " + (44 >> 1) + "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

45 & 7: 5

45 | 23: 63

45 ^ 23: 58

44 << 1: 88

44 >> 1: 22

vlkbuesaV vkWijsVj vlkbuesaV vkWijsVj vlkbuesaV vkWijsVj vlkbuesaV vkWijsVj (Assignment Operator)

,sls vkWijsVj tks fdlh oSY;w dks osfj,cy esa LVksj djkus ds dke esa vkrs gSa] os bl Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA

vkWijsVjvkWijsVjvkWijsVjvkWijsVj fooj.kfooj.kfooj.kfooj.k

= ¼vlkbuesaV vkWijsVj½ blds right hand okyh oSY;w left hand okys osfj,cy esa LVksj gks tkrh gSA

+=, -=,

*=, /=,

%=, <<=,

>>=, &=,

|=, ^=

'kkWVZgS.M vlkbuesaV vkWijsVj

'kkWVZgS.M vkWijsVj vadxf.krh; vkWijsVjksa ,oa vlkbuesaV vkWijsVjksa dk feJ.k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn osfj,cy p esa 18 LVksj gS vkSj gesa blesa 5 ls baØhesaV djuk gks] rks ge fy[ksaxs% p = p + 5;

bldk vk'k; ;g gqvk fd igys = ds right hand side okyk fgLlk gy gksxkA pwafd p esa 18 LVksj gS vr% p + 5 dk gy 23 gksxkA ;gh oSY;w ¼23½ vc = ds left hand side okys osfj,cy esa LVksj gks tk,xhA



bldh txg ge += 'kkWVZgS.M vkWijsVj Hkh dke esa ys ldrs gSa& tSls%

p += 5;

blh izdkj vU; vkWijsVjksa dks Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% fuEu mnkgj.k esa vlkbuesaV vkWijsVlZ dk iz;ksx n'kkZ;k x;k gS% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var x = 10;

x += 5;

document.write("x: " + x + "<br>");

x = 10;

x -= 5;


x = 10;

x *= 5;


x = 10;

x /= 5;


x = 10;

x %= 5;


x = 8;

x <<= 2;


x = 8;

x >>= 2;


x = 5;

x &= 7;


x = 5;

x |= 7;


vkWijsVlZ


x = 5;

x ^= 7;


</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

x: 15

x: 5

x: 50

x: 2

x: 0

x: 32

x: 2

x: 5

x: 7

x: 2

dkWUdsVhus'kudkWUdsVhus'kudkWUdsVhus'kudkWUdsVhus'ku vkWijsVj vkWijsVj vkWijsVj vkWijsVj (Concatenation Operator)

bl vkWijsVj dk iz;ksx nks ;k nks ls vf/kd fLVªax dks vkil esa tksM+us ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn dkWUdsVhus'ku vkWijsVj ds lkFk ,d fLVªax rFkk ,d U;wesfjd oSY;w gks rks U;wesfjd oSY;w Lor% fLVªax esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var nm1 = "Dhupia "

var nm2 = "Lekhyani"

document.write(nm1 + nm2 + "<br>");

nm1 += nm2;


document.write(nm1 + 40);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Dhupia Lekhyani

Dhupia Lekhyani

Dhupia Lekhyani40



fo'ks"k vkWijsVjfo'ks"k vkWijsVjfo'ks"k vkWijsVjfo'ks"k vkWijsVj (Special Operator)

mijksDr vkWijsVlZ ds vfrfjDr dqN vkWijsVj ,sls Hkh gS tks fdlh Js.kh esa ugha vk ik, gSa] os bl izdkj gS%

• Conditional Operator

• Comma Operator

• Typeof Operator

daMh'kuy vkWijsVjdaMh'kuy vkWijsVjdaMh'kuy vkWijsVjdaMh'kuy vkWijsVj (Conditional Operator)

pwafd daMh'kuy vkWijsVj (? :) blesa rhu vkWijsaM dke esa vkrs gSa vr% bls Vjujh vkWijsVj ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;g vkWijsVj daMh'ku dh tkap djus ds dke esa vkrk gSA vkWijsVj dk izk:Ik bl izdkj gS%

Logical Expression1 ? Expression2 : Expression3;

;gka ij izFke ,Dlizs'ku esa ykWftdy vkijsVjksa ds ek/;e ls dksbZ daMh'ku nh tk ldrh gSA ;fn nh xbZ daMh'ku true gS rks Expression2 ju gksxk vU;Fkk Expression3 ju gksxkA

mnkgj.k%

result = a >= 36 ? "P" : "F";

mijksDr mnkgj.k esa ;fn a dh oSY;w 36 ;k mlls vf/kd gksxh rks result esa P LVksj gksxk] vU;Fkk F LVksj gksxkA

vkxs ds v/;k; esa ge if LVsVesaV dk v/;;u djsaxsA dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa bl vkWijsVj dks if LVsVesaV ds fodYi ds :i esa Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSaA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% fuEu mnkgj.k esa daMh'kuy vkWijsVj ?: dk iz;ksx n'kkZ;k x;k gS% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var status;

var age = 25;

status = (age >= 18) ? "Adult" : "Minor";

document.write(status);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Adult

vkWijsVlZ


Comma vkWijsVjvkWijsVjvkWijsVjvkWijsVj (Comma Operator)

;g vkWijsVj vius nksuksa rjQ ds vkijsaM~l esa ls nkbZa (right) rjQ okys vkijsaM dks fjVuZ djrk gSA bldk eq[;r% iz;ksx for ywi ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gS] tc gesa ,d ls vf/kd osfj,cYl dh oSY;w dks lkFk&lkFk cnyuk gksA bl vkWijsVj dks left ls right dh vksj gy fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn dksbZ ,Dlizs'ku a = (2, 4); gS rks a esa 4 LVksj gksxkA bls le>us ds fy, uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k dks nsf[k,A <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var a = 10;

var n = (a = a+2, 3, a+4);

document.write(n);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

16

typeof vkWijsVjvkWijsVjvkWijsVjvkWijsVj (typeof operator)

bl vkWijsVj dk iz;ksx fdlh osfj,cy] ,Dlizs'ku ;k vkWCtsDV dk Vkbi Kkr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var i = 10;

var pi = 3.14;

var str = "Hello World";

var n = null;

var b = true

document.write("10 is: " + typeof(i) + "<br>");

document.write("3.14 is: " + typeof(pi) + "<br>");

document.write("\"Hello World\" is: " + typeof(str) + "<br>");

document.write("null is: " + typeof(n) + "<br>");

document.write("true is: " + typeof(b) + "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>



Output:

10 is: number

3.14 is: number

"Hello World" is: string

null is: object

true is: boolean

� vkWijsVjksa dh izkFkfedrk ,oa Øe vkWijsVjksa dh izkFkfedrk ,oa Øe vkWijsVjksa dh izkFkfedrk ,oa Øe vkWijsVjksa dh izkFkfedrk ,oa Øe (Precedence and associativity of operators)

mijksDr O;k[;k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd tkok fLØIV esa dbZ vkWijsVj gSA ,sls esa ;fn dksbZ ,slk ,Dlizs'ku gks ftlesa ,d ls vf/kd vkWijsVj gks rks ;g iz'u mBrk gS fd igys dkSuls vkWijsVj dk gy fudkyk tk,A blh iz'u dk mŸkj nsrk gS fizflMsal :yA vU; 'kCnksa esa fizflMsal :y ls vk'k; ,sls fu;e ls gS tks ;g r; djrk gS fd ;fn ,d ,Dlizs'ku esa ,d ls vf/kd vkWijsVj gksa rks igys dkSulh Js.kh ds vkWijsVjksa dk gy fudkyk tk,A

tc ,d gh ,Dlizs'ku esa ,d gh Js.kh ds ,d ls vf/kd vkWijsVj gks rks ,lksfl,VhfoVh dk fu;e ;g crkrk gS fd igys muesa ls igys fdls gy fd;k tk,A ;g nk,a ls ck,a ;k ck,a ls nk,a ¼left

to right / right to left½ gks ldrk gSA

Precedence

Level

Associativity Operator Operation Performed

1 Left to Right []

Left to Right .

Right to Left new

2 Left to Right ( ) Function Call

Left to Right []

3 Right to Left delete Call Delete Method

Right to Left typeof Return Type of an Object

Right to Left ++ Increment

Right to Left -- Decrement

Right to Left + UnaryPlus

Right to Left - UnaryMinus

Right to Left ~ BitwiseNot

Right to Left ! LogicalNot

4 Left to Right * UnaryExp Multiplication

Left to Right / UnaryExp Division

Left to Right % UnaryExp Remainder

vkWijsVlZ


5 Left to Right + Addition

Left to Right - Subtraction

6 Left to Right << BitwiseLeftShift

Left to Right >> SignedRightShift

Left to Right >>> UnsignedRightShift

7 Left to Right < LessThanComparison

Left to Right > GreaterThanComparison

Left to Right <= LessThanOrEqualComparison

Left to Right >= GreaterThanOrEqualComparison

8 Left to Right == IsEqual

Left to Right != IsNotEqual

Left to Right === IsStrictlyEqual

Left to Right !== IsStrictlyNotEqual

9 Left to Right & BitwiseAnd

10 Left to Right ^ Bitwise Xor

11 Left to Right | BitwiseOr

12 Left to Right && LogicalAnd

13 Left to Right || LogicalOr

14 Right to Left ? : ConditionalExpression

15 Right to Left = AssignmentExpression

Right to Left *= AssignmentWithMultiplication

Right to Left /= AssignmentWithDivision

Right to Left %= AssignmentWithRemainder

Right to Left += AssignmentWithAddition

Right to Left -= AssignmentWithSubtraction

Right to Left <<= AssignmentWithBitwiseLeftShift

Right to Left >>= AssignmentWithSignedRightShift

Right to Left >>>= AssignmentWithUnsignedRightShift

Right to Left &= AssignmentWithBitwiseAnd

Right to Left ^= AssignmentWithBitwiseOr

Right to Left |= AssignmentWithLogicalNot

16 Left to Right , Comma



� v/;k; ls lacaf/krv/;k; ls lacaf/krv/;k; ls lacaf/krv/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u iz’u iz’u iz’u 1- vkWijsVj ls vki D;k le>rs gSa rFkk ;g fdrus izdkj ds gksrs gSa\ le>kb,A

2- ykWthdy vkWijsVlZ dks mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A

3- vkWijsVlZ dh izkFkfedrk ls vki D;k le>rs gS\ mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A

4- fuEu dks le>kb,% ¼v½ dkSek vkWijsVj ¼c½ typeof vkWijsVj ¼l½ daMh'kuy vkWijsVj

� � �



daVªksy LVsV~esaVdaVªksy LVsV~esaVdaVªksy LVsV~esaVdaVªksy LVsV~esaV~l~l~l~l Control Statements


� ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;ifjp; daVªksy LVsVesaV ¼;k fMlhtu esfdax LVsVesaV½ ls vk'k; ,sls LVsVesaV ls gS tks fd izksxzke dk izokg fu;af=r djrs gSaA ,sls LVsVesaV~l eq[;r% rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa& czkafpx] ywfiax rFkk tafiaxA

czkafpax% czkafpax% czkafpax% czkafpax% os LVsVesaV~l tks nh xbZ daMh'ku ds vk/kkj ij ;g fu/kkZfjr djrs gSa fd miyC/k nks ;k vf/kd fodYiksa esa ls dkSuls fodYi dks ju djk;k tkuk gSA bl izdkj ds LVsVesaV~l dks czkafpax LVsVesaV dgk tkrk gSA bl izdkj ds LVsVesaV ds mnkgj.k if, switch vkfn gSaA

ywfiaywfiaywfiaywfiax%x%x%x% ywfiax ls vk'k; LVsVesaV~l ds fdlh lewg dks ,d ls vf/kd ckj ju djkus dh izfØ;k ls gksrk gSA

tafiax%tafiax%tafiax%tafiax% tafiax LVsVesaV~l dk iz;ksx djds izksxzke ds izokg dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij Hkstk (jump) tk ldrk gSA

tkok fLØIV esa fMlhtu esfdax ds fy, fuEukafdr daVªksy LVsVesaV~l dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa%

• Branching statements

o if

o switch

o conditional operators

• Looping statements

o while

o do ... while

o for(...)

• Jumping statements

o break

o continue

� if LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV if LVsVesaV dks Áksxzke dh vko';drk ds vk/kkj ij fuEu Ádkj ls dk;Z esa fy;k tk ldrk gS&

10

daVªksy LVsV~esaV~l


1. lkekU; if LVsVesaV

2. if...else LVsVesaV

3. Nested if...else LVsVesaV

4. else if ladder

lkekU; lkekU; lkekU; lkekU; if LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV ;g LVsVesaV nh xbZ daMh'ku ds true gksus dh fLFkfr esa dqN LVsVesaV~l dks ju djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lkekU; if LVsVesaV dk izk#i fuEu gksrk gS &

if(test condition)

{

statement 1;

statement 2;

. . . . . .

statement n;

}

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% fuEu mnkgj.k esa ,d la[;k ;wt+j ls iwNh xbZ gS rFkk ;fn og la[;k 'kwU; gS rks ,d lans'k fizaV djk;k x;k gS A

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var n;

n = parseInt(prompt("Enter a number"));

if (n==0)

{

document.write("You entered ZERO");

}

</script>

</body>

</html>

if...else LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV ;g LVsVesaV nh xbZ daMh'ku ds true ;k false gksus dh fLFkfr esa dqN LVsVesaV~l dks ju djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA if...else LVsVesaV dk fuEu izk#i gksrk gS%

if(test condition)

{

statement 1;

statement 2;

. . . . . .

statement n;

}



else // executes when condition is false

{

statement 1;

statement 2;

. . . . . .

statement n;

}

mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% fuEu mnkgj.k esa ,d la[;k ;wt+j ls iwNh xbZ gS rFkk ;fn og la[;k 'kwU; gS rks (You

entered ZERO) vU;Fkk (You entered NONZERO) lans'k fizaV djk;k x;k gSA

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var n;


if (n==0)

{


}

else

{

document.write("You entered NON-ZERO");

}

</script>

</body>

</html>

uSLVsMuSLVsMuSLVsMuSLVsM if...else LVsVesaV LVsVesaV LVsVesaV LVsVesaV

;fn gesa fdlh daMh’ku ds true ;k false gksus dh fLFkfr esa vU; daMh’ku dh tkap djuh gks rks uSLVsM if...else dk iz;ksx djuk iM+rk gSA uSLVsM if...else LVsVesaV dk izk#i fuEu gksrk gS%

if(test condition)

{

if(test condition)

{

statement block;

}

else

{

statement block;

}

}

else

{



statement block;

}

mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% fuEu mnkgj.k esa ,d uEcj ;wt+j ls iwNk x;k gS rFkk ;g Kkr fd;k x;k gS fd og uEcj iksft+fVo gS] usxsfVo gS ;k 'kwU; gSA

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var n;


if (n>0)

{

document.write("You entered +ve no.");

}

else

{

if(n<0)

{

document.write("You entered -ve no.");

}

else

{


}

}

</script>

</body>

</html>

else if ladder uSLVsM if...else dk iz;ksx fuEu izdkj ls Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS ftls else if ladder dgrs gSaA bldk iz;ksx djus dk Qk;nk ;g gS fd ,d lhek rd blds iz;ksx ls uSfLVax dh tfVyrk ls cpk tk ldrk gSA

if(condition1)

{

statement block;

}

else if(condition2)

{

statement block;

}

else if(condition3)

{



statement block;

}

else

{

statement block;

}

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% fuEu mnkgj.k esa ,d uEcj ;wt+j ls iwNk x;k gS rFkk ;g Kkr fd;k x;k gS fd og uEcj iksft+fVo gS] usxsfVo gS ;k 'kwU; gSA

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var n;


if (n > 0)

{

document.write("You entered +ve no.");

}

else if(n < 0)

{

document.write("You entered -ve no.");

}

else

{


}

</script>

</body>

</html>

� switch LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV

;fn nks ls vf/kd fodYiksa esa ls fdlh ,d fodYi dks pquuk gks rks mlds fy, switch LVsVesaV dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd nh xbZ daMh'ku ¼,Dlizs'ku½ ds vk/kkj ij miyC/k fofHkUu CykWd esa ls fdlh ,d CykWd dks ju djkus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA switch LVsVesaV dk fuEu izk#i gksrk gS%

switch(expression)

{

case value-1:

block-1;

break;

case value-2:

block-2;



break;

case value-3:

block-3;

break;

..............

..............

default:

default block;

break;

}

/;ku nsa fd izR;sd fodYi CykWd ds ckn ;gka break LVsVesaV fn;k x;k gSA ;fn ;g break LVsVesaV ugha fn;k tk,xk rks izksxzke dk izokg vxys CykWd esa izos'k dj tk,xk] tks fd xyr gks ldrk gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% fuEu mnkgj.k esa ,d la[;k ;wt+j ls lIrkg ds fnu dk uacj iwNk x;k gS rFkk mls 'kCnksa esa fizaV djk;k x;k gSA

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var w;

w = parseInt(prompt("Enter a number"));

switch(w)

{

case 1:

document.write("Sunday");

break;

case 2:

document.write("Monday");

break;

case 3:

document.write("Tuesday");

break;

case 4:

document.write("Wednesday");

break;

case 5:

document.write("Thursday");

break;

case 6:

document.write("Friday");

break;

case 7:

document.write("Saturday");

break;



default:

document.write("Invalid Input");

}

</script>

</body>

</html>

� ywfiywfiywfiywfiax ax ax ax (Looping)

LVsVesaV~l ds fdlh CykWd dks ckj ckj ,fXt+D;wV djus dh izfØ;k dks ywfiax dgrs gSaA ,d LVsVesaV CykWd dks ywi dh lgk;rk ls dbZ ckj ,fXt+D;wV djk;k tk ldrk gSA

ywfiax esa LVsVesaV~l dk CykWd rc rd ,fXt+D;wV gksrk gS tc rd ywi esa nh xbZ d.Mh’ku true

jgrh gSA tkok fLØIV esa ywi ds eq[;r% nks Hkkx gksrs gSa%

• ywi dh ckWMh (body) ;k CykWd (block)

• dUVªksy LVsVesaV (Control Statement) • entry controlled

• exit controlled

tkok esa ywfiax ds fy, rhu dUVªksy LVsVesaV gksrs gSa &

• while LVsVesaV

• do LVsVesaV

• for LVsVesaV

while LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV

while ywi entry controlled loop dh Js.kh esa vkrk gS D;ksafd blesa ywi esa izos'k djus ls igys d.Mh’ku dh tk¡p (check) gksrh gSA bl ywi esa tc rd d.Mh’ku true gksrh gS rc rd bldh ckWMh esa nh gqbZ LVsVesaV~l ,fXt+D;wV gksrh gSaA ;g izfØ;k rc rd pyrh gS tc rd fd d.Mh’ku false u gks tk,A while LVsVesaV dk fuEu izk#i gksrk gS%

initialization section;

while(test condition)

{

Statement 1;

Statement 2;

. . . . . .

Statement n;

}

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% fuEu mnkgj.k esa 1 ls 10 rd la[;k,a fizaV dh xbZ gSaA

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>




var c;

c = 1;

while(c <= 10)

{

document.write(c + ", ");

c++;

}

document.write("loop terminated.");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, loop terminated.

do LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV

do ywi exit controlled loop dh Js.kh esa vkrk gS D;ksafd blesa ywi ls ckgj fudyrs le; d.Mh’ku dh tk¡p (check) gksrh gSA while ywi dh Hkkafr ;g ywi Hkh rc rd ,fXt+D;wV gksrk gS tc rd d.Mh’ku true gksrh gSA do LVsVesaV dk fuEu izk#i gksrk gS%

initialization section; do

{

Statement 1;

Statement 2;

. . . . . .

Statement n;

} while (test condition);

do .. while ywi dh ckWMh ,d ckj vo'; ,fXt+D;wV gksrh gS pkgs d.Mh’ku true gks ;k false] tcfd while ywi esa ;fn d.Mh’ku false gS rks ywi dh ckWMh ,d ckj Hkh ,fXt+D;wV ugha gksxhA


<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var c;

c = 1;

do

{


c++;

}while(c <= 10)


</script>

</body>

</html>



Output:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, loop terminated.

for LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV

;g Hkh ,d entry controlled ywi gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx lkekU;r% rc fd;k tkrk gS tc ywi dks fuf'pr ckj ju djuk gksA bldk fuEu izk#i gksrk gS%

for(intialization; test condition; increment/decrement)

{

Statement 1;

Statement 2;

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

Statement n;

}


<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var c;

for(c = 1 ; c <= 10 ; c++)

{


}


</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, loop terminated.

mnkgj.mnkgj.mnkgj.mnkgj.k% k% k% k% fuEu mnkgj.k initialization dk iz;ksx for esa fd, fcuk 1 ls 10 rd la[;k,a fizaV dh xbZ gSaA

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var c = 1;

for(; c <= 10 ; c++)

{


}


</script>

</body>

</html>



Output:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, loop terminated.

mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% fuEu mnkgj.k initialization rFkk increment/decrement dk iz;ksx for esa fd, fcuk 1 ls 10 rd la[;k,a fizaV dh xbZ gSaA

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var c = 1;

for(; c <= 10 ;)

{


c++;

}


</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, loop terminated.

mnkgj.mnkgj.mnkgj.mnkgj.k%k%k%k% fuEu mnkgj.k esa ,d ls vf/kd osfj,cyksa dks initialize rFkk increase/decrease djrs gq, 1 ls 5 ,oa 5 ls 1 rd la[;k,a lkFk lkFk fizaV dh xbZ gSaA

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var i, j;

for(i=1, j=5; i <= 5 ;i++, j--)

{

document.write("i = " + i + ", j = " + j + "<br>");

}


</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

i = 1, j = 5

i = 2, j = 4

i = 3, j = 3

i = 4, j = 2

i = 5, j = 1

loop terminated.



� ywi dh usfLVax ywi dh usfLVax ywi dh usfLVax ywi dh usfLVax (Nesting of Loops)

tkok fLØIV esa ,d ywi ds vUnj nwljs ywi dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS bls ywi dh usfLVax dgrs gSa] for ywi dh usfLVax dks uhps n’kkZ;k x;k gS rFkk blh izdkj fdlh Hkh ywi dh usfLfVax dh tk ldrh gS%

for(initialization ; test condition ; increment/decrement) { . . . . . . . for(initialization ; test condition ; increment/decrement) { . . . . . . . } . . . . . . . }

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, mnkgj.k esa fuEu vkmViqV n’kkZ;k x;k gSA *

* *

* * *

* * * *

* * * * *

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var i, j;

for(i = 1; i <= 5 ;i++)

{

for(j = 1; j <= i ;j++)

{

document.write("* ");

}

document.write("<br>");

}

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

*

* *

* * *

* * * *

* * * * *

� break LVsVesaV LVsVesaV LVsVesaV LVsVesaV

break LVsVesaV dh lgk;rk ls fdlh ywi ds ,fXt+D;w’ku ds nkSjku gh mlls ckgj vk;k tk ldrk gSA

switch LVsVesaV dh rjg while, do rFkk for ywi esa Hkh break LVsVesaV dk Á;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA



while(test Condition)

{

. . . . . .

if(test Condition)

break;

. . . . . .

}

uksV%uksV%uksV%uksV% usLVsM ywi dh fLFkfr esa break ls ,fXt+D;w’ku mlh ywi ls ckgj vkrk gS ftl ywi es break

fn;k x;k gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, mnkgj.k esa break LVsVesaV dk iz;ksx n’kkZ;k x;k gSA <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var i = 1;

while(true)

{

document.write(i + ", ");

if(i==5)

break;

i++;

}


</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, loop terminated.

