BBEAEHUE - GeoKniga

BBEAEHUE

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Paccuorpesu ?topar WpUsa, d n ~ a wpusrstau s e m m s H uarrpmnoe, ne&mnK aspma s epw, WpUBsOe I4 JIuoymHCe &pynosasme MU nslesna- sns asapaa 8 bypurss. ordopa odpasuos noponu, paJo6uesla H eutpblran nua- nos. mmcatpmassa npmoKa s c m a x s s u . Yn-o nmHuasue 3KOHOUHKe H dcsonacsoenr npoerpenonso-83pussblx pa*, lIasu pacsetu aapnnos BB, peK0- w a u s s no sudopy m o a o r m r s3pusnnx padot s aaasc~uocm or mmoro-rrx- HrnMRX ycmBBB.

cTy.aelrroB By308. ~ ~ F W ~ L H X C ~ IIO Cne4HaAbHOeTH S ~ W $ R O M ~ C ~ K H ~ uemnu nosc~os s pas- uampoxneHsR ~ O J I ~ S R U X HcKonaeuux..

Ta6n. 23. en. 76. cnsco~ urn. - 8 ua3s.

P e u e R 3 e R t u: ~ a e n p a npouucnosofi a pa3senosmoh W$H~RKH r p w s e ~ . am ne@nmoro aactsryra; n-p WXH. Hay& np*. R. A. 6p&& (HnO no reocbuslprrwrau p a h t a r s cKeaxsHax).

JInn nomepxannn BWCOKHX TeMnos passnrnn naponnom xosnfi- n s a , cosnannn uatepnanbno-rexnnsec~ofi 6a3u K O M M ~ H H ~ M ~ neo6- XOAHMH yc~ofiqnsan TOnAHBHO-SHePTeTH9eCKaU 6a3a H obecneqenne ~ y m s naponeom xo3nficrsa s a n a c a ~ n cupbs. Passenra H 1106198 M H O ~ H X nonesnux HcKonaeMblx n B nepsyw osepenb ne@rn, rasa H n o n s e ~ n ~ x son. HMemqnx orpownoe snasenne nnn ctpanu, csnsanu c 6ypenner. nccnenosannnrn H srcnnyaraunefi rnydo~nx cKBaxnn (pe~opnnan rrry6ana npesblcwa 12 KM). Hayuno-rexnnsec~nfi npo- rpecc B 06nac~n pa3BWKH H ~ 0 6 ~ s ~ ne@TH H W3a TeCHO CBR3aH c CosepurencreosanneM reo@nsnsecrnx Meronos, B TOM rlncne WHO- BBHHHX Ha HCIlOAb30BaHHH B3pbIBa AAR AHKBHnaUHH a ~ a p ~ f i , Hayqe- nnn paspaa, B C K ~ Y T H R n p o n y ~ ~ n ~ n o n , mpnsonta, neperpblrom KO- nonnofi, H nn~encn@n~aunn npnroxca nnamosux x n n ~ ~ ~ t e f i n Ta38.

~ a n n n c b sasepmamqnu s r a n o ~ s unwe ocsoennn cKsaxnn. ~ ~ ~ C T ~ W O ~ H O - B ~ ~ H B H H ~ padorbi nuemr eaxnoe. nnorna peura~olsee 3Ha9eHHe AJlR OUeHKW nOteHUHaAa IlpOAyKTHBHHX IlAICTOB H MWTO- poxnennn B UWOM npn passenre. Ycnelonw nponenenne npmpe- nos~o-e3pusnux pa6or npn s~cnnya raqnonno~ 6ypennn 06ecneqn- saet nocnenywulyw s~cnnyaraunm cwsaxnsu c nopuanbnuu, COOT- n m r s y w l l r ~ ~ sos~oxnoe7nu nnana n e b n t o ~ . Ycosepurenclsosanne n co3~ lnne npnnumnanbno nosom 06opynoaa~nn m n npocrpwm- no-B~PHBHHX pa602 otwpusam 6onbmne s o 3 u o 1 k n ~ 1 pocra npons- BOnHTenbHOCTH Tpyna TeOAOTOB, HI@~%HHKOB H Ta3OBAKOB. a TaKXe s orpacnrx nposrHnmeenocrn, csn3ann~x c no6usefi none3nux HCKO- naeuux.

B sasnmuocm o t snna onepamfi H texnnsecnnx c p e n m uoxno s b i n a n ~ b c n e n p m e nanpaanennn ncnanmsannn npocppe- non~o-a3pimnmr p a w :

1) npenynpemsenne n nnKsHnaunn asapnfi npn 6ypennn H ycro- peme npoxonm clsaoa;

2) scxputne nep@opaunefi nnana, neperpmon, 06caj1nofi KOAOH- HOB, C UC?Zbm coo6mennn CTEaOJIB CKBaXHHV C K(UlleKTOPOY;

3) o r b p dpasuoa noponu n x n n m e R H 3 mama; 4) ycranosxa p a ~ o 6 1 q a m ~ u r n s ; 5) RHT~HCU@BK~UUR IIpBMYOB RnacZOBL1X x n n ~ o c ~ e R R Ta3a; 6) abinonnenne PeMonrnux n npynu pa60t. Cna6ee men, p m m nanpameme ncnoamsannn wpuna n p ~

peuoarnux paborax. Ho. cynn n o no-ennnr B dmwrocx &a- IUDUBHOA ~ H M O M H . I) qamoclR maunonre n csavue Merannba

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iupuaou, MOXHO o x i n a n , ~ T O n 9ta o6nacrb texnniu~ -6yne~ 6ucrpo passnsarafn. Otlrpunamms 6orareRmne g03~0xnoctn m n cmna- RaS UOBMX. B ~ ~ ~ ~ K O ~ @ ~ K T X B H U X CU&B iiCIlOnb3OBaHIin sjp-a s claanaue. Ornenbnue ycnexn y x e nuemmn, n o nnx 6ynm cra- sano m e .

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M ~ x e ~ e p - r e o g ~ a ~ ~ nanxen ~ H B T ~ H K B ~ ~ H O H I U ~ ~ O B ~ H H Q ncnonb- 3OBaTb B3PHBHHe IIPOUeCCbI H B3pHBHOe 060pyno~ann+ my 6onee s m so M H Q ~ H X pailonax reog~snsecme Kaporaxnnre 0~p-u Bunon- H R ~ T Becb uHKn onepaunii - OT Kaporaxa no nep@pawln cmaxnn. M ecrecrseuno, urn HnxeHep, sosmamsmluafi orpnn, AMXee y ~ w b PYKOBOi7HTb BbUlOnHeHHeM B3PHBHHX ~IIepauHfi, 6blfb B COCTORHHH onpenenurb paunonanbn~fi KoMnnexc pador nnn naenom KOHKpeT- ~ o r o cnysan, BcrperHBluerocn euy Ha cxeaxnne, noHRnaFb nponeccu, nporeKamqHe BO B ~ ~ H B ~ ~ T O M ~ e q e c r a e npH ero npeepameHaax, 3HaTb csoficrsa HcnonbsyeMux s s p ~ e s a r ~ x MawpHanon. K O H C T P Y I ~ ~ ~ H npn- ncenneroro 060pynosa~~n. Ycsoen~e ocuoa TWPHH BB nOL(m0BHT eM) K HCnOnb30BaHHH) B3pHBa B MeHliIOIUHXCR YWOBRIlX I ' ~ ~ ~ O K H X cKsaxnn, a a ~ a ~ ~ e annapalyphl H ~ e ~ o n o s n p n ~ e ~ e m f l - a ~ ~ 6 o p y pauHoHanbHHx Kosnnnercoa BSPHBHHX pabor, HaH6onee nanno ynon- nereopnmrlrnx pewenurn KoHKpeTHHx aanas, ecrpeTHaurnxcn npH i5ype- HHH H 3KCllJlYaTaUHH CKBBXHH. T B O D ~ W K O ~ HCIlOAb30BaHHe nOnV9eH- HHX ~ H ~ H H R -IIo~BoJIHT eMy H ~ X O A H ~ ~ TeXHHWCKHe PeUIeHHn. 06ecne- s~satolune ycxopeHHe nporpecca orpama. B ~ ~ n r e y ~ a i u ~ a t o r c n O ~ ~ ~ C T H . B KOTODHX IIDWMeHeHHe B3DHBa M O X e 7 naTb ~an60nbw~R

BHRX ~ e p a s p ~ ~ ~ o C B R ~ ~ H O c 0 6 e c n e s e n ~ e ~ -6e30nac~ocr~ nu& HX B H ~ O ~ H I I ~ L U H X . 0 6 ~ a u e ~ ~ e co B ~ D H B ~ ~ T H M H MareDHanarcH H anna-

e o n p o c ~ 6eaonachoro aenennn B ~ ~ H B H H X ~ ~ ~ ~ O T B ~ ' K B ~ X H H ~ X . C n e u n b ~ a 6onbwnx r n y 6 ~ ~ - Hanuwe BHCOKHX renpoctarnse-

CKHX H WPHHX namen~f i H rewneparyp (B cpasneHHH c neficrsym- LUHMH Ha ~ ~ M H O R ~OB~PXHOCTH), HHOR xapaxrep pewaeMHx sanas He lI03BO~lIOT, KaK npaBHn0, npHMeHUTb B CKBaXHHaX MeTOnH H 060py- noeaase. p a 3 p a b o ~ a ~ ~ ~ e nnn Hcnonbmaannn sspwsa B Haponnont x o 3 n k ~ s e B ycnonunx 3ennoR nonepxnocr~ H naxe waxr. ~ P H m- @ H ~ H ' ~ ~ C K H X pa60~ax npnneHnmT, Kpoue O ~ Y ~ H H X , cneunanbuue s s p ~ e v a r ~ e seqecrea (BB), cpencrna B ~ ~ H B ~ H H ~ (CB) H cneus+e- secxym esptaesym annaparypy.

B xnure nsnaramrcn OCHOBH TeopHH B ~ ~ H B ~ ~ T H X BeqecTB c me- MeHTaMl A ~ ~ T B H R a 3 p ~ e a B cpenax, paccMaTpnsamcn ceoikrlra npnMeHneuHx B ~ ~ H B ~ ~ T H X B ~ U W T B H ~ 3 n e n ~ R ~3 HHX. Annaparypa L(eTanbH0 He OIlHCHBaeTCI, IIOCKOJlbKy 6naronapa HHTeHCHBHOMy pas- B R T H ~ orpacnu KOHCTP~KUHR ee nacro Mennewa. Cnewanncr xe , ~cn0nb3yn Hoaym annaparypy. m e n o 6 m ~ e npennaeneHHe o npm- unne ee neilcrann, 0 6 ~ 3 8 ~ nepen npHueHeHHeM O ~ H ~ K O M H T W ~ c Tex- HHS~CKOR nnwpyxunefi no awcnnyarauee, me naHo nonpo6aoe onHcaHHe pa6oru y ~ n o s H rexnorror~fi npnlreuennn.

B xoHue npolunoro aexa Ha H ~ ~ T R H H X nporwcnax POCCHH anep- eHe ~ H J I H nposeneubl B ~ ~ H B H H ~ pad or^ B cKaawrHax c uenbm yee- AHqeHHR H ~ @ ~ O T A ~ ~ H ITJaCTOB H CnyCTR HeKOTOpOe nHKennauHH asap~fi. B Hasane 30-x ronos B CCCP H

4

npnueiintbcn nyneeax nepgopaunn (IO. K. Tnne~an, K. A. Bepna~os. C. R. JIHTBHHOB, T. H. CTPOUKHR H np.), B AaJIbHefi~eM ycosepmee- CTBOBaHHafl C. A. A b p a ~ n n o ~ . K. A. XnnoBHM. 10. H. Tep-rp~ropfl- HOM, n. A. r o p 6 e ~ ~ 0 , M. n. ~ O ~ H H M M H np.). B 1938 r. K). A. Konc- n n x e ~ f i , M. 9. Bepxoans c o ~ n a n ~ nepgopamp, crpen~mlu~fi pas-

nnaMH. B 1942-1943 rr. nnn uenefi nep@opauea . K o n o n n x ~ ~ A H B CIIlA I<. Aesgc H JI. Beppoye npennoxnnn q.vIMeHRTb K Y M Y I I R T H B H Y ~ nepgopaqsto, pasanme xoropofi B CCCP csnsaxo c p a 6 0 ~ a ~ H KonneKrHea ~ccnenosa~enefi H K O H C T ~ ~ K T O ~ O B (a. II. @pnnnnnnep, E. M. BHWHH, M. M. Menb~n- KOB, B. H. Crageea, H. C. qsxnan3e. B. M. T ~ ~ ~ B H H , II. B. Bonb- HHUKHR H np.) non pyKoaoncrsoM H. T. Tpnropnna. B C K O ~ ~ KYMY- JRTHBHHe nep@opa~opbI CTaHOBRTCR B COB~WKOM C0to3e H 3a py6e- X O M OCHOBHHM CpenCTBOM BCKPHTHU IIJIaCTa. Ann H H T ~ H C H @ H K ~ U H H npnroxa B 50-x rofiax mnpoxoe pa3s~rne 3a p y 6 e x o ~ H Menbluee y HaC B CTpaHe HaXOnHT TOpOenHpOBaHHe CKBBXHH 60JTbIlI~Mli 3apII- n a w . B Hacronqee epeMn Taxwe pa6orn senyrcn e orpaHnseHHoM Macwra6e, seMy He B ~ a n o f i crenenn cnoco6c~soaano ycnewnoe npHMeHeHHe rHnpaanHsecxoro paspuea nnacra. B 60-x ronax e crpane IIORBnRloTCR ycosepwencreosannsre rpynronocu (B. A. Jlys- KHH, JI. A. Topbeero, M. JI. ~ O ~ H H , JI. q. Bopo6bea). coanamrcn B B ~ H B H ~ ~ naxepu (E. A. Jleswa, B. B. Conosbes. B. C. neuennn). cpencrea A H T ~ H C H @ N K ~ U H H npHroKa nyreM paspuaa nnacra sneprnefi nopoxosblx raaoe (6. M. Bennes, C. M. H ~ ~ o n a e a , B. H. Kp~nos , P. A. C n ~ o a 6 e ~ r ) H TeXHOJIOrHR T ~ ~ M O ~ ~ ~ O X H M H ~ ~ C K O ~ 06pa60rm . , nnacra.

B CBn3H c yBenHseHHeM r n y 6 ~ ~ 6 y p e ~ ~ n C 60-x rOnOB aKTHBH0 Ben)TCR p a 6 0 ~ ~ no co3na~Hm T ~ ~ M O C T O ~ ~ K H X BBpHBYaTHX BelueCTB H cpencrs a s p ~ s a u a n (a. A. B a y ~ , M. H. Kpouen~o, A. C. Ltepxaseu. A. A. OKCYSRH H np . ) OHH npononxamrcn H ceilsac. Ha eoopyxe- HHe ~ W @ H ~ H K O B IIOCTORHHO IIOCTYIIamT HOBHe BB H CB.

B COB~TCKOM Com3e OCHOBHOe pa3BHTHe TeXHHKH IlpOCTpUOsHO- B3pHBHHX pa60r CBIl3aHO C KOnJIeKTHBOM B H M ~ M B ~ P H B ~ W @ H ~ H K H , me cocpe.noroseHu ocnoanbre p a 6 0 r ~ no co3nannm IIpOCTpWOqHO- B ~ ~ H B H O A tlnnaparypu. CoepeMe~nbifi man xapa~rep~3yercn nnren- CHBHHM pa3BHTHeM 3f0R OTpaCnH TeXHHKH, XOCTHXeHHeM BHCOKHX

TeXHOJIO~HwCKHX s@@esros, paclunpeHHeM Kpyra pewaeMHx 3anar. 6 y n y q e ~ y HHxeHepy orxpuaaercn mupoxan H Hnrepecnafl O ~ W C T ~ neRT~bHOCTH, ~ o J ~ ~ T O B K O ~ ~ K K o T O ~ O R H CJyXHT ~3yqaeMHR KypC.

r n a e a I TEOPHg B 3 U B 9 A T b l X B E U E C T B

I. IIOHIlTHE 0 B3PblBE H B3PblB'IATblX BEUIECTBAX. BHEPTHII B3PblBHblX IIPOUECCOB. COCTAB B3PblB'IATblX BEUECTB. TEIIJIOTA B3PblBA

BBPHB WHPOXO HCnOnb3yeTCR B HapOnHOM xo3nRcr~e. 3 m Kacaercr Maclu~a6a npHMeHeHHn H xpyra 3898s. peuaeMHx c em nouoqbm. ~ O C T O ~ H H O PaCTyT ~ @ @ ~ X T H B H O C T ~ H o 6 a e ~ ~ TpanHuHOHHHX B3pHB- HHX p a 6 o ~ B npOMHWneHHOCTH ( n o 6 ~ r a none3a~x HcxonaeMHx. c~poa~enbc~ao, reonoropaseenos~~e p a 6 o r ~ H np.), urn, B sacrHocrn. CBR3aHO C JIyqWHM nOHHMaHHeM @ H ~ H K H IIMeHHII. nocnen~ee TaKXe CITOCO~CTBY~T B O ~ H H X H O B ~ H H ~ HOBHX o6nacrefi npHMeseHHn a s p ~ e a H PaCWHPeHHlO BCCOPTHMeHTa B3pHBqaTHX BeUeCTB. BO~HHX~IOT OPH- rHHaJlbHHe HanpaBneHHU HCIlOnb3OBaHHR B3pbIBa. HanPHMeP n0nyqe- HHe MaTePHanOB C 3anaHHHMH @ H ~ H P ~ C K H M H CBO~~CTBBMH, YnpOlHe- tine n ~ n e n ~ A H MHorHe npyrae. Halunn npuuenenne nome TsepnHe, xenxne H ra3006pa3~~e ~ 3 p ~ ~ s a ~ ~ e BeuecTBa, C O ~ A ~ H H opnrananb- Hue rexnonornsecxne c x e m B ~ ~ M B O B , ncnonmyercn He mnbxo XHMU- qt!CKHfi B3pHB. HO H HHHe B3pHBHHe IIPOUeCCH, peqb 0 XOTOPHX no$- net nxxe.

B J ~ H B npHMeHHloT B WHPOXOM nHalla30He TeMnePaT)'P OT -150 no ?OODC ( B uerannyprnn) H naaneHnnx OT BaxyyMa no 150--250 Mna (B C B ~ ~ X M ~ ~ O K H X C X B ~ X H H ~ X ) . M ~ H I ~ ~ T C R MaCCa HCIIOJIbByeMHX 38- pnnos OT COTHX nonefi rpaura no T H C R ~ TOHH, XBK. Hanpnacep, npn . . s s p ~ s e B Meneo npn cojnann~ npo~~eocenesofi nnornn~:

~ D H M ~ H ~ H H ~ BB nDennonaraeT cooTsercrsHe HX nefictsnu cmn-

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Teop~n naer B O ~ M O X H O C T ~ y n p a b n ~ b npoueccauw. n p o ~ e ~ a r o l u ~ ~ w B BB. n~encxa3~aa tb xon H oesvnbrar~ e s o ~ a u a m m noesoalnenun , . . . B sapnnax, npaennbno ouenaearb creneeb' o n a c ~ o c ~ ~ ' o 6 ~ a l s e ~ s n C HHMH B pa3HHX YUIOBHnX, BCTPeYaiOUIHXCR npn p a w ~ a x . Teopnn BB aBeT OCHaBy nnn e ~ 6 o p a OnTHManbHHX H 6e30nacn~x PeXHMOB ncnonmonannn B ~ ~ H B ~ ~ T H X Beqmn. Tonbxo ccHoBbIBancb Ha seT- XOM noHHMaHHH npoueccon a ~ x e ~ e p - r e o @ e 3 ~ ~ noxm mann@nun- pOBaHH0 PyXOBOnHTb npOCTpUOqHO-B3pHBHHMH pa60fa~H, NyllleCTB- nSIeMblMH B CXBaXHHaX.

B 3 p H B o M B W H ~ O X O H c u c n e H ~ ~ O B ~ M 6 ~ c ~ p o e (pn3mecxoe nnn xnunsecxoe npespaqentie neqecrea, npH mmpon nblnensemancn s ~ e p r ~ n xpafine ~ H C T P O nepexonnT B sneprwm cxarun a nenxennn 6

caMoro aeuaectaa. nponyms ero npeepauennn H oxpyxamqefi CpenH. B~PHBY O ~ H ~ H O COIIYTCTBYeT MeXaHHqeCXaR pa6o~a, eMpa- xaroqancn B pa3pyme~11~ H O T ~ ~ ~ C H B ~ H H H oxpyxamuefi cpenu IIpO~yXTaMH B3pHBa. ~ ~ C T C ~ Y H H K H 3HePrHH MOrYT 6HTb pa3n~q~bl: XHMHY~CXHA, nnepnufi. 3nex~p~secx~f i , ynpymro cxaTHn H np. Bo Bcex nepesHcneHHslx npnuepax sunenexne H pean~saunn 3HeprHH Morys IIpOTeKaTb ~ H C T ~ O , H npouecc 6yner HMerb B ~ ~ H B H O ~ XapanTep.

~ P H rrLIepHoM B ~ P H B ~ 3 ~ e p r ~ x BunenueTcn 3a meT PanHoaxTnB- nom pacnana H C H H T ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ H T O B . npn @ H ~ H ~ ~ C X O M B ~ P H B ~ , xom- PHA yxe Hawen npmenenne B reo@e3~xe, pa6ora coaepmaetcn 3a cser 6 ~ c r p o m paclunpennn B oxpyxammefi cpene npeneapnTenbHo CXaTHX ra30B. TOT IIpOIIeCC MOXeT BOBHHKaTb npH BHe3anHOM pa3- pyUreHnH 6anno~a c r a s o ~ , pe3xo~ OTXPHTHH BHxnonrioro OTnepcTHn y euxocru co cxaTHM ra30M. xax, HanpHMep, B nHeeMaTHsecxHx HcrosHHxax ( n u ) , HcnonMyeMrsx npn ceAcuopassenxe Ha axnaro- PHRX, HJlH annapaTe CXBaXHHHOM nHeBMaTH9eCXOM (ACn). C03naH- HOM nnn ~ H C T X H @HJI~TPOB ~erny60x~x. B 6 o n b u r ~ ~ c ~ s e csoeM npo- ~ Y P ~ H H H X Ha Bony CxBaxHH. HYXHO 3aMeTHTb, 9TO IIpHMeHeHHe B R O @ H ~ H X ~ S@@~XTOB @ H ~ H ~ ~ C K O I O B3pHBa HeCOMHeHHO 6ynm pac- IUHPRTbCR. ki~n0nb3yeT~ff H S ~ ~ X T P H ~ ~ C K H ~ ~ Pa3PRlI B Bone- IIpOuecC, C B R ~ ~ H H H R C ~ H C T P H M paCWHpeHHeM npOnyXTOB, 06pa30~a~ur~xcn B 3 o ~ e paspnna. Ann Tornocrn, roeopn o a s p ~ s e . Hano yxas~earb H C T O ~ H H X 3Heprnn - 3nex~p~secmfi, nnepn~fi H np.

BJPHB XapaXTepH3yeTCB XOnHWCTBOM ~hlnennmqeficn 3HePrHH. Unorna s ~ e p r ~ n npouecca sanaercn napaMerpaMn annapaypu, Ha- npuvep y nHeeMaTHsecxnx HCTO~HHXOB pVI(K-l), me p-name- Hue. V - 061.e~ cxarnro ~oanyxa, K- o r ~ o u t e ~ n e TennoeMxocTH ra3a npn nocronHHoM nannennw x TennoeMxocrn npn nocronHHor o h e ~ e C,/CV, nnn ~osnyxa pasnoe 1.4. 3 ~ e p r ~ 1 o XHMHsecxHx B3pHB9aTHX BeWeCTB H3MePIIDT B XHnOPmOyJIHX Ha KHnOTpaMM BB.

OCHOBHO~ IlpHMeHeHHe HMeeT X H M H ~ ~ C X H ~ ~ BJPHB, R O T O ~ H ~ H by- ner O ~ ~ ~ X T O M Haurero nsyse~nn. ~ P H XHun'lecKoM B J P H B ~ noTeH- UHanbHan XHMHqeCXaB 3HePrHU B3PHBYaTOrO BeueCTBa B XOne xpafine ~ M C T P O ~ 3K30TepMH9e~X0fi, I l ~ ~ T e H a ~ ~ l e f i C BbUleneHHeM 3HePrHH peaxunn nepexonnt B 3 ~ e p r ~ m c x a w x H HarpeTHx raao~ , B H ~ H B ~ S I B oxpyxam~efi cpene 0co6~fi B H ~ ~ 0 3 ~ y u e ~ ~ n - y n a p ~ y m Bonny. Beqec~Bo HAH C M W H BeUeCTB, C ~ O C O ~ H H ~ X TaXOMY npeBPBUIeHHm, ~ a s ~ s a m r B ~ P H B ~ ~ T H M H . B nanbnefiule~ H ~ A O X ~ H H H , eCnn HeT cne- unanbnofi omsopxe, pesb nneT Tonbxo o X H M H ~ ~ C X H X npenpaqeHnnx a s p ~ s v a r ~ x seuec+s H conyTcTBymqHx HM npoueccax.

rosopn o sap~ne , nocneucn H M ~ ~ O ~ H O H ~ - B ~ ~ H B B ~ B H Y T ~ ~ B . OH yXe HaXOnHT npHMeHeHHe B TeXHHXe. ~ P H HMnn03HOHe IIOABHX- nan oxpyxamuax cpena o6nanam donee BHCOKHM nannenneu, seu can HCTO~HHX, B nonocTb X O T O ~ O ~ ona nonysaer B O ~ M O X H O C T ~ yctpeusrbcn. C x n o n ~ e a ~ n e nonocrw, conposomamqeecs nonume- HHeM B nefi nannennn H B O ~ H H X H O B ~ H H ~ M B O ~ H H , pacnpoctpannro- uleficn B ~ K p y ~ a l ~ u ~ e f i XHnKOCTH, HMeeT MeCTO H npH IlyJIbCaltHH nponyxtos ssphlea B cxeaxnne. IIpoc~eRmnfi npmep nwnnosnona- xnoo6~. ~a6nmnaev~f i npH p a 3 p y m e ~ ~ ~ x o n 6 ~ sne~~pnsecxofi naM-

nu B ~03nyxe (~03nyx y c T p e s n n n e r c f l s ~ y t p b K O ~ ~ H , n W K o f l b K y a ~ ~ o c @ e p ~ o e n a a n e H H e B H u e naanenwn B ee nonow). f i n C K B a X H H c BHCOKHM ~ H ~ P O C T ~ T H ~ ~ C H H M n a e n e H H e M 3 H e p r H n . B m a n m q a s c f l n p H C X n O n H B a H H H nOnOCTH, M O X m 6 H T b 3 H B V H T M b H 0 f i . Obopynosa- we, H c n o n b s y l o q e e s@@ear ~ ~ n n o s ~ o ~ a , yxe H a x o n n r n p H u e H e H w e n p H adorax B CKBBXHHBX.

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~ P H n O A X H r a H H H B 3 p H B 9 a T H e B e W e C T B a r O P R T 38 C 9 e T C O ~ C T B ~ H - H o r o K n c n o p o n a . OHO H n e T co C K O ~ O C T ~ I O OT noneR M H n n H u e r p a no AeCflTKOB M e T p O B B C e K y H n y B 3aBHCHMOCTH O T ~ W O B H ~ , B KOTOPHX ocymec~~nne~cn . H CBOBCTB B e q e c T B a . C POCTOM naanenxn CKOPOCT~ l%PeHHR y B M H 9 H B a e T C f l . I b p e H H e J l e X H T B OCHOBe I IpKMeHeHHR CaMO- C T O ~ T M ~ H O ~ O K n a c c a B 3 p H B Y a T H X B ~ U I ~ C T B - ~ O P O X O B . n p ~ HX cro- P a H H H , 9 6 ~ 9 ~ 0 OCYlUeCTBJlReMOM B CIleUHaJIbHOM O ~ O P Y R O B ~ H H H , H a n p H M e p nymlte, s H e p r H n 06pa3ymqnxcn rases M o x e r ~cnonbao- B a T b C R R n f l M e T a H H H ( B H C ~ p e n ~ B a n ~ f l ) K ~ K O ~ - ~ H ~ O ~ C T ~ O ~ ~ C T B B , n p H M e H H T M b H 0 K p a 6 o r a b 4 , . B H n O n H H e M H M B C K B a X H H a X . - MeTaHHf l nynb B nyneaou nepcjmpa~ope H n H 6oB~a B c r p e n n l o q e M r p y H T o n o c e . npore~an B ~ ~ M K H Y M M o b a e ~ e , ropewe c o n p o e o x n a e T c n poc~ou B H e M n a B J I e H H H . E C ~ H 3 T 0 IIPOHCXOAHT B C K B a X H H e , TO IIpOUeCC MOlKeT C T a T b O C H O B O ~ p a 3 p H B a H n H T ~ P M O ~ ~ ~ O X H M H ~ ~ C K O ~ ~ 0 6 p a b O T K H nnacra, B K o p n y c e n a~epa -necpop~au~x K o p n y c a H enpeccoeusa- HHB er0 CTeHOK H n H 3 n e M e H T O B KOHCTPYKUHH B 06canaylo KOnOHHy.

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ECAH @opnanbno cpasnnaarb Tennory s s p ~ e a BB c rennorofi cropaenn bonburnnc~aa snnoe mnnnsa, TO y nocnennnx ona 6yner bonbme. O c o 6 e ~ ~ o TO 3aMeTHo npn conocTaenennn 3neprnn s 3 p ~ s a BB, HanpnMep rexcorena (5.53 MAmIxr), c sneprnefi, e~nenamueitcn npn cropannn connposoro Macna (46 MJImIxr). HO cropanise connposoro Mama r p e b y ~ , B oTnnsae o r sspuea BB, xncnopon, a OH 6eperca 83 B03AyXa. COOTB~TCTB~HHO 3HePPHII CMpaHHS CTeXHOMeT- pnsecKnx c ~ e c e A connposoro Macna c xncnoponoM H noanyxou co- CTaBHT 10 H 2,8 MAXIKC CMICH. ~ T H UH@PH COnOCTaBHMH C 3neprnefi s 3 p ~ s a xnnorpaMMa rexcorena H name Menbme. TOT @axr, TO B ~ ~ H B - 9aTHe BeqecTBa conepxar BCe H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M O ~ nnn peaxunn, nenaer npocroe conocsasnenne sneprnn s 3 p ~ s a BB H cropannn ropmsnx n e o b o c n o n a n n ~ ~ . Momno yreepmnarb, s r o BB nsnnercn o n n m H 3 nan6onee XOMnaXTHHX CpeACTB TpaHCnOpTHpoBaHHU 3HePrHH B 3 0 H Y ee peann3aunn.

B ra6n. 2 IIpHBeAeHH 3aHMCTBOBaHHHe H 3 Pa3HHX HCTOqHHXOB 3HePrHR B3pblBa, CXOPOCTH AeTOHaUHH H o 6 n e v ~ npOnyXTOB B3pHBa pnna s s p ~ e s a r ~ x seqecrs. 'Ceenenne noaeonnmr nonysnrb nepsoe npencrannenne o csoAneax BB, c XOTOPHMH scrpesamrcn ~ ~ O @ H ~ H X H .

-- ~ a r b nens6emnae norepn. Ann sroro n e o 6 x o n ~ ~ o . n r o 6 ~ xnunsecxan I I I I

( 2. PACSET B3PblBYATblX CHCTEM C 3AIIAHHblM COCTABOM

q r o 6 u onpenennn Tennory s ~ p u s a . nano snara- cocraa BB n npo- AyXTOB B3pHBa. Y MHOrHX 83pHB'IaTblX BeuleCTB APH B3pHBHOM npespaqenxn e nepeym osepenb peannaymrcn r e peaxwn, npn xompux sunennmcn MaxcnMyM 3~eprnn. B Kasecrse npnMepa pac- c ~ o r p n v s e q e n n o snna C.HbN,Oa, xompoe nveeT nynesoA nnn ~ A a 6 0 0 ~ p ~ u a ~ ~ b n ~ f i x n c n o p o n ~ ~ A 6 a n a ~ c (2a+b/2)>d. 3n-b xax

I I I I

sneprernsecKn donee sumnuan nofiner peaxunn coennnennn aono- pona c xncnopono~, Tax xax npn 0 6 p a 3 0 s a ~ ~ n B O ~ H Ha ~ o n b xncnopona sHnennercn 242 XAX 3~eprnn. a npn 06pa3osannn 0,5 ~ o n e A CO* - 198 xAm (rennora 06pa30sannn CO, - 396 x A x / ~ o n b ) . ~ O C K O J ~ ~ X Y 3HeprHR 06pa30sannn CO ewe MeHbme (103 X,@i([MoJIb), peaxunn 06pa30sannn OXHCH yrnepona B naHHoM cnysae He peann- ~ y e ~ c n . llonxon x pacqery 3neprm sspusa, xorna a a n n c ~ e a m ~ c n r e n3 I I ~ O ~ ~ X T O B peaxcunn, o6pa3osa~ne X O T O ~ H X 0 6 e c n e ' l ~ ~ a m Max- c n ~ a n b n ~ f i rennoeofi s@@exr, n a a ~ e a m r n p n H u H n o M M a x c n- M a n b n o A p a 6 o r H. B n e f i c r s ~ ~ e n b n o c r ~ X O H ~ ~ H H R CoCTaB ra- 30s 6ynm HHHM, nocxonbxy nponyxrv e s p ~ e a ( n B ) npn BHCOXHX TeMneparypax H naenennnx H nocnenymqeM paCulHpeHHH nponon- mamr B ~ ~ H M O ~ ~ A C T B O B ~ T ~ H B HHX ycranaBnnsaercn pasnonecne Memny peaxunnvn, nporexamunMn c nonoxnrenbnuM H OTpHUaTWb- HHM TennosHun B@@~XTBMH. I l p n ~ e p o ~ nocnennnx cnyxnt paano- menne C02 n Ht0:

X O , 3t 2CO + Oz (- 586 KAx), 2H,0*2H, + 0, (-484 f i x ) .

Pacrer cocrasa nponyKros espHaa c yrerobc scex @axmpos. neficrnymqnx npn B ~ P H B ~ , nHnonnnercn Ha MBUIHHBX. HO H OH 83-38 o ~ ~ y r c r s n n nocroeepnux nannhlx o npoueccax, nporexaloulnx npn BHCOXHX rewneparypax H narmennnx. He ncerna ornnsaercn nocra- rornofi T O P H O C T ~ ~ . Ha npaxtnxe npn oueHKe rennoeom s@$ex~a sspuea s 3 p ~ ~ r a r u x c~eceA c xncnoponnmi 6ananco~ . ~ J I H ~ K H M K HYAeBOMY, MOXHO IlOJlb30BaTbCII OPHHUHnOM ~ a x c ~ ~ a n b ~ o ~ p a 6 o t ~ .

Ann n p n 6 n n m e ~ ~ ~ x pacseros cncreM, o6nanam11wx cnnbnoo~pn- l(aTenbHHM KHCIIOPO~HHM 6ana~coh1, MOXHO BOCnOJtb3OBaTbCIl MeTO- OM. OcnosannHM Ha npnnunne MaxcnManbnoro o6%eua (JIe LUa- r u b e ) . B~dnpalorcn r e peaxunn, npn x o m p ~ x 06t .e~ nponyxroe nan60nbmnA, npn paenux 06,be~ax npnopnrer m e e r peaxunn c Max- CHManbHHM rennoaslar s@@exsou. npeo6nanamqefi raercn oxncnenne yrnepona no OKHCH yrnepona.

rocn ~onelcynoR O K H ~ H T ~ J I U (4) H ~pe6yescom m n oxnwennn MOAeKyAH B3X- I'OpIOserW ('12.5). IIOJIyUiM HCKoMyr, c~cTeMy ~yneson, K H ~ O ~ O A H O M 6anaHca (4 HOAeKyAH HHrpodenswa Tpe- 6yIOT 4.12,6=60 aTOMOB KUCJIOpOna; 12,5 MOAeKyA qmHpexoKHCH asora ~HnennloT 12,5-4=50 aTOMOB Kncnopo~a). &m odnerse~nn nocneAylOUHX svvncnennR yao6~0 YnpOCTHTb 3anHcb. sm H cpenano B CTpOKe 26. A~anornswa 3aKHCb. UO C Apyl'HMH BeW-aus, cTpoKH 3a n 36. Ilonemo nnn ynpaxneHHn CaMocrosrenbno sanncam H HHHe B O ~ M O X H H ~ cocraBH c ~ e c e a nynenoro slrcnopon~om 6ana~ca ~3 npmenennwx B ra6n. 3 o~ncnn~eneR H I-OPIOYHX.

Pacclrmpnsc KOHKP~THH& cnysaii, Korna cMecb sanatrcn yrasa- nneu npHMeHnernx seluecra H K H W I O ~ O ~ H H M 6anancom. BH~OAHHM y s e 6 ~ ~ R PaCseT COCTaBa 6 n ~ 3 ~ 0 r 0 K BMMOHHTBM H 3 BSpYBqaTOrO BeqecrBa rpowna, HcnonbsyeMom B Kasense ropmsem. H OKHUIH- Ten. - ~ M M H ~ P H O R CWHTpH. YCTYJI~U no B3PHBHbIM XaPaKTepHCTH- Kar ~ p m ~ n y , aMMOHHTM cyuecrseaHo nemesne rpoTHna H 6e3onac- nee B 0 6 p a u e n ~ ~ . kI3ro~asn~namr aMMoHHrH Ha 3anonax, a B CO- CTaB HX BBORUT TeXHOAOPHqWKHe A O ~ ~ B K H , He YrHTHBaeMHe PaCse- TOM. ~ Y C T ~ CMeCb ZOAXHa HMeTb K H U I O P O ~ H H ~ ~ 6 a n a ~ c - 5, T. e. nnU IIOAHOCO OKHCneHHR 100 r CMeCH He XBaTaeT 5 r KHCJlOpOAa.

O r ~ ~ s e u c n OT Henocpenmemoro pemem sana.ra H nocuorpau, c KaKHu ~ w c n o p o ~ ~ r u 6anamcnu UOXHO npmroeHra coeraa, ecnn HcnommBara e n d u x K O Y ~ H H ~ U W I X rpn KounoHemTar repen C. nemK (SiOd R KHWO on (0.). Yrne- pon-mp~oree, Ha oKwcneHme I& r Koroporo ~ p e 6 y m n 100.32/1!-267 r KHMO- pona. Olenosarrnamo. WH sosbueu swcruh ymepon. TO nonypwv uaKcsuammo BOJuOnrHufi Mn KO~6HnaumR STHX BeuecT8 O T ~ H U ~ T M ~ H Y A ~~woponmuil 6ananc -267. Illo6ue cocraeu c u~cnopon~uu 6annsmr or -267 no 0 nonysHr, yUeHb- man conepnranne yrnepona s c v e c ~ or 100 r no 0 H no6asnnn no LOO r a npo- crefimeu aapmamre necKa KaK neureersa. Huemuem Hynesoit x~cnopomuA 6anasc. K~wopon~blR 611111~~ cuecn w 3 50 r yrnepona n 50 r necKa cocraairf -133.5, r. e. -KO rpauuom u~wopona norpebymn nnn oKscnennn 50 r yrnepona. EWE Xe HYIKHU CMeCR C nOnOXHTWibHUU 6 a d a ~ c 0 ~ . TO, MeRRB WAepXLIHMe RRC- nopona a uou611aaulm nacnopon-neco~. uomno nonypmsb w m r r c ~ n c n o p o n ~ u ~ 6ana~colr a 0 no + IW.

C K ~ ~ ~ H H W 8UlW IIOSBOllRFll IIPeMOXHTb nPMTYI0 QeMY PaC'lCTa CY- C 3a- naHnuu nmcnoponHuu 6anamcow. C~asana Haxonnren Yacca KovnoHeHra B ~onm- secrse, onpenenmluer myx~uti K H U I O P O ~ H ~ R 6ananc. - O K I ~ W I H ~ ~ W. ropwsero, B 3aBHCHUWTH OT IIOCT~B~GHHOR 31JIaqH. H K ReR n & ~ l l l l ~ ~ A0 100 P CYecb, muuoman ayne~oR Kncnopomuti 6ananc. Aansoti cxenoR socnonbsyercn H ann PemeRKn nameil 3allsqH.

B H ~ O ~ H H M pacneT CMWH. Ann OKHCAeHHU MOneKyAH TpHHHTpO- mnyona THT ( M O A ~ K ~ A U ~ H H ~ ~ sec 227) ~pe6yeTtn 10.5 aToMOB KHC- nopona: C7H~N&+5,250~7C0~+2,5H&+3N. C o o ~ e e r c r s e ~ ~ o KOAHseCTBO TpHHHTpOTOAyOAa XI, Ha OKHCneHHe KOTOpOI'O nmpe- 6ye~cu 5 r KHcAOpOna, Moxer 6 H ~ b naIineno H 3 IlpOnOpUHH

227 - 5,25.32

(THT) - (Ipe6yemr J-7oPm) x, - 5

Cnenyu cxere, ~ O ~ ~ B H B K 6,76 r THT 100-6,76=93,24 r crtxro- neTpnsecwoii C M W H H 3 TPHHHTPOtOAYOJIa H ~ M M H ~ ~ H O P CWHTpbl, nonys~sc HCKOMHI~ COCTBB.

BHYHCI~HY COAepXaHHe KaXAOrO H J KOMflOHeHTOB, BXOllHl4ilX B 93,24 r c~ex~o~erpnsecxofi cscecn. Onpenenna nonnnecmo ~ncao- pona, sbrnennmqerocn npn p a s n o x e ~ n ~ arcrnas~oR c e n n l p ~ NH,NOp2H,0+2N+0, sannmelc cocras cuecu c HyneBslu -0- ~ O A H H M 6anaHcor

GH,NaO, + 10,5NH,NOa+7C0, + 23,5H20 + 24N.

Torna 227 - 227+ 10S.80

(THT) ( m v ) x, - 93,24

nepexo~r K pacsery cocTasa n p o n y m peaKqnH H cnenyu npHH- qHny M ~ K C H M ~ A ~ H O ~ p a b o t ~ , B IIepBylo Oqepenb OnpeAMHM KOAHse- n s o 06pa3ymmeAcn eoms KaK Ha~60nee suronnoro no nwiennm- 4eRcn sseprnw coennnennn. I l o n c v n ~ a e ~ KonHsecTso eonopona, naxonnqecacn B mploseM H OKHcnnrene, H onpenenesc, c ~ o n b ~ o KHC- nopona norpebye~cn nnn ero owncneiinn. 3 a r e ~ Hafiner ~onnsecrso ~ e ~ s p a c x o n o ~ a ~ ~ o n , Kncnopona (B nalueR sanaqe 1.38 TO MOB) w. cwrar , s m OH Becb pacxonyercu Ha 06pa30sa~ne C01, onpenenrr conepxasee noenenrten, B nponyarax peaxuea. O~piIuarenb~ufi KHC- noponnufi 6ananc npn TOM 6y~eT onpenenmbcn conepnanHen B nponyKrax s s p ~ s a cso60n~om yrnepona. Konnnecreo nocnennem naRne~ KaK p a 3 ~ 0 c ~ b C O A ~ P X B H H ~ ~ yrnepona B ropmseM H mpacxo- noeannom Ha 0 6 p a 3 0 s a ~ ~ e COZ. B oKoHsarenbnoM enne conas npo- AyKTOB B3pHBa O, l17C,~ ,Oa + 0,92N&NO,+ 2,14H,O + 0.67 CO, + 0 , l X i- 2.19N.

npananbnocrb peutennn sanarw nertto npoeepsTb. n o c ~ o n b ~ y nnn nonnoro oxncnexnn on~oro aToMa yrnepona rpe6yerca 32 r KHWO- pona, TO 5 r Kncnopona MOVT OKHUIHTL 5/32=0,156 aroroe yme- pona. &nu npoaepm none3Ho cocsaenrb 6anaHCbI snestesros, exonn- uwx B npaeym H nesym sawn ypaanennn.