� continue LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV bl LVsVesaV dh lgk;rk ls fdlh fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr esa ywi ds dqN Hkkx dks ju fd, fcuk gh izksxzke ds daaVªksy dks ywi ds izkjaHk esa Hkstk tk ldrk gSA

while(test condition)

{

. . . . . .

if(test Condition)

continue;

. . . . . .

}

mnkgj.kmnkgj.kmnkgj.kmnkgj.k%%%% uhps fn, mnkgj.k esa continue LVsVesaV dk iz;ksx djrs gq, ;wt+j ls rhu iksft+fVo uEcj ysdj mudk tksM+ djk;k x;k gSA <html>

<head>

</head>



<body>


var i = 1, n, t = 0;

while(i<=3)

{

n = parseInt(prompt("Enter a +ve number"));

if(n <= 0)

{

alert("Enter a +ve no.");

continue;

}

else

t = t + n;

i++;

}

document.write("Sum of 3 +ve nus.: " + t);

</script>

</body>

</html>

� v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u

1- fuEu vkmViqV iznf’kZr djus ds fy, izksxzke fyf[k,% 1

2 2

3 3 3

4 4 4 4

2- fuEu vkmViqV iznf’kZr djus ds fy, izksxzke fyf[k,% 1

2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9 10

3- fuEu vkmViqV iznf’kZr djus ds fy, izksxzke fyf[k,% *

* *

* * *

* * * *

* * * * *

* * * *

* * *

* *

*

4- ;wt+j ls ,d uacj buiqV esa ysdj mldk QSDVksfj;y Kkr djus dk izksxzke fyf[k,A

� � �

QaD'ku


QaD'kuQaD'kuQaD'kuQaD'ku Functions


� ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;ifjp; QaD'ku dqN LVsVesaV~l dk lewg gksrk gSA QaD'ku dk iz;ksx djus ls izksxzke dk vkdkj NksVk gks tkrk gS rFkk izksxzke esa NwV xbZ xyfr;ksa dks lq/kkjuk (debugging) cgqr vklku gks tkrk gSA QaD'ku nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa%

• fcYV&bu QaD'ku

• ;wt+j fMQkbaM QaD'ku

� fcYVfcYVfcYVfcYV&&&&bubububu QaD'kuQaD'kuQaD'kuQaD'ku tkok fLØIV esa dbZ fcYV&bu QaD'ku gksrs gSa ftudh lgk;rk ls dbZ dk;Z vklkuh ls fd, tk ldrs gSa tSls fLVªax oSY;wt+ dks U;wesfjd oSY;wt+ esa ifjofrZr djuk] Lis'ky dSjsDVlZ rFkk ,Dlizs'kUl dks gS.My djuk vkfnA

QaD'ku rFkk eSFkM dk;Z djus dh n`f"V ls rks leku gh gksrs gSa ysfdu buesa varj dsoy bruk gh gksrk gS fd eSFkM fdlh uk fdlh vkWCtsDV ls lacaf/kr gksrs gSa tcfd QaD'ku Lora= gksrs gSaA eSFkM~l dks dkWy djus ds fy, gesa lk/kkj.kr% lacaf/kr vkWCtsDV dk uke rFkk MkWV vkWijsVj dk iz;ksx djuk gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ge LØhu ij dksbZ eSlst fizaV djkus ds fy, write() eSFkM dk iz;ksx djrs gSa tks fd document vkWCtsDV ls lacaf/kr gS] rks bls iz;ksx esa ysus ds fy, ge document rFkk . vkijsVj dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA ogha ;fn ge parseInt() QaD'ku dk iz;ksx djuk pkgsa rksa fdlh vkWCtsDV ds uke dh vko';drk ugha gksxh D;ksafd ;g tkok fLØIV dk QaD'ku gS uk fd eSFkMA

tkok fLØIV esa miyC/k fcYV&bu QaD'kUl esa ls eq[; #i ls dke vkus okys QaD'ku fuEukuqlkj gSa%

eval(...) bl QaD'ku dk iz;ksx uacj vk/kkfjr fLVªax ,Dlizs'ku dks gy (solve) djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldk izk#i fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS%

11



eval(string exp);

bl QaD'ku esa fdlh fLVªax ,Dlizs'ku dks vkjX;wesaV dh rjg ikl djk;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var i;

i = "2 * 3 + 6";

document.write("i = " + i + "<br>");

i = eval("2 * 3 + 6");

document.write("i = " + i);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

i = 2 * 3 + 6

i = 12

parseInt(...) bl QaD'ku dk iz;ksx fdlh fLVªax dks baVhtj la[;k esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blls izkIr gksus okyh la[;k Mslhey uacj flLVe dh gksrh gSA bl QaD'ku dk iz;ksx djds ge fdlh fo'ks"k csl ¼tSls gSXt+kMslhey ds fy, 16] ckbujh ds fy, 2½ okyh la[;k dks Hkh Mslhey la[;k esa ifjofrZr dj ldrs gSaA bldk izk#i fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS%

parseInt(string [, base]);

bl QaD'ku dk eq[;r% iz;ksx ;wt+j }kjk izkIr buiqV dks fLVªax ls uacj esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var a = prompt("Enter a number");

var b = prompt("Enter another number");

document.write("Before conversion: ");

document.write(a + b + "<br>");

QaD'ku


document.write("After conversion: ");

document.write(parseInt(a) + parseInt(b));

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Enter a number 12

Enter another number 23

Before conversion: 1223

After conversion: 35

bl QaD'ku dh lgk;rk ls fdlh nwljs uacj flLVe ds uacj dks Mslhey uacj esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, nwljs vkjX;wesaV esa ml jsfMDl dks ikl djk;k tk ldrk gS ftldh la[;k dks ge Mslhey esa izkIr djuk pkgrs gSaA tSls ;fn gesa 101 ckbujh uacj dks Mslhey ifjofrZr djuk gS rks igys vkjX;wesaV esa ge 101 rFkk nwljs vkjX;wesaV esa 2 ikl djsaxsA

mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var i;

i = parseInt("15");

document.write("Decimal equivalent of decimal 15 is = ");

document.write(i + "<br>");

i = parseInt("15",10);

document.write("Decimal equivalent of decimal 15 is = ");



document.write("Decimal equivalent of binary 101 is = ");



document.write("Decimal equivalent of octal 11 is = ");


i = parseInt("A",16);

document.write("Decimal equivalent of hexadecimal A is = ");

document.write(i);

</script>

</body>



</html>

Output:

Decimal equivalent of decimal 15 is = 15

Decimal equivalent of decimal 15 is = 15

Decimal equivalent of binary 101 is = 5

Decimal equivalent of octal 11 is = 9

Decimal equivalent of hexadecimal A is = 10

bl QaD'ku esa ;fn ,slk fLVªax ikl djk;k tk, ftls uacj esa ifjofrZr uk fd;k tk ldrk gks rks ;g NaN (not a number) fjVuZ djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, a = parseInt("S"); ls osfj,cy a esa NaN LVksj gks tk,xkA

parseFloat(...) bl QaD'ku dk iz;ksx fdlh fLVªax dks n'keyo okyh la[;k esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bldk izk#i fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS%

parseFloat(string);

mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var a = prompt("Enter a real number");

var b = prompt("Enter another real number");

document.write("Before conversion: ");

document.write(a + b + "<br>");

document.write("After conversion: ");

document.write(parseFloat(a) + parseFloat(b));

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Suppose you entered first number 1.2 and second number 2.3, then

output will be:

Before conversion: 1.22.3

After conversion: 3.5

isNaN(...) bl QaD'ku dk iz;ksx ;g Kkr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS fd blesa fn;k x;k vkjX;wesaV ,d uacj gS ;k ughaA ;fn blesa fn;k x;k vkjX;wesaV uacj ugha gS rks ;g true fjVuZ djrk gS vU;Fkk false fjVuZ djrk gSA bldk izk#i fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS%

QaD'ku


isNaN(test_value);

mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var a = "a";

var b = "10";

var c = 13;

document.write(isNaN(a) + "<br>");

document.write(isNaN(b) + "<br>");

document.write(isNaN(c));

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

true

false

false

isFinite(...) bl QaD'ku dk iz;ksx ;g Kkr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS fd blesa nh xbZ la[;k ,d lhfer la[;k gS ;k ughaA iksft+fVo ;k usxsfVo esa vuar la[;k ;k fLVªax ikl djkus ij ;g QaD'ku false fjVuZ djrk gS vU;Fkk true fjVuZ djrk gSA bldk izk#i fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS%

isFinite(number);

mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var a = 1000;

var b = 1234e500;

var c = "Imperial";

document.write(isFinite(a) + "<br>");

document.write(isFinite(b) + "<br>");

document.write(isFinite(c));

</script>

</body>

</html>



Output:

true

false

false

� ;wt+j fMQkbaM QaD'ku;wt+j fMQkbaM QaD'ku;wt+j fMQkbaM QaD'ku;wt+j fMQkbaM QaD'ku ;wt+j fMQkbaM QaD'ku og gksrs gSa ftUgsa ;wt+j viuh vko';drk ds vuqlkj fdlh fo'ks"k dk;Z dks djus ds fy, cukrk gSA ;fn fdlh izksxzke esa dksbZ dk;Z ckj&ckj djuk gks rks mlds fy, ,d QaD'ku cuk;k tk ldrk gS rFkk vko';drk iM+us ij mls dbZ ckj dkWy fd;k tk ldrk gSA

;wt+j ,d izksxzke esa viuh vko';drkuqlkj dbZ QaD'ku cuk ldrk gS vkSj mUgsa fdlh Hkh Øe esa dbZ ckj iz;ksx esa ys ldrk gSA QaD'ku dks ju djkus dh izfØ;k dks QaD'ku dks dkWy djuk Hkh dgrs gSaA tkok fLØIV esa ;wt+j fMQkbaM QaD'ku dks mlh izksxzke esa ;k fdlh vU; Qkby ¼ftldk ,DlVsa'ku .js gks½ esa cuk;k tk ldrk gSA QaD'ku cukus dk izk#i fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS%

function functionname(var1,var2,...,varN)

{

some code

}

QaD'ku dks head ;k body esa ls fdlh Hkh lsD'ku esa vko';drk ds vuqlkj cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ,d ;wt+j fMQkbaM QaD'ku dks head lsD'ku esa cuk;k x;k gS rFkk mls body lsD'ku ls dkWy djk;k x;k gSA <html>

<head>


function fun()

{

document.write("Hello from function");

}

</script>

</head>

<body>


fun();

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Hello from function

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ,d ;wt+j fMQkbaM QaD'ku dks body lsD'ku esa cuk;k x;k gS rFkk mls body lsD'ku ls gh dkWy djk;k x;k gSA <html>

QaD'ku


<head>

</head>

<body>


fun();

function fun()

{


}

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Hello from function

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ,d ls vf/kd QaD'kUl dks head lsD'ku esa cuk;k x;k gS rFkk mUgsa body lsD'ku ls dkWy djk;k x;k gSA <html>

<head>


function fun1()

{

document.write("Hello from function 1" + "<br>");

}

function fun2()

{


}

</script>

</head>

<body>


fun2();

fun1();

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Hello from function 2


QaD'ku dks lh/ks dkWy djkus ds ctk, mls fdlh bosaV ij Hkh dkWy djk;k tk ldrk gS mnkgj.k ds fy, ge fdlh QaD'ku dks fdlh cVu ds fDyd djus ij ;k QkWeZ ds yksM gksus ij Hkh dkWy djk ldrs gSaA



mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ,d QaD'ku dks head lsD'ku esa cuk;k x;k gS rFkk mls cVu ds fDyd bosaV ij dkWy djk;k x;k gSA <html>

<head>


function fun()

{


}

</script>

</head>

<body>

<form name="frm" method="post" action="demo.html">

<input type="button" value="Click to call function" onClick="fun();">

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output:

onclick bosaV ds vykok Hkh ge tkok fLØIV esa dbZ vU; bosaV~l dk iz;ksx vyx&vyx ,yhesaV~l ds lkFk dj ldrs gSa ftuesa ls dqN fuEu gSa%

onAbort onBlur onChange onClick

onDblClick onDragDrop onError onFocus

onKeyDown onKeyPress onKeyUp onLoad

onMouseDown onMouseMove onMouseOut onMouseOver

onMouseUp onMove onReset onResize

onSelect onSubmit onUnload

QaD'ku


vkjX;wesaV~l ikl djkukvkjX;wesaV~l ikl djkukvkjX;wesaV~l ikl djkukvkjX;wesaV~l ikl djkuk fdlh vU; ySaXost ds QaD'kUl dh Hkkafr tkok fLØIV ds QaD'kUl esa Hkh vkjX;wesaV~l dks ikl djk;k tk ldrk gSA tkok fLØIV ds QaD'kUl esa vkjX;wesaV~l dks dsoy dkWy ck; oSY;w eSFkM }kjk gh ikl djk;k tk ldrk gSA vFkkZr~ QkWeZy vkjX;wesaV~l esa ifjorZu djus ls ,Dpqvy vkjX;wesaV~l ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa nks la[;kvksa dks tksM+us ds fy, ,d QaD'ku cuk;k x;k gS rFkk ftu la[;kvksa dks tksM+uk gS mUgsa vkjX;wesaV dh rjg ikl djk;k x;k gSA bl mnkgj.k esa la[;k,a 10 rFkk 20 eku yh xbZ gSa] tcfd bUgsa prompt() eSFkM dh lgk;rk ls ;wt+j }kjk iwNdj ikl djk;k tk ldrk gsA <html>

<head>


function add2(x, y)

{

var z;

z = x + y;

document.write("Sum: " + z);

}

</script>

</head>

<body>


add2(10,20);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Sum: 30

oSY;w fjVuZoSY;w fjVuZoSY;w fjVuZoSY;w fjVuZ djkukdjkukdjkukdjkuk QaD'ku }kjk dSYdqysV dh xbZ oSY;w dks dkWfyax QaD'ku esa fjVuZ djk;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy, tkok fLØIV esa return LVsVesaV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa nks la[;kvksa dks tksM+us ds fy, ,d QaD'ku cuk;k x;k gS rFkk izkIr ifj.kke dks dkWfyax QaD'ku esa fjVuZ djk;k x;k gSA <html>

<head>


function add2(x, y)

{

var z;

z = x + y;

return z;

}

</script>

</head>



<body>


var tot = add2(10,20);

document.write("Sum: " + tot);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Sum: 30

fjdt+Zu fjdt+Zu fjdt+Zu fjdt+Zu (Recursion) ;fn dksbZ QaD'ku Lo;a dks gh dkWy djs rks ,sls QaD'ku dks fjdflZo QaD'ku dgrs gSa rFkk bl izfØ;k dks fjdt+Zu dgrs gSaA fjdt+Zu iz;ksx djus ij izksxzke dh xfr vf/kd jgrh gS rFkk izksxzke dh tfVyrk de gksrh gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa QsDVksfj;y dh x.kuk djus ds fy, fjdt+Zu dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

<html>

<head>


function fact(n)

{

var f=1;

if (n == 1)

return 1;

else

f = n * fact(n-1);

return f;

}

</script>

</head>

<body>


var f= fact(4);

document.write(f);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: 24

vyx Qkby esa j[ks QaD'ku dks dkWy djkuk vyx Qkby esa j[ks QaD'ku dks dkWy djkuk vyx Qkby esa j[ks QaD'ku dks dkWy djkuk vyx Qkby esa j[ks QaD'ku dks dkWy djkuk izksxzke dh ljyrk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, ge tkok fLØIV ds QaD'kUl dks fdlh vyx Qkby esa Hkh cuk ds j[k ldrs gSaA ftl Qkby esa geus QaD'ku cuk,a gSa mldk ,sDlVsa'ku .js gksuk pkfg,A vc] ftl Qkby ls ge bu QaD'kUl dks dkWy djkuk pkgrs gSa mlds head lsD'ku esa ge

QaD'ku


<script> VSx ds vUnj src ,VªhC;wV esa ml Qkby dk uke ns nsaxsA mnkgj.k ds fy, fuEukuqlkj ,d Qkby cukb, rFkk mls demo.js uke ls lso dj nhft,A

function fun1()

{


}

function fun2()

{


}

vc] demo.html Qkby ds head lsD'ku esa <script> VSx ds src ,VªhC;wV dks fuEukuqlkj lsV dj nhft, rFkk body lsD'ku ls QaD'kUl dks dkWy djk dj ns[k yhft,%

<html>

<head>

<script type="text/javascript" src="demo.js">

</script>

</head>

<body>


fun2();

fun1();

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:




1- fdUgha rhu fcYV&bu QaD'kal dks mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A

2- UDF ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ bls cukus dk izk#i fyf[k,A

3- ,d ;wt+j fMQkbaM QaD'ku esa rhu baVhtj uacj ikl dhft, rFkk bu rhuksa esa ls tks lcls cM+k uacj gks mls dkWfyax QaD'ku esa fjVuZ djokb,A

4- fjdt+Zu D;k gS\ fjdflZo QaD'ku dk iz;ksx djrs gq, fQcksukdh fljht+ fizaV djkus dk izksxzke fyf[k,A

� � �

vkWCtsDV~l


vkWCtsDV~lvkWCtsDV~lvkWCtsDV~lvkWCtsDV~l Objects


� ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;ifjp; tkok fLØIV ,d vkWCtsDV csLM izksxzkfeax ySaXost gSA vkWCtsDV~l dqN osfj,cy rFkk QaD'ku ls feydj cus gksrs gSaA vkWCtsDV ls lacaf/kr osfj,cy dks izkWiVhZ rFkk QaD'ku dks eSFkM dgrs gSaA tkok fLØIV esa vkWCtsDV~l fuEukuqlkj nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa%

• ;wt+j fMQkbaM vkWCtsDV~l

• fcYV&bu vkWCtsDV~l

fdlh vkWCtsDV dh izkWiVhZ ;k eSFkM dks iz;ksx esa ysus ds fy, ml vkWCtsDV ds lkFk MkWV (.) vkWijsVj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, document vkWCtsDV ds write() eSFkM dks iz;ksx djus ds fy, muds chp MkWV vkWijsVj dk iz;ksx fuEukuqlkj fd;k tkrk gS%

document.write("Hello");

� ;wt+j fMQkbaM vkWCtsDV~l;wt+j fMQkbaM vkWCtsDV~l;wt+j fMQkbaM vkWCtsDV~l;wt+j fMQkbaM vkWCtsDV~l ;wt+j fMQkbaM vkWCtsDV esa vkWCtsDV ls lacaf/kr izkWiVhZt+ rFkk eSFkM~l ;wt+j }kjk fu/kkZfjr fd, tkrs gSaA bUgsa cukus ds fuEu nks rjhds gksrs gSa%

• vkWCtsDV buhf'k;ykbt+j (initializer) dk iz;ksx djds

• daLVªDVj dk iz;ksx djds

vkWCtsDV buhf'k;ykbt+j vkWCtsDV buhf'k;ykbt+j vkWCtsDV buhf'k;ykbt+j vkWCtsDV buhf'k;ykbt+j (initializer) dk iz;ksx djdsdk iz;ksx djdsdk iz;ksx djdsdk iz;ksx djds vkWCtsDV buhf'k;ykbt+j dk iz;ksx djds vkWCtsDV cukus ds fy, fuEu izk#i gksrk gS%

objectName = {property1: value1,

property2: value2, .................};

12



mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa myBook uke dk ,d vkWCtsDV cuk;k x;k gS rFkk mlesa rhu izkWiVhZt+ title, authors rFkk price fMQkbu dh xbZ gSa rFkk ckn esa budh oSY;wt+ dks fizaV djk;k x;k gSA <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


myBook = {title: "C++",

authors: "Dhupia-Lekhyani",

price: 190};

document.write(myBook.title, "<br>");

document.write(myBook.authors, "<br>");

document.write(myBook.price);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: C++

Dhupia-Lekhyani

190

vkWCtsDV dk eSFkM fMQkbu djus ds fy, ml vkWCtsDV dh izkWiVhZt+ fMQkbu djus ds lkFk gh fdlh izkWiVhZ esa igys ls cus gq, QaD'ku dk uke vlkbu dj fn;k tkrk gSA

vkWCtsDV dk eSFkM fMQkbu djus ds fy, ml vkWCtsDV dh izkWiVhZt+ fMQkbu djrs le; gh fdlh QaD'ku dk uke vlkbu dj fn;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa myBook uke dk ,d vkWCtsDV cuk;k x;k gS rFkk mlesa rhu izkWiVhZt+ ds vykok ,d eSFkM myFun() Hkh fMQkbu fd;k x;k gS ftls ckn esa vkWCtsDV dh lgk;rk ls dkWy fd;k x;k gSA <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


function fun()

{

document.write("Hello world");

}

myBook = {title: "C++",

authors: "Dhupia-Lekhyani",

price: 190,

myFun: fun

};



document.write(myBook.price, "<br>");

myBook.myFun();

vkWCtsDV~l


</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: C++

Dhupia-Lekhyani

190

Hello world

daLVªDVjdaLVªDVjdaLVªDVjdaLVªDVj dk iz;ksx djdsdk iz;ksx djdsdk iz;ksx djdsdk iz;ksx djds bl izdkj ls vkWCtsDV cukus ds fy, igys ,d daLVªDVj QaD'ku cuk;k tkrk gS ftlds vUnj vkWCtsDV dh lHkh izkWiVhZt+ dks fMQkbu dj fn;k tkrk gSA blds ckn new vkWijsVj dk iz;ksx djds vkWCtsDV cuk fy;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa myBook uke dk ,d vkWCtsDV cuk;k x;k gS rFkk mlesa rhu izkWiVhZt+ title, authors rFkk price fMQkbu dh xbZ gSa rFkk ckn esa budh oSY;wt+ dks fizaV djk;k x;k gSA <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


function book()

{

this.title = "C++";

this.authors = "Dhupia-Lekhyani";

this.price = 190;

}

myBook = new book();




</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: C++

Dhupia-Lekhyani

190

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa myBook uke dk ,d vkWCtsDV cuk;k x;k gS rFkk mlesa rhu izkWiVhZt+ ds vykok ,d eSFkM myFun() Hkh fMQkbu fd;k x;k gS ftls ckn esa vkWCtsDV dh lgk;rk ls dkWy fd;k x;k gSA <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>




function fun()

{

document.write("Hello world");

}

function book()

{

this.title = "C++";


this.price = 190;

this.myFun=fun;

}





myBook.myFun();

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: C++

Dhupia-Lekhyani

190

Hello world

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa nks vkWCtsDV~l dks iz;ksx esa fy;k x;k gS% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


function showData()

{

document.write(this.title, ", ");

document.write(this.authors, ", ");

document.write(this.price, "<br><br>");

}

function book(t, a, p)

{

this.title = t;

this.authors = a;

this.price = p;

this.show = showData;

}

myBook1 = new book("VB", "Dhupia-Lekhyani", 190);

myBook2 = new book("CG", "Dhupia-Lekhyani", 115);

document.write("Details of myBook1: ", "<br>");

myBook1.show();

vkWCtsDV~l


document.write("Details of myBook2: ", "<br>");

myBook2.show();

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: Details of myBook1:

VB, Dhupia-Lekhyani, 190

Details of myBook2:

CG, Dhupia-Lekhyani, 115

� vkWCtsDV fMyhV djukvkWCtsDV fMyhV djukvkWCtsDV fMyhV djukvkWCtsDV fMyhV djuk ;fn fdlh vkWCtsDV ls lacaf/kr dk;Z gks pqdk gks vkSj ge mls eSeksjh esa ls gVkuk pkgrs gksa rks blds fy, ge tkok fLØIV ds delete vkWijsVj dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA bls le>us ds fy, uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k dks /;ku ls nsf[k,A <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


function book()

{

this.title = "C++";


this.price = 190;

}





delete myBook; // document.write(myBook.title, "<br>"); //will produce error

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: C++

Dhupia-Lekhyani

190

� fcYV&bufcYV&bufcYV&bufcYV&bu vkWCtsDV~lvkWCtsDV~lvkWCtsDV~lvkWCtsDV~l fcYV&bu vkWCtsDV os gksrs gSa tks tkok fLØIV esa igys ls gh ekStwn gksrs gSaA eq[; #i ls dke vkus okys fcYV&bu vkWCtsDV~l dks fuEukuqlkj nks Js.kh;ksa esa ckaVk x;k gS%

• Language Objects

• Window Objects



/;ku nsa fd mijksDr nksuksa vkWCtsDV~l okLro esa DOM (Document Object Model) dk fgLlk gksrs gSaA DOM ,slk gkbjkfdZdy ekWMy gS tks ;g n'kkZrk gS fd HTML ist ds fofHkUu ,yhesaV~l ¼tSls VSDLV ckWDl] iSjkxzkQ] best vkfn½ dks fdl izdkj iz;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA bls iz;ksx esa ysrs gq, ju Vkbe ij bu ,yhesaV~l ds ek/;e ls oscist esa ifjorZu dj ldrs gSaA

Array vkWCtsDVvkWCtsDVvkWCtsDVvkWCtsDV ,js dqN oSY;wt+ dk lewg gksrk gS ftUgsa dke esa ysus ds fy, ,js ds uke rFkk baMsDl dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tkok fLØIV esa ,js cukus rFkk ml ij dk;Z djus ds fy, Array vkWCtsDV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl vkWCtsDV esa dqN ,sls eSFkM gksrs gSa ftudk iz;ksx djds ge ,js dks lksVZ] fjolZ vkfn dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA ,js cukus dk izk#i fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS%

arr_obj_name = new Array(value1, value2,....)