W M ~ R HCXOAHHe KOMROHeHTH H COCTaB IIpOnyKTOB PeaKuHH. MOX- I7

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p e a K u H H . Ho M o n e K y n H H a s i i H a m T p e a r H p o e a T b mrna, K o r n a HM coo6lua10r n O n O n H H T e n b H y m 3 H e p P H m ( ~ H ~ P ~ H K ) B K T H B ~ U H W ) , H W ~ -

X O ~ H M Y I O nnn n p H B e n e H H n HX B p e a ~ r / ~ o ~ ~ o c n o c o 6 ~ o e c o c m f l n u e . E c n H o H a ~ e 3 ~ a r u ~ e n b ~ a , TO a K T H B H s l x M o n e K y n 6yne~ M H o r o . H BB 6yner o6nanarb HHSKOA C T O A K O C T ~ ~ . Pa3noxe~ne B H e M nofiner BHCTPO. npoqeccy c n o c 0 6 c ~ B y e T 06pa30sanne n p o n y K m B paanoxe- HHfl, YCK0PflH)LUHX PeaKUHK).

~ T O ~ H nOHUTb P O n b 3 H e P r H H aKTHBaUHH, I l p e P C T a B H M cede nHX- H t i K a A uaccofi G, cronurero H a rope BHCOTOR h. n o r e ~ u n a n b ~ y m 3 ~ e p r ~ m n H x H H K a Gh, KOTOPYIO OH nonysen, 3a6panur~cb H a ropy, M O X H O C p a B H H T b C I I O T ~ H U H ~ J I ~ H O ~ ~ 3 H e p r H e k B 3 p H B a . Ho, K a K C n e - n y e T ~3 PHC. 1, n H x H H K , n n n T o r o s ~ o 6 ~ c a e x a T b c ropH. nyxnaercn B 3 a T p a r e nononn~~enb~of i 3~epsnn GAh. K o m p a n no3mnn~ euy npeononerb 6apbep. o~nennmqnfi n n o q a n q or clcnosa. Y BB T a K H M 6apbepo~ flBnfleTCfl 3 H e p r H f l BKTHBBUHH; n H U b n p a o 6 p e ~ a f l ee, stone- K y n a CTaHOBHTCfl ~ ~ ~ K U H O H H O C ~ O C O ~ H O ~ ~ . K ~ K )' n H X H H K a Y C n m H e M c n y c K a c ropu R B n n e T c n n p e O p D n e H H e capbepa, T a K H y BB ycno- BHeM o c y q e c T , B n e H H n p e a K U H H dyner c o o 6 q e ~ ~ e monexyne s ~ e p r ~ n aKTHBaUHH. o H a BHUIe , T e M M e H b l n e BepOflTHOCTb T O W , ' I T 0 n p R c n y q a h H 0 ~ noneone 3~1eprnn B pesynbrare ynapa, T p e H w n n n ~ npy- r H M I IyTeM BO3HHKHYT H e X W a T e A b H H e B 3THX YCnOBHflX r O p e H H e H n H B 3 p H B . n 0 ~ H f l B n b l X H H K a H a n P O M e X Y T 0 9 H Y I O nnOIUal lKj ' (nono~e- H n e , n o ~ a 3 a ~ ~ o e n y ~ m ~ p o ~ ) , sro asanorusno H a r p e s y sapnna BB. MH y n p o q a e M nnn H e r o Y C ~ O B H R n p e o n o n e t t n f l bapbepa, a npme- H H T ~ J I ~ H O K BB y M e H b u r a e M sneprwm. ~eobxonnuym n n f l ocyurecrsne- HHfl P e a K U H H .

C p e n ~ ~ f i ypoeens ~ H ~ P ~ H H , KOTOPOR p a c n o n a r a m T M o n e K y n H BB B O ~ H ~ H H X YCJIOBHflX, M H O W H H X e 3 H e P r H H a K T H B a U H H Ea. H H B Y e seuecrso H e uorno 6~ X p a H H t b c n . HO p e a K u H f l 80 B ~ ~ H B ~ ~ T O M B e u r e -

21

m e nocronnno snm. 3m 06nesnercn reu, sto WnfSb~He mone- I P ~ ~ K ~ H H , npoTeKamwe a BB npH xpanennn, KaK y~as~eanocb , KynH cnoco6n~ R B 3 1 H X YUlOBHlX nWly'IaTb nOCTamqIiym 3HeprHIO. ~ 0 r y T COnpOBOX~aTbCR IIOSBAeHHeM XHMHWCKH aKTHBHHX IIPOnYK- Yscno TamX vwelryn pennrnsaercn c pocmrc s yvensmaescn cnoco6e~x ycKopnTb p a 3 n o x e ~ ~ e . K HHM. B racrHocTn, OTHO- c noHHxenHeu teuneparypH. ripe vo~oacmexynnp~otl peaKqnH1 ee cn~cfl oKHcnH a30~a. Anu n o ~ a n ~ 3 a u ~ ~ HX npenwm neficrsnn c ~ o m - r s c n o rwelryn BB. npopearspoeasunrx a enn~suy npe- K nopoxaM. e cocTae KOTOPHX B X O ~ R T Hastmesee C T O ~ ~ K H ~ n 3 , n p a ~ ~ s - Yens, 6yn- nponopmoHanbsa KoscraHre c~opocm npouecca M H qeCKH npnMenneuHx BB - H H T P O ~ @ H ~ H , npH H J ~ ~ B J I ~ H H H Ha sasone KoiiuenlPa4iH ~ o n e ~ y n a: no6aenamr C T ~ ~ H ~ H ~ ~ T O ~ H (~anpnuep, ~ H @ ~ H H ~ ~ M H H ) , neficrrse

dmlm = Ma = aBexp(- E,/RT). (1-1) r e B- n p e n 3 ~ c n o ~ e ~ w l a n b ~ ~ i t YHOXHTM~; R - rasosan ~ O C T D R H -

Man; T - terneparypa. C o o ~ a e r c r s e ~ ~ o e c n ~ peaxqxu conpoaox- naerea aslnenenselc renna, m en, Kwsnemso 6ynm nponopunoeanb- no c~opocm peaKms a uacce sapsma. Co sperrenew lrosueHrpauKn seqecraa, ocramqemcx B obaeue. nanam, IIOCKoJIbKy qaCTb em ycnesaet npopearwposarb. H asn te sepy-~sswl ry HYXRO S H ~ T L . KaK 310 ace CKaXaR Ha npRMeHeHHH BB. B I I ~ ~ K T R ~ ~ c K o ~ ~ AenTenbHOClH eMy, B03MOXHO. HeOnHOKpaTHO IIpHAercR CTaJIKHsaTbCn C HCnOnb30- saHHeu BB s ycnossnx eHcoKHx reuneparyp, cyqemsylom~x s my- 60mx H@TRHHX. ~ ~ ~ D B H X H reofepuanbnwx cmamnax. 3111 sonpocsr pa36~pamrcn npn ~ 3 y q e ~ s ~ rennosoro s s p ~ s a BB.

Paccuo~pwm xpanesne 6mbruofi maccu BB ria cnnanax npH o6un- HHX TeMnepa7ypax. Aaxe npH rex uanux cKopocrnx peaKunr. KOTD- pble orsesamr ycnoswaM xpanennn, OHO 6yner conposomarbcn eblnenenHeM renna. Tenno orsonsrcn s orpyxamnrym cpeny, rro BO3MOXHO -KO npH nepenane Teuneparyp. BB. Haxonnueecn e wra6ene, o c o 6 e ~ ~ o B em ue~rpanb~ofi racrn. orlryna O T B O ~ renna an donee sarpynne~, HMeeT 6onee e ~ c o ~ y m re~neparypy, seM oepy- XaloUaR Cpena. ~ P H npaBHnbH0 OpraHH3OBaHHOM CKnanHpOBaHHH pa30rpW dynes HaCTOnbKO He3HaUHTMbHHM. YTO DpaKTHqeCKH He YCKOPHT p a a n o x e ~ ~ e seqecrsa, nocKonbKy Tennooreon B orcpyxam- qym cpeny cpaay npenucer rennonpnxon. Ho xpaHeHHe 6onbmex wacc BB B ycnoaenx, Korna ynenbnan nosepxnocrb (noeepx~omb. npsxonnu(ancn Ha enHHHuy maccu) Mana H Tennooreon a a r p y n ~ e ~ (bmbmofi luTa&b, K Y Y ~ ) , C TOqKH 3peHHB BO3MOXHOCTH CBMOBOC- nnamenennx scerna 0-nacsee, seu e OrpanHreHHhlx no pa3mepy. xopoluo seHtHnspyeacHx mra6enax. Heaep~an o p r a ~ ~ 3 a u ~ n xpase- HHn B3PblBWTbIX BeUeCTB H ~ 3 n W l ~ f i H 3 HHX M O X I T IIpHBeCTH K HX caMosocnnaMeHeHHm. B E ~ H H H X npa.nsnax ~ ~ J O I I ~ C H O C T H npH sene- HHH B~PHBHHX p a w (En6) - OCHOBHOM noKyueHre. onpenennlouev 06paqen~e co B ~ ~ H L I ~ ~ T H M H marepnanaun, IIOpUltOK pa3~eure~sn BB Ha crennaxax H s mra6enax pernaueHTiiposaH c y s m w BTHX rpe6oaa~nfi. Aaxe npn xpaHeHns 6onbtuex Konssema ~ e a s p ~ e s a - TUX, HO mpmrnx MaTepaanos. HanpHMep yrnu MH mp@a, B 3atpy~- HeHHHX YUlOBHRX TeIlnOOTBOna MOWT BO3HHKHYlb Y m U l CaMOBOC- . nnsreHeaHu, e c n ~ xpanenne nnoxo opra~n3osa~o s He KOHTPO~R-

PYe"=..

I M o &t o M o n e I n n p EI o B a a ~ u s a m paunmo. ma ocymsrsrmnn ram- poB H y m n oma MMuyna.

-- KOTOPHX OCHOBaHO Ha ~ H M H ' ~ ~ C K O ~ ( H ~ R T ~ B ~ H ~ ~ U H H 06pa3ymu~xcn aKTHBHHX BeWSTB.

M 3 BCex BB, HCnOnb3yeMHX ~ ~ O @ H ~ H K ~ M H RJIR pa60T a CKBaXH- Hax. H8~60nbUIyiO OIIaCHOCTb, C TOYKH 3peHHR W ~ O X H ~ H H ~ ~ npH Xpa- Hems, Moryr npencraenntb HeKoropHe copra nopoxos, O C O ~ ~ H H O eCnH OHH XPaHHnHCb M H T W b H O H a 60JIbIIIHx KOJIH'IeCTBaX.

Z1~06bl 0 6 e ~ n e ' I ~ ~ b deaonaceocrb XpaHeHHn, BB nonxHH nepxo- nwsecws, sepe3 ycranosnennue npoMexyTwH spemean, nposepnrbcn Ha XHmHrecKym C T O ~ ~ K O C T ~ . ilocnen~ee sHnonHneTcn B cneusanbnvx na6oparopsnx. pacnonaramwx H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M H M 060pynosa~~eu. ~ ~ C T O T ~ Il OBWleHHfl KOHTpOnbHHX aHanH308 3aBHCHT OT THna H CO- cronnnn B&. B npaKrHKe npouwcnomx p a h r H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M O C T ~ e 3roM acrpeqaercn penrco. I lps HanHsHn Ha cmane ~anocrofi~oro nponyltra H ~ X H O CTasHtb nepen anm~~i icrpau~ef i sonpoc o ero 6~ctpeRrnew HCnOJlb30BaHHH, eCnH 3 T 0 ewe 803MOXH0, HJIH YHH4MXeHHH.

Ecnw BB cMeceeoe H cocronr H 3 OKHCnHTMfl H I'OPIO'lerO, TO a onpenenennux ycnoasax, HanpHMep a npncyrcrsHn son^, mexny KOMnOHeHTaMH MOXIT ,803HHKHYTb PeaKUHX, npHB0AflWas K o6paso- sasnm 6onee onacnux s 0 6 p a q e n ~ ~ H sucoKoryecrawrenbHHx coens- H ~ H H B . B3pussa~hle seqecrsa. B TOM rncne H HHnHsHnyanbHble. Moryr pearnpoearb c MaTepHanamH O ~ O J I O ~ ~ K , naKaMH, a a m a a ~ a ~ n , H peaKuuu cnoco6su npHeonHrb K 06pa30sa~~m 6onee onacsHx B o 6 p a q e ~ ~ ~ BeqecTs. HanpHMep. npH a s a ~ ~ o n e k c w ~ w s s p ~ e s a r o m BeUeCTBa - nH~pH~080fi KHUlOTbl CsHtN& - C COenHHeHHsHH CBHH- ua Moxer 06pa30earbcx shlcoKoryscrsHrenbnoe onacnoe coenHHeHHe ~ H K ~ H H O B O ~ ~ KHCnOTH - IlHKpaT CBHHUa.

C~asannoe no3sonaer no no fir^ K paccmorpeHHm Tennosoro s3pu- sa ~apnnos BB, ~ o r o p ~ f i Moxer cnyr~rbcx n p ~ xpanennn, nepe- BO3Ke H IIPHMeHeHHH BB H x3nennfi H 3 HHX.

Teop~n Tennosoro eapuaa pa3pa6o~a~a B COB~TCKOM Come H. H. C ~ M ~ H O B H M , A. A. O ~ ~ H K - K ~ M ~ H ~ U K H M , a B nocnenme ronu A. r. Mepxanosac~ H npyrnmn HccnenoaarenamH. 60nbluHe Hccneno- sanas no ~ c n o n b s a s a ~ ~ m BB npH eucoKnx TeMnepaTypax H name- H H ~ X sHnonHHn JI. A. UIH~HUHH.

Yxe roeopsnocb, TO npH n m 6 ~ x ycnosnnx xpaHeHHn so n3pus- qaTOM BeUleCTBe HAeT peaKUHU. Y HalueA!JlHX IIpaKTHqeCKOe npHMe- Hentie H TeM donee y T ~ P M O C T O ~ ~ K H X BB c~opocrb ee npn O ~ H V H H X TeMneparypax ~ e s ~ a s ~ r e n b ~ a . Aaxe npri nnntenbnou xpaHeHuH penm cnysas, Korna p a a n o x e ~ ~ e BB HasHHaer cyqec7senHo snnnrb Ha ero caoRcrsa H ~ a r p y n ~ n e r ~cnonbsoea~we. M ~ a n KapTnHa Ha6n1onaercx npH 3HaqHTf2JIbHOM HarpeBaHHH BB, IIoCKOnbKy CKO- PoCrb X H M H ~ ~ C K O P peaKuHs c noshlmenHeM TeMneparypw Ha 10°C

sospacraer B 2 - 4 pasa. Ha 10Oo-na HecKonbKo nopsnltos. Po reslneparypu npHeonnr x ycxopenum p e a r u n n yaenHsennm nprrxona. OH moxw npesuclcrb Tennoorson s orrpyxamqym coanas y c n o s ~ n nnn caMosocnnarenenHn. Harpee sapma no nenennom npenena, nro woxer 6urb npn cnycxe ~ s n e n n n s cwaa XHHy, YBWHsHBaW BepOUTHOCTb B03HHKHOBeHHU TennWOrO B3pHB

~ O ~ H ~ X O M H Y C U C OnHTaMH no H3YqeHHK) TennOBOFO B3P s3pussatux BeqecTs.

~ O M ~ ~ T H M ~HnH~npHsecXHfi 3ap.n H 3 ~ c n b l ~ y e ~ o m BB n He venee nsyx e m nuamwpos (nanb~eRmee ynnunenne He cKa

TeMnePaYpOA XHJIKOCT~. Kompan 6 ~ n e r orblsatb e m co scex CTODO (PHC. *,a): P~CXOP. XHIIXOCTU sd3bMeM TBKHM, P W ~ H Harpeis oxnaxnenue sapuna npamnsecKH He snHnnH 6 u Ha ee TeMneparyp O n n o e p e m e ~ ~ o 6yner ~ s ~ e p n r b TeMnepaqpy 3apnna. C x e ~ a r n s e n s ~ e ~ e n n e reuneparypu BB T sa s p e m T B nepeoM onure ~ 3 0 6 xeno KPHBOR 1, (PHC. 2.6). rne ysacroK 019- eperrn BC-caropasorpes sapnna, 3a ~ o r o p u v cnenyer no oxnaxnenue en, no rernneparypu oxpyxamuefi cpenu; TI - parypa x w x o e m , npH xoropoA npoeonurcn onur.

n o s ~ m a ~ reacneparypy ntnn~ocTn, B xompok naxonnrcn 3apun. no T* ( K P H B ~ R 2, sropofi O ~ H T ) , JJOCTHraeM X P H T H ~ ~ C K O R TeMnepa- rypu rennoeom espusa nannoro sapuna, T. e. TOR M H H H M ~ ~ K H O R : TeMneparypu oepyxamuefi cpenu, npu xolopofi sapnn 13 KonKper- nom B B K O H K P ~ ~ H ~ X p a s r e p o ~ H +opmu - B s a n a ~ ~ w x ycnosnnx TennooTBona v x e CaMomnnarnelineTcn. Crnucn more onpenenennu . 3 a ~ m s a e r c n B TOM. TO .uocrHrHy'ran TeMneparypa, npnsonnqan x CaMosocnnaraenenHm n p ~ M n ~ n ~ a n b n o f i ( K P H T H ~ ~ C K O ~ ~ ) TeMnepa- Type oxpyxammep cpenu, sasncw tie ronbxo o r csof ic~s BB, xaccu sapnna, onpenennmux rennonpuxon, HO H o r rennoorsona, onpe- nennesrom ynenbnoR nosepxnocTbm sapnna, s a e ~ c n u e f i OT e m @OPMH. Cpaannre, HanpnMep. nosepxnocm m n ~ o f i nnacrHnKn H mapa HnH nsa c@epnsecnwx sapnna pa3~0R maccm Y nocnennnx c pocrorn raccu ycnosnn oreona Tenna yxynmamrcn, nocKanbKy ynenbxan IIOBePXHOCTb YMeHbIUaeTCII B OTHOUTeHHH fdfg, m e 11 H 12-cOOTaeT- CTsenno p a n ~ y c u Menbuero H 60nbmer0 sapnnos.

Ha Hasanbnor mane onwra (CM. PHC. 2.6) nnn r p ~ e o f i 1 no uo- Menra apernenu, orrereanom T O ~ K O R 19, renno, nepenaeaernoe o r o ~ u e a m u e f i xenxocrn, Harpeeaer sapnn. O n ~ a x o . Hasnuan c 9 ~ o m MoMenra, @YHXUHH oxpyxamqefi cpenu uenumTcn. ona Hasnnaer O T B O ~ H T ~ renno OT aapnna, nocKonbKy rernneparypa nocnennem 3a cser cauopa3orpesa 6yAe~ npesumarb reMneparypy xnnlcocrn. n o r e p e pocra revneparypu sapnna c ~ o p o c ~ b peaKuHH yaennw- eaeTcn. M ~ K C H M ~ ~ ~ H ~ R CKOpOCTb H OnHOBPeMeHHO M ~ K C H M ~ ~ ~ H H & rennonpuxon nocrwramn B MqKe C. HO napannenbno pacxonyercn BB, H x 3WMY MOMeHv 3H89HTMbHaU e m W C T b pasnaraercn. H3-3a YMeHblUeHHU MBCCH BB TennOnPHXO~ IIOCTeneHHO H89HHaeT YMeHb- lnarL.cn H rernnepaqpa sapnna nanaer. B nanb~eRmern ocrarxn 3a-

puc. 2. Uame~e~He revnepatypu sapnna s o Puc. 3. Cootnoure~me Tenno- 8 p e . e ~ ~ B s a a ~ c ~ m o n ~ o t ~emnepatypu np~xona H rennoot~ona o~pyxamuleR cpenu T y espuaqatux seuleera npm

pasnux reunepaTypax H y a o -

pnna oxnaxnatorcn no TeMneparypu xwn~ocru , B K O T O P ~ M OH noMe- men. n p n ~ p ~ r n s e c ~ o k x e TeMneparype TX (~pwaan 2) B peaynbrare cauopasorpesa BB ycnesaeT socnnamennTbcn H sarope~bcn.