;k

arr_obj_name = new Array(array_length)

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


nm = new Array("Anil", "Sunil", "Ajay");

sal = new Array(3);

sal[0] = 8000;

sal[1] = 15000;

sal[2] = 12000;

Language

Array

Boolean

Date

Math

String

Number

Function

RegExp

vkWCtsDV~l


document.write("Names are: ", "<br>");

document.write(nm[0], "<br>");



document.write("Salaries are: ", "<br>");

document.write(sal[0], "<br>");



</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Names are:

Anil

Sunil

Ajay

Salaries are:

8000

15000

12000

,js ds ,yhesaV~l dks fizaV djkus ds fy, dsoy ,js ds uke dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA vFkkZr~ mijksDr izksxzke dks ge fuEukuqlkj Hkh fy[k ldrs gSa% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


nm = new Array("Anil", "Sunil", "Ajay");

sal = new Array(3);

sal[0] = 8000;

sal[1] = 15000;

sal[2] = 12000;

document.write("Names are: ", "<br>");

document.write(nm, "<br>");

document.write("Salaries are: ", "<br>");

document.write(sal);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:



Names are:

Anil,Sunil,Ajay

Salaries are:

8000,15000,12000

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ;wt+j ls ikap uke iwNdj mUgsa fizaV djk;k x;k gSA <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


nm = new Array(5);

for(i = 0; i < 5; i++)

nm[i] = prompt("enter a name");

document.write("You entered:", "<br>");

for(i = 0; i < 5; i++)

document.write(nm[i], "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Array vkWCtsDV ds eSFkMvkWCtsDV ds eSFkMvkWCtsDV ds eSFkMvkWCtsDV ds eSFkM Array vkWCtsDV ds dqN eSFkM~l fuEukuqlkj gSa%

concat(...)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx nks ,js dks tksM+dj ,d u;k ,js cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA


<head>

</head>

<body>


one = new Array(1, 2, 3);

two = new Array(7, 8, 9);

three = one.concat(two);

document.write(three);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

1,2,3,7,8,9

vkWCtsDV~l


join(separator)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx fdlh ,js ds lHkh ,yhesaV~l dks ,d fLVªax esa tksM+us ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bl eSFkM }kjk izkIr gq, fLVªax esa ,yhesaV~l ds chp ck;&fMQkWYV dkSek (,) yx tkrk gSA ;fn ge buds chp dksbZ vU; dSjsDVj pkgrs gSa rks mls bl eSFkM esa fMQkbu dj ldrs gSaA

mnkgj.mnkgj.mnkgj.mnkgj.k%k%k%k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>



st = one.join();

document.write(st, "<br>");

st = one.join("-");

document.write(st);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

1,2,3

1-2-3

pop()

;g eSFkM ,js ds vafre ,yhesaV dks fjVuZ djrk gS rFkk mls ,js esa ls fMyhV Hkh dj nsrk gSA


<head>

</head>

<body>



document.write("Array elements before pop: ", one, "<br>");

st = one.pop();

document.write("Last element after pop: ", st, "<br>");

document.write("Array elements after pop: ", one);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Array elements before pop: 1,2,3

Last element after pop: 3



Array elements after pop: 1,2

push(item1, item2, ...)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx ,js ds var esa ,d ;k vf/kd ,yhesaV~l dks tksM+us rFkk vafre ,yhesaV dks fjVuZ djkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA


<head>

</head>

<body>



document.write("Array elements before push: ", one, "<br>");

st = one.push(4,5,6);

document.write("Last element after push: ", st, "<br>");

document.write("Array elements after push: ", one);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: Array elements before push: 1,2,3

Last element after push: 6

Array elements after push: 1,2,3,4,5,6

reverse()

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx ,js ds ,yhesaV~l dks foijhr Øe esa O;ofLFkr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

mnkgjmnkgjmnkgjmnkgj.k%.k%.k%.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>



document.write("Array elements before reverse: ",one,"<br>");

one.reverse();

document.write("Array elements after reverse: ", one);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: Array elements before reverse: 1,2,3

Array elements after reverse: 3,2,1

shift()

;g eSFkM ,js ds igys ,yhesaV dks fjVuZ djrk gS rFkk mls ,js esa ls fMyhV dj nsrk gSA


vkWCtsDV~l


<head>

</head>

<body>



document.write("Array elements before shift: ", one, "<br>");

x = one.shift();

document.write("shifted element: ", x, "<br>");

document.write("Array elements after shift: ", one);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: Array elements before shift: 1,2,3

shifted element: 1

Array elements after shift: 2,3

slice(start, end)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx ,js ds fdlh Hkkx dk ,d u;k ,js cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA


<head>

</head>

<body>


one = new Array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);

document.write("Array elements before slice: ", one, "<br>");

two = one.slice(1,3);

document.write("Sliced array: ", two, "<br>");

document.write("Array elements after slice: ", one, "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: Array elements before slice: 1,2,3,4,5

Sliced array: 2,3

Array elements after slice: 1,2,3,4,5

splice(index,howmany,item1,.....)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx ,js ds ,yhesaV~l dks fMyhV djus] ;k fdlh ,yhesaV ds LFkku ij nwljs ,yhesaV~l dks LVksj djkus ;k balVZ djkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ,d ,js ds dqN ,yhesaV~l dks splice() eSFkM dk iz;ksx djds fMyhV fd;k x;k gSA blds fy, geus eSFkM esa nks vkjX;wesaV ikl fd, gSaA igys vkjX;wesaV esa og baMsDl ikst+h'ku crkbZ gS tgka ls ,yhesaV fMyhV djus gSa rFkk nwljs vkjX;wesaV esa fMyhV fd, tkus okys ,yhesaV~l dh la[;k crkbZ gSA <html>

<head>



</head>

<body>


one = new Array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);

document.write("Array elements before splice: ", one, "<br>");

two = one.splice(2,2);

document.write("Spliced array: ", two, "<br>");

document.write("Array elements after splice: ", one, "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: Array elements before splice: 1,2,3,4,5

Spliced array: 3,4

Array elements after splice: 1,2,5

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ,d ,js dqN ,yhesaV~l dks splice() eSFkM dk iz;ksx djds baMsDl la[;k 2 okys ,yhesaV ds LFkku ij vU; 2 ,yhesaV~l dks fjIysl fd;k x;k gSA <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


one = new Array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);


two = one.splice(2,1,101,102);



</script>

</body>

</html>


Spliced array: 3

Array elements after splice: 1,2,101,102,4,5

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ,d ,js esa splice() eSFkM dk iz;ksx djds dqN ,yhesaV~l dks balVZ djk;k x;k gSA <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


one = new Array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);


two = one.splice(2,0,101,102);



</script>

</body>

vkWCtsDV~l


</html>


Spliced array:

Array elements after splice: 1,2,101,102,3,4,5

sort()

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx ,js ds ,yhesaV~l dks vkjksgh (ascending) Øe esa O;ofLFkr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA


<head>

</head>

<body>


one = new Array(4, 3, 1, 5, 2);

document.write("Array elements before sorting: ",one,"<br>");

one.sort();

document.write("Array elements after sorting: ", one, "<br>");

one = new Array("Sunil", "Anil", "Vijay", "Ajay");

document.write("Array elements before sorting: ",one,"<br>");

one.sort();

document.write("Array elements after sorting: ", one, "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: Array elements before sorting: 4,3,1,5,2

Array elements after sorting: 1,2,3,4,5

Array elements before sorting: Sunil,Anil,Vijay,Ajay

Array elements after sorting: Ajay,Anil,Sunil,Vijay

unshift(item1,item2, ...)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx ,d ;k vf/kd ,yhesaV~l dks ,js ds izkjEHk esa tksM+us ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA


<head>

</head>

<body>



document.write("Array elements before unshift: ",one,"<br>");

one.unshift(201,202);

document.write("Array elements after unshift: ",one,"<br>");

</script>

</body>



</html>

Output: Array elements before unshift: 1,2,3

Array elements after unshift: 201,202,1,2,3

length izkWiVhZizkWiVhZizkWiVhZizkWiVhZ bl izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx ,js esa ekStwn ,yhesaV~l dh la[;k Kkr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA


<head>

</head>

<body>


arr = new Array("Anil","Sunil","Ajay");

document.write("No. of elements are: ", arr.length, "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: No. of elements are: 3

� Vw Mk;esa'kuyVw Mk;esa'kuyVw Mk;esa'kuyVw Mk;esa'kuy ,js,js,js,js (Two Dimensional Array)

dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ou Mk;esa'kuy ,js oSY;wt+ dks LVksj djus ds fy, mi;qDr ugha jgrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d gh d{kk ds 10 fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vaxzsth rFkk xf.kr ds izkIrkad LVksj djkus gks rks blds fy, nks vyx&vyx ,js cukus gksaxs] ,d vaxzsth ds rFkk nwljk xf.kr ds izkIrkad LVksj djkus ds fy,A ;gh dk;Z ,d gh ,js ds ek/;e ls Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy, gesa Vw Mk;esa'kuy (two dimensional) ,js cukuk gksxkA

Vw Mk;esa'kuy ,js dks ,d Vscy ds :Ik esa le>k tk ldrk gS] ftlesa ,d ls vf/kd iafDr;ka rFkk dkWye gksrs gSaA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd mijksDr MsVk dks LVksj djokus ds fy, gesa fuEukuqlkj nks dkWye rFkk 10 iafDr;ksa dh vko';drk gksxhA bl Vw Mk;esa'kuy ,js ds ,d Mkbesa'ku esa ge vaxzsth rFkk nwljs Mkbesa'ku esa xf.kr ds vad LVksj djok ldrs gSaA

� f)rh;

Mk;esa'

ku �

� izFke Mk;esa'ku �

vaxzsth ds izkIrkad �

xf.kr ds izkIrkad �

value1 value2

value3 value4

value5 value6

value7 value8

vkWCtsDV~l


value9 value10

value11 value12

value13 value14

value15 value16

value17 value18

value19 value20

tkok fLØV esa Vw Mk;esa'kyu ,js dks fuEu izdkj ls fMDys;j fd;k tkrk gS &

array_name = new Array(dimenssion);

mnkgj.k%

arr = new Array(2);

mijksDr mnkgj.k esa geus nks Mk;esa'ku dk ,js cuk;k gSA vc gesa izR;sd iafDr ds fy, dkWye dh la[;k vyx ls fu/kkZfjr djuh gksxh tSls igyh iafDr esa nks dkWye rFkk nwljh iafDr esa rhu dkWye pkgrs gSa rks gesa bls fuEukuqlkj fMDys;j djuk gksxk%

arr[0] = new Array(2);


bl izdkj ge ,js esa fdruh Hkh iafDr;ka fMQkbu dj ldrs gSaA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa Vw Mk;esa'kuy ,js esa oSY;wt+ LVksj djok dj mUgsa fiazV djok;k x;k gSA <html>

<head>

<script type="text/javascript" src="demo.js"></script>

</head>

<body>


arr = new Array(2);


arr[0][0] = 1;

arr[0][1] = 2;


arr[1][0] = 3;

arr[1][1] = 4;

arr[1][2] = 5;


arr[2][0] = 6;

arr[2][1] = 7;

document.write(arr[0][0], " ", arr[0][1], "<br>");

document.write(arr[1][0], " ", arr[1][1]," ", arr[1][2],"<br>");

document.write(arr[2][0], " ", arr[2][1], "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>



Output:

1 2

3 4 5

6 7

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa Vw Mk;esa'kuy ,js esa ywi dk iz;ksx djrs gq, oSY;wt+ LVksj djok dj mUgsa fiazV djok;k x;k gSA <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


arr = new Array(2);

for(i=0; i<2; i++)

{

arr[i] = new Array(3);

for(j=0; j<3; j++)

{

arr[i][j] = prompt("Eneter a number");

}

}

for(i=0; i<2; i++)

{

for(j=0; j<3; j++)

{

document.write(arr[i][j], " ");

}

document.write("<br>");

}

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: 1 2 3

4 5 6

Date vkvkvkvkWCtsDVWCtsDVWCtsDVWCtsDV tkok fLØIV esa Date vkWCtsDV dk iz;ksx date rFkk time ls lacaf/kr dk;ksZa dks djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Date vkWCtsDV dks Date() daLVªDVj dh lgk;rk ls cuk;k tkrk gSA bls cukus ds izk#i fuEukuqlkj gksrs gSa%

objName = new Date() // current date and time

objName = new Date(milliseconds) //milliseconds since 1970/01/01

objName = new Date(dateString)

objName = new Date(year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds, millisec)

mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

vkWCtsDV~l



today = new Date();

dt1 = new Date("September 25, 1977 10:35:00");

dt2 = new Date(77,8,25);

dt3 = new Date(77,8,25,10,35,0);

document.write("Today is: ", today, "<br>");

document.write("My birthdate is: ", dt1, "<br>");



</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Today is: Wed Jun 23 21:05:49 PDT 2010

My birthdate is: Sun Sep 25 10:35:00 PDT 1977



Date vkWCtsDV ds eSFkMvkWCtsDV ds eSFkMvkWCtsDV ds eSFkMvkWCtsDV ds eSFkM

Date vkWCtsDV ds izeq[k eSFkM~l fueukuqlkj gSa%

getDay()

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx date vkWCtsDV esa ls lIrkg dk fnu fjVuZ djkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA (eg.

sun = 0, mon = 1 ....)

getMonth()

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx date vkWCtsDV esa ls month fjVuZ djkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA (eg. jan = 0,

feb = 1 ....)

getYear()

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx date vkWCtsDV esa ls year fjVuZ djkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

getHours()

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx date vkWCtsDV esa ls hours fjVuZ djkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

getMinutes()

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx date vkWCtsDV esa ls minute fjVuZ djkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

getSeconds()

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx date vkWCtsDV esa ls second fjVuZ djkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA



getMilliseconds()

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx date vkWCtsDV esa ls millisecond fjVuZ djkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA


<head>

</head>

<body>


today = new Date();

document.write("Today is: ", today, "<br>");

d = today.getDay();

m = today.getMonth();

y = today.getYear();

document.write("Day is: ", d, "<br>");

document.write("Month is: ", m, "<br>");

document.write("Year is: ", y, "<br>");

hh = today.getHours();

mm = today.getMinutes();

ss = today.getSeconds();

ms = today.getMilliseconds();

document.write("Hours: ", hh, "<br>");

document.write("Minutes: ", mm, "<br>");

document.write("Seconds: ", ss, "<br>");

document.write("Milliseconds: ", ms, "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: Today is: Sun May 23 23:03:57 PDT 2010

Day is: 0

Month is: 4

Year is: 2010

Hours: 23

Minutes: 3

Seconds: 57

Milliseconds: 15

Math vkWCtsDVvkWCtsDVvkWCtsDVvkWCtsDV Math vkWCtsDV dk iz;ksx tkok fLØIV esa fofHkUu izdkj ds xf.krh; dk;ksZa dks djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bl vkWCtsDV ds dbZ eSFkM gksrs gsa ftuesa ls dqN fuEukuqlkj gSa%

abs(n)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx _.kkRed (negative) la[;k dks /kukRed (positive) la[;k esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k%

vkWCtsDV~l


<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var x = -13;

var y = Math.abs(x);

document.write("x is: ", x, "<br>");

document.write("y is: ", y);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: x is: -13

y is: 13

ceil(n)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx fdlh n'keyo okyh la[;k dks vxyh baVhtj la[;k esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA (eg.: 3.2 → 4)

floor(n)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx fdlh n'keyo okyh la[;k dks fiNyh baVhtj la[;k esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA (eg.: 3.2 → 3) mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var x = Math.ceil(3.2);

document.write("Ceil of 3.2 is: ", x, "<br>");

var y = Math.floor(3.2);

document.write("Floor of 3.2 is: ", y, "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: Ceil of 3.2 is: 4

Floor of 3.2 is: 3

max(n1,n2,n3,…)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx nh xbZ la[;kvksa esa ls lcls cM+h la[;k dks fizaV djkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

min(n1,n2,n3,…)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx nh xbZ la[;kvksa esa ls lcls NksVh la[;k dks fizaV djkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA



mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var x = Math.max(1,5,3,2);

document.write("Largest: ", x, "<br>");

var y = Math.min(1,5,3,2);

document.write("Smallest: ", y, "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: Largest: 5

Smallest: 1

pow(n)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx nh xbZ la[;k dh ?kkr (power) Kkr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var x = Math.pow(2,3);

document.write("2 to the power 3 is: ", x, "<br>");

var y = Math.pow(2.2,1.5);

document.write("2.2 to the power 1.5 is: ", y, "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: 2 to the power 3 is: 8

2.2 to the power 1.5 is: 3.263127334322092

random()

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx 0 ls 1 ds chp] jsaMe uEcj tujsV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var x = Math.random();

document.write("Random number between 0 and 1: ", x, "<br>");

var y = parseInt(Math.random()*10);

document.write("Random number between 1 and 10: ", y, "<br>");

vkWCtsDV~l


</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: Random number between 0 and 1: 0.9368037513472168

Random number between 1 and 10: 7

round(n)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx nh xbZ la[;k dks iw.kkZad la[;k (whole number) esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var x = Math.round(2.34);

document.write("Round of 2.34 is : ", x, "<br>");

var y = Math.round(2.64);

document.write("Round of 2.64 is : ", y, "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: Round of 2.34 is : 2

Round of 2.64 is : 3

sqrt(n)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx nh xbZ la[;k dk oxZewy (square root) Kkr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var x = Math.sqrt(49);

document.write("Square root of 49 is : ", x, "<br>");

var y = Math.sqrt(25.36);

document.write("Square root of 25.36 is : ", y, "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: Square root of 49 is : 7

Square root of 25.36 is : 5.035871324805669



String vkWCtsDVvkWCtsDVvkWCtsDVvkWCtsDV bl vkWCtsDV dk iz;ksx tkok fLØIV esa VSDLV ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu dk;ksZa ¼tSls NksVs v{kjksa dks cM+s v{kjksa esa ifjofrZr djuk] fLVªax dh yackbZ Kkr djuk vkfn½ dks djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blds dqN eSFkM~l fuEukuqlkj gSa%

charAt (index)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx fLVªax esa ls nh xbZ baMsDl ikst+h'ku okys dSjsDVj dks fjVuZ djkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var st = new String("Dhupia-Lekhyani");

document.write("Character at index 0 is : ",st.charAt(0), "<br>");

document.write("Character at index 7 is : ",st.charAt(7), "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: Character at index 0 is : D

Character at index 7 is : L

concat (string1, string2, ...)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx ,d ls vf/kd fLVªax dks vkil esa tksM+us ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var st1 = "Dhupia";

var st2 = "Lekhyani";

var st3 = st1.concat(st2);

document.write("String 1 is : ", st1, "<br>");

document.write("String 2 is : ", st2, "<br>");

document.write("String after concat : ", st3, "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: String 1 is : Dhupia

String 2 is : Lekhyani

String after concat : DhupiaLekhyani

vkWCtsDV~l


indexOf (searchValue, start)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx fLVªax esa fdlh dSjsDVj dh baMsDl ikst+h'ku Kkr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn fn;k x;k dSjsDVj fLVªax esa ,d ls vf/kd ckj gS rks ;g eSFkM dsoy igys okys dSjsDVj dk baMsDl fjVuZ djrk gSA

lastIndexOf (searchValue, start)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx fLVªax esa fdlh dSjsDVj dh vafre baMsDl ikst+h'ku Kkr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var st = "Hello world";

document.write("Index of l is : ", st.indexOf("l"), "<br>"); document.write("Last index of l is : ", st.lastIndexOf("l"), "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: Index of l is : 2

Last index of l is : 9

match (string)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx fLVªax esa vU; fLVªax dks lpZ djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn lpZ fd;k tkus okyk fLVªax fey tkrk gS rks ;g eSFkM ml fLVªax dks fjVuZ djrk gSA vkSj ;fn lpZ fd;k tkus okyk fLVªax ugha feyrk gS rks ;g eSFkM null fjVuZ djrk gSA mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var st = "Hello, this is a demo.";

var p = "is";

var st2 = st.match(p);

document.write(st2, "<br>");

var st3 = st.match("kamal");

document.write(st3);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: is

null



search (searchValue)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx ,d fLVªax esa vU; fLVªax dks lpZ djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn lpZ fd;k tkus okyk fLVªax fey tkrk gS rks ;g eSFkM baMsDl ikst+h'ku fjVuZ djrk gSA vkSj ;fn lpZ fd;k tkus okyk fLVªax ugha feyrk gS rks ;g eSFkM -1 fjVuZ djrk gSA mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var st = "Hello, this is a demo.";

var p = "is";

var st2 = st.search(p);

document.write(st2, "<br>");

var st3 = st.search("kamal");


</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: 9

-1

replace (searchValue,newValue)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx fLVªax ds fdlh Hkkx dks vU; fLVªax ls ifjofrZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var st = "I want to talk to you";

var p = "to";

var st2 = st.replace(p,"xx");


</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: I want xx talk to you

toUpperCase ()

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx fLVªax ds NksVs v{kjksa dks cM+s v{kjksa esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

vkWCtsDV~l


toLowerCase ()

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx fLVªax ds cM+s v{kjksa dks NksVs v{kjksa esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var st1 = "Hello";

document.write(st1.toLowerCase(), "<br>");

var st2 = "Hello";

document.write(st2.toUpperCase());

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: hello

HELLO

split (separator,limit)

;g eSFkM fLVªax dks VqdM+ks esa foHkkftr dj budk ,d ,js fjVuZ djrk gSA bl eSFkM esa ge og dSjsDVj ikl djk ldrs gSa ftlds vk/kkj ij fLVªax dks foHkkftr djuk gSA ;fn bl eSFkM esa dksbZ vkjX;wesaV ikl ugha djk;k tkrk gS rks fLVªax Lisl (space) ds vk/kkj ij foHkkftr gks tkrk gSA mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var st = "Hello! this is a demo.";

arr = st.split(" ");


document.write("elements are: ", arr, "<br>");

arr = st.split("!");


document.write("elements are: ", arr, "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: No. of elements are: 5

elements are: Hello!,this,is,a,demo.

No. of elements are: 2



elements are: Hello, this is a demo.

slice (start,end)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx fLVªax esa ls ,d baMsDl ikst+h'ku ls ysdj nwljh baMsDl ikst+h'ku ls igys rd ds dSjsDVlZ dks fjVuZ djkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>



newString = st.slice(0,4);

document.write(newString, "<br>");

newString = st.slice(7,11);


</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: Hell

this

substr (start,length)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx fLVªax esa ls ,d baMsDl ikst+h'ku ls ysdj fuf'pr la[;k ds dSjsDVlZ dks fjVuZ djkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

substring (from, to)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx fLVªax esa ls ,d baMsDl ikst+h'ku ls ysdj nwljh baMsDl ikst+h'ku rd ds dSjsDVlZ dks fjVuZ djkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>



newString = st.substr(7);


newString = st.substr(7,10);


newString = st.substring(7,10);


</script>

</body>

</html>

vkWCtsDV~l


Output: this is a demo.

this is a

thi

link (url)

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx fLVªax ij gk;ijfyad lsV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var st = "Click here to open site";

document.write(st.link("http://www.imperial.com"),

"<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: Click here to open site

length izkWiVhZizkWiVhZizkWiVhZizkWiVhZ bl izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx fLVªax esa mifLFkr dSjsDVlZ dh la[;k Kkr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


var st = "Hello!";

document.write(st.length);

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output: 6

Window vkWCtsDV~lvkWCtsDV~lvkWCtsDV~lvkWCtsDV~l ;s vkWCtsDV DykbaV czkmt+j }kjk miyC/k djok, tkrs gSaA blesa fuEu vkWCtsDV 'kkfey gksrs gSa%



window vkWCtsDVvkWCtsDVvkWCtsDVvkWCtsDV ;g tkok fLØIV dh vkWCtsDV Ja[kyk ¼gkbjkdhZ½ esa lcls Åij dk vkWCtsDV gSA bl vkWCtsDV esa dbZ vU; vkWCtsDV tSls document, History vkfn gksrs gSaA bl vkWCtsDV dh izeq[k izkWiVhZt+ fuEukuqlkj gksrh gSa%

izkWiVhZizkWiVhZizkWiVhZizkWiVhZ fooj.kfooj.kfooj.kfooj.k

closed bl izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx ;g tkapus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS fd foaMks can gS ;k ughaA ;g izkWiVhZ cwfy;u oSY;w fjVuZ djrh gSA Syntax: window.closed

defaultStatus bl izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx czkmt+j dh LVsVl ckj ij fMQkWYV eSlst lsV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Syntax: window.defaultStatus( = "message")

frames ;g izkWiVhZ foaMks esa mifLFkr lHkh frames dk ,js gksrh gSA Syntax: window.frames ( = "frameID")

status bl izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx Hkh LVsVl ckj ij eSlst lsV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bl eSlst ds gVus ij iqu% fMQkWYV eSlst iznf'kZr gks tkrk gSA Syntax: window.status(= "message")

length bl izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx osc ist ij mifLFkr frames dh la[;k Kkr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Syntax: window.length

opener tc window.open() }kjk vksiu ubZ foaMks vksiu dh tkrh gS rks bl izkWiVhZ dh lgk;rk ls ubZ foaMks esa lkslZ foaMks dh izkWiVhZt+ rFkk eSFkM~l dks iz;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA bl izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx ubZ foaMks esa fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, vksiu dh xbZ ubZ foaMks ls ge window.opener.close() LVsVesaV dk iz;ksx dj lkslZ foaMks dks can dj

vkWCtsDV~l


ldrs gSaA Syntax: window.opener

mijksDr izkWiVhZt+ dks fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k esa le>k;k x;k gS% <html>

<head>

</head>

<body>


document.write("Is closed: ", window.closed, "<br>");

window.defaultStatus="This is status bar";

document.write("No. of frames: ", window.length, "<br>");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

blh izdkj foaMks vkWCtsDV ds izeq[k eSFkM~l fuEukuqlkj gSa%

eeeeSFkMSFkMSFkMSFkM fooj.kfooj.kfooj.kfooj.k

alert(...) bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx LØhu ij eSlst ckWDl iznf'kZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Syntax: window.alert("message")

blur() bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx foaMks ls Qksdl gVkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx djus ds ckn foaMks vU; vksiu dh gqbZ foaMkst+ ds ihNs pyh tkrh gSA Syntax: window.blur()

close() bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx foaMks dks can djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Syntax: window.close()

confirm(...) bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx ;wt+j ls OK ;k Cancel ds #i esa buiqV ysus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn ;wt+j OK ij fDyd djrk gS rks ;g eSFkM true fjVuZ djrk gS vU;Fkk false fjVuZ djrk gSA Syntax: window.confirm(...)

Example:



var state=window.confirm("Are you sure you are ok?");

if (state)

window.alert("Good!");

else

window.alert("Get well soon");

focus() bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx foaMks ij Qksdl lsV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Syntax: window.focus()

moveBy(...) bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx foaMks dks x rFkk y fn'kk esa fuf'pr fiDly ls shift djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Syntax: window.moveBy(x, y)

Example: window.moveBy(100,150)

moveTo(...) bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx foaMks dks LØhu dh x rFkk y yksds'ku ij lsV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Syntax: window.moveTo(x, y)

Example: window.moveTo(0,0) prompt(...) bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx ;wt+j ls buiqV ysus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Syntax: window.prompt()

Example: var nm = window.prompt("Enter ur name"); open(...) bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx ubZ czkmt+j foaMks vksiu djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk

gSA Syntax: window.open(URL, name [, features])

Example: window.open("http://www.itajmer.com", "", "width=800px, height=600px, resizable")

bl eSFkM ds rhljs vkjX;wesaV esa ge vksiu dh tkus okyh foaMks ds QhplZ fMQkbu dj ldrs gSa tSls mldh height, width vkfnA eq[; #i ls dke vkus okys QhplZ fuEukuqlkj gSa%

Qhpj oSY;w fMQkWYV oSY;w menubar yes/no yes

toolbar yes/no yes

scrollbars yes/no yes

status yes/no yes

resizable yes/no yes

left integer

top integer

height integer

width integer print() bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx foaMks esa iznf'kZr MsVk dks fizaVj }kjk fizaV djus ds

fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Syntax: window.print( )

resizeBy(...) bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx djds foaMks ds lkbt+ dks djaV lkbt+ ls c<+k;k ;k ?kVk;k tk ldrk gSA Syntax: window.resizeBy(horizPixels, vertPixels)

Example: window.resizeBy(80, -50);

vkWCtsDV~l


resizeTo(...) bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx djds foaMks ds lkbt+ dks lsV fd;k tk ldrk gSA Syntax: window.resizeTo(outerWidth, outerHeight)

Example: window.resizeTo(600, 400);

document vkWCtsDVvkWCtsDVvkWCtsDVvkWCtsDV document vkWCtsDV dh lgk;rk ls ge HTML ist ds ,yhesaV~l dks ,Dlsl dj ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, bl vkWCtsDV dh lgk;rk ls ge VSDLV ckWDl dh oSY;w fdlh osfj,cy esa LVksj dj ldrs gSa ;k fQj VSDLV ckWDl esa dksbZ ubZ oSY;w Hkh lsV dj ldrs gSaA bl vkWCtsDV dk iz;ksx djds HTML ds yxHkx lHkh ,yhesaV~l ¼tSls QkWeZ] fyad] Vscy vkfn½ dh izkWiVhZt+ dks Hkh ,Dlsl dj ldrs gSaA document vkWCtsDV dh dqN izkWiVhZt+ fuEukuqlkj gSa%

izkWiVhZizkWiVhZizkWiVhZizkWiVhZ fooj.kfooj.kfooj.kfooj.k

linkColor bl izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx osc ist ij mifLFkr lHkh gkbijfyad dk fMQkWYV dyj lsV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Syntax: document.linkColor = "colorinfo"

alinkColor bl izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx osc ist ij mifLFkr ,fDVo gkbijfyad dk dyj lsV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Syntax: document.alinkColor = "colorinfo"

vlinkColor bl izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx osc ist ij foft+V fd, x, gkbijfyad dk dyj lsV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Syntax: document.vlinkColor = "colorinfo"

bgColor bl izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx osc ist cSdxzkm.M dyj lsV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Syntax: document.bgColor = "colorinfo"

Example: document.bgColor = "Yellow";

fgColor bl izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx osc ist ij iznf'kZr gksus okys VSDLV dk dyj lsV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Syntax: document.fgColor = "colorinfo"

Example: document.fgColor = "red";

title bl izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx osc ist dk VkbVy lsV djus ;k fjVuZ djkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA osc ist dk VkbVy <title> </title> VSXl ds chp esa fn;k tkrk gSA Syntax: document.title

Example: document.write(document.title);

document.title = "Demo";

URL bl izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx osc ist dk URL fjVuZ djkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Syntax: document.URL

Example: document.write(document.URL);

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa linkColor, alinkColor rFkk vlinkColor izkWiVhZ dks le>k;k x;k gSA

<html>



<head>

</head>

<body>


document.linkColor="red"

document.alinkColor="Green"

document.vlinkColor="blue"

</script>

<a href="demo1.html">Hello</a>



</body>

</html>

blh izdkj MkWD;wesaV vkWCtsDV ds izeq[k eSFkM~l fuEukuqlkj gSa%

eSFkMeSFkMeSFkMeSFkM fooj.kfooj.kfooj.kfooj.k

write(...) bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx LØhu ij eSlst ;k HTML ,Dlizs'ku nsus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Syntax: document.write("expression(s)")

Example: document.write("Hello!");

document.write("<b>Hello!</b>");

getElementById(...) bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx QkeZ ds fdlh ,yhesaV dks mlds ID ,sVªhC;wV ds vk/kkj ij ,Dlsl djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Syntax: document.getElementById("ID")

Example: document.getElementById("txtname");

getElementByName(...) bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx QkeZ ds fdlh ,yhesaV dks mlds name ,sVªhC;wV ds vk/kkj ij ,Dlsl djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Syntax: document.getElementByName("Name")

Example: document.getElementByName("txtname");

document vkWCtsDV ds eSFkM~l ds mnkgj.k ^QkWeZ rFkk bosaV* v/;k; esa fn, x, gSaA


1- vkWCtsDV D;k gS\ tkok fLØIV esa ;s fdrus izdkj ds gksrs gS\ mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A

2- ;wt+j fMQkbaM vkWCtsDV dks fdrus izdkj ls cuk;k tk ldrk gS\ izR;sd dks mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A

3- Array vkWCtsDV ds fdUgha ikap eSFkM~l dks mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A

4- Document vkWCtsDV ds fdUgha ikap izkWiVhZt+ dks mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A

� � �

,DlsI'ku gS.Mfyax


,DlsI'ku gS.Mfyax,DlsI'ku gS.Mfyax,DlsI'ku gS.Mfyax,DlsI'ku gS.Mfyax Exception Handling


� ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;ifjp; fdlh Hkh izksxzkej ds fy, ,slk izksxke cukuk yxHkx vlaHko gksrk gS ftlesa dksbZ Hkh ,jj uk gksA mnkgj.k ds fy, ju Vkbe ij ;wt+j ls ;fn ,d uacj iwNk x;k gS rks ;g vko';d ugha gS fd ;wt+j uacj gh buiqV djsxkA ;fn ;wt+j us dksbZ ,YQkcsV buiqV dj fn;k rks ju Vkbe ,jj tujsV gks tk,xh vkSj ;fn bl ,jj dks lgh #i ls gSaMy ugha fd;k x;k rks izksxzke dk bfPNr vkmViqV ugha izkIr gksxkA tkok fLØIV esa ju Vkbe ,jj dks ,DlsI'ku dgk tkrk gSA

tkok fLØIV esa ju Vkbe ,jj ¼,DlsI'ku½ dks gSaMy djus ds fy, fuEukuqlkj nks rjhds gksrs gSa%

• try-catch CykWd dk iz;ksx djdsA

• onerror bosaV dk iz;ksx djdsA

� try-catch CykWd dk iz;ksx djdsCykWd dk iz;ksx djdsCykWd dk iz;ksx djdsCykWd dk iz;ksx djds try-catch CykWd dk iz;ksx djrs gq, ,jj dks gSaMy djus ds fy, gesa vius dksM dks nks Hkkxksa (try

CykWd rFkk catch CykWd) esa fy[kuk gksrk gSA try CykWd esa og dksM fy[kk tkrk gS ftlesa ,jj vkus dh laHkkouk gksrh gS rFkk catch CykWd esa mRiUu gqbZ ,jj dks gSaMy djus dk dksM fy[kk tkrk gSA bldk izk#i fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS%

try

{

…………

………… //Block of code which is to be tested for errors

}

catch(err)

{

…………

………… //Block of code which is to be executed if an error occurs

}

13



tc try CykWd esa fy[kh fdlh LVsVesaV esa ,jj tujsV gksrh gS rks izksxzke dk ,Xt+hD;w'ku lh/ks catch CykWd esa pyk tkrk gS rFkk ,jj dks vko';drk ds vuqlkj ;gka gSaMy dj fy;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ,d osfj,cy a dks fcuk fMDys;j fd, rFkk buhf’k;ykbt+ fd, mls fizaV djok;k x;k gS ftlls ju Vkbe ,jj tujsV gqbZA pwafd bl izksxzke esa ,jj gSaMfyax ugha dh xbZ gS vr% ;k rks czkmt+j ij vkmViqV ut+j gh ugha vk,xk ;k fQj fuEukuqlkj ,jj eSlst iznf’kZr gks tk,xkA blls vxyh LVsVesaV ftlesa Hello! fizaV djk;k x;k gS] og Hkh ,Xt+hD;wV ugha gks ik,xhA <html>

<head>


document.write(a);

document.write("Hello!");

</script>

</head>

<body>

</body>

</html>

Output depends on browser: Nothing or

vc] blh mnkgj.k dks ge try...catch CykWd esa fy[krs gSa rks vkmViqV fuEukuqlkj iznf'kZr gksxkA <html>

<head>


try

{

document.write(a);

}

catch(err)

{

document.write("Error occurred", "<br>");

}

document.write("Hello!");

</script>

</head>

<body>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Error occurred

Hello!

,DlsI'ku gS.Mfyax


izR;sd ,jj dk ,d dksM rFkk fooj.k gksrk gS ftls ge catch CykWd ds vUnj iznf'kZr djok ldrs gSaA bls fuEu mnkgj.k }kjk le>k tk ldrk gS% <html>

<body>


try

{

document.write(a);

}

catch(err)

{

document.write("Error Number: ", err.number, "<br>");

document.write("Description : ", err.description);

}

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Error Number: -2146823279

Description : 'a' is undefined

throw LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV throw LVsVesaV dk iz;ksx fdlh fuf'pr daMh'ku ij ,jj dks tujsV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksx try ... catch CykWd ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA throw LVsVesaV dk izk#i fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS% throw(exception);

;gka exception dksbZ Hkh fLVªax] cwfy;u] baVhtj ;k vkWCtsDV gks ldrk gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ;wt+j ls ,d uacj iwNk x;k gSA ;fn ;wt+j uacj buiqV djrk gS rks og uacj fizaV gks tk,xkA vkSj ;fn ;wt+j uacj ds vykok dqN buiqV djrk gS rks isNaN(x)==true daMh'ku larq"V gks tk,xh vkSj throw "myErr" LVsVesaV ju gks tk,xh ftls ckn esa catch CykWd esa gSaMy fd;k x;k gSA <html>

<body>


try

{

var x=prompt("Enter a number:");

if(isNaN(x)==true)

{

throw "myErr";

}

document.write("You entered: ", x);

}

catch(er)

{

if(er=="myErr")

{



alert("Error! You have not entered a number");

}

}

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ;wt+j ls ,d ikst+hfVo uacj iwNk x;k gSA ;fn ;wt+j uacj buiqV djrk gS rks og uacj fizaV gks tk,xkA vkSj ;fn ;wt+j uacj ds vykok dqN buiqV djrk gS rks myErr1 ,DlsI'ku throw gksxh vkSj ;fn ;wt+j usxsfVo uacj buiqV djrk gS rks mErr2 ,DlsI'ku tujsV gksxhA bl izdkj ge ;wt+j ds buiqV ds vk/kkj ij vyx&vyx ,DlsI'ku tujsV djok ldrs gSaA <html>

<body>


try

{

var x=prompt("Enter a +ve number:");

if(isNaN(x)==true)

throw "myErr1";

else if(x < 0)

throw "myErr2";

document.write("You entered: ", x);

}

catch(er)

{

if(er=="myErr1")

alert("Error! You have not entered a number");

else if(er=="myErr2")

alert("Error! You a -ve number");

}

</script>

</body>

</html>

� onerror bosaVbosaVbosaVbosaV tc fdlh MkWD;wesaV ;k best dks yksM djkus ds nkSjku dksbZ ,jj tujsV gksrh gS rks ml le; onerror bosaV ?kfVr gksrk gSA onerror bosaV ds ?kfVr gksus ij fdlh QaD'ku dks ,Xt+hD;wV djok;k tk ldrk gSA ,slk djus ds fy, ml QaD'ku dks onerror bosaV esa vlkbu dj fn;k tkrk gSA bl QaD'ku ds rhu vkjX;wesaV gksrs gSa% error message text, URL of page, line number of errorA

,DlsI'ku gS.Mfyax


;g QaD'ku true vFkok false fjVuZ djrk gSA ;fn izksxzkej czkmt+j dh LVs.MMZ ,jj iznf'kZr djokuk pkgrk gS rks mls false fjVuZ djkuk gksrk gS vU;Fkk trueA

onerror bosaV dk izk#i fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS%

onerror = functionname();

function functionname(msg,file_loc,line_num)

{

var1=msg;

var2=file_loc;

var3=line_num;

………

return true/false;

}


<head>


onerror = myError;

function myError(msg,url,line)

{

alert(msg + "\n" + url + "\n" + line);

return true;

}

</script>

</head>

<body>


documnt.write("Hello World!!!");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

;g vko';d ugha gS fd onerror bosaV esa vlkbu fd, x, QaD'ku ds rhuksa vkjX;wesaV~l dks iz;ksx esa fy;k tk,A ge viuh vko';drk ds vuqlkj 1] 2 ;k rhuksa vkjX;wesaV~l dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa ;k pkgsa rks ,d dk Hkh ughaA mnkgj.k ds fy, uhps fn, x, izksxzke esa ,d Hkh vkjX;wesaV dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k x;k gSA <html>



<head>


onerror = myError;

function myError()

{

alert("Error occurred");

return true;

}

</script>

</head>

<body>


documnt.write("Hello World!!!");

</script>

</body>

</html>

Output:

� vvvv/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u /;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u /;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u /;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u

1- ,DlsI'ku D;k gS\ tkok fLØIV esa bls fdl izdkj laHkkyk tk ldrk gS\ mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A

2- try ... catch CykWd dk iz;ksx djds divie by zero ,DlsI'ku dks gS.My djus dk izksxzke fyf[k,A

3- throw dhoMZ dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A

4- onerror bosaV dk iz;ksx djds ,jj dks fdl izdkj laHkkyk tk ldrk gS\ mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A

� � �



QkWeZ rFkk bosaVQkWeZ rFkk bosaVQkWeZ rFkk bosaVQkWeZ rFkk bosaV Forms and Events


� ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;ifjp; tkok fLØIV ,d DykabV lkbM fLØfIVax ySaXost gSA vFkkZr~ blesa fy[ks x, izksxzke dks ;wt+j dh e'khu ij gh ju djk;k tkrk gSA tkok fLØIV dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa esa ls ,d gS ;wt+j }kjk fn, x, buiqV dks osyhMsV djuk vFkkZr~ ;g tkap djuk fd ;wt+j us lgh buiqV fn;k gS ;k ughaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;wt+j us ikloMZ lsV djrs le; de ls de 6 v{kj buiqV fd, gSa ;k ughaA

fdlh osc ist dk iz;ksx dj ;wt+j ls buiqV ysus ds fy, lk/kkj.kr% QkWeZ fMt+kbu fd, tkrs gSaA QkWeZ ij vyx&vyx izdkj ds ,yhesaV iz;ksx esa fy, tk ldrs gSa tSls VSDLV ckWDl] pSd ckWDl] jsfM;ks cVu] dekaM cVu vkfnA bu fofHkUu ,yhesaV~l esa ;wt+j }kjk fn, x, buiqV dks ge tkok fLØIV dh enn ls osyhMsV dj ldrs gSaA

� QkWeZQkWeZQkWeZQkWeZ lkekU;r% osc ist ij ;wt+j MsVk i<+ gh ldrk gS] ,sls ist dks LVsfVd osc ist dgk tkrk gSA fdlh osc ist ls MsVk iqu% loZj ij Hkstus ds fy, QkWeZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d izdkj ls ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd QkWeZ ds iz;ksx ls osc ist dks baVsªfDVo cuk;k tk ldrk gSA QkWeZ cukus ds fy, HTML esa <form> VSx dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

bl VSx dh lgk;rk ls osc ist ij VSDLV ckWDl] pSd ckWDl] jsfM;ks cVu] dekaM cVu] VSDLV ,fj;k] MªkWi Mkmu fyLV vkfn cuk ldrs gSaA bu daVªksYl dh vko';drk eq[;r% rc iM+rh gS tc ;wt+j ls dksbZ tkudkjh ysuh gksA <form> VSx ds dqN ,VªhC;wV fuEukuqlkj gS%

,VªhC;wV,VªhC;wV,VªhC;wV,VªhC;wV fooj.kfooj.kfooj.kfooj.k

name bl ,VªhC;wV dk iz;ksx QkWeZ dk uke fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

action bl ,VªhC;wV esa ml QkWeZ ;k fLØIV dk uke fn;k tkrk gS ftls QkWeZ ds submit cVu ij fDyd djus ij ju djuk gksA

14

QkWeZ rFkk bosaV


method bl ,VªhC;wV ds ek/;e ls loZj ij MsVk Hkstus ds nks vyx&vyx rjhds crk, tk ldrs gSa] tks fuEu izdkj gS%

• get

• post

get eSFkM }kjk tc MsVk Hkstk tkrk gS rks og MsVk czkmt+j dh ,Mªsl ckj ij iznf'kZr gksrk gS tcfd post eSFkM esa ,slk ugha gksrk gSA

<form> VSx esa fuEu VSXl dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS% • <input> VSx • <select> VSx • <textarea> VSx

<input> VSx dh lgk;rk ls osc ist ij VSDLV ckWDl] pSd ckWDl] jsfM;ks cVu] dekaM cVu vkfn cuk ldrs gSaA bl VSx ds lkFk type ,VªhC;wV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k% <input type="textbox">

<input type="password">

<input type="radio">

<input type="checkbox">

<select> VSx dh lgk;rk ls osc ist ij MªkWi Mkmu fyLV cukbZ tk ldrh gSaA MªkWi Mkmu fyLV ds vo;oksa dks fMQkbu djus ds fy, <option> VSx dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