K p w ~ ~ s e c ~ o f i TeMnepa-rype T* coorseTcrsyeT ceofi nepnon H W ~ K - qnn CaMoBocnnaMeneHnn sapnna. T ~ K H M o6pasom. MOXHO rOBOpHTb o C B ~ ~ W KpHTnqecKnx s ~ a s e ~ n f i nnaMeTpa, rernneparypu H nepnona H H ~ V K ~ H H CaMoawnnaMeHeHHn KoHKpeTnoro sapxna e onpenenennux

me nepeon H H ~ ~ K ~ H H ' C ~ M O B O C ~ ~ ~ M ~ H ~ H H ~ aapnna. B p e ~ n HHnyKUHH MOXeT 6 ~ T b 3HaqHTenbHblM. T ~ K , Y 3apUAOB H 3

@ p e r ~ a ~ n s w p o a a n ~ o r o reKcorena nuaMerpoM 50 M M npH K ~ H T H ~ ~ ~ K O R TeMnepaType 150°C ono nopnnlta 250 s, y sapmos ~3 Tor0 x e BB, HO nHaMeTPOM 20 MM YMeHbUaeTCR no HeCKOnbKHX 9aCOB npH KPHTH-

. . npuxon H TennooTson y sapnna B xone onblTa.

n n c u n n ~ u v CKOnOCTb DeaKUHH OTHOCHTCR K enunnue Maccu neue- - - - -. . -. . -. . I ----r - - - r

CTBa, o614ee KOnHqeCTBO ~ e n n a , BunenneMoe s a p n n o ~ , 6yner onpe- nWnTbcn ero Maccofi. kicnonb3yn @ o p ~ y n y (I .]) , m a n CXOPOCT~ npouecca, ~ennoeofi 3 @ @ e ~ r peaKqHn. ~ H ~ P ~ H K ) aKrnsauHH. TeMne- parypy H Maccy sapnna, M O ~ H O BusHcnHTb rennonpwxon. Ha PHC. 3 KpHeoir I n o ~ a s a n ~ehnonpwxon 3a creT X H M H ~ ~ C K O ~ ~ peaKunn, npn- M U M H 2, 3, ~ - T ~ ~ ~ O O T B O ~ B OKpyxatouym cpeny npn p a s ~ u x ee

rne q- ~ o n ~ s e c ~ ~ o orsonHMoro Tenna; K- KOS@@HQH~HT Tenno. nepenasu; AT - p a 3 ~ 0 c ~ b TeMnepaTyp Mexny nosepxnocrbm sapnna F H O K P Y X ~ B W ~ ~ cpenok; r-BpeMn; Tj, T,, Ts-re~neparypa 0Kpyxalo~ek c p e n ~ B pasnarx onwax.

Xapan~ep cooTHoureHnn Tennonpnxona H Tennmona c ynemM yMeHbltleHHn MaccH BB sa cser em pasnoxen~n onpenenneT pasew- m e npouecca B sapnne so spemenn. OT Hero ~ ~ B H C H T . CaMosmnna- MenHTcn sapnn Hnn neT. n p n ~ a n 2 cooTseTcreyet OrpaHHseHHOMY pasorpesy T, aapnna, He conposoxnalouernycn caMosocnnarneHeHHeM, npnMate 3.4- pasorpesy TJ c caMoeocnnaMenenHeM.

KO~@@HLIH~HT Tennonepenasw or sapnna B OKpyXactaroUyD cpeny OnPWenflWCfl TaHreHCaMH YmOB HaKnOHa npUMUX 2, 3, 4. C H3Me- HeHHeM em H3MeHSeTCX TeDnooTBOA. ~YHKTHPHUMH nPIIMUMH nOKa- 3 a n ~ ~ 0 3 p a c ~ a n ~ e rennooteona ( n p n ~ a n 3'). HanpHMep 3a cseT yse- nH9eHHR CKOPOCTH ABHXeHHfl 0MU~a~)~ le f i 3apfla XHnKOCTH, H YMeHb- ruetine em ( n p n ~ a n 3") c npeKpaueHweM more nsnxenun. B nep- BOM - KpnTHsecKan Teuneparypa Tennosoro s s p ~ s a 6 y n e ~ 60nb~e. so smpoM - Menme. ~ T H M H O ~ % R C H R ~ T C I I TO. TO naDaMe+Du Ten- nosoro ~ 3 p ~ a a sapnna onpenennmTcn nnn KonKpernux ycnos~k TennooTsona.

T ~ K H M 06pa30~. msopn o TennoeoM s s p ~ e e sapsna, MU ~ 0 1 1 3 ~ -

BaeM ero c TennonpHxonoM, onpenenneMuM Maccofi H XHMHseCKHMH c s o k ~ e a ~ ~ BB, H TennoorsonoM, onpenensemm p a s ~ e p a ~ ~ n @op- ~ o f i sapnna H YC~OBHXMH, B KOTOPUX OH HaXOPHTCfl.

B Teopwn rennoeoro e s p ~ a a paccMarpnsamrcn ycnoenn ca~opaso- rpesa 3apflna 38 cseT Tenna, ahlnennmuemcn npH X H M H ~ ~ C K O ~ pearc- UHH, npo~e~actaroutek B HeM, c yseToM C B O ~ C T B BewecTsa. oTsona renna B OKpyXamwym cpeny, TennonpoeonnocTH BB H napauerpos Tenno- aoro nonn sapnna. Pacse~nue @opMynsl nonysamr npn coaMecTnoM PeWeHHH y p a ~ ~ e ~ ~ f i XHMHsecKofi KHHeTHKH H TelInOnpOBOnHOCTH. P a c s e ~ u sunonnnmcn Ha sbrsHcnHTenbnUx MarunHax, pnn nannux, s a ~ n a n ~ e a e ~ w x a nporpawy, nonysamr ~3 sKcnepHMeHTa.

P ~ C C M O T ~ ~ H H H ~ MeXaHH3M CaMOBOCnnaMeHeHHfl. KOrAa O C H O B H O ~ ca~opasorpee wMeeT Mecro a uenTpe sapnna, orpanusen ero paare- p a w H tearneparypok. Ecnn p a s ~ e p ~ sapnna a n a s n r e n b ~ ~ H TeMne- parypa sblcoea, TO uoxer 6 u ~ b nonxnranne BB no M ~ X B H H S M Y Ten- nosoro e s p ~ e a . B nepn@ep~Anok sacsu, nporpesae~ok s nepsym osepenb, HasHw 6uc~p0 pa3s~sa~bcn ca~opasorpes, npHseM orson Tenna so BHppeHHnm, ewe He nporpefym sacrb aapnna 6ynm TOP- MOBHT~ npouecc.

Moxer cnysnrscn TaK, sro IIPH nepexone K HHOMY no Macce H p a s ~ e p a ~ aapnny BOSHHKHYT TPY~HOCTH c OnpenenemieH rpanuq er0 IlPHMeHeHHfl H3-3a OTCYTCTBHR H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M H X 3KCnePHMeHTanbHHX BBHHHX. n p e 0 ~ 0 n ~ b HX MOIKHO C IlOMOUblO HOMOrPaMMU, IIPHBeBeH-

nnn s ~ o r o BB no Hovorpauur dnpeneniercn neprron H H ~ ~ K ~ H H - ~ CaMosocnnaMeHenHfl sapnna B ~ ~ B H C H H O C T H OT em nnaverpa d H TevneparypH cpenH. Hanpe~ep. 3apm n3 P P r 2 maMmpoM 20 MM

BocnnaMeHmcn sepes 3 s npH TeMne- paType 170°C. Peltlan nono6~ym sana- 4YY

qy nnn npyrnx BB. MOXHO nocnonbm- 2w BaTbCR TeM. 920 ~ e n n o @ n 3 ~ s e c ~ ~ e H 140 KHHeTHseCKHe C B O ~ ~ C T B ~ T ~ ~ M O C T O ~ K H X BB ~ J I H ~ K H MeXny co6oR, H XOn H30- 80 ~epM HHX HSMeHHTCR He3HaqHTenb-

w HO, e U l H Ha HOMOrPaMMe OHH 6ynyr CO- 0rsescTseHno CMeweHbl. Ann nocnen- Hero H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M ~ 3KCIlepHMeHTanbHaa TOsKa, csns~samuan nepson H H ~ Y K U H H H TeMnepaTypy caMoeocnnaMeHeHHn on- nor0 ~3 sapnnos ~3 HHTepecymwero nac eewecrea. Hanpn~ep. ~ s e e c ~ n o . 0 3 5 7 m sro sapnn ~3 ~ e u e c ~ ~ a X I L W ~ M ~ T P O M put. 4. H~~~~~~~~~ onpe. 40 MM no TexnHsecKoMy nacnopry m e - acnenun nepuona H H ~ ~ K ~ I I H

er ~ e ~ n e p a s y p y ~ ~ H M ~ H ~ H H R 200°C. e a ~ o s o e n n a ~ e ~ e ~ ~ n sapnnos ma 3r0 3 ~ a ' l ~ ~ . sro OH coxpanner csom pasHw nsaMwB Hsorepvu im s 180% mnmrns pa6o~ocnoco6~onb nocne 6 s ~ a r p e - ham,,. r,,e -nw,,sneA,,,,wm ea npH 200°C H He caMosocnnaMenn- o n W ~ 6m.m ~ u a ~ ~ eTca s TeseHHe 24 s n p e 6 ~ s a n ~ n B cpene c wok ~e~neparypoR. Bsrnonn~e cooTaeTnBymuee nocspoeeee. nonysHM ~ 3 0 6 g a x e ~ ~ y m Ha PHC. 4 T O ~ K Y B. ZIepes nee npoxonsr HaorepMa 147 C. Ho nocKonbKy MU pacnonaraeM s ~ c n e p ~ ~ e ~ ~ a n b - H U M H naHHHMH 0 TOM, PTU RJlR BeuleCTBa X Wpe3 HafineHHylo TOW KY nOnXHa npOXOilHTb HWTePMa 20O0C, TO MOXHO, nOAHUB TeMne- parypy scex H ~ O T ~ P M Ha 53'C (200-147). nonpHTb H O B Y ~ HOMO-

rpaMMy, HO yxe nnn eeqecsaa X . Ho~orpauMa He s a ~ e ~ n m pesynb- TaTOB TOsHHX H C C ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H H ~ ~ . HO OHa CyUeCTBeHHO YnPOUIaeT BHIIM- HeHHe OUeHKn T ~ ~ M O C Y D ~ ~ K O C T H 3apnL(OB. H3MTOBneHHUX H 3 HOBHX, Henocrarosno urnpo~o H S ~ ~ H H H X BB.

Ann sapnnos bee cnoxnok @OPMH. B qacTnocTH K Y M ~ ~ R T H B H H X , JI. A. UIH~HUHHHM npennoxesa cxeMa pacseta, no3sonnmulau O C O ~ ~ H H O C T H @ o p n ~ ~ 3 n e n ~ n nnn onpenenennu napasrmpoe em npH- Menetinn npH noemuentitax Teuneparypax. OH npennoxiin Memn HaXO]KneHHfl BHaMeTPa UHnHHnPHqeCKOIY) 3apnna H 3 3TOm Xe BB O J I H H ~ K O B O ~ C KyMYnRTHBHHM 3aPUnOM T ~ P M O C T ~ ~ H R ~ H O C T H H Owe- neneHHn Tearnepasypeux rpannq npnareneniin Kyuynnrnsnom sapnna. H c n o n ~ o a a ~ ~ e Merona a n p o x s ~ o n c r s e ~ ~ ~ x ycnosunx nonaroqno CnOXHO. \

Cyuecrse~no BnHnmr Ha ~ e p n ~ l r o f i ~ o c r b naanense, neficraym- wee B cKsaxHHe, H csofimsa cpenu. n a s n e n ~ e saxno MU sapnnos. KonTa~Tnpymq~x co C K B ~ X H H H O ~ X H ~ K O C T ~ ~ . Hanpnxep npmenne- M U X B ltlamesnbtx mpnenax TUIT. Kan npaemo, no Mepe em poma no 5 Mna s e p ~ o e ~ a 6 ~ n b ~ o c r r b nanaez Ha 20-30°C. nocne s e w npo- lleCC cra6nn~3~pyescn. M ~ K C H M ~ ~ ~ H O CHHXaeTCU ~ e p M m k K ~ T b Y sapnnos nsauwpou &I0 mu. @sansecme H xrrvrcnecKse c ~ ~ f i c r s a CKsax~n~oB X H ~ K O C T ~ C K ~ ~ H B ~ I O T C U Ha ee pacraopnmulefi cnoco6- HOCTH H B ~ ~ H M O ~ ~ ~ C T B R H c BB H nponylrravw ero pa3noxennn.

K ~ K OHH - O P P ~ H H ~ ~ H H O I IPOHHKatoT B rny6i 3apflna. O C H O B H ) ~ ~ ~ Hrpaez mna. Ho Bonpoc TOT naneKo He ~ 3 y s e ~ . B xone HccnenoB HHR MOTYT 6HTb IIOJlyPeHH HOBble, donee TOsHHe C B a e H H x .

Raxnoe n s n e n u e , n p e n ~ a 3 ~ a s e n n o e nnn ~ p O M H U e H H O r 0 n p m e HeHHfl B YUlOBHRX BHCOKHX TeMnepaTyp. ,XOnXHO n p 0 f i T H COOTBeTCT ByIOUHe HCnHTaHHX. Y x ~ rOBOpHJlOCb. qT0 no IIPHHRTHM ~pe60e H H U M OHO nonxHo sunepxssarb 6 s Harpesa npu peKoMeHnyeM TeMneparype 6e3 3 a ~ e ~ n o r o w s ~ e ~ e ~ u n CEORCTB n 24 s 6e3 c a w o - ~ w n n a ~ e ~ e ~ n n . K o r n a B D ~ M R ~ a x o x n e ~ ~ n saonna B s o ~ e BHCOKHX 1 . . . ~ -

TeMnepaTyp np~6nuxaer6n no ~ ~ H T ~ ~ H O C T H K nepnony n a n y l c s a u CaMOBOCIIJlaMeHeHHU, H ~ O ~ X O ~ B M O YqHTblBaTb , -0 W C T b 3 a p U l l a ycneeaer ~ ~ ~ ~ O X H T ~ C R , H n e f i c ~ ~ n e ~ s p u s a o c n a 6 ~ e ~ . E c n ~ s p e M n er0 H a X O X I l e H H R B 30He B H C O K O ~ ~ TeMnepaTypH COCTaBnReT npH K P H TnsecKnx napaMerpax npuMeHeHnn 0.8 OT n e p w o n a H H ~ ~ K U U U cauo- BocnnaMeHeHnx, n, pasnarae~cn no 20 % BB sapnna. E C T ~ C T B ~ H H O , PTO TaKOe 3HaqHTeJlbHOe YMeHbUJeHHe MaCCbl 3apUna CylueCTBeHHO CKa3HBaeTCfl Ha ~ @ @ ~ K T H B H O C T H HCllOiTb30BaHHB er0 B C K B a X H H e . K p o ~ e Toro, Harpes sapnna Moxer conposoxnaTbcn H J M ~ H ~ H H ~ M em IIJOTHOCTH. 970, B CBOD O'lepenb, cnoco6~o BAHRTb Ha p a 6 0 ~ y H3Ae- J H U , B K O T O ~ O M n p n M e H n e T c n BB, H O C O ~ ~ H H O Ha KT ~ P O ~ H T U I KyMyJInTHBHkJX 3apffnOB.

Y B3pHBqaTHX BeUeCTB HCnOnb3ytoTCfl ABe $ O ~ M H XHMH'ZeCKOm n p e e p a u e i i w n - ropeme H AeToHasen. OHH nonoxeHH B OCHOBY npaKTH'4eCKOrO l I p H M e H e H H n BB. P ~ ~ ~ H ~ ~ I O T C R CKOPOCTflMH paCnp0- crpaHeHnn npespaueHHa no sapnny H M ~ X ~ H H ~ M ~ M H n e p e n a s w Tenna H 3 30HH P e a K U H H K HOBHM IIOPUHRM BeUeCTBa. B OTnHqHe OT neT0- Hasnu r o p e H n e - o ~ ~ o c ~ ~ e n b ~ o MenneHHoe npeapaqeexe, nossonrto- Uee HCnOJlb3OBaTb 3HeprHto CXaTblX ra308, 06pa3ym~unxcn npH CrO- P a H H H , AJISI' COBePUleHHfl H Y X H H X @OPM pa60~b1 6- pa3pymeHHn a n n a p a T y p w , B KOTOPOR OHO OcyqecTBnneTcn.

C K O p 0 C T b to r o P e H H 8 BB Ha3HBa loT CKOPOCTb P 8 C n p O C T P a - HeHnn npeepaqeHHn no s s p ~ a s a ~ o ~ y seqecmy B HanpasneHHn, n e p - I leHnHKyJlUpHOM K IlOBepXHOCTH 3apHna. Ee H3MePRIOT B enHHHUaX nnHHu e ceKyHny ( n n ~ e f i ~ a n csopowb) Hnn B rpastuax a e u r e c r r e a . cropamqero Ha nnoqann B 1 CM= 3a ceKyHny ( ~ a c c o ~ a n CKOPOCTL). K p o m e CKOPOCTH ropeHHn, cyqecTByeT H TaKOe IlOHflTHe, K a K CKOPOCTb n o n x n r a H n n BB. onpenenneuan K a K c~opocrb p a c n p o c r p a H e H H n nna- MeHH n o IlOBepXHOCTH 3apnna. OH^ CyIUeCTBeHHO 60JIbme CKOPOCTH ropeHHn. n o n x n r a ~ ~ e HMem caMononrenbHoe H saxHoe s ~ a s e ~ n e nnx pad or^ MHorHx annapaToa, ~ c n o n b 3 y e u ~ x B cKaaxHHax, BnHneT Ha HX BHYTpeHHlOlO 6 a n n n c ~ n ~ y H k i ~ 0 r n h OnpeAfYIneT YCneUJHOCTb p a 6 0 ~ ~ annapara.

C~opocrb IWpeHHn 3aBHCHT OT X W M H P ~ C K O ~ ~ PeaKUHH. n P O T e K a I 0 - q e f i B BB, H y t x o s n R nepenasn renna HOBHM nopuHflM BeuecTBa,

BcTynatounM a p e a l c u m l o . M ~ M ~ H ~ H K ~ c~opocrn nepenasn Tenna cpasy c~a3k~saercn H a ropeHun BB. Tenno, nocTynatoqee npH ropeHnH K nocnenytomevy cnom BB n nporpesatomee ero, nepenaercn 6naro- n a p n n a w x e H n w , ropasnx rasoe ( K O H B ~ K U H ~ ~ ) , nysencnycKaHum n T e n n o n p o e o n H o c T n no o6onos~e sapnna. 3 a w c K n t o s e H n e M nyseacnyc- K a H w n , nposeccbl nepenasn Tenna cpasHHTenbHo MenneHHue, seM H O n p e D e i l X e T C X CKOPOCTb I'OPCHHR, KOTOPaR B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT yCn0- ~ H f i H CBORCTB BB H3MeHUeTCn OT nonefi MHnJHMWpa no neCUTKOB MeTpOB B CeKyHny.

r o p e ~ n e r a 3 o ~ u x H n ~ n e r a 3 o a u x c ~ e c e f i 803- MOXHO B KOHKPeTHblX IlpeQMaX KOHUeHTPaUHH B HHX OKHCnHTenfl H roptosero. M a ~ c n ~ a n b ~ o e conepxaHne roptosero, npH K O T O ~ O M c ~ e c b eIUe rOpHT, Ha3HBBtoT BepXHHM, a MHHHMaJ lbHOe- H H X H H M n p e n C T O M r o p t o r e c r a . n p e n e n w ~ ~ B H C U T or c s o f i c ~ a cMecH H y c n o ~ n f i , B KOTO- PHX oHa H a x o A m c n (naene~ne. TeMnepaTypa, n w a M e t p cocyna n np.). A O ~ ~ B K H K C M K H MOrYT CHnbHO BnHUTb Ha IIpeneJIH rOptoseCTH. B ~ a 6 n . 6 npHeeneHu npenenbme KoHqeHTpaqnn roptosem nnu He- KOTOPHX ~ ~ ~ O B H X c ~ e c e h .

~ P H ~ J I H ~ O C T R H H X H H X B e P X H H e KOHUeHTPallHOHHHe IlpeneJlH r O P e H H R c ~ e c e h rOplosHX ra3OB C BO3nYXOM CHnbHO pa3JlHPaK)TCfl. CaM KT C y U e C T B O B a H H n npenWlOB CBn3aH C TeM, 9TO 6 0 n b ~ 0 f i H3- 6 b l ~ 0 ~ B CMeCH OAHOrO H 3 KOMnOHeHTOB, B CpaBHeHHH C H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M H M nnFI PeaKUHH, npHBOAHT K TOMY, 970 OH HaqHHam HrpaTb pOnb 6an- nacra, ~pe6ytoqero nnx nporpeea s ~ a s n ~ e n b ~ o f i n o n w Tenna, mne- nntomerocn npH peaKuHn. B C B O ~ osepenb, nnaMeTp cocyna, WHsn Ha TennOBble nOTepH npH rOPeHHH, Tome MeHfleT KOHUeHTPaUHOHHbIe npenenv H CKOPOCT~ p a c n p o c T p a H e H n n nnaMeHH. H:npn~ep, nnn CMeCH MWaHa C B03nYXOM CKOPOCTb P a C n p O C T p a H e H H R ropPHWH B TpY 6ax nHaMeTpoM 2,5 H 10 CM COCTaBJlUeT COOTBeTCTBeHHO 59 H 110 CM/C, TO 06ycnoane~o p a 3 ~ ~ q y n e n b ~ ~ ~ TennomBonoM y BTHX 3 a p n n o n . Ao6aa~n B C M K b n p ~ ~ e c e f i H n H IlpHMeHeHHe HeAOCTaTWiHO sHCTHX HCXORHHX KoMnoHeHToB (x~cnopona c conepxaHnev aso~a , BnaxHoro Bo3nyxa H np.) TaKXe COIlpOBOXl(naW)TCR H3MeHeHHeM KOHUeHTpaUHOH- HblX ilpenWlOB H CKOpOCTH TOpeHHff. ra30Bble CMeCH H a U H UlHPOKOe npHMeHeHHe B HeB3pHBHHX HCTOqHHKaX C ~ ~ ~ C M H Y ~ C K H X K O A e 6 a ~ H f i .