<textarea> VSx dh lgk;rk ls osc ist ij eSlst vkfn fy[kus ds fy, ,d ls vf/kd ykbu dk VSDLV ckWDl cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ,d QkWeZ cuk;k x;k gS ftlesa ;wt+j ls dqN tkudkjh yh xbZ gSA <html>

<head>

<title>Demo</title>

</head>

<form name="frm" method="get" action="demo.html">

Enter your name: <input type="text" size=20> <br><br>

Enter Password : <input type="password" size=20> <br><br>

Enter Gender : <input type="radio" name="g">Male

<input type="radio" name="g">Female<br><br>

Enter Hobbies : <input type="checkbox">Music

<input type="checkbox">Games<br><br>

Select your city:

<select>

<option>Ajmer</option>

<option>Jaipur</option>



<option>Kota</option>

<option>Bikaner</option>

<option>Jodhpur</option>

</select> <br><br>

Enter your comments: <br>

<textarea rows=5 cols=40>Hello

</textarea> <br><br>

<input type="Submit" value="Submit">

<input type="Reset">

</form>

</html>

Output:

� bosaVbosaVbosaVbosaV fdlh ,yhesaV esa fn, x, buiqV dks osyhMsV djus ds fy, ml ,yhesaV ds fdlh uk fdlh bosaV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, eku ysrs gSa fd submit cVu ds fDyd djus ij ge ;g tkap djuk pkgrs gSa fd ;wt+j us lHkh vfuok;Z tkudkjh ns nh gS ;k ughaA rks blds fy, gesa submit cVu ds onsubmit bosaV dk iz;ksx djuk gksxkA bl bosaV ij ge fdlh tkok fLØIV QaD'ku dks Hkh dkWy djk ldrs gSaA tkok fLØIV ds eq[; bosaV~l fuEukuqlkj gSa%

bosaV fooj.k

QkWeZ rFkk bosaV


onabort ;g bosaV rc ?kfVr gksrk gS tc ;wt+j osc ist ij best dks yksM djuk can djrk gSA

onblur ;g bosaV rc ?kfVr gksrk gS tc osc ist ij mifLFkr fdlh vkWCtsDV ij ls Qksdl pyk tkrk gSA ;g Visual Basic ds LostFocus bosaV dh Hkkafr gh gksrk gSA

onchange ;g bosaV rc mRiUu gksrk gS tc ;wt+j VSDLV ckWDl esa dksbZ ifjorZu djrk gSA

onclick ;g bosaV rc mRiUu gksrk gS tc ;wt+j fdlh ,yhesaV ij fDyd djrk gSA

onerror ;g bosaV rc mRiUu gksrk gS tc dksbZ best ;k osc ist lgh <ax ls yksM ugha gks ikrk gSaA

onfocus ;g bosaV rc mRiUu gksrk gS tc fdlh ,yhesaV ij Qksdl vk tkrk gSA ;g Visual Basic ds GotFocus bosaV dh Hkkafr gh gksrk gSA

onload ;g bosaV rc mRiUu gksrk gS tc osc ist yksM gksrk gSA

onmouseover ;g bosaV rc mRiUu gksrk gS tc fdlh ,yhesaV ij ls ekml ikWbaVj xqt+jrk gSA

onmouseout ;g bosaV rc mRiUu gksrk gS tc fdlh ,yhesaV ij ls ekml ikWbaVj pyk tkrk gSA

onselect ;g bosaV rc mRiUu gksrk gS tc ;wt+j VSDLV ,fj;k ds fdlh VSDLV dks lysDV djrk gSA

onsubmit ;g bosaV rc mRiUu gksrk gS tc ;wt+j submit cVu ij fDyd djrk gSA

onunload ;g bosaV rc mRiUu gksrk gS tc ;wt+j osc ist dks can djrk gSA

osc ist ds vyx&vyx ,yhesaV~l ds lkFk vyx&vyx bosaV~l dks fuEukuqlkj dke esa fy;k tkrk gS%

,yhesaV,yhesaV,yhesaV,yhesaV bosaV~lbosaV~lbosaV~lbosaV~l

Form onblur, onchange, onfocus, onselect, onsubmit

Image onabort, onload, onerror

Link onclick, onmouseout, onmouseover

Window onblur, onerror, onfocus, onload, onunload



mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa nks la[;kvksa dks ;wt+j ls iwNdj mUgsa tksM+us dk izksxzke cuk;k x;k gSA blds fy, QkWeZ esa rhu VSDLV ckWDl ¼nks ;wt+j ls buiqV ds fy, rFkk ,d ifj.kke iznf'kZr djus ds fy,½ rFkk ,d cVu cuk;k x;k gSA geus bl izksxzke esa cVu ds onclick bosaV ij tkok fLØIV ds ,d QaD'ku dks dkWy fd;k gSA <html>

<head>

<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">

function add()

{

var a = document.getElementById("txtNo1").value;

var b = document.getElementById("txtNo2").value;

var tot = parseInt(a) + parseInt(b);

document.getElementById("txtResult").value = tot;

}

</script>

</head>

<body>


Enter 1st No.: <input type="text" id="txtNo1"> <br>

Enter 2nd No.: <input type="text" id="txtNo2"> <br>

Result : <input type="text" id="txtResult"> <br>

<input type="button" value="Click to Add" onclick = "add();">

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output:

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa onblur bosaV dks le>k;k x;k gSA blesa Qksdl tSls gh VSDLV ckWDl ls tkrk gS rks ;g tkap dh xbZ gS fd ;wt+j us uacj ,aVj fd;k gS ;k ughaA <html>

<head>


QkWeZ rFkk bosaV


function add()

{

var a = document.getElementById("txtNo1").value;

var b = document.getElementById("txtNo2").value;

var tot = parseInt(a) + parseInt(b);

document.getElementById("txtResult").value = tot;

}

function check(txt)

{

var a = document.getElementById(txt).value;

if(isNaN(a)==true)

{

alert("Invalid input");

document.getElementById(txt).focus();

}

}

</script>

</head>

<body>


No.1: <input type="text" id="txtNo1" onblur = "check('txtNo1');"> <br>

No.2: <input type="text" id="txtNo2" onblur = "check('txtNo2');"> <br>

Result : <input type="text" id="txtResult"> <br>

<input type="button" value="Click to Add" onclick = "add();">

</form>

</body>

</html>

Output:

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa onload rFkk onunload bosaV dks le>k;k x;k gSA



<html>

<head>


function loaded()

{

alert("Page loaded");

}

function unloaded()

{

alert("Page unloaded");

}

</script>

</head>

<body onload="loaded();" onunload="unloaded();">

<p>Hello! this is a demo... </p>

<a href="http://www.google.com">Google</a>

</body>

</html>

Output:

osc ist ds yksM gksus ij gkbij fyad ij fDyd djus ds ckn


1- fdlh oscist ij QkWeZ dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS\ blds method ,VªhC;wV dks le>kb,A

2- ,d tkok fLØIV izksxzke cukb, ftlesa ;g tkap dh tk jgh gks fd VSDLV ckWDl esa ;wt+j }kjk fn;k x;k VSDLV de ls de 5 dSjsDVj dk gksA

3- bosaV D;k gS\ fdUgha rhu bosaV~l dks mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A

� � �

,IysV


,IysV,IysV,IysV,IysV Applet


� ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;ifjp; tkok@tkok fLØIV esa ge bUVjusV izksxzkfeax dj ldrs gSaA bUVjusV izksxzkfeax ds mÌs'; ls cuk, x, izksxzke dks ,IysV dgrs gSaA ;g lHkh ,IysV] Applet Dykl dh pkbZYM Dykl gksrs gSaA ;g

Applet Dykl java.applet esa gksrh gS rFkk lHkh ,IysV ,d fo.Mks eas ju djk, tkrs gSaA fo.Mks dks liksVZ djus okyh Dykl java.awt iSdst esa gksrh gSaA vr% tkok esa ,IysV cukus ds fy, gesa vius izksxzke esa java.applet rFkk java.awt (abstract window toolkit) iSdst dks bEiksVZ djuk vko';d gksrk gSA bu iSdstksa esa dqN ,slh Dyklsa gksrh gSa ftuds eSFkM~l dh lgk;rk ls ge izksxzke esa xzkfQDl dk Hkh iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA

,IysV tkok ds os NksVs izksxzke gksrs gSa tks bUVjusV izksxzkfeax esa dke esa fy, tkrs gSaA ;g ,IysV ,d dEI;wVj ls nwljs dEI;wVj ij Hksts tk ldrs gSa] rFkk fQj bUgs fdlh Hkh osc czkmt+j ;k ,IysV O;wvj }kjk ju djk;k tk ldrk gSA

,d ,IysV fdlh ,Iyhds’ku izksxzke dh rjg dbZ dk;Z dj ldrk gS] tSls xf.kfr; x.kuk,a djuk] xzkfQDl iznf'kZr djuk] lkmaM dk iz;ksx djuk] ;wt+j ls buiqV ysuk vkfnA

� yksdy rFkk fjeksV ,IysVyksdy rFkk fjeksV ,IysVyksdy rFkk fjeksV ,IysVyksdy rFkk fjeksV ,IysV ge ,IysV dks nks rjhdksa ls osc ist ij iznf'kZr dj ldrs gSaA igyk rjhdk ;g fd ge dksbZ ,IysV cuk;s rFkk mls osc ist ij tksM+ nsa] rFkk nwljk rjhdk ;g fd ge fdlh ,IysV dks fdlh fjeksV dEI;wVj ls MkmuyksM djds mls osc ist ij tksM+ nsaA

,d ,IysV tks fd yksdy dEI;wVj ij cuk;k tkrk gS rFkk yksdy dEI;wVj ij gh LVksj jgrk gS mls yksdy ,IysV dgrs gSaA bl izdkj ds ,IysV dks ju djus ds fy, bUVjusV dusD’ku dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh D;ksafd og mlh dEI;wVj ij gksrk gS tgk¡ mls ju fd;k tkrk gSA

,d fjeksV ,IysV og gksrk gS tks fdlh nwj fLFkr ¼fjeksV½ dEI;wVj ij gksrk gSA bl izdkj ds ,IysV dks ju djus ds fy, bUVjusV dusD’ku dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA

15



� ,IysV dk thou pØ,IysV dk thou pØ,IysV dk thou pØ,IysV dk thou pØ ,IysV ds thou pØ esa fuEu pj.k gksrs gSa &

• Born or Initialization State

• Running State

• Idle State

• Dead or Destroyed State

Born or Initialization State

,d ,IysV cksuZ LVsV esa rc vkrk gS tc og load gksrk gSA fdlh ,IysV dks yksM djus ds fy, ,IysV Dykl ds init() eSFkM dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vko';drk gksus ij ,IysV Dykl ds init( )

eSFkM dks fuEu izdkj ls vksojjkbZM fd;k tk ldrk gS &

public void init( )

{

..............

..............

..............

}

Running State

dksbZ ,IysV running LVsV esa rc vkrk gS tc flLVe start() eSFkM dks dkWy djrk gSA ;g start( )

eSFkM Hkh ,IysV Dykl dk gh ,d eSFkM gSA vko';drk gksus ij start( ) eSFkM dks fuEu izdkj ls vksojjkbZM fd;k tk ldrk gS &

public void start( )

{

..............

..............

}

Born State

Running State

Idle State

Dead State

,IysV


Idle State

tc ,d ,IysV running LVsV ds nkSjku vpkud #d tkrk gS rks og idle LVsV esa igq¡p tkrk gSA ge Lo;a Hkh stop( ) eSFkM dk iz;ksx djds ,IysV dks idle LVsV esa Hkst ldrs gSaA vko';drk gksus ij bl eSFkM dks fuEu izdkj ls vksojjkbZM fd;k tk ldrk gS &

public void stop( )

{

..............

..............

..............

}

Dead State

,d ,IysV dks dead rc dgk tkrk gS tc og eSeksjh ls remove gks tkrk gSA destroy( ) eSFkM }kjk og vius vki dead LVsV esa vk tkrk gSA vko';drk gksus ij bl eSFkM dks ;wt+j Hkh iz;ksx esa ys ldrk gSA

public void destroy( )

{

..............

..............

..............

}

Display State

,d ,IysV display LVsV esa rc vkrk gS tc og dksbZ vkmViqV LØhu ij iznf’kZr djrk gSA ;gk¡ paint( ) eSFkM dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl eSFkM dks fuEu izdkj vksojjkbM fd;k tk ldrk gS&

public void paint(Graphics g)

{

..............

..............

..............

}

� ,IysV cukuk,IysV cukuk,IysV cukuk,IysV cukuk fdlh Hkh tkok ,IysV dks ju djkus ds fy, ,d osc ist dk gksuk cgqr t+#jh gSA ,d osc ist] VSDLV rFkk HTML VSx }kjk cuk;k tkrk gS rFkk mls fdlh Hkh osc czkmt+j ;k ,IysV O;wvj }kjk bUVjizsV fd;k tk ldrk gSA tkok esa ge ,IysV dks ju djus ds fy, HTML Qkby dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA HTML Qkby esa tkok ,IysV dks tksM+us ds fy, fuEu izk#i gksrk gS&

<HTML>

.........

.........

<APPLET Code=xxx.class width=500 height=800>

</APPLET>

.........



.........

</HTML>

tkok ,IysV dks cukus ds fy, gesa viuh tkok Qkby esa applet rFkk awt iSdst dks bEiksVZ djuk gksrk gS rFkk tks Hkh VSDLV vkfn ge ,IysV esa n'kkZuk pkgrs gSa mls paint eSFkM ds vanj fy[kk tkrk gSA bldk izk#i fuEukuqlkj gS &

class MyApplet extends Applet

{


{

...............

...............

...............

}

}

tkok ,IysV cukus ds fy, dEI;wVj ij JDK baLVkWy gksuk pkfg,A ge ;g eku jgs gSa fd vkids dEI;wVj ij JDK1.5 miyC/k gSA

,d ,IysV dks cukus ds fuEu pj.k gksrs gSa &

1- lcls igys .java Qkby cukb,A 2- vc bl tkok Qkby dks dEikby dhft,A 3- vc ,d HTML Qkby cukb,A 4- bl HTML Qkby ds APPLET VSx esa .class Qkby dks fMQkbu dhft,A 5- vc appletviewer dh lgk;rk ls HTML Qkby dks ju dhft,A

mi;qZDr pj.kksa dks fuEu mnkgj.k }kjk le>k tk ldrk gS& c:\JDK1.5\BIN> edit App.java

import java.awt.*;

import java.applet.*;

public class App extends Applet

{


{

g.drawString("Hello Java",10,100);

}

}

c:\JDK1.5\BIN> javac App.java

c:\JDK1.5\BIN> edit App.html

<html>

<body>

<applet code=App.class width=300 height=300>

</applet>

,IysV


</body>

</html>

c:\JDK1.5\BIN> appletviewer App.html

� HTML Qkby dk iz;ksx fd, fcuk ,IysV cukukQkby dk iz;ksx fd, fcuk ,IysV cukukQkby dk iz;ksx fd, fcuk ,IysV cukukQkby dk iz;ksx fd, fcuk ,IysV cukuk ,IysV dks ju djkus ds fy, ;g vko';d ugha gS fd vyx ls HTML Qkby cukbZ tk,A uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ,slk ,IysV cuk;k x;k gS ftlesa HTML dksM dks blh tkok Qkby esa desaV cukdj fy[kk x;k gSA blls ,IysV dks ju djus ds fy, vyx ls HTML Qkby cukus dh vko';drk ugha iM+rh rFkk bls appletviewer dh lgk;rk ls ju fd;k tk ldrk gSA

import java.awt.*;


/*<applet code="MyApplet.java" height=200 width=300> </applet>*/

public class MyApplet extends Applet

{


{

g.drawString("Hello JAVA",10,100);

}

}



C:\jdk1.5\bin>javac MyApplet.java

C:\jdk1.5\bin>appletviewer MyApplet.java

� ,IysV esa iSjkehVj ikl djuk,IysV esa iSjkehVj ikl djuk,IysV esa iSjkehVj ikl djuk,IysV esa iSjkehVj ikl djuk ge ,d ,IysV esa ;wt+j }kjk r; fd, x, iSjkehVj Hkst ldrs gSaA blds fy, gesa HTML Qkby esa <PARAM> VSx dk iz;ksx djuk gksrk gSA bl VSx dk iz;ksx <APPLET> VSx ds chp esa fd;k tkrk gSA

<APPLET Code= ..... Height= ..... width= .....>

<PARAM name= ..... value= .....>

</APPLET>

mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ,d ,IysV esa iSjkehVj ikl dj mls iznf'kZr djus dk izksxzke cuk;k x;k gSA import java.applet.*;

import java.awt.*;

public class app1 extends Applet

{

String str;

public void init()

{

str=getParameter("string");

str="Hello"+str;

}


{

g.drawString(str,10,100);

}

}

,IysV


HTML File:

<html>

<body>

<applet code=app1.class height=300 width=300>

<param name="string" value=" world">

</applet>

</body>

</html>

� ,IysV esa vadks dks iznf'kZr djuk,IysV esa vadks dks iznf'kZr djuk,IysV esa vadks dks iznf'kZr djuk,IysV esa vadks dks iznf'kZr djuk ,IysV esa ge vadks dks iznf'kZr dj ldrs gSa blds fy, gesa vadks dks fLVªax esa ifjofrZr djuk gksrk gSA bu vadks dks fLVªax esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, gesa String Dykl dk ,d eSFkM valueOf( ) iz;ksx djuk gksrk gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% bl mnkgj.k esa nks la[;kvksa dks tksM+us ds fy, ,IysV izksxzke cuk;k x;k gSA import java.applet.*;

import java.awt.*;


{


{

int v1=10;

int v2=20;



int sum=v1+v2;

String s="Sum:"+String.valueOf(sum);

g.drawString(s,10,100);

}

}

HTML File:

<html>

<body>


</applet>

</body>

</html>

� ,IysV esa xzkfQDl iznf'kZr djuk,IysV esa xzkfQDl iznf'kZr djuk,IysV esa xzkfQDl iznf'kZr djuk,IysV esa xzkfQDl iznf'kZr djuk ,IysV esa ge fofHkUu xzkfQDl tSls ykbZu] oxZ] vk;r vkfn dks iznf'kZr dj ldrs gSaA blds fy, gesa Graphics Dykl ds dqN eSFkM~l dk iz;ksx djuk gksrk gSA ftuesa ls dqN fuEukuqlkj gS&

drawLine(...) bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx ,d ykbu cukus ds fy, gksrk gSA

drawRect(...) bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx ,d vk;r cukus ds fy, gksrk gSA

fillRect(...) bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx ,d Hkjk gqvk vk;r cukus ds fy, gksrk gSA

drawRoundRect(...) bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx ,d ?kqekonkj dksus okyk vk;r cukus ds fy, gksrk gSA

,IysV


fillRoundRect(...) bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx ,d ?kqekonkj Hkjk gqvk dksus okyk vk;r cukus ds fy, gksrk gSA

drawOval(...) bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx ,d v.Mkdkj cukus ds fy, gksrk gSA

fillOval(...) bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx Hkjk gqvk v.Mkdkj cukus ds fy, gksrk gSA

drawArc(...) bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx ,d pki cukus ds fy, gksrk gSA

setColor(...) bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx jax cnyus ds fy, gksrk gSA

mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa xzkfQDl Dykl ds dqN eSFkM~l dk iz;ksx fd; x;k gSA import java.awt.*;



{


{

g.drawLine(10,10,200,10);

g.setColor(Color.red);

g.drawRect(50,20,200,100);

g.fillRect(70,30,160,80);

g.setColor(Color.green);

g.drawRoundRect(50,140,200,100,5,10);

g.fillRoundRect(70,150,160,80,10,5);

g.setColor(Color.blue);

g.drawOval(80,35,140,70);

g.fillOval(80,155,140,70);

g.drawArc(100,250,100,100,45,110);

}

}

HTML File:

<html>

<body>

<applet code="app4.class" height=350 width=300>

</applet>

</body>

</html>



mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ikWyhxu cuk;k x;k gSA import java.awt.*;



{


{

int x[]={10,170,80,10};

int y[]={20,40,140,20};

int n=4;

g.drawPolygon(x,y,n);

}

}

HTML File:

<html>

<body>


</applet>

</body>

</html>

,IysV



1- ,IysV ds thou pØ dks foLrkj ls le>kb,A

2- ,IysV cukus rFkk mls ju djkus ds fofHkUu pj.k fyf[k,A

3- ,IysV esa iSjkehVlZ fdl izdkj ikl fd, tk ldrs gSa\ le>kb,A

� � �

ASP% ,d ifjp;


ASP% ,d ifjp;% ,d ifjp;% ,d ifjp;% ,d ifjp; ASP: An Introduction


� ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;ifjp; ASP (Active Server Pages) ekbØkslkW¶V }kjk fodflr dh xbZ ,d VsDuksykWth gS ftldk iz;ksx Mk;ufed osc ,Iyhds'kUl cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ,d loZj lkbM fLØfIVax ySaXost gSA ASP osc ist dh Qkby dk ,DVsa'ku .asp gksrk gSA ,d ASP ist HTML rFkk fLØIV ls feydj curk gSA ASP ist esa fLØIV fy[kus ds fy, fdlh u fdlh fLØfIVax ySaXost dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lk/kkj.kr% blds fy, VB fLØIV ;k tkok fLØIV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tc ;wt+j fdlh ASP ist ds fy, osc loZj ij fjDosLV Hkstrk gS rks osc loZj bl ist ij fy[kh fLØIV dks izkslsl djds mls DykbZaV dh e'khu ij Hkstrk gSA ASP ist dks cukus rFkk ju djkus ds fy, gesa vius dEI;wVj ij IIS (Internet Information Services) ;k dksbZ vU; osc loZj ¼tSls vikps] csch osc loZj vkfn½ baLVkWy djuk gksxkA bls baLVkWy djus ds fy, gekjs ikl Windows

XP dh CD gksuh pkfg,A

� IIS baLVkWy djukbaLVkWy djukbaLVkWy djukbaLVkWy djuk IIS baLVkWy djus ds fy, fuEu pj.kksa dk iz;ksx dhft,%

• daVªksy iSuy esa tkdj Add or Remove Programs ij fDyd dhft,A • vc] Add/Remove Windows Compoents ij fDyd dhft,A blls fuEukuqlkj ,d

Mk;ykWx ckWDl iznf'kZr gksxkA

16



• Internet Information Services (IIS) fodYi dks vkWu dhft, rFkk Windows XP dh CD dks balVZ djds Next ij fDyd dj nhft,A blls vkids dEI;wVj esa IIS baLVkWy gks tk,xkA

� igyk igyk igyk igyk ASP istististist ASP ist cukus ds fy, ge fdlh Hkh VSDLV ,fMVj dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, foaMkst+ esa ekStwn uksViSM dk iz;ksx djds ge ASP ist rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA ASP fLØIV fy[kus ds fy, <% rFkk %> VSXl dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k esa ,d lk/kkj.k ASP izksxzke cuk;k x;k gSA <html>

<body>

<%

Response.Write("Hello World!")