Puc. 5. Cxeua ropeuaa sspblesamx seqecrs Puc. 6. C o o n t o ~ u e ~ ~ e rasonpimona H ra3WTBOBa npn mpeHHH BE

Ecnn nonommeHa ra3oaan n ~ p ~ e s a ~ a n CMeCb B rpy6se, TO npo- nYKTH ClWPaHHR B CHnY TpeHHR 0 CTeHKH BH3HBaK)T HePaBHOMePHOe no cereHHm nswxeewe rasa, conposomnamqeecn ysennseHneM no- BePXHOCTH MPeHHIl H KOnH'leCTBa r838, cropamqero B CelcyHny. Pof'l naanenwn, conposomnamqefi Tartoe ropeawe, Homer npnaecru K neTo. HBUHH. ~ O B H C H B T Y P ~ Y ~ H ~ ~ U H K ) ra30BHX IIOTOKOB - IIOMWTHB B ~ p y 6 ~ y CnHPanb HJlH Y B W H q H B LUepOXOBaTOCTb BHyTpeHHHX CTeHOX T P Y ~ K H . MOXHO Y C K O P H T ~ npouew nepexona ropeHun B neToaaqam ra3oBHx BB. HaXOnHT TeXHHsecKOe npHMeHeHHe. Y ~ ~ C T O R pas ro~a ropewin no neToHauHH 6naronapr ~ T H M npHeuaM MOXW 6Htb CYUeCTBeHHO COKpatueH. K O H ~ ~ H T ~ ~ ~ H O H H H ~ IIpeAUH, B KOTO. PHX r830889 CMmb AeTOHHPYeT. 3aMeTHO );me npenS?JIOB no IUpeHUlo.

r o p e n n e r s e p n ~ x H X H ~ K H X ( K O H ~ ~ H C H P O B ~ H - H H X) B B paccMotpHv Ha npnwepe mpnwero sapnna. noueueu- HOrO nnOTHO (6- sa30p0~) B CTeKnXHHym ~py6Ky (PHC. 5). Ha p a - crKe 0-1 seqecrso eqe ne Harpesaercn n sevneparypa em 71 ocraezcn ~OCTOXHHOR. nporpes HaqHHaeTcn Ha ysacrxe 1-2. OCHOB- Hoe tenlto K BB noclynaer ~3 ~ O H H ropennn 3 4 . HO 0110 MOXH

nononnnTbcn Tennomfi X H M A ~ ~ C K O R pealtune, npo~enamuefi B KOH- ~ ~ H C H ~ O B ~ H H O ~ ~ @aae. Ecnn seuaenno neryse, TU reuneparypa Tj coomercmyer revnepavpe ero KnneHnn MX eeqecre c suco~ofi ten- neparypofi KnneHnn Hnn name He nvemuefi ee ( p a ~ a t a m r c n nps narpene)-reunepaype r a 3 n @ n ~ a q ~ ~ Beuectna. Ha ysamre 2-3 nponyitm npononxam narpeeart.cn, n TeMneparypa a HHX nonnn- n a m n no T,, npngeu qacTb pacxonyenom Ha TO Tenna nocsynaer sa cser x n u ~ s e c ~ o f i pearcum, nnymefi B neqmae. Hano~eu, p a - C m K 34-30Ha ~aIf6OJlee ~ K T H B H O ~ xnnnsecxoR PaKWH, r e sanepnraercrr npespauenne BB n sblnuenne mMa.

~ T O ~ H mpenne 6 w o ycmfisns~u, ~ e d x o n s u o ronnencHpoaara noTepn tenna, o ~ s o ~ n u o m B rJIy6b sapana s 3a en, npenenbl, Tea- 30

noM, ablnennmuurucn npn peaKqnn. E c n ~ 3mro HeT, TO npoq- 3aTyXHeT.

YCTOR~UBHR PeXlIM rOpeHHfl rpe6ye~ BHnOJIHeHHX pUna ycnone~. r o p e ~ ~ e sapnna, noueuennoro B Tpy6Ky n ropnuem c Topua, BOJ- MOXHO B TOM cnysae, e c n ~ ero nuauerp 6onbure HeKoTopom wntm- ManbHOrO. OH J ~ B H C H T OT MaTepHana ~ p y 6 m . TeMnepaTypH H ma- neHHn, npn worop~x ocyqecTBJlneTcn ropeHHe. B ~ H R H H ~ nepesncnea- H H X $~KTOPOB MOIKHO O ~ % ~ ~ C H H T ~ , CBR3aB HX C Y U O B H U M H IIepeZlaqn Tenna U 3 30HH mpeHHR K B3pHBWTOMy BeUleCTBY H C TennOBHMH noTepnsnn npn mpeHHH.

CKOPOCT~. TOPeHHR KOHAeHCHPOBaHHOM BB ll 3aBHCHT Mano O+ EHaMeTpa sapnna n cHnbHo OT nannennn p, npw K O T O ~ O M OHO npo- HCXOLIHT:

u = a + b p v . (1.3)

me v - K O ~ @ @ H ~ H ~ H T , 63~3KHfi K enHHHUe. [email protected] 3aBHCU- , MoCTb ~306paxeHa .Ha PHC. 6 npnMHMH I H 3. TaKoR BHn 3aBHCHMOCTH xOpOLU0 O~%IICHHM ~PO~OPUHOHa~bHOCTb~ KOnHqeCTBa IIepeHOCHMOPO Tenna sncny voneltyn, yracreymq~x B nepeHoce, nocnenHee nce npnMo nponopqnonanbHo nasneHem. 3 ~ a s e ~ ~ n nocTonHHHx a H b 3aBHCRT OT naBneHHII, Il03TOMY O ~ H ~ H O YKa3HBaK)T VaHHUH HCnOnb- 3OBaHHfl $0pMyn~. C YBWH'IeHHeM TeMnepaTypH 3apUAa Ha 100°C c~opocrb ropeHun nospacram B 1.5-2 pasa.

Aasnen~e, pa3~msae~oe npH mpeHHH nnp~KcHnHHoBoro nopoxa B 3aMKHYTOM obwue, BHsHCnRWCR no @0pMyne pmx=120A3 MMna, me A- nnorHocrb s a p n m a ~ ~ n ( o ~ ~ o m e ~ ~ e MaccH sapnna K 06ae~y . T/cM~).

Y C T O ~ ~ ~ H B O ~ , csaunoeapHoe ropeme HneT, Korna 06pa3ymq~ecfl r a 3 ~ cso6on~o ynanumrcn c noeepxnocrw ropnqero seuecrea, Han KOTOPHM YcraHannnnaeTcn nocTonHHoe nasneewe. Ecnn no K ~ K H M - n e - 60 npHsHHaM B03paCTm ra3006pa30Ba~He HnH B03HHKHYT 3aTpyAHe- HHH c O T B O ~ O M r a 3 0 ~ ( ~ a n p n ~ e p . B Tpy6Ky. rne p a s ~ e u r e ~ o ropnuee BeUeCTBO, BCTaBRT nHa$parMy), W P ~ H H ~ MOXeT CTaTb H ~ Y C T O ~ ~ ~ H B H M , nynbCHpyIoUHM H cnoco6no pa3pyLUHTb Cofyn HnH npHBeCTH K WTO- HBUHH. M HBO~OPOT, P-KOe BO3paCTaHHe ra300TBOna MOKeT npHBeCTU K OTPHBY nnaMeHn H 3 a s y x a ~ ~ m ropeHnn.

Ha PHC. 6 n O ~ a 3 a ~ 0 COOTJiOIUeHHe ra3onpHxona (KPHBH~ 1, 3, 4) H ra3OOTBOna ( K ~ H B ~ U 2) npH CXHrBHHH B Tpy6Ke TpeX B3pHBSaTHX BeqWTB (1, 3, 4). O ~ H T IIpOBOfiHTCn npH KOMHaTHHX YCnOBHRX (nannen~e pA). B3pH~qaToe semmao nnorHo npuneraer K cTeHnaw. ropenne nner c mpqa. P a c c ~ o s p ~ ~ nnn Hasana cxnraHHe eeqe- CTBa 1. npw IIOnXHraHHH naBJleHHe B r p y 6 ~ e nOBHCH.rCX no PI ( ~ o s ~ a 6). npH KOmpOM ra3OIlpHXOn H ra300TBOn CPBBHRKITCR. npn 3TOM naWeHHH H CIVPHT BCe BeUefTBO. Ecnn HCKyCCTBeHHO CO3naTb B Tpy6Ke k n e e BHCOKOe AaBJleHHe H OCylUeCTBHTb IlOEUHraHHe (~anpnuep, npn nasnennu PZ), nocne s e n BoccTaHonHTb ~ o p ~ a n b ~ ~ f i ~ ~ ~ O O T B O ~ , TO nasnenue 6 ~ m p o ynaneT no p,, T. e. B O ~ O ~ H O B H T ~ ~ CTaUHOHapHaH AnR 3THX y c x o ~ ~ f i CKOPOCTb I'OpeHHR, IIOCKOJlbKj' 80 BCeM HHrepeane name~nf i p-p, ra300~~on 6yfle~ npeaslrnaTb raao-

31

HHX cnyvaes npH pa6orax c 6bmo 614 HaMHOrO 6onbme. a nonb30na~~e B B P H B ~ - orpa W H H b l M . p ~ n B3PHBqaTHX UleCTB. nPHBneKaTenbHHX no HM B3PNBHHM CBO~~CTBBM, He men npHueHeHHn B npoMHmneHH CTH ~ 3 - 3 a OnacHocTn 06pauen~n HHMH, C B P ~ ~ H H O ~ c BHCOXOR sy CTBH1PnbHOCTblo.

Y ~ B C T B H T ~ ~ ~ H O C T ~ K yaap rpensm - csokcreo, npHc xaxnoMy BB, Moxer 6urb Hena BneneHHex B HX coctae UHanbHHX no6a~ox. CHHX 'IyBCTBHTenbHOCTH BB Ha3HBae cr @ n e r ~ a ~ ~ s a u n e R , a no6anx CHHXaIOUIHe 'IYBCTBHTenbHOCTb, @ n e r ~ a r ~ s a r o p a ~ n . ~ T O B H ~ ~ H H

... . ... - . .l".. -. ~H'iwibaocm K ynapy (a), mmu- Y~enHsiinaroune syecrsnTenb nUbMUe ~ P H ~ ~ P ~ R K H H 1 (6) HOCTb, - C ~ H C H ~ H ~ H ~ ~ T O ~ ~ M H H N 2 (e) E C ~ H me rOBODHTb 0 ~ V B C T R U T P n r , - - . - - . - - . -

HOCTH 3apnna ' BB, Haxonnuerocr B H ~ ~ M H H (nep@parope, Topnene. rpyHTOHOCe n np.). TO BO MHOrHI Cny'IaRX HX XOHCTPYKUHU. MaTePHaJI, H 3 XOTOPrO OHH H3rOTOBneHH KaseCTBO H 3 ~ O ~ e H ~ MOrYT HCpaTb 60~b~1ylo pOnb, nnHnx Ha onacnocTb 06pauleHHn c HHMH. Ilpn pa6o~e c H3nWHRMH. B xoroparx HaXOAHTCR B3PblBYaTOe BeUeCTBO, IIPHXOIIHTCX YqHTblBaTb H TaKHe @~XTOPH, XaX B03MOXHOCTb BOSHHXHOBeHHX HCKPH npH ynape, 3neKT- pasaqsn iuareonana +I MHoroe novme -r,---.

q y n c r ~ ~ ~ e i b ~ o c r b sspusraroro neuensa x ynapy onpenennlor Ha npdope, ~ a a u a a e ~ o ~ xonpou (pnc. 15,a). He6onbmym Haaecxy (0,02-0,05 r) HcnHlyeMoru BB I noMeqalor B mreHnenbHHe npn- ~ O P P H K H (PHC. 15,6, 8) MeXnY nByMR CTanbHslMH pOnHKaMH H Ka- Hane Marpxuw, p a 3 ~ e u e n ~ o R na noncrasee. nopnnox npoeenennn onma c r a n n a p ~ ~ 3 0 ~ a ~ . Ha ' I I ~ H ~ O ~ ~ H K c 3anaH~oR BHCOTH c6pacu- Barn rpys H onpenenslor, O ~ H ~ H O ~3 25 onutoa Ha tosay, npouenr B3pHBOB. K p o ~ e mr0, HHOI'lla HaXOLInT MHHHManbHylo BHCOT)', npH xompoR ~a6nlonaercn 100 % B ~ ~ H B O B . HnH BHCOY, rne HMeer ~ e c m 50 % 53pbPBOB. hcnensee ncnuranne Halodonee O ~ O C H O B ~ H O .

Cpasnxean nonyuesaue naHHHe no s y s c ~ ~ ~ r e n b ~ o e r x c syscr- BaTenbHOCTbK, npynlx, XOpOluO H3BeCTHblX BB. TaKHX XaK TeTpitn, TpOTHn, rertcores, onpenenennoii B TaKnx x e ycnosnnx, MOXHO cocra- B H T ~ n o ~ o n b ~ o msrioe npwnaaneeae o crenenn onaciiocrn o6pa- ueHHn C KOHKPI~HW BB.

Ann onpeieaexnn k Y n c r s ~ r e n b ~ o c ~ ~ ~ P H ~ ~ H T H H X BB sacm npn- MeHUloT TaK ~assrsaeuyw ctannaprnym npo6y: Ha Hasetxy BB, noue- I

UeHHylo B IUTeMneilbHblR npxbopsnx, C BHcOTH .25 CM c6pacwsae~cn rpy3 ~accoA 10 Xr. 'Iaule BCWO KaK 3TanOH qy5CTBHTenbHOCTH B 3THX onHTax HOllMb3yWCR TeTpHn, nalomHR 44 % BJPHBOB. 60nbwoe ~ H C J I O onumn. nunonHueMHx Ha ontry T O ~ K Y , C B U ~ ~ H O c TeM, TO B03HHXHOBeHHe B3phlBa BB npH ynape HMeeT s e p o n r ~ o c r ~ ~ R xapamep.

Kpowe OnUTOB, nposonHMux nnn onpenenennu ~ ~ C T B H T ~ ~ ~ H O C T H BB x ynapy, HHorna Ha cneuHanbHoM npH60pe onpenennlor syecr- sHTWbHOCtb BB K TPeHHH). B 3 M M cnysae K HCnHlyeMOMy BB npH- xnanblaalor xacatenbnoe eo3neAns~e. npo6a npHMeHsetcn penKo.

Y y ~ c r s ~ ~ e n b ~ o c r b K ynapy y H H H U H H P Y I O ~ H X BB onpenennror npn c 6 p a c b l e a ~ ~ ~ Ha HanecKy, p a 3 ~ e u e ~ ~ y l o B npH60pqH~e, cyuecr- BeHHO MeHbUHX no MaCCe rPY30B H C MeHblllek BHCOTH.

Teopxu ~ ~ B C T B H T ~ ~ ~ H O C T H BB K yiaapy pa3pa6a~H~ana~b MHorHMH HccnenosaTenxMn. Ann TOW U T O ~ H npH ynape no a s p ~ s s a r o ~ y eeme- CTBy B HeM Cpa3Y B03HHXJIa AeTOHaIlHn, H ~ O ~ X O W M H O'IeHb BHCOKHe nannennu. nonysx~b Taxne naenennn B O ~ H ~ H H X ycnonnnx CAOXHO. Onnaxo 320 He obn3arenb~oe rpebman~e. Y T O ~ H espblnsaroe Beme- CTBO npH c n y r a A ~ o ~ ynape ssopeanocb, B pnne cnysaen o x a 3 ~ s a e ~ c n nOCTaT09HHM, 9 ~ 0 6 ~ O H 0 B XaXOM-TO MeCTe BOCIlnaMeHHnOCb1. r o p e ~ ~ e BB me7 6e3 BHemHero xncnopona H, nporexas B ycnonnnx 3 a ~ p y n ~ e ~ ~ o r o ra~ooreona, cnoco6~o nepexonnrb B nemnaunlo. Ilosrouy M ~ X ~ H H ~ M H ~ 0 3 6 y x u e ~ ~ n 5 3 p ~ ~ a ynapoM MOXHO paccuarpnsarb, csnsbleau HX c ycnosnnun Hasanbnoro nonxnrannn BB npH ynape.

E c n ~ serumno HMeer B cmeM cocraee rasoeue sxnlosenuu, m HX ~ H C T P O ~ cxarne 6yner conponoxnarbcn pa30rpe~ox. Teunepa- Typa. no xo~opok Harpeercn ra3,

T. = To @$PO) ( K - l l l K (1.28)

me T* p 0 - ~ a s a n b ~ ~ e Teuneparypa n nanneHHe rasa; p.-name- m e cxarsn; K=Cp/Cv, Ann eo3nyxa pasen 1.4. Pacser n o x a s ~ ~ a e r . TO ecnn HasanbHoe nasnenne panno a~uoc@ep~ouy, m B BonHe, cx~ualoqei i ras, OHO nonxno 6blrb nopnma 0 , 6 1 Mna, ~ T O ~ H 06ecnesnrb H ~ O ~ X O A H M H ~ I pa30rpBm. C x a r ~ e r a s o n ~ x n ~ m s e ~ n i i nerse s c m nocrnramcn B XH~KOCTUX. y tsepnux BB OHO ocy-

- .- q e ~ ~ m n e ~ c n m p o ~ ~ e , e m u nomenme HuewT Manyw nnoreocrb. Onacnonb 0 6 p a l s e ~ ~ n c X H ~ K H M H BB B 3 ~ a P r m n b ~ o k rrepe o b n c - A B ~ T C X nerKocTbw p e a n n 3 a m ~ B HHX Mexanmwa c x a m n ra30nux s p n w s e ~ ~ k . I

n p u r p . B cmaxmy, s a n o n ~ e ~ ~ p sonok, c n a m m o f i rruneparypo6 cnyc- amepuerns~uk sapnn us mamoro BB. Ha p a s ~ a u r y b m a x mpoena c om-

saxosoi cam6 ynapnercn 0 crewa casunmnr. Ha xa~ofi rrry6we ynap 6ynm nwnffaunnrb ~as60nbnMO onaatocrb c nmauml cnuonwHssoabHoro 8osaeunose- Uirn iup618a?

h a oreera Bomonasyeucn @puynoR (138). 113 ltorlopok enenyn, nro mu- ocparypa pasorpesa r a s s e ~ r B n e p s p osepem m m n w s cmamn rasmarx s ~ m - senmR. ~ m u y ~ a a 6 m m y a onacs- ymp 6ynn npennaunnrb Ha nonepxnocn R ma ~ e 6 0 , u . m ~ ~ P I I ~ ~ H H ~ X norpyxeHan B m a x ~ n y . r e ~n pasorpcsa norpe- 6yetcn uenbinee nasneene s so~6ymnae~oR ynapou some. I

P ~ C C M ~ F P H M ~pyC0fi MeXaHH3M ~036y)KneHH~ B3pHBa npH ynape. E n u ~ u e , npaBHna 6e3mac~ocn l npH aeneHHH B ~ ~ H B H H X pa607 Tpe- 6ym. 9 2 0 6 ~ npH xpaHeHHH, nepeeo3~e H o b p a u e ~ ~ ~ c BB 6 ~ n o HCWW¶eHO HX 3arpX3HeHHe necKOM, 3eMlefi H APYrHMH IIPHMeCRMH. EUH a BB nonanyr Tnepnwe sa-nqbl necKa, TO npH ynape Ha rpa- HRX KOHTaKT?IPYWLCCHX APYr C BPYCQM neCYHHOK B pe3ynbTaTe TpeHHU MOlYT BO3HHKHYTb VaCTKH pa3OrpeBa C TeMnepa~ypoA, ~ O C T ~ T O ~ H O ~ ~ LUrR nOLWHraHHR BB. HaXOnUl4eI'OCfl B KOHTaKTe C HHMH. Kaw yme rosopunocb nume, ann s rom ~eo6xonuu0, s ro6u . r emepaypa HX pa30rpena n m a r a n a 400°C. B CBOW osepenb, ~3 noaennero B H T ~ - ~ Kam, s t o npHMecn nonxHH meTb Teuneparypy nnasnesan, npesH- luawqyw 400°C*. HHase nonmnrannn He npm30Rne~, nocKonbKy ehlnmnmeecn npn ynape Tenno 6 y n e ~ pacxononarbcrr nnlub Ha yee- nnPeHne KonnPecTna pacnnaBneHHoro warepeana, a He Ha nonume- Hne TewnepaypH. M ~ X ~ H H ~ M HOCHT ~ a 3 ~ a ~ ~ e M e x a H H 3 M a r o p r s H x T O P e K. Ero ponb nonTsepmnaercn n p a ~ ~ n ~ o f i . Hanpn- rep, n o 6 a s ~ a ~e6onbmoro Konnsecma necKa K TpoTHny CyuecTneHHo nosHluaeT y nomensero npoqeHT B~PHBOB.

A ~ a n o r ~ s ~ a n KapTnHa ~ a 6 n w n a e ~ c n npH s a c o p e ~ ~ u TsepnHMH npnslecnnn npyrwx B3pblBTaTHX BeurecTn. O ~ c w n a , B P~CTHOCTH, BH- TeKam H O ~ H O ~3 ~ p e 6 o e a ~ n R K c p n e r ~ a ~ w s a r o p a ~ - HeeucoKan TeM- nepaypa nnasneHHn, cnoco6c~~ywulan 0 ~ 6 o p y Tenna. noneenennoro npH ynape K sapnny.

Han6onbmee 3HaveHHe nnn ~osbvmnemln c a ~ o n ~ o ~ 3 ~ o n b ~ o r o c p a 6 a ~ ~ s a w ~ n s a p m a npH ynape ~ b i e e r pasorpen BB no ~ e x a - H H 3 M Y B 1 1 3 K O C T H O r O TpeHHU. npH CKOJlbXeHHH BeUeCTBa U0fi no CAOW C 60JIbtUHM rpanHeHTOM CKOpOCTH KOnHYeCTBO Tenna, ~ ~ n e n n w ~ ~ e e c u 3a cse? Tpensn, Momer 6 ~ ~ b S H ~ P H T W ~ H H M H nocTa- wantsac nnn BocnnaMeiieHHn BB. Adconwr~oe s ~ a s e ~ ~ e TeMnepaTypH pa3mpWa 3aBHCHT ol. K O ~ @ $ H U H ~ H T ~ BHYTPeHHePO TPeHHIf BeIUeCTBa H naaeiinn.

B H ~ ~ ~ H R H M ~ X ~ H R ~ M ~ 8036yxne- Hen a 3 p ~ B a npn ynape (ionbluym p u b cHrpan H. H. Xoneao. OH no~a3an. PTO B113KOCTHOe TpeHHe C H J b H O 3aBHCHT OT ~ w o B H ~ , B KOTDPHX OCYWeCTBJIlleKR reqesne BB, nocTasHn onHTH no onpe- nenensw P ~ B C T B ~ ~ ~ ~ H O C T H K ynapy y ZByX BeIUeCTB C ~ a n o f i A #I BHCOKO~ &d t? snsltonsw. O n p e n e n e ~ ~ e eenocb B p,. 16. 3neumr K ~ B Y - n* neyx mTeMneJIbHHX npn60psn~ax. B npH- sumeamok onaca- opn pa- 60pPHKe h% 1 (CM. pec. 15, 6) 3830pH 60T.X C BB MeXW M ~ T P H U ~ ~ H PUHKBMH MHHH- ManbHu, H ~ O ~ T O M Y nswxeane ncnuryeMoro seqemaa B HHX 3a~pyn- Heno; B n p ~ 6 o p s ~ ~ e NP 2 Konbuenan KaHanKa B Tene MaTpnuH o6eene- v m a m 6 e c n p e n n ~ c ~ s e ~ a o e swasnaeaHse B nee Hcntayeuoro BB. B p e s y n b ~ a ~ e ncn~raanf i e e 4 e c m A n o ~ a s a n o s ~ c o ~ y m s y ~ n a m b - HOCTb K ynapy B npn6opss~e h% I H HH3KyW B ~ P H ~ O P ~ H K ~ h% 2 (CM. PHC. 15, E ) , BelUeCTBO B, Hanp@THB, BJpHBanOCb B n p ~ 6 o p s ~ ~ e 2 H He B3pHBanOCb .B 4lpH60pPHKe h% 1. 3TO CBU3aHO C TeM, PTO no- ~ B H ~ H O ~ BeIUeCTBO A 6 ~ n o B COCTOnHHH DpOHHKaTb B Y3KHe 3830pH MeXny POnHKOM H TeJIOM MBTPHUH IIpIi60p'IH~a NP 1 H, nBHtallCb TaM C ' ~ O J I ~ W H M TPeHHeM. BOCnJlaMeHlmOCb; B I I P B ~ O P P H K ~ NS 2 O H 0 npaK- THPeCKH 6e3 TPeHHR npH )'nape BHTeKanO B 3a30p. H a n p o r ~ s , BU3KOe eeqecrno B 6 ~ n o ~ e c n o c o 6 ~ 0 npH ynape npoHHKarb B 3 a 3 o p ~ npu- 60pPHKa NP 1. H n03TOMY B3PHBOB He 6un0, B n p n 6 o p q ~ ~ e h% 2 OHO. nBHraXCb, C TpeHHeM B KaHaBKY. B3pHBaJIOCb. O ~ ~ C H O C T ~ CaMOnpOH3- aonbnoro c p a b a ~ ~ a a ~ ~ n BB B p e s y n b ~ a ~ e nonxnrannu 3apnna ren- AOM, BHnWlllWUlHMCR nPH BIlJKOCTHOM TPeHHH, HMeeT 60nbmoe 3Ha- reHHe M R KOHCTpyHpOBaHHn annapaTypH, B K O T O ~ O ~ ~ npHMeHAeTCR B ~ ~ H B P ~ T O ~ BeuecTno.

l7purep. Kopnyc ropnenu, s rompou pasuentaercn sapng npencraunm cnnownok anmuHnnesuk uHnHnnp. npennaraercn s a ~ e n ~ r b ero npyrn~ , mroms. neHHUM H 3 IIHCTOBOTO anloMHHWR, CO~AHHHTM~HUA 3neMeHT KOTOPOTO nOKa3aH Ha PHC. 16. Hymn0 nalb 38KmYeHHC 0 UOneJHWTH IlpeMOXfHHB. B npeMaraeYOY BapHaHTe 8 3830pU 1 3BMKOBOrO CDellHHeHHR, H S O ~ P B ~ ~ H H W O Ha PHCYHKe. AerKO uoryr nonanarb ~ y c o r r s BB, H npa ynape sosuoxeH IM pasorpes c cauosocnna- ueHeHHeu, nosulualont~fi seponrnocrb sspusa. Mcxonn a3 ycnos~k be30nac~ocrn. cnenyn O T K ~ O H H T ~ npeMomeHHe o sauene craporo n s n ~ a n NOBUM.

B peanbnux ycnonxnx ~ e n b s n c s n s ~ n a r b ~036ymne~He espusa npH ynape TofibKO C OnHHM H 3 PaCCMOTPeHHHX BHllIe MeXaHH3MOB. a MOXHO IWBOPHTb J lHUlb 0 ~ ~ P ~ H M Y I U ~ C T B ~ H H O ~ POnH K ~ K O ~ - ~ H ~ O H 3 HHX B Ka)KnOM KOHKpeTHOM Cnysae.

n p l u r p . K aeurecray x, norasaslueuy s u c o ~ y a syscrsnrrnbHoerb K ynapy ~a npH60psnKe N, I. no6asHnH necra. Mssecmo, r m no6asna necica nosulnaer spff- n ~ w n ~ m n n r Y vnanv 98 c9e.1 mnasvx rase=. aosswvalawHX e BB. Omaro s STOM .. ,--r, -- - ~ - ~ .- r....... . . ~ ....--. ~-..~~ ~ -.. cnysae Homer ~abnlonarbcn neomnnamnan r a p r ~ ~ a - s y s c r s n r a i b ~ o c l b K ynapy

Tewneparypa nnasneHHn seuecraa sasmcnr or naanemHn. npH poem C H H ~ H T C ~ . necnH~Kn. H ~ X O ~ R C ~ uemny ponHKaua npa60pa. cosnas cnoeObpas~uP Hnn HI 20 Mna ona so3pac~an npauepno na 1 OC. ha unorw senteem HYXHU , KapKac, ne nossonnr HnH IaTpyn~nr sunaunHsanHe BB s sa3opu H m u cauuu oneHb B U W K H ~ nameHHn, sro6u HX reuneparypa nnasneaan nocrmna 400°C. YueHbmaT ponb snsrocrHoro rpeHHn B B O ~ ~ Y W ~ H H H mpusa. X'Io~ume~me me ponn

~ e x a ~ ~ s u a m p n s ~ x mser uomn He cKouneacsposarb smro cnnxeHan syncrss- W I 51

TEXbHOcTH. K O H ~ ~ H O . HUIblR POBOPHTb 0 CHI%eHWW 9YBCTBHTMbHOeT no6asne~nn K neuy n e c ~ a - B nonaannmuuu .went olysaes no6asra yseqnqnsars s y d c ~ ~ ~ m b n o c r b , ococksno m a pesr nnr o np a mnunnx. H o mu He menee ~ y x n o scerna n u e n s snny, rm

I sspusa npn ynape can~ano c s w u o x n o c ~ m peanusaunn uexaHHsM nun BB, n p u b Kamnoro 6yner onpenmnrwn rouwpernuun yolos PUX OCWeCTBnle'lCR )'nap.

Wnorna, nnn nan6onee oTseTcrseHHsrx ~ ~ n e n n f i , conepxaqnx BB 6 e a o n a c ~ m b o d p a u e ~ ~ n c HHMH nponepnm IlyleM c6pac~nawn HX c BHCOTH Ha ~ ~ T O H H U ~ H ~ H cTanbHHe nnHrH. HO B nonaennm d o n b m ~ ~ n s e orpasssnsawwn onpeneneHHeM s y s c ~ s ~ ~ e n b ~ liCnWb3yeMOm BB X ynapy HCnHTaHHflMH e m Ha Konpe.

Y y n c r ~ ~ t e n b ~ o c r b K HasanbHOMy HHHUHHPYWUleMY HMnyn n038011fleT OUeHHTb, HaCXOnbKO AerKO ~036yxnawcfl neTOHaUHR E e O n p e ~ ~ f l ~ T B~J IH~HHoR M X H H M ~ ~ ~ H O ~ ~ HaBeCKH HHHUHH BB, p a 3 ~ e u e ~ ~ o f i Ha ncnuryeuor sapnne, 6e30rxa3~0 nu3 nmorcasrlw. Ann B ~ ~ H B B TporHna Hyxna HaBeCXa a3nn e 0.09 r Hnn rpeuyseit pryrn 0.36 r.

Bennsnua HMIQ'JIbCa, B ~ 3 ~ B a w q e m B3pblB BB, 3aBHCHT TaKxe or roro, B KaKou cononnun BB naxonnrcn. Tax, ~anqmnb-nwo~a- TOP NP 8. Hanexno B ~ I ~ H B ~ W U L H R ~ 3 p m npeOcoBaHHoro TpoTuna, He a ~ e u e a e r nspblsa aaprrna ~3 ~ H T O ~ Tparnna. O ~ H ~ H O m n ~ 0 3 6 y x - AeHHIl neTOHaUHH nOCTaTOqH0 IlpHMeHeHHfl x a n c ~ n e f i - ~ ~ H ~ T O ~ O B . 3HeprHfl iB3Pbtsa XOTOPHX B 3BBHCHMOCTH OT HX THJla COCTaBAUW 4-8 X ~ X . O ~ H ~ K O qyBCTBHTMbHOCTb HeKOTOpHX BB Taxoea, s T 0 HMnYnbC IleTOHaTOpa OXa3HBaeTCfl HeROCTaTOUHHM. E m YCHnHBaWT sapsleov cneunanbnoro 3apuna - nporemymrnoro nerosaropa. Bspuenan uenb ~ancmnb-nemnarop (3nex~ponwo~arop , B ~ P H B H O R narpos) - npo~exy~ovnar t i neronaTop - OCHOBHOR sapfin npnre- HfleTCfl BO MHOrHX H3jlt%HHX, m e HCnOJIb3YWTCH BB.

k i ~ o r n a rnaeHwM ~ p e 6 o s a n n e ~ x npotaexyrosnomy nwonaropy CTaHOBHTCfl He MOUHOCTb, a er0 qyBC'TBHTWbHOCTb X HHHUHHPyWUreMY 80311efi~~BH~. Baxnoe 3~aPeHHe 3TO HMeW npH XOHCTPYHPOBaHHH xyMynnrnanux sapnnoe, oco6enno nnn 6ecxopnycnux nep@opa~opoe. L I o n a n n ~ ~ e n b ~ b l r Tpe60BaHHeM x nponcexyzovstm neronaropau Moxer 6HTb H T p e d o s a ~ ~ e X HX CXOpoCTH neTOHaUHH. T ~ K , HanpHMep. npH IIpHMeHeHHH npoMexyTovnux nemnampos H 3 BB C 6onbmoR cxopocrbm neronaunw nnn n o a 6 y x n e ~ ~ n Bspblsa puna crteceaslx BB c ~eesrcoxol cxopmbm nezonaunn morys nabnmna~bcn 0 ~ x a 3 u us-aa q@@rra nepennHuHHpoeanHH, worna nmoeauan o c ~ o s ~ o m 3a- pnna lroxer He pasensarben HJ-sa pasdpoca nponyrtrardu a s p ~ e a npoMexyrosnorw neTonaTopa npuneramqer) K HeMy sacsu OCHOBHOFo

I I ~ a p n n a no 3asepIuennx B HeM pealcunn.

B nonaannmueu sncne cnysaea nputlenennn m p m a nmoHauHoHHan uenb cocmnr ~3 cpencma B~PHBBHHII, B ~ ~ H B X O T O P O ~ ~ 0 3 6 y ~ n a e ~ c f l IIpOeTUM HasanbHHM HunynbcoM - nonxnrannesl, HartonoM, H oceoa- HOM 3apnna. KaK npaeeno, 6onbmem no uacce, B ~ P U B xmopom

3apnna HMeetcn npouexymx. 3a- n o n ~ e n ~ u f i n w d u r HeB3pHBsaTHM Marepmanom, TO msopnr o nepenave (He nyTarb c pacnpoclpase- H H ~ M ) P.WOHaUHH. npli PaCCMOT- peHHH 910k UenH nPHHXTO Ha3U- Barb aKTHBHHM nep~blfi 3aPRn 1, nonp~saercblR cpencrsaMn B ~ P H -

, nanun (DHC. 17. a) . nacCHBHHM-

A B C D

nOHHUIX0 B3PHBHOM) IIaTPOHa MOXW PaCCMaTPHBaTbCII XaX CYLUeCT- eennan nperpana, npennrctaywuan nepenase neronasnn m narpona K naccHBnoMy 3apn~y . H a nepenary neronaunn ansnmT ceoficraa BB H Macca axrnsnoro 3apnna. a Taxxe CBORCTB~ BB H p a m e p ~ naccuanoro sapnna. P a c c r o n ~ ~ e pacreT c yBenHseHHeM Maccbl aK- T H B H O ~ O H pamepa T O ~ U ~ B O R nosepxnocrn naccnsnoro sapnna. Ycnrr BHH. B X O T O ~ H X ocyuecTanneTcn nepenasa neronaunu. T a w e anan- mr Ha paccTonnne nepenass. OHO YBenuvHBaeTcri npn s s p ~ e a x B ~ p y 6 a x H xananax. HrpawulHx ponb BonHoaonoB. Marep~an . Ha xo- TOPOM neXHT naccnnnhlk sapm, ~ o x w Taxxe snsnrb Ha paccTonHHe nepenasn nmouassn.

6onbmoe 3 ~ a s e n ~ e npn XoncspyHposaHnH npoc~penov~o-BOPHB- HOB annapaTypH H onpenenennn ycnoenR ee npHMeHeHHn m e e t now- Mawe M ~ X ~ H H ~ M O B ~ 0 3 6 y x n e ~ ~ n B ~ ~ H B B npn nepenase nemnaunn.

Bosbyxnarb neronauuw xoryr HHTencnBHan ynapnan aonna, B O ~ H H X ~ W ~ ~ R npu B J ~ H B ~ , p a ~ n e r nponyxron espbnea n e p ~ @ e p ~ R ~ o R vacm sapnna nnn Marepnana O ~ O ~ O ~ K H , n e R c ~ ~ n e c s p y ~ xyxynn- THBHHX 3apnno~. nmox ropnvu+ ra30~ . MOXHO ~ O B O P H T ~ H o npenrcy- qecTeeHHoM ~ ~ R C T B H H xaxom-n~bo ~3 nepewcnennux M ~ X ~ H H ~ M O B B PBCCMaTPHBaeMOM KOHXPeTHOM Cny'Iae IIepenaqH JleTOHaUHH. Ann . HnnlOCTpaUHH CKa3aHHOI'O OCTaHOBHMCR Ha nByX OlIHCaHHHX B nHTf!- pa pe onblrax no nepenave neroeaunn. "K onHoM ( O ~ H T n a ~ p n ) B ~ p y d ~ e (PHC. 17.6) pa3MeuanHcb nsa sapma- ~ K T H ~ H H R 1 H Ha P ~ ~ H H X - P ~ C C T O H H H R X o r Hero n a e c ~ s ~ u A . npnrew a xarecrse naccHBHom dpanacb rpesaysan ptyrb. B pe3ynb- Tare B nHTepBane AB ~ ~ C C H B H H R 3apnn B ~ P H B ~ ~ C R , B C - ~ a b n w - nanHCb OTKa3H, CD - CHOBa ~ a d n w n a n ~ c b B3pHBbl, 38 CD nOBMPH0 HasHHanncb 0 ~ x a 3 u . J I d e p a 3 ~ e u e ~ ~ e 3apma 3a ron~oA D conpo- Boxnanocb O T X ~ ~ O M nepenasu nmonaunu. Ha p ~ c . 17,e npneenena nonysennan B npyroM onure (r. B. A H M ~ ~ ) ~ ~ B H C H M O C T ~ paccmnnnn nepenasu neTonaunn h o r awrusnom aapnna x a a p n n a ~ rexcoreea

Pe3ynbraru nepsoro onslra 06ancnnm~cn raK. Ha 6nns1u1x pa CTOUHHUX ( A B ) ynapnan noma o r eapuaa axrnenoro sapnna penno eos6yxnaer sspsle rpe~yreR pryrn. O n n a ~ o , nasnnan c KH B, nasnenne B Bmne cnnxaemn Tax, sm npn ee npoxoxn B ~ P Y B naccnsnom sapuna y x e He nos6ywae~cn . H seuecreo p 6 p a c ~ e a e ~ c n . Hasnnan c r o s m C, Bonna HacnxnsKo ocna6esaer. He MolKer pa36pocarb BB. Wnyqne ecnen sa amnoR np ~ s p u s a nonxnramr rpercysylo p~yrb , Koropan ~ s p s l e a e r a . 06paso~ . B TOM onslre nadnmnamrcn nsa M ~ X ~ H H ~ M B nw6y sspslsa npn nepenase- ynapnan s o m a H mpuvne nponytirsl sspsls Hasunan c T O ~ K H D, nponymsl sapvsa nomonnr K naccnenoMy s puny HacronbKo OxnaxnennslMn, vm He B cocmnnnn n a x e nonxe em.

n p n paccMorpennn stopom onura a6pauaer na ce6n BnnManHe 6onburan ~ Y B C T B H T ~ ~ ~ H O C T ~ K nepenave nemHaqnH y BB ManoR nnor- HOCTH. nocnennee MOXHO C B H ~ ~ T ~ c 0 6 5 e ~ n h l ~ nonxnrannean sapuna mprsnMn nponyKTaMn ~sp-a aKTnnnom sapuna. TO npennonoxe! nne 6uno npoeepeno B TOA x e cepnn onuros nyreat p a s ~ e q e n ~ n Ha mpuax naccnsnslx sapunos 6 y ~ a x n s r x saureseK c MnnnHMerpoasly CJlOeM BOnH. ONeKaBUlHM nOTOK MPSUHX r8308. P W ~ ~ ~ T B T H ns06pa- x e n u Ha rpaanee pnc. 17,s nynKrnpnoR npn~oR. Hs HHX cnenyw, r m npn OTCeKaHHH ropnsnx nponyltms sspslea B u r n p o ~ o ~ nxana- sane nn0T~OC~efi naccnsnom sapuna em vyecmnrenbnomb K nepenave neronaunn npaKTnnecKm He Mennexn. P e ~ ~ o e cnnxenne spw- B H T ~ ~ ~ H O C T H K nepenase neronaunn na6nmnaeTcn y sapnnoe, nnornocrb K O T O P ~ X npn6nnxae~cn K nncrreocm Monoxpncranna. Bw6yx- neane HX ~3ps l sa nponcxonnr npn nasnennnx B 0,5--10 m a , orse- samunx cnnbnofi ynapnoR Bonne. B ~ O ~ ~ O ~ H H X cnynanx 60nburoe, a nnorna n peuramuee snasenne npno6peramr Tame a a ~ m p u . KaK ronuaea &OHblluKa ~ s p u s n o r o narposa, cnoR sslnnaeHnurerocR @ n e r ~ a r n s a ~ o p a n3 BB, pasvepu O ~ O ~ O ~ K H n3nennn (nanpm~ep, neronnpymuero urnypa) H np. Ecnn B ycnonnnx s e ~ n o f i nosepxnocrn c s a p n n a ~ n , nnoTnonb K O T O ~ H X npn6nnxaercn K MonoKpncTannn- V~CKOR, MY BcrpevaeMcn peAK0 (06usno OT 0,6 no 0,9 OT nneanbn0R; HanpHMep, reKcoren s K ~ M ~ ~ U T H B H H X sapsinax HMeeT nnoTnocrb 1.6 r/cMS npH nn0THOCTH MOHOKpHCTaJna 1,81 r/cMa), TO B CKBaXHHaX npn nonnoR nponnrKe sapana X H ~ K O C T ~ I O . s r o na6nmaemu Ha 6onbruax rny6n~ax. TaKOR cnysaR CTaHnHTCU pm0BHM. Beuecrsa, nonnocrbm nponnTaHntae X H A K O C T ~ ~ , non B ~ C O K H M naBnenneM no csoeR s y n c r ~ ~ T e n b ~ o c ~ n K nepenane nemaaunn np~6nnxamTcn K MOHOKPHCTaJlnH9eCKHM.

Beqecraa ManoR nnotnocrn o6nanam 6onee euco~of i ~YBCTBH. TenbHOCTbKI K nepenase neroaauan. sean, B racrnocrn, nonwymrcn npn npoeKrnpoaaHnn sapnnoe nnn nep@oparopos, pasveuaertux s nnnitsn~yanbnux 06onosaax. &nu more c uenblo 06nervennu nepe-

puc. 18. Cxeua onpenenesmn nasneHHn s naecasnou sapnne npH nepenaqe nem- Ha9HH

1 nanw nmonaunn n TOM wecte sapnna, m e nano ~036yA~Tb sapus, noMeqamr urawKy BB ~ a n o A nnoraocrn, nHorna n3 TON x e BB.

Korna sos6yxnenne sspusa BB cenaaeo c e m pawrpesoan ynap-

naunu, a 310 BOBMOXHO npn Manvx paccTonaanx Mexny BICTHBHHM H naccHBnuM s a p n p a ~ n , saxnym ponb nasnnaw nrparb spemn, B resenne ~oroporo s a s e p u r a e ~ c ~ peaKunn. n o c ~ o n b ~ cnnxenne nannennu conponoxnama nanenneu Tewneparypu, onpenennloqee snasenne np~06peTaIO~ napaumpu nanamqefi ynapnoR eonnu, pac- npocrpaneeee aonnsl pas rpys~n no naccnnnoMy sapnny H nnnxenne orpaxenntxx B O ~ H no aapnny. T ~ K , YBWIHnHBaU nnaMeTp H nnnny naccneinom sapnna, noreuan ero Ha cranbaym nnacTnny, MOXHO ynysurnrb ycnoenn nepenaun neronaqnn K neMy.