%>

</body>

</html>

Response.write(...) LVsVesaV dk iz;ksx LØhu ij dksbZ eSlst iznf'kZr djkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;gka Response, ASP dk ,d fcYV&bu vkWCtsDV gS rFkk write bl vkWCtsDV dk eSFkM gSA

� ASP ist dks ju djkukist dks ju djkukist dks ju djkukist dks ju djkuk ASP ist dks nks izdkj ls ju djk;k tk ldrk gS%

igykigykigykigyk rjhdkrjhdkrjhdkrjhdk • mijksDr izksxzke dks .asp ,DlVsa'ku yxkdj c:\initpub\wwwroot QksYMj esa lso dj

yhft,A geus vius mnkgj.k esa bls 1.asp uke ls lso fd;k gSA

• vc] czkmt+j vksiu dhft, rFkk mldh ,Mªsl ckj esa http://localhost/1.asp Vkbi djds ,aVj izsl dhft,A blls fuEukuqlkj vkmViqV iznf'kZr gks tk,xk%

nwljknwljknwljknwljk rjhdkrjhdkrjhdkrjhdk

ASP% ,d ifjp;


• mijksDr izksxzke dks .asp ,DlVsa'ku yxkdj fdlh Hkh QksYMj esa lso dj yhft,A geus vius mnkgj.k esa bls D:\asp programs QksYMj esa 1.asp uke ls lso fd;k gSA

• vc] Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Internet Information Services dks vksiu dhft,A

• vc] local computer > web sites > default web sites dks ,DlisaM dhft,A

• Default Web Sites ij jkbV fDyd dhft,A



• New > Virtual Directory... ij fDyd dhft,A blls fuEukuqlkj ,d fot+kMZ 'kq# gks tk,xkA

• Next ij fDyd dhft,A

• ;gka vki viuh bPNk ls opqZvy Mk;jsDVªh dks ,d uke ns nhft, rFkk Next ij fDyd dhft,A geus vius mnkgj.k esa Imperial fn;k gSA

ASP% ,d ifjp;


• ;gka ml yksds'ku dk ikFk fy[k nhft, tgka vkius vius ASP ist dks lso fd;k gS rFkk Next ij fDyd dhft,A

• ;gka opqZvy Mk;jsDVªh ds fy, ,Dlsl access permission lsV dj nhft,A



• Finish ij fDyd dhft,A

• vc] Imperial ij fDyd dhft,A

ASP% ,d ifjp;


• vc] nkbZa vksj iznf'kZr Qkby ij jkbV fDyd djds Browse ij fDyd dj nhft, blls fuEukuqlkj vkmViqV iznf'kZr gks tk,xkA

mijksDr izksxzke esa geus fLØIV ySaXost dk mYys[k ugha fd;k gS] ,slh fLFkfr esa fMQkWV fLØIV ySaXost VB fLØIV gh gksrh gSA ;fn ge VB fLØIV ySaXost dk mYys[k vius ASP ist esa djuk pkgsa rks mlds fy, fuEu izk#i gksrk gS%

<%@ Language = VBScript %>

mnkgj.k% <%@ Language = VBScript %>

<html>

<body>

<%


%>

</body>

</html>

blh izdkj ASP it esa tkok fLØIV dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA bls fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k esa le>k;k x;k gSA

mnkgj.k% <%@ Language = javascript %>

<html>

<body>

<%


%>

</body>

</html>



/;ku nsa fd Response.Write ds LFkku ij ge = 'kkWVZdV dk Hkh iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa] fdarq bls lHkh czkmt+j liksVZ ugha djrs gSaA


<html>

<body>

<%

="Hello World!";

%>

</body>

</html>

ASP ist esa HTML VSXl dk iz;ksx djus ds fy, mUgsa Mcy dksV~l (" ") esa fy[kk tkrk gSA


<html>

<body>

<%

Response.Write("Hello!" + "<br>")

Response.Write("How are you?")

%>

</body>

</html>

� v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u 1- ASP dk iz;ksx fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gS\ blds dksM dks ju djkus ds fy,

dEI;wVj ij fdu VwYl dk gksuk vko';d gS\ le>kb,A

2- ASP ist dks ju djkus fofHkUu pj.kksa dks fyf[k,A

3- fuEufyf[kr vkmViqV iznf'kZr djus ds fy, izksxzke fyf[k,% Name: Dhupia-Lekhyani

City: Ajmer

� � �

VB fLØIV% ,d ifjp;


VB fLØIV% ,d ifjp;fLØIV% ,d ifjp;fLØIV% ,d ifjp;fLØIV% ,d ifjp; VBScript: An Introduction


� ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;ifjp; VB fLØIV ekbØkslkW¶V }kjk fodflr dh xbZ ,d fLØfIVax ySaXost gSA bldk iz;ksx loZj lkbM rFkk DykbaV lkbM fLØfIVax ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA DykbaV lkbM ij VB fLØIV dks ju djkus ds fy, vko';d gS fd ;wt+j dk czkmt+j VB fLØIV dks liksVZ djrk gksA blh izdkj VB fLØIV dks loZj ij ju djkus ds fy, vko';d gS fd loZj bls liksVZ djrk gksA

VB fLØIV dk eq[;r% iz;ksx ASP ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA bls fy[kus ds fy, fdlh Hkh VSDLV ,fMVj tSls uksViSM dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ge vius mnkgj.kksa esa ASP ds lkFk VB fLØIV dk iz;ksx dj jgs gSaA

� VB fLØIVfLØIVfLØIVfLØIV osfj,cyosfj,cyosfj,cyosfj,cy VB fLØIV esa osfj,cy fMDys;j djus ds fy, dim dhoMZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn ge pkgsa rks dim dhoMZ dk iz;ksx fd, fcuk Hkh fdlh osfj,cy dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA bls fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k esa le>k;k x;k gS%

<%@ language="vbscript"%>

<html>

<body>

<%

Dim a,b

a = 10

b = " Hello! "

c = 20

Response.Write(a)

Response.Write(b)

Response.Write(c)

%>

</body>

</html>

17



Output:

10 Hello! 20

/;ku nsa fd bl v/;k; esa lHkh mnkgj.kksa dks .asp ,DlVsa'ku }kjk lso fd;k x;k gSA

VB fLØIV esa fdlh osfj,cy dks fMQkbu djus ds fuEufyf[kr fu;e gksrs gSa%

• osfj,cy dk uke vf/kdre 255 dSjsDVj dk gks ldrk gSA

• blesa ,YQkcsV] fMftV ;k vUMjLdksj gh gks ldrs gSaA

• ;g fdlh ,YQkcsV ls gh izkjaHk gksuk pkfg,A

• fdlh dhoMZ dks osfj,cy ds uke dh rjg iz;ksx esa ugha fy;k tk ldrk gSA

� VB fLØIVfLØIVfLØIVfLØIV vkWijsVlZvkWijsVlZvkWijsVlZvkWijsVlZ VB fLØIV esa fuEufyf[kr vkWijsVlZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS%

Arithmetic Operators

Operator Description Example Result

+ Add 8 + 7 15

- Subtract 11 - 10 1

* Multiply 7 * 8 56

/ Divide 8 / 2 4

^ Exponent 2 ^ 4 16

Mod Modulus 15 Mod 10 5

Relational Operators


= Equal To 10 =1 4 False

> Greater Than 10 > 14 False

< Less Than 10 < 14 True

>= Greater Than Or

Equal To

10 >= 14 False

<= Less Than Or

Equal To

10 <= 14 True

<> Not Equal To 10 <> 14 False

Logical Operators


Not Inverts Truth Value Not False True

Or Either Can Be True True Or False True

And Both Must Be True True And False False

String Concatenation Operator


& Connected To "Hello" & " there" "Hello there"

VB fLØIV% ,d ifjp;


� VB fLØIVfLØIVfLØIVfLØIV daVªksy LVsVesaVdaVªksy LVsVesaVdaVªksy LVsVesaVdaVªksy LVsVesaV~l~l~l~l daVªksy LVsVesaV dk iz;ksx izksxzke ds izokg dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA VB fLØiV esa fuEufyf[kr daVªksy LVsVesaV~l dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS% Conditional Statements

If

Select Case

Looping Statements

While ... Wend

Do ... Loop

For ... Next

� If LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV bl LVsVesaV ds ek/;e ls ge ;g fu/kkZfjr dj ldrs gSa fd izksxzke ds fdl Hkkx dks ju djok;k tk,A ;g dk;Z fdlh daMh'ku ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn gesa ;g fuf'pr djuk gS fd dksbZ fo|kFkhZ mŸkh.kZ gS ;k vuqŸkh.kZ rks blds fy, gesa if dk iz;ksx djuk gksxkA

if LVsVesaV dks Áksxzke dh vko';drk ds vk/kkj ij fuEu Ádkj ls dk;Z esa fy;k tk ldrk gS%

1. If … Then LVsVesaV

2. If … Then ... Else LVsVesaV

3. Nested If LVsVesaV

4. If … Then … ElseIf LVsVesaV

If … Then LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV ;g LVsVesaV nh xbZ daMh'ku ds lgh (true) gksus dh fLFkfr esa dqN dekaM~l ¼LVsVesaV~l½ dks ju djkus ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lkekU; if LVsVesaV dk izk#i fuEu gksrk gS&

If <test condition> Then

...

statements

...

End If

If … Then … Else LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV ;g LVsVesaV nh xbZ daMh'ku ds true ;k false gksus dh fLFkfr esa vyx&vyx LVsVesaV~l dks ju djkus ds fy, iz;ksx esa yh tkrh gSA If ... Then … Else LVsVesaV dk fuEu izk#i gksrk gS%


...

statements



...

Else

...

statements

...

End If

mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% <%@ language="vbscript"%>

<html>

<body>

<%

Dim per

per = 70

If per >= 36 Then

Response.Write("Pass")

Else

Response.Write("Fail")

End If

%>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Pass

Nested If LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV ;fn fdlh daMh’ku ds true ;k false gksus dh fLFkfr esa vfrfjDr daMh’ku dh tkap Hkh djuh gks rks uSLVsM If...else dk iz;ksx djuk iM+rk gSA uSLVsM If...else LVsVesaV ds izk#i fuEu gks ldrs gSa%



. . .

End If

Else

. . .

End If


. . .

Else


. . .

End If

End If

VB fLØIV% ,d ifjp;




. . .

End If

Else


. . .

End If

End If



. . .

Else

. . .

End If

Else

. . .

End If

mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% mnkgj.k% <%@ language="vbscript"%>

<html>

<body>

<%

Dim per

per = 80

If per >= 60 Then

Response.Write("1st div.")

Else

If per >= 45 Then

Response.Write("2nd div.")

Else

If per >= 36 Then

Response.Write("3rd div.")

Else


End If

End If

End If

%>

</body>

</html>

Output:

1st div.

If … Then … ElseIf LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV uSLVsM If ... Then … Else dk iz;ksx fuEu izdkj ls Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS ftls ElseIf ladder

dgrs gSaA bldk iz;ksx djus dk Qk;nk ;g gS fd blds iz;ksx ls uSfLVax dh tfVyrk ls cpk tk ldrk gSA

If <condition1> Then

statement block

ElseIf <condition2> Then



statement block

ElseIf <condition3> Then

statement block

Else

statement block

End If

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% <%@ language="vbscript"%>

<html>

<body>

<%

Dim per

per = 30

If per >= 60 Then

Response.Write("1st div.")

ElseIf per >= 45 Then

Response.Write("2nd div.")

ElseIf per >= 36 Then

Response.Write("3rd div.")

Else


End If

%>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Fail

� Select … Case LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV ;fn nks ls vf/kd fodYiksa esa ls fdlh ,d fodYi dks pquuk gks rks mlds fy, Select … Case

LVsVesaV dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd nh xbZ daMh'ku ¼,Dlizs'ku½ ds vk/kkj ij miyC/k fofHkUu CykWd esa ls fdlh ,d CykWd dks ju djkus ds fy, bldk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g LVsVesaV eYVh&os czkafpax dh Js.kh esa vkrk gSA dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa uSLVsM If dh txg bldk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA bldk izk#i fuEu izdkj gksrk gS%

Select Case <expression>

Case <value-1>

block-1

Case <value-2>

block-2

Case <value-3>

block-3

......

......

VB fLØIV% ,d ifjp;


Case Else

else block

End Select

izksxzke ju gksrs le; fn, x, ,Dlizs'ku dh fofHkUu oSY;wt+ (value-1, value-2, value-3...) ls rqyuk dh tk,xh] rFkk tgka ;g oSY;w leku feysxh mlds vkxs ds LVsVesaV~l ju gks tk,axsA ;fn ,Dlizs'ku dh oSY;w fdlh Hkh oSY;w ls feyku ugha djrh gS rks Case Else CykWd okys LVsVesaV~l ju gks tk,axsA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% <%@ language="vbscript"%>

<html>

<body>

<%

Dim a

a = 2

Select Case a

Case 1

Response.Write("One")

Case 2

Response.Write("Two")

Case 3

Response.Write("Three")

Case Else

Response.Write("Not between 1 and 3")

End Select

%>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Two

� ywfiax ywfiax ywfiax ywfiax (Looping)

LVsVesaV~l ds fdlh CykWd dks ckj&ckj ,Xt+hD;wV djus dh izfØ;k dks ywfiax dgrs gSaA fdlh LVsVesaV CykWd dks ywi dh lgk;rk ls dbZ ckj ,Xt+hD;wV djk;k tk ldrk gSA VB fLØIV esa entry controlled rFkk exit controlled ywi gksrs gSaA Entry controlled loop esa daMh'ku dh tkap ywi esa izos'k djrs le; dh tkrh gS tcfd exit controlled loop esa daMh'ku dh tkap ywi ls ckgj fudyrs le; dh tkrh gSA

lk/kkj.kr% ywfiax esa LVsVesaV~l dk CykWd rc rd ,fXt+D;wV gksrk gS tc rd ywi esa nh xbZ daMh’ku true jgrh gSA VB fLØIV esa ywi ds eq[;r% nks Hkkx gksrs gSa%

• daVªksy LVsVesaV (Control Statement)

• ywi dh ckWMh (body) ;k CykWd (block)



fot+qvy csfld esa ywfiax ds fy, fuEu daVªksy LVsVesaV gksrs gSa%

1- While … Wend LVsVesaV

2- Do While … Loop LVsVesaV

3- Do … Loop While LVsVesaV

4- Do Until … Loop LVsVesaV

5- Do … Loop Until LVsVesaV

6- For … Next LVsVesaV

While … Wend LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV While ywi entry controlled loop dh Js.kh esa vkrk gS D;ksafd blesa ywi esa izos'k djus ls igys daMh’ku dh tkap (check) gksrh gSA bl ywi esa tc rd daMh’ku true gksrh gS rc rd bldh CykWd esa nh gqbZ LVsVesaV~l ,Xt+hD;wV gksrh gSaA ;g izfØ;k rc rd pyrh gS tc rd fd daMh’ku false u gks tk,A while LVsVesaV dk izk#i fuEu izdkj gksrk gS%

initialization section

While <test condition>

...

statement block

...

Wend

mijksDr izk:Ik esa initialization section esa VSLV daMh'ku esa iz;ksx esa fy, tkus okys osfj,cy dks izkjafHkd oSY;w nh tkrh gSA test condition esa ml osfj,cy dks iz;ksx djrs gq, daMh'ku dh tkap dh tkrh gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% fuEu mnkgj.k esa 1 ls 5 rd dh la[;kvksa dks ywi dh lgk;rk ls fizzaV djk;k x;k gSA <%@ language="vbscript"%>

<html>

<body>

<%

Dim a

a = 1

While a <= 5

Response.Write(a)

Response.Write("<br>")

a = a + 1

Wend

%>

</body>

</html>

Output:

VB fLØIV% ,d ifjp;


1

2

3

4

5

Do While … Loop LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV ;g ywi While ... Wend ywi ds leku gh dk;Z djrk gS] fdarq blesa Wend ds LFkku ij Loop dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl ywi esa fdlh fuf'pr daMh'ku ij ywi ds iwjk gksus ls igys Hkh ckgj vk;k tk ldrk gS] tcfd while... wend esa ywi dks chp esa jksdk ugha tk ldrk gSA


Do While <test condition>

...

statement block

...

Loop

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% fuEu mnkgj.k esa 1 ls 5 rd dh la[;kvksa dks ywi dh lgk;rk ls fiazzV djk;k x;k gSA <%@ language="vbscript"%>

<html>

<body>

<%

Dim a

a = 1

Do While a <= 5

Response.Write(a)

Response.Write(" ")

a = a + 1

Loop

%>

</body>

</html>

Output:

1 2 3 4 5

Do … Loop While LVLVLVLVsVesaVsVesaVsVesaVsVesaV ;g ywi exit controlled loop dh Js.kh esa vkrk gS] vFkkZr~ bl ywi esa daMh'ku dks CykWd ls ckgj vkrs le; check fd;k tkrk gSA bl dkj.k daMh'ku ds false gksus ij Hkh ;g ywi ,d ckj vo'; pyrk gS tcfd Do While ... Loop esa daMh'ku ds false gksus ij ywi ,d ckj Hkh ugha pyrk gSA bl ywi esa Hkh tc rd daMh’ku true gksrh gS] rc rd bldh ckWMh esa nh gqbZ LVsVesaV~l ,Xt+hD;wV gksrh gSaA Do …Loop While LVsVesaV dk izk#i fuEu izdkj gksrk gS%


Do



...

statement block

...

Loop While <test condition>


<html>

<body>

<%

Dim a

a = 1

Do

Response.Write(a)

Response.Write(" ")

a = a + 1

Loop While a <= 5

%>

</body>

</html>

Output:

1 2 3 4 5

Do Until … Loop LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV ;g ywi Hkh entry controlled loop dh Js.kh esa vkrk gS] fdUrq bl ywi esa tc rd daMh’ku false

gksrh gS rc rd bldh CykWd esa nh gqbZ LVsVesaV~l ,Xt+hD;wV gksrh gSaA ;g izfØ;k rc rd pyrh gS tc rd fd daMh’ku true u gks tk,A Do Until LVsVesaV dk izk#i fuEu izdkj gksrk gS%


Do Until <test condition>

...

statement block

...

Loop


<html>

<body>

<%

Dim a

a = 1

Do Until a>5

Response.Write(a)

Response.Write(" ")

a = a + 1

VB fLØIV% ,d ifjp;


Loop

%>

</body>

</html>

Output:

1 2 3 4 5

Do … Loop Until LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV ftl izdkj Do ... Loop While ,d exit controlled ywi gksrk gS mlh izdkj Do ... Loop Until Hkh ,d exit controlled ywi gksrk gSA vUrj dsoy bruk gksrk gS fd Do ... Loop While ywi esa tc rd daMh'ku true gksrh gS rc rd ywi pyrk gS tcfd Do ... Loop Until ywi esa tc rd daMh'ku false gksrh gS rc rd ywi pyrk gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% fuEu mnkgj.k esa 1 ls 5 rd dh la[;kvksa dks ywi dh lgk;rk ls fiazzV djk;k x;k gSA

<%@ language="vbscript"%>

<html>

<body>

<%

Dim a

a = 1

Do

Response.Write(a)

Response.Write(" ")

a = a + 1

Loop Until a>5

%>

</body>

</html>

Output:

1 2 3 4 5

For … Next LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV ;g Hkh ,d entry controlled ywi gksrk gSA bldk iz;ksx lkekU;r% rc fd;k tkrk gS tc ywi dks fuf'pr ckj ju djkuk gksA bldk fuEu izk#i gksrk gS%

For <VarName> = <StartValue> To <FinalValue> [Step <inc/dec>]

. . .

. . .

Next [var_name]


<html>



<body>

<%

Dim a

For a = 1 to 5

Response.Write(a)

Response.Write(" ")

Next

%>

</body>

</html>

Output:

1 2 3 4 5


<html>

<body>

<%

Dim a

For a = 5 to 1 Step -1

Response.Write(a)

Response.Write(" ")

Next

%>

</body>

</html>

Output:

1 2 3 4 5

Exit Do LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV bl LVsVesaV dk iz;ksx Do ywi esa ls fdlh fuf'pr daMh'ku ij chp esa gh ckgj vkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA


<html>

<body>

<%

Dim a

a = 1

Do While true

Response.Write(a)

Response.Write(" ")

If a>=10 Then

Exit Do

VB fLØIV% ,d ifjp;


End If

a = a+1

Loop

%>

</body>

</html>

Output:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Exit For LVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaVLVsVesaV bl LVsVesaV dk iz;ksx For ywi esa ls fdlh fuf'pr daMh'ku ij chp esa gh ckgj vkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA


<html>

<body>

<%

Dim a

For a = 1 To 100

Response.Write(a)

Response.Write(" ")

If a>=5 Then

Exit For

End If

Next

%>

</body>

</html>

Output:

1 2 3 4 5

� VB fLØIV izkslhtjfLØIV izkslhtjfLØIV izkslhtjfLØIV izkslhtj (Procedures)

izkslhtj dqN LVsVesaV~l dk lewg gksrk gS ftls vko';drk iM+us ij ge fdlh vU; izkslhtj }kjk dkWy djk ldrs gSaA ,d izdkj ds dk;Z dks ckj&ckj djus ds fy, og dksM ckj&ckj fy[kus ls csgrj gksrk gS fd ml dksM dks ,d izkslhtj esa fy[k fn;k tk, rFkk tgka Hkh vko';drk gks] ml izkslhtj dks dkWy djk fn;k tk,A izkslhtj dks iz;ksx djus ds Qk;ns fuEukuqlkj gSa%

• izksxzke dk lkbt+ NksVk gks tkrk gSA

• Mhcfxax (debugging) djuk vklku gks tkrk gSA

• izksxzkfeax esa yxus okys le; dh Hkh cpr dh tk ldrh gSA

• fdlh tfVy leL;k dks NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA



• eSeksjh dh de vko';drk jgrh gSA

VB fLØIV esa izkslhtlZ fuEukuqlkj nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa%

o lc&izkslhtj (Sub-Procedure)

o QaD'ku izkslhtj (Function Procedure)

Sub-Procedures ,d lc&izkslhtj%

• dqN LVsVesaV~l dk lewg gksrk gS ftUgsa Sub rFkk End Sub ds chp esa fy[kk tkrk gSA

• blesa vkjX;wesaV~l dks ikl djk;k tk ldrk gS] fdUrq ;s oSY;w fjVuZ ugha djrs gSaA

• ;fn blesa vkjX;wesaV~l dks ikl ugha djk;k tkrk gS rks blds lkFk [kkyh czsdsV (parentheses-()) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

• bls dkWy djus ds fy, lkekU;r% Call dhoMZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

lc&izkslhtj dk izk#i fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS% Sub Procedure_Name([arg list])

...

statements

...

End Sub

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% fuEu mnkgj.k esa ,d ;wt+j fMQkbaM izkslhtj cuk;k x;k gS ftlesa nks vkjX;wesaV~l ikl fd;s x, gSa ftudk tksM+ izkslhtj esa djk;k x;k gSA <%@ language="vbscript"%>

<html>

<body>

<%

Dim a,b

a = 5

b = 10

Call MyProc(a, b)

%>

</body>

</html>

<%

Sub MyProc(x, y)

Response.write("Value 1 = " & x)

Response.write("<br>")

Response.write("Value 2 = " & y)


Response.write("Sum = " & x + y)

End Sub

VB fLØIV% ,d ifjp;


%>

Output:

Value 1 = 5

Value 2 = 10

Sum = 15

Function Procedures ,d QaD'ku izkslhtj%

• dqN LVsVesaV~l dk lewg gksrk gS ftUgsa Function rFkk End Function ds chp esa fy[kk tkrk gSA

• blesa vkjX;wesaV~l dks ikl djk;k tk ldrk gS] rFkk buls oSY;w Hkh fjVuZ djokbZ tk ldrh gSA

• ;fn blesa vkjX;wesaV~l dks ikl ugha djk;k tkrk gS rks blds lkFk [kkyh czsdsV (parentheses-()) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

QaD'ku izkslhtj dk izk#i fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS% Function Function_Name([arg list])

...

statements

...