Cxeuamec~n xaprssy nepnasn neronawu UOXHO s m q n p o s a m PHC. 18.a 3neeb I -naccms~uA sapnn BB, 2- pasnennlotuan c na (B crsaxnne sona, ne@m, rin~nnc~uR pamop). 8 - nosumxo narposa H $-- sapnn nalpona. B ~ o o p nHHsTax ~aMeMme p - use~osam csopoem u HI pnc. 18.6 n a ~ rpa@H~. ~ O S B O I I ~ I I U I ~ ~ ouenHsam nasnemne, anuayeua B naecmsnou sapnne nocne npoxoxnenun scex nperpan. Kp~uan B A ~ - Hoosnrpona npon mu a~pbtsa. 1, 2. 3 - cm?nercraeHHo ynspaue aana6aru ualepsana Kopnyca, i% naCcmsHOP0 sapnna, B O ~ Y . T o ~ K ~ A xapawrrpwsyer cocronnne nponyxros sspuaa B nerosaunoHsofi sonme, pacnpocr- paHnloIIle&ca no 88 nalpOHB. MCXOU H 3 ycnos~fi ~ H H ~ u H ' I ~ C K O ~ ~ COBUeCTHUOCTH.

I nasnesse s uanpwane Kopnyca m nponyrrax sspusa nonmso 6um onsnaxosuu. npn ynape o nno no ueramy H saderalou~v nponywrau sspusa noAnel sonna C I ~ T H R , U O J U I H U I ~ ~ ~ R BBBneHHe B HHX no P H ~ ~ N I H A . xapa~lepn3yeu~x TU~KOR 8.

1 P a c n p q a ~ n n e b , scpes xopnyc BOnHa euxomr e wny -cpeny c uesbw~u a ~ y - C T I I ~ ~ C ~ H U conpormsnesseu. P a c ~ u ~ p e s ~ e ynapno-cxamm usnpHana Kopnyca narpona (ED) uoxso s npn6nnxemmn paccuarpmaarb KaK aepKanbHoe nso6paremme ~pvlsofi I . flepeene~lre npnuofi BD c ynapnoA awsdam& s o w 3 (mwa D) nacr

1 nranemwe H U P C C O ~ ~ I O C K O ~ O C T ~ sonmu 6 XH~KOCTH. I loc~poen~e uoxm bum npononxeuo no sxona s m s u a nacctlsnuil sapan. OKowsarpnbnufi m s e ~ o sos- uoxnoem aos6yxnesmn aspusr oaccwsmom sapnna s m ~ x ywoswnx 6yner non

1 qea nowe cpas~~esvn nasnenwn wnnunmpoaanHa aornoi? saprna HS riaallam BS c n u namneaneu. Koropa peasmsycrcn s neu s paccualpmsaeuou cnyuae.

1 Cxeua, ecreetsenso. He yrnrslsaer norepb npn pacnpocrpanennn BOZHH B nperpanax. n y n ~ ~ ~ p n o e nocrpoenne no~aaslsaer, Kax TO UOXW CKa3aTbCU Ha KOHeYHOM llaBnCHHH BOAHY, ~ef ic~~ylou le f t Ha

1 sapm. 55

( 10. *YrACHOE, GPH3AHTHOE W HAnPAMEHHOE AEACTBWE B3PblBA

1 I Pa6ora. noropan cosepluamn n p ~ a s p ~ e e , cansa~a c pacluwpe

06paso~a~ lu~xcn r a 3 0 0 6 p m ~ ~ x nponyKm8. 3Hepr~x cxamro 2 p a a ~ a pV/(K-I), rne p H V - c o o r ~ e m r s e ~ ~ o n a a n e ~ ~ e H o J ' l e ~ n ~ l u e HX RanneHHe. TeM 60nbuym pabo~y uoryr coseplu 4 PaCIIIHpflIOUHeCU ra3H. ' l a c ~ b 3HePCHH B3pHBa OCTaeTCR HeHCnOA Banmoil B sHne renna. 3 ~ e p r ~ f l pacxonyercfl Ha MHorHe p a b o r ~ , B TOM rncne H 6ecnones~ue nnn mil uena. DanH K . . hpoeonnr B ~ ~ H B .

n o n H O R p a 6 o r o R A nas~aams c y ~ ~ y pa&, s ~ n o n ~ e ~ put. 19. o n p e n u n ~ ~ e pabornno- PUC. 20. B ~ H R H H ~ r~npoctar~qe- B ~ ~ H B O M . Or~oluenxe non~ofi p a 6 o r ~ a s p ~ s a K j~eprxw aapnn e o 6 ~ ~ ~ BB B CBHHQOBOR bo~be: mom naeneHHR Ha OmocHrenbHp

,-.KO.: l - U ~ C T O I I a m P ; a- pahry sspusa: KOTUpyKl MOXHO OtOXBeCTBARTb C Tenn0~0Il B3pHBa Q, nOCTHr O.PU BB: 4 - 6 0 ~ 6 . I -ms s a p m a na @nerrarutwpo.an. 0 ,60,7. E c n ~ Xe KlBOpHTb 0 BWHKHHe OTHOlueHHfl none3HOfi 3 H ~oro I~KCOP~H.; 2 - m n BB. 08.4.-

Ia~olem weaswen u a q n a s w : P- CHH K 3HepCHH B3p-a 3apflBa. TO OHa 3HaPHTWbHO MeHblue. Ha -1 - . r s r r C p ~ a in.neR*e

MeV. 3HePrHR ynvyroil BOAHH. nos6vxnae~oil nDH 83DHBaX. IIDOBO- - .- . . AHMHX c-uenbm c e i l c ~ ~ ~ e c ~ o f i . p a 3 n i n ~ ~ . H uannlbureil& HCTOPHHKOM I Bce nepesmcnenmue MeronH, slcnmsan onpenenenme B CBHHUOBOR HH@OPM~UHH 0 CTpOeHHK 3eMH0k KOpH. COCTaBJIReT B ~ ~ B H C H M O C T H OT 6 0 ~ 6 e , He flamr a & o n m ~ ~ ~ x ~ H ~ ¶ ~ H H R p a 6 m o c n o c 0 6 ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ BB. n o Y C ~ O B H ~ ~ 8 3 p ~ ~ a ncero 0,5-3 % o6ueR s ~ e p r ~ u 83p~na. naHHHm A. @. 6ennesa H P. X. Kyp6a~rannn~oil. ma 06pa3max~e

Padory a n ~ a 6 a ~ ~ s e c ~ o m paclunpemnn rasa A anpenenamT no nonocTH 6 0 ~ 6 ~ pacxonywcn OT 112 no 2/3 non~ofi 3HePrHH B ~ P H B ~ . @ O P M Y ~ ~ Onoeneneme B CBHHUOBOB 6 0 ~ 6 e naer a a e ~ m e n ~ o e J H ~ K ~ H H ~ noes-

me T, H T2, ,pi H p2-COOTB~TCTB~HHO remeparypbl H nasnennn npony~ms e 3 p ~ n a no H nocne pacurnpennu. nonbsyncb +op~ynoB. MOXHO, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KOHeqHOM &aBAeHHU, OnpeflWlflTb pa6OT)' PaCUHpeHHU ra3a B KOHKPeTHHX YCAOBHflX.

n o n ~ a r pa6ota x a p a ~ ~ e p ~ 3 y e r I$ y r a c H o e n e il c T B H e B 3 p bl B a. Ee OnpeneAHloT B CBHHUoBofi b o ~ 6 e no BenHPHHe nono- CTH (B u ~ n n n n ~ r p a x ) , 06pa3oea~~ofi a neil nocne s s p ~ s a sapnna HcnuryeMoro BB Maccofi 10 r. M c n ~ ~ a n n e nxlTKpOBaH0. Pabornno- C O ~ H O C T ~ 88 MOXHO OXapaKTepH30BaTb, CpaBHHB ee C pa6omcnocob- HOCTbm npyrnx, H3BeCTHHX BB. A ~ H H H ~ o pa6omcnoco6~oc~~ HeKO- TOPHX n3 HHX npHneneHu B ~ a 6 n . 8. C X ~ M ~ IlOCTaHOBKH OnHTa, T&.lW 8. wnsl.rsoe . m- p a s p e ~ ~ 6 0 ~ 6 ~ no (a) H nocne (6) BapHaa ~306paXeHH Ha pHC. 19.

Pa6ma s s p ~ s a Moxer Tame OnPelWIRTbCn Ha CneUHaJlbHOM np~6ope - ~ ~ J I A H C T H ~ ~ C K O ~ ~ Mop- THpe, xapa~rep~30sa~scn O ~ W M O M IIOAOCTH npH K ~ M ~ @ A ~ T H H X ' B3pH- eax B rpyHTax d naxe O ~ W M O M BOPOHKH B H ~ P O C ~ npH sspueax B YUlOBHflX 3en~oil IlOBePXHOCTH.

K a M y @ n e T H u M Hasusaar T ~ K O A sspus s rpymax, npw xoropo~ sa ~ ~ ~ P X H O C T H tladmonaexn B H ~ H M U X edenon PaspyIuessn noponu. 56 I

- ~ - r -. .- ~ -~ - ~

s a r a n pabo~ocnoco6~ocm nnn MOUHHX BB. Pe3yJlb~aTId 3KCnepHMeHTaAbHOrO HCCnenOBaHHn BAHHHHR rHnp0-

CTaTHqeCKOrO naaneHHn Ha pa60ly B3pHBa, BHnOAHeHHOIW aBTOpOM B m y n e s ~ c o ~ o r o naenelren, ~ 3 0 6 p a m e n ~ Ha p ~ c . 20. M3 OnHTOB cnenyer, sro B finrepsane or 0,l-150 Mna pa6o~ocnoco6~oc~b nanaer novrm B 8pa3. CyLueC~ne~~o, KTU y BB ~ e ~ b u e i i MOIUHWTH ~a6nmnae~cn donee cnnbnoe naneene pabomnoco6nocr~.

~ P H PBBHHX SHeprHflX B3pHBa 6onbmefi pa6o~ocnoco6~oc~bm 06nanamr Te BB, Kompble namr donblue ra3006pmn~x nponyKTOB.

B ornrsre or non~ofi p a 6 0 ~ ~ e~nenamr pa6o~y, coeepmaesnym IIpOAyKTaMH 83pHBa B 30HC HeIIocpenCTBeHHO D P H M H K ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ K 3a- p a n y , - 6 p n 3 a ~ t ~ o e n e f i c r a n e B ~ P H B ~ . E P H ~ ~ H T H O ~ (HAH npo6n1uee) neitcte~e xapa~repn3yerca B~~COKHMH RanneHHflMH B ynapnofi nonme H npaliyKTax wpuna H cHnbHHM pa3pymm~eu O ~ ' ~ ~ K T O B , K0HTaKTHpYK)UHX C 3apRnOM. nOCK0JlbKy BaBneHHe B BOA- He OnH03Ha9HO CBfl3aHO CO CKOPOCTbm P.WOHaUHH (1.26). TO YeM donblueil c~opocrbm nemHaUnn o6nanaer BB. TeM emte ero 6 p ~ - ~ ~ H T H O C T ~ . 3 ~ c n e p ~ ~ e ~ ~ a n b ~ o @ H ~ ~ H T H O C T ~ onpenennm~ ( B MM) no o 6 x a r m ce~nuoeoro C T ~ H K ~ . npH n s p ~ e e Ha HeM sapnna Hcnbl- TyeMoro BB nnauerpolr 40 MM, ~accoil 50 r*. npo6a rocrnposana. C x e ~ a nocraHoaKp onma H pe3ynsTat n o ~ a 3 a ~ ~ Ha pnc. 21. Mnorna n A R OseHb MoUHHX BB MaCCy 3apnna YMeHbUaloT no 25 r. ~ P H ~ ~ H T - H W T ~ TpOTHAa 16. ~wpena-20-22 MM. KaK H arpu onpenenennm

@yrac~oIW ~efiCTBSiJi BJpHBa, OUeHHBaff ~ P M ~ ~ H T H O C T ~ ZOPO HnH HHOm BB, nyxno cononasnTb ee c 6 p n a a ~ ~ n o c ~ b m y x e nasecrnom selqe- cma.

120 CHX nop, paccMatpnsaa nellc~nne a s p ~ s a , MH He C B ~ B P B ~ I I H e m c Hanpanaennew, no xompoMy OW) @nxc~pyen:n. U w a y rem y x e AaBHO 6 ~ n o aa~eseno . TO pacnrpenenenne sneprnn sapslea FJ nPocTPancTse Boxpyr aapflna HepaBHowepHo. l lpoc~ef iure~ npnwe POM B O B H K X H W ~ H H ~ ~ npenMywecrsennsrx no xonqenTpaqnn 3HepPHH ~ a n p a g n e ~ n l 6yner xaprnna sapb1na unnnnnpnqecxom sapnna, HHH- unnpyelroro c onnoro n3 ~ P U O B .

P a m m npoAyXTOB m p m a - noc~renefi eneprfln - c paanslx m- sex nosepxnocrn sapana no~aaan Ha pnc. 22. Hec~o tpn Ha cxeara- ~nsnocrb, OH Aaer npencTaaneHne o nanpamennow neficrsnn ssptrsa. Unnunnpyn ~UPYB B ~ o s x e A, MH ~ o a 6 y x n a e ~ B aapnne nemnawon- nyw sonny. Ee nonomenwe B pa3HHe aroweHrH spewmu naodpaxe~o nYHKTHPHHMH XPHBYMH. BHxo~ A~!TOH~UHOHHO~~ BOJIHH Ha UOBepX- H O C T ~ aapnna, nanpxraep B msfle K, n3 m n m nnnqflnposannfl ocy- IWCTMXeTCfl no xpanallueray nyrn-npn~oR. B s r o l Tonxe npo- A y W B s p ~ s a 6yAy~ n ~ e r b cxopocrb n Hanpaenenne paane~a,

4 n 3 0 6 p a x e n ~ ~ e BemopoM KM, 0 6 p a 3 0 8 a n n ~ ~ B paynbrare eemop-

* nom CAOXeHHfl c x o p m pasnera nponyxToa e3pHea KC H c~opocrn nnnxennfl seqecraa s nanpasnennn pacnpocrpanennn @ponra WHH ZB.

Ecnn nocrponrb snmpH nnn ncex msex nosepxnocsn aapflna, TO MOIXHO 3aMWHTb, VtO ~ a ~ d O n b l u y l ~ CXOPOCTb BPOBYKTY B3pHBB npno6peyr Ha nosepxnmn, npomeononoxnoR msxe nnnunnposa- m n ( T O ~ X ~ D ) , npOTAa yrnoa sapnna Haxonflrcn paCTXH ocna6nen- nom neficrsnfl Bjphlna (cu. nocrpoenne nnn msxn E). Pasnowepnoe pacnpenenenne 3neprnn WpHBa B npompanclse Boxpyr sapnna MOW no nonysnrb, n3opsan waponoR 3apfln c nnnqnamporr. p a a ~ e q e n n ~ m B uenrpe. Me~flfl m s ~ y 8 0 3 6 y ~ l ( e ~ ~ f l , @ p ~ y aap~ina. a nnorna XOM-

puc. 28. Paspes KyvnnrRBtIoro sapnna (a). C x e ~ a ssaaronefinena erpya c npe- rpanos (6)

-. Hanx or sapana.

l-i3y.renne Hanpaanennoro neffc~ann s s p ~ e a npnseno x co3nannm cneunanbnbix, ornnnamqnxcn ocrpofi nanpaLUIennocTbm KyMynnTHB- HHX 38pflnOB (01 naTHHCXOlD c ~ m u h t i 0 - YBMHqASaTb, H ~ K O ~ A B T ~ ) . ~ ~ M Y A R T H B H H ~ 3ap1inta W H ~ O U O npnMenflm nnfl nep$opawn cxna- JXHH. ncnonb3yw~ B HJPMHIIX, npennaanasenn~x nns nnxnnnaunn asapnl, nepepaannn ~ p y 6 H nnfl npyrnx uenefi. Ha pnc. 23,a cxe- warnqeexn ~ a o 6 p a x e ~ paspa x y ~ y n f l r ~ ~ n o m sapnna, ncnonbaye- Moro npn nepcpopaqnn cxnaxnnu. OH HHnqunpyeTen s msxe A Ha ocn sapma. M ~ e e r x o n ~ s e c ~ y w nonocrb. xompyw m n ycnnennfl A ~ ~ C T B H ~ asptaea o 6 n n q o s ~ ~ a w ~ MerannoM. B nexoropnx nanennflx nonocn s ~ n o n n ~ w r napabonnsecxoii.

P a c c ~ o r ~ n M ABnXeHne IIpOAyXTOB B3pHBa C B H ~ T ~ ~ H H ~ R nOBepX- ~~ ~ . ~

HOCTR K ~ M ~ J ~ T H B H O ~ O 38pflna. nnu nn~6vxneann m o m a neronaqnonnoe OpeBpaqeHfle HaW- - -r .- --- ., - -.-~.

Haer paonpocrpanRTscn n'o BB, Kax noxasa~o ~ Y H K T H P H W M H xpn- BHMH, @ H X C H ~ ~ ~ I U H M H nonoxenne @poH~a nmonasnl B 3apane B pa3HHe MOMeWTH BPeMeHH. ~ W K 'IaCTHU MeTaAAa, HCTeKaWUlRX c sny7penneR nonepxnocrn KoHyca (emu on 06nnuosan man no^), @KyCiIpy~~fl na ocn xonyca. B sone coynapenun namexae 3HarlH- r e n b ~ o noapac~aer, B paynbrare sero nowr Kax 6~ etanaannsaes n3 cedn snepen no ocn nnornym, c donee swco~ofi CKopOCTbw (6 10 'XM/C) c~pyw. 3 ~ a W C T b CTPYH xopom npdnnaer nperpanw. O c ~ a s m a n c ~ sacTb crpyn nsnxercn B 3 - 4 paaa Memennee, npnser MoxeT neem sacrb MeTanna B nnne c~epxnn-nec~a . necr, xax npasnno, He ycnnnnaer npo6ns~oro neknsnfl crpyn, nanpornn, sa- sacTym aabnsafl orsepcrne. OH yuenbluaer 9#exmanomb nponpena. I l o ~ m ~ y CTpeMflTCfl AeJIaTb nnn nep$opaqnn s a p n n ~ . He nawulne necra.

nonoc~b, B ~owpyro nponcxonnr ncresenne aponyxroe s s p ~ a a n m e 06pa3yercfl KyMynflmnnaff crpyn (06paao~ame CTPYH saeep- luaerca Ha nenompoM ynanennn m mpua 3apfl~a) . tie nonxna co- nepxmb nperpan. A a x e cxarslfi no namenun 2 M n a eoaqyx, ne rosopn yxe o ~ H ~ X O C T H . nnnfler Ha 06pa30nanne xy~ynf l tn~noB cspyn. n o m e saaepluennn 06paaoeannn c ~ p y n s nanbuefilue~ nonere

.. . nepnoe MareiwarwecKoe onHcanHe T W ~ H H KyrcynnUnn scspe-

qaewn a pa60~ax arcanemma M. A. JZaapeerbeea, nasurem pacqer, Hue ( P O P M Y ~ H nnx onpeneneHHn cltopocrn mpyn H necra a saBHcHJ uocrn or KoHcTpyKuHn sapsma. Cnnran, PTO npn ssanroneficrss~ cTpy~ c nperpanofi (ptrc. 23.6) nameme m p y ~ ria ARO nperpanx p, ypasnoeelunsaercn p e a m e 8 co cmponu nperpanu p,, MOXHO nony- nnrb CKOPOCT~ np06~THn nperpanu B nwe

m e 1,-nn~ea c r p y ~ . Bonee Towan ouenKa aunonnnercn c ynemrov npo!xoen nperpanx.

Pnn sennnrt~. ~cnonbaye~ux npn pacnerax, Moxer 6 ~ r b nonyneri nnwb 3 ~ c n e p ~ u e ~ r a n s ~ o . M~elorca MaluHnnue nporpaMMu nnn pacsera n p o t h ~ ~ s nperpanH crpyefi. n o n ~ y m KaprHHy, xaK npaenno, nonyramr onurnuac nyreu, apoBOnri HcntrraHHn aapxnoe Ha mennax H MHUeHflX. f ipadOf~a 3apflnoe Bunonnflercn B cneqnann3npo~an- HUX na60pa~op~ux, pacnonarauulnx 060pynosan~e~, ~eodxonriusr~

HO yxynmaercn.

nflr~anoii BU~MKO$ (HCdl0IIb3yloT~fl B KOnblleBslX KYMYnRTHBHblX rpy6opaax) H C B ~ P T H K ~ J I ~ H o ~ ableMK0k ( n p ~ ~ e ~ f l l o ~ ~ f l Wfl pWKH ~ w a n n a ) . Ilocnen~ne, B sacrsonx. Hcnonsywcn B Kaseme Ha- p y x ~ ~ x HaKnannblx sapnnoa nnn p w ~ n ~py6 , B TOM n n a e warHcT- p a n w x raaonpoaonebtx. npo6sawoe nekcrese nono6aux ~apnnos, O C O ~ ~ H H O C K0J3bIleUOk K ~ H ~ J I U T H B H O ~ I s ~ e ~ l c o f i , HeBUHKO.

h e e nonpo6~o KOHCTpYKllHH KyMYnRTHBHblX 38Pn&OB. IIPHHUHnH HX IIpOeKTHpOBaHHfl, OIIpeneJIeHHe ~ ~ O ~ H B H O ~ A ~ ~ C T B H U 6 y ~ v paC- crrarpenu npn onncaaau annapaypx. B ~ompoA OHM IIPXMeHflloTCfl.

s 1 5 . 5. Oopenen~rs, Kame nasnenun 6 nyr B neto~au~oHHoR BonHe npn uspusax

sapadon tpornna. p=1,5, EKCa~IIa p-f.6. T3Ha p=1.5 r/cus. 6. Onp~nenUPb n p U nOCtpOeHIIX MHnHHe Ha 06pa308~~He K ~ Y Y ~ I I T I Q H O A

crpyn cYcqeHun mqna HnnuHHpoeawun ws uenrpa sapans K em Kpam (cu. pwc. 23). 7. Onpenenn~b nmpH m HenMnolhl nemnaunu sa met paslpoca nepnC-

PH~IHOR qacm sapma HS npeecosanuoro rporrna nnauerpov 50 MU H sapnna ns n ~ m m rporHna nuauelpou 70 uu.