[Function_Name = Return_Value]

End Function

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% fuEu mnkgj.k esa ,d ;wt+j fMQkbaM QaD'ku cuk;k x;k gS ftlesa nks vkjX;wesaV~l ikl fd;s x, gSa ftudk ;ksx fjVuZ Hkh djk;k x;k gSA <%@ language="vbscript"%>

<html>

<body>

<%

Dim a,b,sum

a = 54

b = 10

sum = Add(a, b)

Response.write("Value 1 = " & a)


Response.write("Value 2 = " & b)


Response.write("Sum = " & sum)

%>

</body>

</html>

<%



Function Add(x, y)

dim z

z = x + y

Add = z

End Function

%>

Output:

Value 1 = 54

Value 2 = 10

Sum = 64

� v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u 1- VBScript esa osfj,cy fMQkbu djus ds fu;e fyf[k,A

2- fuEufyf[kr vkmViqV iznf'kZr djus ds fy, izksxzke fyf[k,%

1

2 3

4 5 6

7 * * 10

3- VBScript ds izkslhtj rFkk QaD'ku esa mnkgj.k nsdj varj Li"V dhft,A

� � �



ASP buiqV vkmViqVbuiqV vkmViqVbuiqV vkmViqVbuiqV vkmViqV ASP Input Output


� ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;ifjp; ASP esa fd, tkus okys dbZ dk;ksZa ds fy, igys ls cus vkWCtsDVl dks iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vU; 'kCnksa esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd leku izdkj ¼dkWeu½ ds dk;ksZa ds fy, igys ls cus eSFkM~l gksrs gSa] ftUgsa vkWCtsDV~l ds ek/;e ls iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA ,d vkWCtsDV esa fofHkUu eSFkM~l gksus ds lkFk&lkFk mldh dqN izkWiVhZt+ Hkh gksrh gSA bu fofHkUu vkWCtsDV~l dk iz;ksx loZj rFkk czkmt+j ds e/; dE;wfuds'ku ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

izkWiVhZt+ fdlh vkWCtsDV dk fooj.k (description) iznku djrh gSa tcfd eSFkM~l ml vkWCtsDV ds ek/;e ls fofHkUu vkWijs'ku djus ds fy, iz;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, eku ysrs gSa fd dkj ,d vkWCtsDV gSA bl dkj dk dyj] ekWMy dk uke rFkk fuekZrk dk uke vkfn bldh izkWiVhZt+ dgyk,axh rFkk cszfdax (breaking)] ,DlyjsfVax (accelerating) vkfn blds eSFkM dgyk,axsA

dqN ASP vkWCtsDV~l esa izkWiVhZt+] eSFkM~l ds vfrfjDr dysD'ku (collections) Hkh gksrs gSaA dysD'ku ,js dh rjg gh MsVk Vkbi gksrs gSa ftuesa fLVªax] uacj] rFkk vU; vkWCtsDV~l dks LVksj fd;k tk ldrk gSA dysD'ku ds vkbVe dks ,sDll djus ds fy, mlds baMsDl ;k fLVªax&dh (key) dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA tc dysD'ku esa fdlh vkbVe dks balVZ ;k fMyhV fd;k tkrk gS rks 'ks"k vkbVe vius&vki O;ofLFkr gks tkrs gSaA

ASP esa iz;ksx esa vkus okys vkWCtsDV~l fuEukuqlkj gSa%

1. Response Object

2. Request Object

3. Application Object

4. Session Object

5. Server Object

mijksDr esa ls buiqV rFkk vkmViqV ds fy, iz;ksx esa vkus okys vkWCtsDV~l fuEukuqlkj gSa%

Response Object DykbaV ij vkmViqV Hkstus ds fy, iz;ksx

18

ASP buiqV vkmViqV


Request Object DykbaV ls buiqV ysus ds fy, iz;ksx

/;ku nsa fd ASP loZj lkbM ySaXost gSA bldk vk'k; gqvk fd ;g ySaXost DykbaV loZj ,Uok;jesaV esa dk;Z djsxhA bls ,d mnkgj.k ls le>rs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, www.itajmer.com ij feedback fyad ij fDyd djrs gq, ;wt+j viuk QhMcSd ns ldrk gSA ;g QhMcSd nsus ds fy, feedback ist ij miyC/k VSDLV ckWDl esa ;wt+j fofHkUu tkudkjh Hkj nsxk] vkSj var esa Submit cVu ij fDyd dj nsxkA

bl iwjs izkslsl esa DykbaV rFkk loZj nksuksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA Feedback ist loZj ij fLFkr gS] ftls ns[kus ds fy, DykbaV ij fLFkr czkmt+j dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA Submit cVu ij fDyd djus ij Dosjh ds ek/;e ls loZj ij MsVk tkrk gS rFkk ;wt+j }kjk nh xbZ tkudkjh dks loZj ij gh MsVkcsl esa LVksj dj fn;k tkrk gSA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd tks Hkh izkslsflax dh tk jgh gS] og loZj ij dh tk jgh gS rFkk izksxzke loZj ij ju gks jgk gSA ;wt+j ls QhMcSd MsVk ysus ds fy, loZj ij lacaf/kr izksxzke ls ,slh ySaXost esa funsZ'k Hksts tkrs gS] ftls DykbaV ij fLFkr czkmt+j le> ldsA ;g ge tkurs gh gSa fd czkmt+j HTML le>rk gS] blh dkj.k ls loZj ij fLFkr ASP izksxzke DykbaV dks HTML MsVk Hkstrk gSA bls fuEukafdr fp= ls le>k tk ldrk gSA

fp=% DykbaV loZj dh dk;Ziz.kkyh

� vkmViqV vkmViqV vkmViqV vkmViqV (Response Object)

DykbaV ¼czkmt+j½ ij vkmViqV Hkstus ds fy, loZj ij fLFkr izksxzke esa Response vkWCtsDV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vc rd geus dbZ mnkgj.kksa esa bl vkWCtsDV ds Write eSFkM dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA Write eSFkM dk iz;ksx djds ;wt+j ds czkmt+j ij vkmViqV iznf'kZr djok;k tk ldrk gSA blds vykok bl vkWCtsDV dk iz;ksx djds ge vU; dbZ izdkj ds vkmViqV loZj ij Hkst ldrs gSaA

Response vkWCtsDV ds izeq[k eSFkM vkWCtsDV ds izeq[k eSFkM vkWCtsDV ds izeq[k eSFkM vkWCtsDV ds izeq[k eSFkM



Response vkWCtsDV ds eq[; eSFkM~l fuEukuqlkj gSa%

AppendToLog

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx loZj ykWx ,aVªh ds var esa fdlh fLVªax dks tksM+us ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA loZj ykWx ,aVªh loZj ykWx Qkby esa dh tkrh gSA loZj ykWx Qkby ,slh ykWx Qkby gksrh gS ftlesa loZj ij gks pqds fofHkUu dk;ksZa dh tkudkjh gksrh gSA

,sls esa AppendToLog eSFkM ds ek/;e ls bl ykWx Qkby esa ,aVªh dh tk ldrh gSA ykWx Qkby esa LVksj fofHkUu izdkj dh tkudkfj;ksa ds vk/kkj ij loZj daiuh Hkfo"; esa mfpr dne mBk ldrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ykWx ,aVªht+ eas IP ,Mªsl ds ek/;e ls ;g ik;k tkrk gS fd www.itajmer.com osclkbV dks vf/kdka'kr% Hkkjr ls iz;ksx esa fy;k x;k gS] rks daiuh ;g fu.kZ; ys ldrh gS fd bl osclkbV dks Hkkjr esa gh fLFkr fdlh loZj ij VªkalQj dj fn;k tk,A

bls iz;ksx esa ysus dk izk:i fuEukuqlkj gS%

Syntax:

Response.AppendToLog <string>

Example:

<% Response.AppendToLog "My Log" %>

Clear

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx HTML vkmViqV dks cQj ¼vLFkkbZ eSeksjh½ ls feVkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g eSFkM rHkh dk;Z djrk gS tc bl vkWCtsDV dh Buffer izkWiVhZ dks true lsV fd;k x;k gks vU;Fkk ;g ,jj tujsV dj nsrk gSA Buffer izkWiVhZ dks blh v/;k; esa vkxs le>k;k x;k gSA

Syntax:

Response.Clear

Example:

<%

response.Buffer=true

%>

<html>

<body>

<p>This is a demo</p>

<%

response.Clear

%>

</body>

</html>

mijksDr ist dks vksiu djus ij This is a demo vkmViqV ds :i esa izkIr gksuk pkfg,] fdUrq pwafd response.Clear cQj esa LVksj eSlst dks feVk nsxk] vr% okLro esa dksbZ vkmViqV iznf'kZr ugha gksxkA

End

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx fLØIV ds ,Xt+hD;w'ku dks jksdus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blls izksxzke esa vkxs dh fLØIV ju ugha gksrh gSA ,Xt+hD;w'ku dks jksd nsus ij ;g djaV vkmViqV dks DykbaV ¼czkmt+j½ ij Hkst nsrk gSA

ASP buiqV vkmViqV


Syntax:

Response.End

Example:

<html>

<body>

<p>Hello!

<%

Response.End

%>

This is a demo of End method</p>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Hello!

mijksDr ist dks vksiu djus ij Hello! gh fizaV gksxk] D;ksafd Response.End ds dkj.k ls mlds ckn okyh ykbu ju gh ugha gks ik,xhA

Flush

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx cQj fd, gq, vkmViqV dks rqjUr czkmt+j ij Hkstus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g eSFkM Hkh rHkh dk;Z djrk gS tc bl vkWCtsDV dh Buffer izkWiVhZ dks true lsV fd;k x;k gks vU;Fkk ;g ,jj tujsV dj nsrk gSA

Syntax:

Response.Flush

Example:

<%

Response.Buffer=true

%>

<html>

<body>

<p>Flush method: </p>

<p>The Flush method sends buffered HTML output immediately.

</p>

<%

Response.Flush

%>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Flush method:

The Flush method sends buffered HTML output immediately.

pwafd mijksDr ist dkQh NksVk gS] vr% gks ldrk gS fd bldk izHkko ges eglwl ugha gksA

Redirect

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx fdlh vU; osc ist (URL) ij tkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Syntax:

Response. Redirect <URL>

Example:



<html>

<body>

<%

Response.Redirect "http://www.itajmer.com"

%>

</body>

</html>

tc mijksDr ist dks vksiu fd;k tk,xk rks jhMk;jsD'ku ds dkj.k ls Lor% http://www.itajmer.com ist vksiu gks tk,xkA

Write

bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx fdlh fLVªax dks vkmViqV ds #i esa n'kkZus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Syntax:

Response.Write <string>

Example:

<html>

<body>

<%

Response.Write "Hello World!"

%>

</body>

</html>

Output:

Hello World!

Response vkWCtsDV vkWCtsDV vkWCtsDV vkWCtsDV dh izeq[k izkWiVhZt+ dh izeq[k izkWiVhZt+ dh izeq[k izkWiVhZt+ dh izeq[k izkWiVhZt+

Response vkWCtsDV dh eq[; izkWiVhZt+ fuEukuqlkj gSa%

Buffer

bl izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx ;g lsV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS fd cQfjax dh tkuh gS vFkok ughaA cQfjax ds vkWu gksus ij pwafd MsVk loZj ij LVksj gksdj ,d lkFk DykbaV ij Hkstk tkrk gS] blls usVodZ ij VªsfQd esa deh vkrh gSA

;g ,d cwfy;u izkWiVhZ gS vFkkZr~ bldh oSY;w true vFkok false gh lsV dh tk ldrh gSA ;fn bldh oSY;w true lsV dh tkrh gS rks iwjh fLØIV ds izkslsl gks tkus rd vkmViqV dks loZj ij gh LVksj fd;k tkrk gS rFkk var esa Flush() eSFkM dk iz;ksx djds vkmViqV dks czkmt+j ij Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k esa Buffer izkWiVhZ dks true lsV fd;k x;k gSA blls ywi ds lekIr gksus ls igys dksbZ Hkh oSY;w czkmt+j ij ugha tk,xhA

Syntax:

Response.Buffer = <true/false>

Example:

<%response.Buffer=true%>

<html>

<body>

ASP buiqV vkmViqV


<%

for i=1 to 40

response.write(i & " ")

next

Response.Flush

%>

</body>

</html>

Output:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

mijksDr vkmViqV vyx&vyx fLFkfr;ksa esa vyx&vyx vuqHko ns ldrk gSA lkekU;r% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd cQfjax ds vkWu gksus ds dkj.k ls iwjk vkmViqV ,d lkFk czkmt+j esa utj vk,xkA ogha ;fn cQfjax dks vkWQ dj fn;k tk, rks gks ldrk gS fd mijksDr vkmViqV esa 1 ls ysdj 20 rd igyh ckj esa ut+j vk, vkSj dqN {k.k ckn 'ks"k vkmViqV ut+j vk,A

CacheControl

bl izkWiVhZ }kjk ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk ldrk gS fd ASP ist }kjk tujsVsM vkmViqV dks izkWDlh loZj }kjk dS"k fd;k tk,xk vFkok ughaA

baVjusV ij loZj vkSj DykbaV ds chp ,d ;k vf/kd izkWDlh loZj gks ldrs gSa tks oscist dks rst xfr ls DykbaV ij Hkstus ds fy, ist dks dS"k ¼LVksj½ djds j[k ldrs gSaA loZj ij fLFkfr fdlh ist dks ns[kus ds fy, tc dksbZ DykbaV ¼;wt+j½ loZj ij fjDosLV Hkstrk gS rks og fjDosLV fofHkUu izkWDlh loZj ls gksrs gq, loZj ij igqaprh gSA ,sls esa ;fn lacaf/kr ist ¼dSf"kax ds dkj.k ls½ fdlh izkWDlh loZj ij gh fey tkrk gS rks fjDosLV loZj rd ugha tkrh gS] vkSj mlh izkWDlh loZj ls lacaf/kr ist dks DykabV dks Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa lacaf/kr ist de le; esa vksiu gks tkrk gSA ;fn dSf"kax dks vkWQ dj fn;k tk,xk rks ist e/; ds fdlh izkWDlh loZj dks ugha feysxk vkSj fjDosLV loZj rd igaqpkbZ tk,xhA blesa le; vf/kd yxsxkA

lkekU;r% dSf"kax dks ml fLFkfr esa vkWQ fd;k tk ldrk gS tc loZj ls DykbaV dks ges'kk vyx rjg dk ist@MsVk Hkstus dh vko';drk gksA

bls iz;ksx esa ysus dk izk:i fuEukuqlkj gS%

Response.CacheControl="Public/Private"

oSY;woSY;woSY;woSY;w dk;Zdk;Zdk;Zdk;Z

Public dSf"kax dks vkWu djus ds fy,

Private dSf"kax dks vkWQ djus ds fy, ¼fMQkWYV oSY;w½



ContentType

bl izkWiVhZ }kjk czkmt+j ij Hksts tkus okys dkWUVsaV ds VkbZi dks lsV fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlls fd czkmt+j] ist ds MsVk dks csgrj <ax ls gSa.My dj ldsA mnkgj.k ds fy, bl izkWiVhZ }kjk ge dkWUVsaV dk VkbZi VSDLV rFkk best vkfn lsV dj ldrs gSaA

Syntax:

Response.ContentType[=contenttype]

Example:

<%response.ContentType="text/HTML"%>

<%response.ContentType="text/plain"%>

<%response.ContentType="image/GIF"%>

<%response.ContentType="image/JPEG"%>

Expires

bl izkWiVhZ }kjk ;g fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS fd ist fdrus feuV ckn expire gksxkA

Syntax:

Response.Expires[=number]

Example:

<%Response.Expires=60%>

mijksDr mnkgj.k esa ;g lsV fd;k x;k gS fd ist fMLIys gksus ds 60 feuV ckn expire gksxkA

;fn bl izkWiVhZ dh oSY;w -1 lsV dh tkrh gS rks bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ist dks dS"k ugha fd;k tk,xk rFkk og Lor% gh expire gks tk,xkA

ExpiresAbsolute

fdlh fuf'pr MsV rFkk Vkbe ij dS"k fd, x, ist dks expire djus ds fy, bl izkWiVhZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

Syntax:

Response.ExpiresAbsolute[=[date][time]]

Example:

<%Response.ExpiresAbsolute=#June 11,2013 15:00:00#%>

dqdhdqdhdqdhdqdh (Cookie)

dqdh ,slh VSDLV Qkby gksrh gS] ftls loZj }kjk DykbaV ij cuk;k tkrk gSA lkekU;r% dqdh blfy, cukbZ tkrh gS] rkfd loZj ij DykbaV ds dEI;wVj ij ml DykbaV ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh dks LVksj djds j[k ldsA

,d loZj ls dbZ DykbaV dusDV gks ldrs gSaA ,sls esa loZj ;fn DykbaV e'khu ij gh DykbaV dk MsVk ¼tSls mldk uke vkSj eksckby uacj½ LVksj dj ns rks izR;sd ;wt+j dks oscist iznf'kZr djrs le; mldk uke Hkh iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

dqdh dks osc&dqdh] czkmt+j dqdh vkfn ukeksa ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA dqdh esa 4KB rd dh fdlh Hkh baQksesZ'ku dks LVksj fd;k tk ldrk gSA

ASP buiqV vkmViqV


dqdht+ eq[;r% nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa%

• ls'ku dqdht+ (Session Cookies)

• iflZlVsaV dqdht+ (Persistent Cookies)

ls'ku dqdht+ ls'ku dqdht+ ls'ku dqdht+ ls'ku dqdht+ ls'ku dqdht+ ;wt+j ds dEI;wVj dh eSeksjh esa LVksj jgrh gS rFkk ;s rc rd gh eSeksjh esa jgrh gSa tc rd ;wt+j mlls lacaf/kr oscist dks can ugha dj nsrk gSA

iflZlVsaV iflZlVsaV iflZlVsaV iflZlVsaV dqdht+ dqdht+ dqdht+ dqdht+ tcfd iflZlVsaV dqdht+ ;wt+j ds dEI;wVj dh gkMZ fMLd ij Qkby ds #i esa LVksj jgrh gS rFkk bls dbZ eghuksa ;k lkyksa rd LVksj djds j[kk tk ldrk gSA

;wt+j ds dEI;wj ij fdruh dqdht+ LVksj dh tk ldrh gSa] ;g iz;ksx fd, tkus okys czkmt+j ij fuHkZj djrk gSA lk/kkj.kr% ,d osclkbV }kjk dEI;wVj ij vf/kdre 50 dqdht+ lsV dh tk ldrh gSa rFkk dEI;wVj ij dqy LVksj dh tk ldus okyh dqdht+ dh la[;k yxHkx 1000 gksrh gSA

dqdhdqdhdqdhdqdht+t+t+t+ cukukcukukcukukcukuk ASP dk iz;ksx djrs gq, dqdht+ cukus dk izk#i fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS% Response.Cookies(name)[.attribute]=value

tgka%

name dqdh dk uke]

attribute dqdh ls lacaf/kr lwpuk,a crkus ds fy, gS tSls mldh expiry date vkfn lsV djus ds fy,]

value dqdh esa LVksj dh tkus okyh lwpuk gSA

ls'ku dqdht+ cukus ds fy, expiry date nsus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA bls fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k ls le>k tk ldrk gS%

<html>

<head>

<%Response.Cookies("loginid")="Lotus"%>

</head>

<body>

<p> Session cookie created </p>

</body>

</html>

iflZlVsaV dqdht+ cukus ds fy, expiry date dks nsuk vko';d gksrk gSA bls fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k ls le>k tk ldrk gS%

<html>

<head>

<%



Response.Cookies("loginid")="Lotus"

Response.Cookies("loginid").expires=#May 15,2012#

%>

</head>

<body>

<p> Persistent cookie created </p>

</body>

</html>

dqdht+ esa LVksj MsVk fdl izdkj jhM fd;k tk ldrk gS ;g blh v/;k; esa vkxs le>k;k x;k gSA

� bubububuiqV iqV iqV iqV (Request Object)

;wt+j ls MsVk buiqV esa ysus ds fy, request vkWCtsDV dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl vkWCtsDV dk iz;ksx djus ls ;wt+j }kjk buiqV dh xbZ lwpuk,a loZj ij ju gks jgs izksxzke ds ikl buiqV ds :i esa izkIr gks tkrh gSA bl izdkj buiqV esa izkIr lwpukvksa dks loZj ij izkslsl fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Request vkWCtsDV ds fofHkUu dysD'ku fuEukuqlkj gSa%

• QueryString

• Form

• Cookies

• ServerVariables

QueryString

DykbaV }kjk loZj ij lwpuk,a buiqV ds :i esa Hkstus ds fy, DosjhfLVªax dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA DosjhfLVªax dks URL ds lkFk loZj ij Hkstk tk ldrk gSA DosjhfLVªax dk izk:i fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS%

VarName=value

mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn gesa msg uke ds osfj,cy esa Hello Hkstuk gks rks DosjhfLVªax fuEukuqlkj cukbZ tk,xh%

msg=Hello

DosjhfLVªax dks URL esa ? ds ckn iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, http://www.itajmer.com/bca/names.asp?msg=Hello esa msg=Hello okyk Hkkx DosjhfLVªax gSA bl DosjhfLVªax esa msg uke dk ,d osfj,cy gS ftldh oSY;w Hello gSA Dosjh fLVªax ikl djus ds fy, lk/kkj.kr% gk;ij fyad ;k QkWeZ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA gk;ij fyad dk iz;ksx djds Dosjh fLVªax ikl djus ds fy, fuEu mnkgj.k nsf[k,A

igys ,d html Qkby ¼tSls my.html½ fuEukuqlkj cuk yhft,% <html>

<body>

<a href="my.asp?ch=Ajmer">Ajmer</a>

<a href="my.asp?ch=Jaipur">Jaipur</a>

ASP buiqV vkmViqV


<a href="my.asp?ch=Kota">Kota</a>

</body>

</html>

vc] blh QksYMj esa asp Qkby ¼tSls my.asp½ fuEukuqlkj cuk yhft,% <html>

<body>

<%

ch=Request.QueryString("ch")

Response.Write("You selected: " & ch)

%>

</body>

</html>

mijksDr mnkgj.k esa href="my.asp?ch=Ajmer" ds ek/;e ls ;g n'kkZ;k tk jgk gS fd my.asp dks ch uke dk osfj,cy Hkstk tk jgk gS] ftldh oSY;w Ajmer gSA

vc] opqZvy Mk;jsDVªh esa ls my.html Qkby dks Browse dj yhft, rFkk fdlh ,d fyad ij fDyd djds nsf[k,A

;fn gesa DosfjfLVªax ds ek/;e ls ,d ls T+;knk oSY;wt+ ikl djkuh gksa rks blds fy, & dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldk izk:i fuEukuqlkj gksxk%

VarName1=value1 & VarName2=value2

bls le>us ds fy, fuEu mnkgj.k nsf[k,%

my.html <html>

<body>

<a href="my.asp?ct=Ajmer&state=Rajasthan">Ajmer</a>

<a href="my.asp?ct=Agra&state=UP">Jaipur</a>

<a href="my.asp?ct=Mumbai&state=Maharashtra">Kota</a>

</body>

</html>

my.asp <html>

<body>

<%

ct=Request.QueryString("ct")

st=Request.QueryString("state")

Response.Write("City : " & ct & "<br>")

Response.Write("State : " & st)

%>

</body>

</html>



Form

loZj ij fLFkr izksxzke dks oSY;wt+ buiqV esa nsus ds fy, QueryString ds vfrfjDr Form dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA bl dysD'ku ds ek/;e ls iksLV fd, x, HTML QkWeZ ds ,yhesaV~l tSls VSDLV ckWDl vkfn dh oSY;wt+ dks ,Dlsl fd;k tk ldrk gSA /;ku nsa fd QkWeZ ds ,yhesaV~l dks iz;ksx esa ysus ds fy, mUgsa osfj,cy dh rjg iz;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA bls le>us ds fy, fuEukuqlkj ,d html Qkby cukb,% <html>

<body>

<form action="my.asp" method="post">

User ID : <input type="textbox" name="uid"> <br>

Password: <input type="password" name="pwd"> <br>

<input type="submit" value=Send>

</form>

</body>

</html>

vc] blh QksYMj esa asp Qkby ¼tSls my.asp½ fuEukuqlkj cuk yhft,% <html>

<body>

<%

uid = Request.Form("uid")

pwd = Request.Form("pwd")

Response.write("User is " & uid & "<br>")

Response.write("Password is " & pwd)

%>

</body>

</html>

vc] opqZvy Mk;jsDVªh esa ls my.html Qkby dks Browse dj yhft, VSDLV ckWDl esa MsVk ,aVj djds Send ij fDyd dhft,A

¼v½ ¼c½

O;k[;k%O;k[;k%O;k[;k%O;k[;k% mijksDr mnkgj.k esa loZj ¼;k opqZvy Mk;jsDVªh½ esa LVksj html Qkby dks tc DykbaV ¼;wt+j½ e'khu ij vksiu fd;k tk,xk rks fp= ¼v½ ds vuqlkj ist utj vk,xkA ;wt+j

ASP buiqV vkmViqV


tc Send cVu ij fDyd djsxk rks html Qkby esa fy[ks action="my.asp" ds dkj.k ls VSDLV ckWDl dh oSY;wt+ dks loZj ij fLFkr my.asp Qkby dks Hkst fn;k tk,xkA my.asp Qkby esa uid = Request.Form("uid") ds ek/;e ls DykbaV ls izkIr uid osfj,cy dh oSY;w dks loZj ds uid osfj,cy esa LVksj djok;k tk jgk gSA blh izdkj pwd osfj,cy dh oSY;w dks Hkh ysrs gq, Response.write ds ek/;e ls DykbaV dks Hkstk tk jgk gSA blh dkj.k ls DykbaV dks fp= ¼c½ ds vuqlkj vkmViqV izkIr gks tk,xkA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%

my.html <html>

<body>

<form action="my.asp" method="post">

Enter your name: <input type="text" name="nm"> <br><br>

Enter Gender : <input type="radio" name="g" value="Male">Male

<input type="radio" name="g" value="Female">Female<br><br>

Enter Hobbies : <input type="checkbox" name="mu" value="Music">Music

<input type="checkbox" name="ga" value="Games">Games<br><br>

Select your city:

<select name="ct">

<option>Ajmer</option>

<option>Jaipur</option>

<option>Kota</option>

<option>Bikaner</option>

<option>Jodhpur</option>

</select>

<input type="submit" value=Send>

</form>

</body>

</html>

my.asp <html>

<body>

<%

name=Request.Form("nm")

gender=Request.Form("g")

h1=Request.Form("mu")

h2=Request.Form("ga")

city=Request.Form("ct")

Response.write("Name is " & name & "<br>")

Response.write("Gender is " & gender & "<br>")

Response.write("Hobbies : " & h1 & ", " & h2 & "<br>")

Response.write("City is " & city)



%>

</body>

</html>

vkmViqV%vkmViqV%vkmViqV%vkmViqV%

O;k[;k%O;k[;k%O;k[;k%O;k[;k% bl mnkgj.k esa VSDLV ckWDl ds vfrfjDr vU; buiqV ,yhesaVl ¼tSls jsfM;ks cVu] fyLV ckWDl vkfn½ dh oSY;wt+ dks loZj ij iz;ksx esa fy;k x;k gSA

Cookies

dqdht+ dks eSust djus ds fy, asp esa cookies uke dk dysD'ku iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA bl dysD'ku dk iz;ksx LVksj dh xbZ dqdht+ dk MsVk jhM djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bls le>us ds fy, eku ysrs gSa fd Response vkWCtsDV dk iz;ksx djrs gq, geus fuEukuqlkj ,d dqdh cuk j[kh gSA

<html>

<head>

<%

Response.Cookies("loginid")="Lotus"

Response.Cookies("loginid").expires=#May 15,2013#

%>

</head>

<body>

<p> Persistent cookie created </p>

</body>

</html>

vc] bl loginid uke dh dqdh esa ls ge fuEufyf[kr dksM dk iz;ksx djrs gq, MsVk jhM dj ldrs gSaA

<html>

<body>

<%

st=Request.Cookies("loginid")

ASP buiqV vkmViqV


Response.Write(st)

%>

</body>

</html>

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k esa dEI;wVj esa ekStwn lHkh dqdht+ dks jhM djus dk izksxzke cuk;k x;k gSA

<html>

<head>

<%

Response.Cookies("one")="Ajmer"

Response.Cookies("two")="Jaipur"

Response.Cookies("three")="Kota"

Response.Cookies("four")="Bikaner"

%>

</head>

<body>

<%

for each c in Request.Cookies

st=Request.Cookies(c)

Response.Write("Cookie name is: " & c)

Response.Write(" and value is: " & st & "<br>")

Next

%>

</body>

</html>

vkmViqV%

fdlh dqdh dks fMyhV djus ds fy, Response vkWCtsDV dk iz;ksx djrs gq, mlesa null ("") LVksj djk fn;k tkrk gSA bls le>us ds fy, fuEu mnkgj.k nsf[k,%

<html>

<head>

<%



Response.Cookies("loginid")=""

%>

</head>

<body>

<%

st=Request.Cookies(c)

Response.Write(st)

%>

</body>

</html>

pwafd mijksDr mnkgj.k esa loginid uke dh dqdh dks fMyhV dj fn;k x;k gS] vr% vkmViqV esa dqN Hkh fizaV ugha gksxkA

ServerVariables

loZj ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu izdkj ds MsVk dks iz;ksx esa ysus ds fy, Request vkWCtsDV ds ServerVariables uked dysD'ku iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA bl dysD'ku dk iz;ksx igys ls ekStwn ,Uok;jesaV osfj,cYl dh oSY;w dks dke esa ysus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA dqN ,Uok;jesaV osfj,cYl dk fooj.k fuEukuqlkj gS%

,Uok;jesaV osfj,cy dk uke,Uok;jesaV osfj,cy dk uke,Uok;jesaV osfj,cy dk uke,Uok;jesaV osfj,cy dk uke fooj.kfooj.kfooj.kfooj.k

HTTPS ;fn fjDosLV lqjf{kr ek/;e ls vkrh gS rks ;g osfj,cy ON fjVuZ djrk gS vFkok OFF

LOCAL_ADDR ;g osfj,cy yksdy loZj dk ,Mªsl fjVuZ djrk gSA

URL ;g osfj,cy URL dk csfld Hkkx fjVuZ djrk gSA

SERVER_NAME ;g osfj,cy loZj dk gksLV uke ;k IP ,Mªsl fjVuZ djrk gSA

SERVER_PORT ;g osfj,cy ml loZj dk iksVZ uEcj fjVuZ djrk gS] tgka fjDosLV Hksth xbZ gSA

bl dysD'ku dks iz;ksx esa ysus dk izk:i fuEukuqlkj gS%

VaribaleName=Request.ServerVariables(EnvironmentVariable)

mnkgj.k%

x = Request.ServerVariables(SERVER_NAME)

mijksDr mnkgj.k esa loZj dk uke osfj,cy x esa LVksj gks tk,xkA

mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k%mnkgj.k% fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k esa lHkh loZj osfj,cYl ds uke rFkk mudh oSY;wt+ dks fizaV djk;k x;k gSA

<html>

<body>

ASP buiqV vkmViqV


<%

for each v in Request.ServerVariables

st=Request.ServerVariables(v)

Response.Write("Variable name is: " & v)

Response.Write(" and value is: " & st & "<br>")

next

%>

</body>

</html>

vkmViqV%

� v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u 1- ASP vkWCtsDV~l D;k gSa\ budh vko';drk dks le>kb,A

2- Response vkWCtsDV ds fdUgha 5 eSFkM~l dks mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb,A

3- dqdht+ D;k gksrh gSa\ ;g fdrus izdkj dh gksrh gSa\ dqdh cukus rFkk mldh lwpuk dks jhM djus ds fy, izksxzke fyf[k,A

4- Form dysD'ku dks la{ksi esa le>kb,A

� � �



,Mokal ,Mokal ,Mokal ,Mokal ASP vkWCtsDV~lvkWCtsDV~lvkWCtsDV~lvkWCtsDV~l Advance ASP Objects


� ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;ifjp; fiNys v/;k; esa geus ;g ns[kk fd ASP esa buiqV rFkk vkmViqV vkWijs'ku fdl izdkj fd, tk ldrs gSaA ;g ge le> pqds gSa fd ;g lHkh vkWijs'ku ASP ds fofHkUu vkWCtsDV~l ds ek/;e ls fd, tkrs gSaA bu fofHkUu vkWCtsDV~l esa ls Response rFkk Request vkWCtsDV~l dks fiNys v/;k; esa le>k;k tk pqdk gSA bl v/;k; esa 'ks"k vkWCtsDV~l dks le>k;k tk jgk gS tks fuEukuqlkj gSa%

• Application Object

• Session Object

• Server Object

Application Object fdlh opqZvy Mk;jsDVªh rFkk mldh lc&Mk;jsDVªh esa mifLFkr lHkh ASP Qkbyksa dks ASP vk/kkfjr ,Iyhds'ku dgrs gSaA Application vkWCtsDV dk iz;ksx fdlh ,Iyhds'ku dks lHkh ;wt+lZ ds e/; 'ks;j djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA pwafd bl vkWCtsDV dks ;wt+lZ }kjk 'ks;j fd;k tkrk gS vr% ,d gh le; ij ,d ls vf/kd ;wt+j fdlh lwpuk esa ifjorZu uk dj ldsa] blds fy, Lock rFkk Unlock eSFkM dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

Application vkWCtsDV ds fuEukuqlkj nks dysD'ku gksrs gSa% • Contents

• StaticObjects

Contents

bl dysD'ku esa fLØIV dekaM }kjk tksM+s x, lHkh vkbVe ekStwn gksrs gSaA bl dysD'ku dk iz;ksx djds fdlh vkbVe dks ,Dlsl djus ds fy, fuEu izk#i gksrk gS%

Application.Contents(Key)

;gka key ml vkbVe dk uke gS ftls ,Dlsl djuk gSA bl dysD'ku ds nks eSFkM fuEukuqlkj gSaA

1. Remove

19

,Mokal ASP vkWCtsDV~l


2. RemoveAll

Remove eSFkM dk iz;ksx dysD'ku ds fdlh ,d vkbVe dks fMyhV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bldk izk#i fuEukuqlkj gS%

Application.Contents.Remove(name/index)

tcfd] RemoveAll eSFkM dk iz;ksx dysD'ku ds lHkh vkbVEl dks fMyhV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bldk izk#i fuEukuqlkj gS%

Application.Contents.RemoveAll()

StaticObjects

bl dysD'ku esa html ds <object> VSx }kjk tksM+s x, lHkh vkWCtsDV ekStwn gksrs gSaA bl dysD'ku dk iz;ksx djds fdlh vkWCtsDV dks ,Dlsl djus ds fy, fuEu izk#i gksrk gS%

Application.StaticObjects(Key)

;gka key ml vkWCtsDV dk uke gS ftls ,Dlsl djuk gSA

Application vkWCtsDV ds fuEukuqlkj nks eSFkM gksrs gSa% 1. Lock

2. Unlock

Lock eSFkM dk iz;ksx ,Iyhds'ku vkWCtsDV ds fdlh osfj,cy esa vU; ;wt+j }kjk fd, tkus okys ifjorZu dks jksdus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ogha Unlock eSFkM blds foijhr dk;Z djrk gSA buds izk#i fuEukuqlkj gksrs gSa% Application.Lock

Application.Unlock

Application vkWCtsDV ds fuEukuqlkj nks bosaV Hkh gksrs gSa% 1. Application_OnStart

2. Application_OnEnd

Application_OnStart bosaV rc ?kfVr gksrk gS tc dksbZ u;k ls'ku izkjaHk gksrk gSA ogha Application_OnEnd bosaV rc ?kfVr gksrk gS tc ,Iyhds'ku lekIr gks tkrh gSA bu nksuksa gh bosaV~l dk iz;ksx Global.asa Qkby esa fd;k tkrk gSA

Session Object tc ge fdlh ,Iyhds'ku ij dk;Z dj jgs gksrs gSa rks igys ge mls vksiu djrs gSa] fQj ml ij dqN dk;Z djrs gS rFkk var esa mls can dj nsrs gSaA bl iwjh izfØ;k dks ,d ls'ku dgk tkrk gSA ASP esa ge ,Iyhds'ku dks iz;ksx djus okys ;wt+j dh baQksesZ'ku dks ,d dqdh }kjk izkIr dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj rS;kj fd, x, baVjQsl dks ls'ku vkWCtsDV dgrs gSaA

ls'ku vkWCtsDV ds fuEufyf[kr dysD'ku gksrs gSa%

Contents bl dysD'ku esa fLØIV dekaM }kjk tksM+s x, lHkh vkbVe



ekStwn gksrs gSaA

StaticObjects bl dysD'ku esa html ds <object> VSx }kjk tksM+s x, lHkh vkWCtsDV ekStwn gksrs gSaA

ls'ku vkWCtsDV ds fuEufyf[kr eSFkM gksrs gSa%

Abandon ls'ku dks lekIr djus ds fy,A

Contents.Remove bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx Contents dysD'ku ds fdlh ,d vkbVe dks fMyhV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Contents.RemoveAll() bl eSFkM dk iz;ksx Contents dysD'ku ds lHkh vkbVEl dks fMyhV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Server Object bl vkWCtsDV dk iz;ksx djds loZj ij ekStwn eSFkM~l rFkk izkWiVhZt+ dks ,Dlsl fd;k tk ldrk gSA

loZj vkWCtsDV dh fuEufyf[kr ,d izkWiVhZ gksrh gS%

ScriptTimeout bl izkWiVhZ }kjk fLØIV ds ju gksus dk vf/kdre le; ¼lsdaM esa½ fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

loZj vkWCtsDV ds fuEufyf[kr eSFkM gksrs gSa%

CreateObject vkWCtsDV cukus ds fy,A

Execute ,d ASP Qkby dks fdlh nwljh ASP Qkby ls ju djkus ds fy,A

Transfer ,d ASP Qkby dh lwpukvksa dks nwljh ASP Qkby esa Hkstus ds fy,A

MapPath fdlh fu/kkZfjr ikFk dks fQft+dy ikFk esa eSi djkus ds fy,A

� v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u v/;k; ls lacaf/kr iz’u 1- Application vkWCtsDV ds dysD'kUl dks le>kb,A 2- Session vkWCtsDV dh mi;ksfxrk crkb,A 3- Session rFkk Server vkWCtsDV ds eSFkM~l le>kb,A

� � �



ifjf'k"V ^vîfjf'k"V ^vîfjf'k"V ^vîfjf'k"V ^v^ Appendix A


JavaScript Objects

Object

Method Description Example

toString() Returns a string representing the Object. expr="mydate.toString()"

valueOf() Returns the primitive value of an Object. expr="mydate.valueOf()"

Array

Property/Method Description Example

length The number of elements in the array. Read/write.

expr="myArray.length"

concat() Concatenates two arrays into an array. Does not change either original array.

expr="myArray.concat(myArray2).join()"

join() Joins the elements of an array into a string. Does not change the array.

expr="myArray.join()"

pop() Removes the last element, and returns that element. Changes the array.

expr="myArray.pop()"

push() Adds one or more elements to the end of an array, and returns the length of the new array. Changes the array.

expr="myArray.push('zebra')"

reverse() Reverses the elements of an array. Changes the array.

expr="myArray.reverse().join()"

shift() Removes the first element, and returns that element. Changes the array.

expr="myArray.shift()"

slice() Extracts a section of an array, and returns it as a new array. Does not change the original array.

expr="myArray2.slice(2,4).join()"

sort() Sorts the elements. Changes expr="myArray2.sort().join()"

ifjf'k"V ^v^


the array.

splice() Removes elements, and adds elements at the same time. Returns the section that was removed as a new array. Changes the originalarray.

<value expr="myArray2.splice(2,3,'a','b').join()"

unshift() Adds one or more elements to the beginning of an array; returns the new length of the array. Changes the array.

expr="myArray2.unshift('fred', 'wilma')"

Date


getDate() Returns the day of the month for the specified date, in local time.

expr="now.getDate()"

getDay() Returns the day of the week for the specified date, in local time.

expr="now.getDay()"

getFullYear() Returns the year in the specified date, in local time.

expr="now.getFullYear()"

getHours() Returns the hour in the specified date, in local time.

expr="now.getHours()"

getMilliseconds() Returns the milliseconds in the specified date, in local time.

expr="now.getMilliseconds()"

getMinutes() Returns the minutes in the specified date, in local time.

expr="now.getMinutes()"

getMonth() Returns the month in the specified date, in local time.

expr="now.getMonth()"

getSeconds() Returns the seconds in the specified date, in local time.

expr="now.getSeconds()"

getTime() Returns a numeric value representing the time for a specific date, in local time.

expr="now.getTime()"

getTimezoneOffset() Returns the time zone offset in minutes for the current locale.

expr="now.getTimezoneOffset()"

getUTCDate() Returns the day of the month for the specified date, in universal time.

expr="now.getUTCDate()"

getUTCDay() Returns the day of the week for the specified date, in universal time.

expr="now.getUTCDay()"

getUTCFullYear() Returns the year in the specified date, in universal time.

expr="now.getUTCFullYear()"

getUTCHours() Returns the hour in the specified date, in universal time.

expr="now.getUTCHours()"

getUTCMilliseconds() Returns the milliseconds in the specified date, in universal time.

expr="now.getUTCMilliseconds()"

getUTCMinutes() Returns the minutes in the specified date, in universal time.

expr="now.getUTCMinutes()"

getUTCMonth() Returns the month in the specified date, in universal time.

expr="now.getUTCMonth()"

getUTCSeconds() Returns the seconds in the specified date, in universal time.

expr="now.getUTCSeconds()"

setDate() Sets the day of the month for a expr="now.setDate(22)"



specified date, in local time.

setFullYear() Sets the year for a specified date, in local time.

expr="now.setFullYear(2004)"

setHours() Sets the hours for a specified date, in local time.

expr="now.setHours(11)"

setMilliseconds Set the milliseconds for a specified date, in local time.

expr="now.setMilliseconds(22)"

setMinutes() Sets the minutes for a specified date, in local time.

expr="now.setMinutes(15)"

setMonth() Sets the month for a specified date, in local time.

expr="now.setMonth(11)"

setSeconds() Sets the seconds for a specified date, in local time.

setTime() Sets the value of a Date object.

setUTCDate() Sets the day of the month for a specified date, in universal time.

setUTCFullYear() Sets the year for a specified date, in universal time.

setUTCHours() Sets the hours for a specified date, in universal time.

setUTCMilliseconds() Set the milliseconds for a specified date, in universal time.

setUTCMinutes() Set the minutes for a specified date, in universal time.

setUTCMonth() Sets the month for a specified date, in universal time.

setUTCSeconds() Sets the seconds for a specified date, in universal time.

toString() Returns a string representing the entire date in the current time zone in a human-readable form.

expr="now.toString()"

toDateString() Returns a string representing the Date portion of the specified date in the current time zone in a human-readable form.

expr="now.toDateString()"

toTimeString() Returns a string representing the Time portion of the specified date in the current time zone in a human-readable form.

expr="now.toTimeString()"

toLocaleString() Returns a string representing the entire date in the current time zone in a human-readable form according to locale conventions.

expr="now.toLocaleString()"

toLocaleDateString() Returns a string representing the Date portion of the specified date in the current time zone in a human-readable form according to locale conventions.

expr="now.toLocaleDateString()"

toLocaleTimeString() Returns a string representing the Time portion of the specified date in the current time zone in a human-readable form according to locale conventions.

expr="now.toLocaleTimeString()"

ifjf'k"V ^v^


toUTCString() Returns a string representing the entire date in universal time in a human-readable form.

expr="now.toUTCString()"

Math


abs() Absolute value. expr="Math.abs(-5)"

acos() Arc cosine. expr="Math.acos(1.0)"

asin() Arc sine. expr="Math.asin(1.0)"

atan() Arc tangent. expr="Math.atan(1.0)"

atan2() Arc tangent of a quotient. expr="Math.atan2(1.0,0.0)"

ceil() Ceiling, the smallest integer >= a number.

expr="Math.ceil(1.5)"

cos() Cosine. expr="Math.cos(Math.PI)"

exp() e to the n power. expr="Math.exp(2.0)"

floor() Floor, the largest integer <= a number. expr="Math.floor(1.5)"

log() Natural log (base e). expr="Math.log(Math.E)"

max() Maximum. expr="Math.max(1.0,2.0)"

min() Minimum. expr="Math.min(1.0,2.0)"

pow() Power, a to the b power. expr="Math.pow(10.0,2.0)"

random() Random number between 0.0 and 1.0. expr="Math.random()"

round() Round. expr="Math.round(2.3)"

sin() Sine. expr="Math.sin(Math.PI)"

sqrt() Square root. expr="Math.sqrt(2.0)"

tan() Tangent. expr="Math.tan(Math.PI/4.0)"

Number


MAX_VALUE The largest representable number. Read only.

expr="Number.MAX_VALUE"

MIN_VALUE The smallest representable number. Read only.

expr="Number.MIN_VALUE"

NaN Not a number. Read only. expr="Number.NaN"

toFixed() Returns a string containing the number in fixed-point notation (with N digits after the decimal point).

expr="Math.PI.toFixed(3)"

toPrecision() Returns a string containing the number either in exponential notation (with 1 digit before the decimal point and N-1 after) or fixed-point notation (with N significant digits).

expr="Math.PI.toPrecision(3)"

String None of the string methods change the original string. Property/Method Description Example

length The length of a string. Read only. expr="myString.length"

charAt() Returns the single character at a specified index.

expr="myString.charAt(3)"

charCodeAt() Returns a number indicating the ISO-Latin-1 codeset value at a specified index.

expr="myString.charCodeAt(3)"

concat() Concatenates two strings, and returns the result.

expr="myString.concat(myString2)"



indexOf() Returns the index within a string, for a given character.

expr="myString.indexOf('g')"

lastIndexOf() Returns the index within a string, for the last occurrence of a given character.

expr="myString.lastIndexOf('g')"

match() Matches a regular expression against a string, returning the match array.

expr="myString.match('at').join()"

replace() Matches and then replaces, returning a new string with the replacement.

expr="myString.replace('a','e')"

search() Determines whether a match exists between a regular expression and a string, returning the index of the match.

expr="myString.search('at')"

slice() Extracts a substring of a given string, returning the substring.

expr="myString.slice(3,8)"

split() Splits a string into an array of strings, returning the array.

expr="myString2.split(' ').join()"

substring() Extracts a substring of a string, given two indices.

expr="myString2.substring(9,15)"

toLowerCase() Converts a string to lower case. expr="myString.toLowerCase()"

toUpperCase() Converts a string to upper case. expr="myString.toUpperCase()"

Documents

baVjusV VwYlitajmer.com/images/Internet Tools Book (Dhupia-Lekhyani).pdfbaVjusV VwYl ,aM osc MoyieaV Downloaded from ds fy, flrEcj 1988 ea Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and