8. OnpnWl~Tb C K O p T b ~CrOll~lUlH JapaLIa MHHOR 50 CU, eCnt OTPe3KH nerosnpyawro mypa I, n it cwraannmr I H 0.35 M, a c~opocrb nemnau.m

f n a a a 2 .

IIOPOXA, B3PMB4ATblE BEULECTBA H C P U C T B A B 3 P U B A H H I

nopoxa, espunnarb~e semecrea H cpencrsa e s p ~ s a n ~ n wnpo~o npH- snennmrcn a reo@wsn~e. Mx ncnonbsylor nnnR nposeneHHs npocTpe- ~ O ~ H O - B ~ ~ U B H U X pa6or e CKsaxnHax H npH C ~ ~ C M H ~ ~ C K O ~ passeare. 3711 O ~ ~ ~ C T H npnueHeHnn npedkflmxmr so MHOmM pa3~ble rpe6ona- H H ~ K B ~ ~ U B Y ~ T Y Y BeuecrnaM, nm onpenennercu U ~ ~ R M H , nnn KOTO- PUX OHM HCllOnb3YIOTCfl, H YCIIOBHRMH, B KOTOPYX IlPHMeHSIOTCU. Tax, nnn npoc~penon~o-s3p~sn~x pa6oT 60nb~0e s ~ a n e ~ ~ e %slew Tepuo- H ~ ~ ~ O C T O ~ ~ K O C T ~ ; 3HePPHR 83pblBa H CKOPOCTb BeTOHaUHH BB; nnn a o s 6 y ~ n e ~ n n c e f i c ~ ~ s e c ~ o r o cnrnana - c r o ~ ~ o c r b BB. Q a ~ m - seem rpedOnannn K BB mnpe. l l p ~ reo(P~3~qec~nx pa6orax naxo- nnT IIpAMeHeHHe 6 p ~ s a m ~ a r e H HHHIIHHPYlOUlHe BB, IlOpOXa H HHOrna naXe IIHpOTeXHHneCKHe COCTaaH.

nOMHHn, nOCK(MbKY P ~ ~ T Y B CKBaXnHax c BeT0HHpymq~M ~omporo ~ ~ o r n a xcnonwym~ connposoe MaCJIO. np~rorosnenue aa- B BWoHenPOHmae~oti obonos~e- BIIIB, nnn c ~ a p n x e ~ ~ ~ UlOgaercn B npoctoM cmelueHHn pacsernux Konnsecrn Kouno~enTos. nPHMeHRflcfl T3H. HHorna conpo~oxnato~cn noep-ne~~ MexblueR cnexmeae~ocrbm o6nanaer H B O ~ O ~ C T ~ R ~ H B ~ R ~OPOUIKO- K a n a ~ ~ ) O ~ o q ~ ~ H npOnH~~0fi 3apnna C K B B ~ H H H O R )KH~I(OC 06pasxan aMMHaPHaRC€'JIHTpa X B . T3H n p ~ ~ e ~ f l e l c n H B ~ a s e c ~ n e sapnna n p o ~ e x y t o q ~ ~ ~ B ~ p u a s a ~ u e aeuecrea, np~rososnne~ue na oc~oee a ~ ~ ~ a s ~ o f i PoB. C n n a ~ TPornna c T ~ H o M ~aausa lor nenranurow. ceaerpbl, MOXHO pa3dntb Ha nBe rpynnu: BMMOHHTY, B KOmPHX

B ~ P W B ~ ~ T O ~ B~UWTBO HT@A no CBOHM a a p u s n u ~ xapa ~ a q e c ~ s e ropjoqero 0 6 u q ~ o ~ c n o n ~ i y m ~ n B3pblBqaTble OprBHnqe- KaM 6 ~ ~ 3 ~ 0 K TPOTHJIY, o6nanaet ~ u c o ~ o f i ( 3 4 5 0 ~ ) T ~ M CKHe BqeCTBa, H nHHaMOHbl- CMeCH HeB3pHB'1BTOrO mPWqerO ~ n m ~ ~ e ~ ~ f l . 3apnn H 3 Hem nHaMetpoM 50 MM, HaXOfiRCb co C K ~ ~ H H H O R XHnKocTbm, ~ o x e r 6u TW - ~3punqatble cMecn. COCTORUlHe ~3 ~ M M H ~ ~ H O A CWIHT- parype no 230°C. n p ~ nnOTHOCTH 1.62 TIC npyrom ~ n ~ p o c o e n ~ ~ e ~ ~ s . UaMeTP ReToHallHH 2-3 M M H c~opocrb n e r o ~ a q n ~ 7.2 HOHHOR C ~ O C O ~ H O C T H

B ~ P M B ~ 4.23 m x / ~ r . I l p ~ r e ~ n e p a ~ y p e 2 0 " ~ B3p once ~ o q ~ u e H qyncTnnTenbHue BB. ~ a n p ~ ~ e p r e ~ c o r e ~ . ~ e c ~ o R ~ S H A ~ CBHHlra B 0.4 r. K ~ e n o c r a ~ ~ a ~ HTOA, a nnn noBulueHHn p a 6 0 ~ o c n b c o 6 ~ o c ~ ~ espuaa- a n m m ~ ~ ~ t i . noenen- cPaBHHT~bHo HeBMcOKofi 3HeprHH s a p ~ e a , MOXHO O T H ~ C T H HHe BB ~ a j u ~ a m r c n awmonanamu. Mory~ BXOAHT~ H TexHonorHqe- TwbHYm CJIoXHOCTb H3l'OTfJB~eHHfl H 3 Hem ~ jnw~f i , no HrpaTb Ponb mpmqero. Yno~eT~OP~lollrHX T ~ ~ ~ B B H H R M ~ P O C T P ~ J ~ O Y H O - B ~ ~ ~ ~ B H ~ ~ X pa HH, c TPY&OM ~ ~ n x ~ ~ a m ~ ~ ~ ,

P ~ ~ O T B Nan c o 3 n a ~ ~ e ~ H o p r a ~ n 3 a u ~ e ~ BHnyCKa T BB npoaonxaewn, H MOWHO o x ~ n a ~ b nonnne~un Ha y H TPeHHIO Mano ~YBCTBH-

r e 0 @ n 3 n ~ ~ B HOBHX, donee TepMocTofi~~x H 6onee onee pacnpocTpa~eH aMMOHHT H 6 X B . co3naHHH H BHeRPeHHH Tep~oCTofi~Hx BB H ~snenufi pa3~osnn~ocTefi aMMOHHToB KpaTKO OCTaHOBHMCR Ha

P O J ~ ~ curpaan A. C. Aepxa~eu, A. A. O K C Y ~ ~ H , r. ax, aKBaTonax, aKnaHHTax H EerOHHTaX. 3epn"zpany- M. H. KPOU~HKO H IPYrHe P ~ ~ O T H H K H HHCTHTYTOB H saeono~. nuru- c ~ e c ~ rpa~yn~posan~of i ~ M M H ~ P H O ~ ~ CWIHTPH H TPOTHnB

C M e c e B e ~3punsa~ble seuec~ea , o wo~opvx H ~ H r p a ~ y n ~ p o s a ~ ~ o r o ) B ~UHPOKOM nnana3oHe COOT- peqb, mHpoKo nPHMeHflloTCn B ~ O P H O ~ ~ n p o ~ u r u n e ~ ~ o e OHeHTOB. B B O ~ O ~ C T O R ~ H B ~ X 3epHOrPaHYnHTBX TPOTHn nec~ofi passeme H oqenb p e n ~ o - npn npoc~penos~o-B nAeHKH, n o ~ p u e a j o u e ~ rpa~ynw C~JIHTPY. M~orna Tax. H ~ 3 ~ a n CTOHMOCT~ npn ynoanereopHreJlsHux 83 OnnT anm~nnnii, cnnano nonvluaer @yracHoe TePHCTHKaX CO'IeTaHHH C HeBblCO~ofi 'IYBCTBnTenbH a. nnfl no36yxfie~~n lleTOHaUHH ~ p e 6 y m ~ c ~ n b ~ b l a

I qHnH HM ~ P O ~ H H ~ ~ O ~ H U H H B npo~blmne apusnarue cuecn, ConePXauKe BonHue Topa H X H ~ K O N ) HanOJlHHTWIR, Ha3uBajoT

~ w f l ~ M M H ~ ~ H Y ~ CWHTPY - ~ a c c o s v a nponyltr, e p x a ~ ~ e 3aryc~n~enn - no 1,5, ~ o n ~ - CTPaHe H HCnOJlb3yeMblfi KaK yno6penne. HMeHRlOT TPOTHn a reKcO-

A-U*ua'l~an CenurPa NH'NO, - a30THO~~Cnblfi HX Bfl3KOCTb H COOTBeTCT- QBflHafl ~ p ~ c ~ a n n n q e c ~ a n conb a 3 0 ~ ~ 0 8 KHCJIO ~ ~ o n o n o 6 ~ o r o . 06nanam~ Bqca , PacTmPHMaR B Bone. M~JIo'I~BcTBHTWI~HO~ cTe.0. &fin B O ~ ~ Y X A ~ H H R B3PYBB. KaK npasano, BHble pa3HOBHP.HOCTH BOIIOHBnWHeH- ToqHOrO neToHaTopa. r p y n ~ o 3 a x ~ r a e ~ c n . I l p ~ ru. n p ~ ~ e ~ f l l o ~ c f l arm ~unonHe~Hn Hux MacC CenHTPbl, O C O ~ ~ H H O B llOJlY3aMKHYTblX HOR nOBePXHOCTH. OHH MOIYT TpaHc- nPn nePem3Ke B CYROBHX T P W M ~ X , ~a6n lonan~c OCOB H ~ H no n ~ e ~ u o ~ a r ~ c ~ p a n ~ .

~ f l 0 H ~ 9 H K 3 . KHCJ~OPOI~HY~~ ~ B ~ B H C +20. A0688 nn BB, HM non06~ux) &An ToPne- qeCTB OPraHHqeCKHx BeuecTn C H ~ ~ H O Y B M H ~ H B a p n n a ~ ~ H ~ H naxe nnn BHYTPH- CenHTPU H Yny~ulaer ee B B P ~ ~ B H H ~ xapax~e n x ~ o npenmff~~oBa~b H3YqeHHe

1, HeAOcT~TKaMH a ~ t d ~ a q ~ 0 R C W H T ~ M nensm~cn HRX, neRcTBymUlHX B CKBaxHHe* CneXHBaeMOCTb. me W P H B ~ ~ H I I P ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

r ~ a n ~ n ~ ~ o ~ a ~ ~ ? ~ aMMHaqHafl CeJlHTpa co KaMN ~ e ~ e e ~ H ~ P O C K O ~ H ~ H ~ , TO n03nonn WTPH c HeB3PHBqBTHMH roPn-

n p n m ~ o ~ n e ~ ~ f l psna BB. ~ a n p ~ ~ e p uz B nasecme ropmqem Moryl Pec~ofi c ~ e c ~ a m ~ a v ~ o a c e n ~ ~ p u c X H ~ K ~ s e c ~ n e mprorlne (np-~afl

M Y K a H BP.). Ha neTOHa4HOHHym cno XaqeCTBO H3MWbqeHHII. CMelIIeHHII, BnaXHOCTb, CTe

H T. n. Ann ~ 0 3 6 y m n e ~ ~ s BspHea rpe6ye~cfl n p o M e x y r o q ~ ~ f i HamP. M ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Y B c T B H T ~ ~ ~ H H K ynapy H TpeHHIO. P a 6 0 ~ ~ c H nopoxa - HHOrOKOMllOHeHTHHe BB, xapa~~epw3yX)UIHeCfl Y C T O ~ ~ ~ H - HorYT 6 m b MeXaHH3HpOBaHbI. Aeucenbl. H~CMOTPH HB pnn nono s b z ~ r o p e ~ ~ e ~ n p ~ BHCOKOM n a s n e n ~ ~ . Mnorna HX H ~ ~ H B ~ I O T ~ e ~ a - TwbHHX KaqeCTB. H3-3a HeBblCOKHX B3pHBHHX XaPaKTepHCTHK ~enbHblHH BB. B I I ~ O M U C J I O B O ~ ~ ~ W @ H ~ H K ~ ~ O P O X ~ ~ P H M ~ H I I ~ ~ T C S B 3 r d rpynnH ~ p y n ~ o PaccqHTunaTb, TO OHH ~ a f i n HapRnHHx nep@oparopax, r p y ~ ~ o n o c a x , B ~ P H B H H X D a m - MeHeHHe B ~ P O M H C ~ O B O ~ ~ reo@H3H~e. Mc~nmsenne HX renepa~opax n a s n e ~ ~ n H n p y r o ~ 0 6 o p y n o ~ a n ~ ~ . n a c ~ o o 6 p a 3 ~ ~ e B J ~ H B ~ ~ T H ~ neqecrna, ~ c n o n b s y e ~ ~ e nnp e nopoxon ~ ~ O @ H ~ H K ~ M H nocTonHHo PacmHpReTcu. HHn ~ O ~ ~ U H X B3pHBOB B CKBaXHHaX, Ha6op UHPOK - OT sepH0m (I~HMHOPO) n0 IIOPOXOB, ~ P H M ~ H u K ) ~ H X C U 6 e ~ o n a c ~ o c ~ b 06pame~un ~ o r y r 1 1 p ~ 0 6 p e ~ a ~ b pe pax s ~ m e 200°C. P a 3 n ~ s ~ ~ B ~ ~ B H C H M O C T H OT ~ 3 n e - nPH ~ ~ 6 o p e BB H TeXHOnOrHH pa6o~. OHH IIPHMeHRlOTCR, H Tpe60BaHHfl K CKOPOCTH rOpeHHU

3apnna H ero ~ ~ J I ~ H C T H ~ ~ C K H M XapaKTepHCTHKaM. HeKOroPuX CMeCeauX BB KaqeCTBe ceHcH6HnHsar o ~ o p ~ x nopoxax, ~cnonb3ye~a tx npw r e o @ u 3 a s e c ~ ~ x TnHuePHH H llPYTHe HHTPOSCPU. ~ ~ + O N I I T ~ - ~ ~ ~ O I L I K O ~ ~ JHBaeMue Ha oc~oee aonoycroRsesoR aMMHasHoR ~ e n ~ ~ p u Hnax, npueenenu B ~ a 6 n . 7. 6onbmym ponb B coana- amoMHHHeaoR nynpu H a HeKoropux cocraaax TpOTHIIa, conepma ~ ~ O @ H ~ H K O B c ~ r p a n A. M. Ayea~oa. H H T ~ O ~ $ H ~ O B OHH Younee aMMOHHIOB. ~ H H ~ M H T H - mena c donblu~~l ConepmaHHeM H H T P ( U $ H P O B , rnaaHuM 0 6 ~ 8 3 0 ~ e csofic~na nopoxos onpenensmTcfl ~ennorofi H

Mourmue BB. BonoycmRs~~u. Us-sa HanHqHR B cofrase n ~ r p o xcn n p ~ C ~ O P ~ H H H

O6nanawr ~ O B U I L I ~ H H O ~ ~ ~ B C T B H T ~ ~ ~ H O C T ~ W K ynapy H rpesm. npOnyKTOB ropeHHfl c o 6 ~ o c r ~ X H ~ K H X HHTPOSQHPOB S K C Y ~ H P O B ~ T ~ - B U ~ M R T M . a nosepxnocrm sapnna-pa6ora c S T H M H BB onacna. 3~cynmpy10 YHH9TOXeHHIO. POnYKTOB CrOpaHHIl 1 KT nopoxa,

B Kasecree npHMepa xxnltwx c~ecefi CHAbHHX OKHCn s ep~oro nopoxa OTHO-

( ~ ~ T H ~ ~ X O K H C H asOTa, K ~ H U ~ H T P H P O B ~ H H O ~ ~ B ~ O T H O R KHCROTU aC HCIIOnb3ymT OXOTHHKH. C rOPH)¶HMH MOXHO Ha3BaTb HX CMeCH C n u ~ p 0 6 e n a o ~ o ~ . ~ T H MU ~PH~OTOBJIUHITCX CMeUIeHHeM KOMIlOHeHTOB. 06nanamr B e 3apflna B ~ P H B H H X ~ ~ K ~ P O B 3HeprHeh B3PHBa, ManHHH KPHTH'leCKHMH nHaM x 3apun0~. C ~ O P ~ H H ~ KOTOPHX

CTBe CBOeM MTOBIITCU H3 OTllWbHHX HeB3pUB O C H O B H O ~ ~ O ~ O X O B O ~ ~ sapma. npanano, nemes~. Mx ~ e n o c ~ a ~ ~ ~ - 6onbman sync naxnoe 3 ~ a q e ~ ~ e nnn npaewnb- K H TPeHHIO, IInOXafl @ N ~ H ¶ ~ C K ~ R C T O ~ ~ K O C T ~ , BHC nuR, 06ecnesn~an HYXHHfi TeMn PHMOCTb B Bone. l h c n e n ~ e e MOXHO PaCCMaTPHBaTb H Hfl B CHCTeMe, H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M H ~ ~ nnU nOny¶eHHS TeX- UeCTBO, n03BO~fllOWee nWKO OPraHH30BaTb JIHK

X H H ~ B cnysae o ~ ~ a 3 a . BOJMOXHOCT~ n x a ~ ~ s e c ~ a n c ~ e c b ymn, cepU H CwHTPH. B J ~ H B ~ HenocpencTaeHHo B MOMeHT IIpHMeHeHH nupoeannblx =pen c e p o ~ a ~ o - s e ~ ~ o r o UBeTa. TaTb, TO nono6s~e BB npencrasnuror HHTep xIK~, 06beM r a 3 0 0 6 p a 3 ~ ~ x ~ P O ~ Y K T O B

rCnor~x p a 6 o ~ B C K B ~ X H H ~ X npn C O ~ ~ ~ H H H co - yronb, HO H cepa, w a s ponb u e ~ e n - JIOrHH HX HCIlOJIb30BaHHII. Ta, CBH3HBaIOUlWO YrOnb C c w ~ ~ p o f i , TaKXe UBnUeTCfl rOPHIYHM.

Bsphlssa~ble aeuecrea, 06nanamqse nna o c ~ a n ~ q ~ e ~ B ero c o c ~ a ~ e ~ a n ~ e m f i 0 6 6 1 ~ ~ 0 C O ~ ~ ~ I O T ~a 6a3e M O ~ H H X BB c no6a B nopoxe ~e n o n ~ ~ o nPeBumaTb 1 %; n a m u ~ x n n a c s ~ r e c ~ ~ e C B O R C T B ~ . A ~ T O H H ~ ~ o ~ o c n m t e n e ~ ~ e ~ n m c TPYnOM. nPH CKOPOCT~ neToHauHH MOXeT npeljtaUaTb 7 B O C ~ ~ ~ M ~ H U ~ T C ~ . J l e r~o m n ~ ~ r a m c n B ~ P H B H O R mTaMnonKe Matep~anon. Ann c m e n K ynapy H T P ~ H H ~ . ~ P Y S B 10 ~ r , 3 y m ~ nopnc~oe BB, n e ~ o ~ ~ p y m u e e B n ~ c na sapup. nopoxa. ~ o c n n a ~ e ~ u e r era CO CKOpOCTbm 1,&4.5 KM/C. ~ ~ O T H O C T ~ e H H H 'IePHHM nOPOXOM r~@H3HqecK0R

~ P H ~ o p c ~ o f i H cyxony~~of i c e & c ~ ~ s e BHHX n a ~ e p o ~ , o c o 6 e ~ ~ o HYXHO H3- B ~ ~ H B H c~ecefi ropmr~x rases c K H C ~ q a c ~ ~ l r nopoxa M ~ W Y T P Y ~ H M H C R POn - a30T. ra30Bble B3pHBsaTHe CHCTe nPHBecTH K Pa30rPeBy, KOR 3Hepr~eR B3pHBa H a enHHHUy MaCCH POBaHHblM BB, HO no 3HePrHH H a enHHH4y o6aeua YCTynaIOT HH. ~ H H H R C M ~ C ~ B O ~ C O C T ~ B . ~ a l u e n l u ~ f i

68 pa6osax. n p ~ ~ e n u m r Tame KOM-

69

pHe H 3 3THX K O M ~ O ~ H U H ~ I 06nanawr i I O C T a T O s H 0 ~ucoxoR T e p M XOCT~W. nopoxa, conep~aune n e p x n o p a T H , ~ ~ B C T B H T ~ ~ H H x HH'IeCXHM 8 0 3 A e f i ~ T B ~ f l M . n p ~ 0 6 p a ~ e ~ H H C HHMH T P ~ ~ Y ~ T C R C A a T b I IOBHIUeHHyW OCTOpOXHOCTb.

~ P H C r O P a H H H IIOPOXOB. CO3AaHHHX H a OCHOBe

B co t ra~e nponyxro~ c r o p a ~ ~ f l 06pa3yercn ~ a r p e r a f l pac. 25. 3neueuru nopoxo~ux sapnnoa pa~nux e p ~ nora, x o T o p a n , nonknan B nnacr H p e a r u p y f l c noponofi, ynysmeunw uasec~sa T p e u r H H H c o o T s e T c T s e n H o n Moc~of ix~x BB H nopoxon, p e m e ~ ~ e ~ o ~ o p o f i no~pe6o~ano M H O ~ O ~ ~ T -

nnac~a . nocnensee O ~ C T O ~ ~ T ~ ~ ~ C T B O nannercn earn He* p a ~ o T u HccnenoBaTwbcxHx xonnexTHBoB. ~ O B H ~ ~ W U H M S @ @ ~ K T H B H O C T ~ I I p H H e H e H H f l IIOpOXOBbl B O T n W b H y W rpynny MOXHO B H n w H T b T ~ ~ M O C T O ~ K U ~ n 0 p O X a .

Mx swnycxawr nnn~ nyneaux nep@oparopos, r p y H r o H o c o a , mnanco- aux H q e M e H T n p o n o q i i u x naxepos, nopoxoeux reneparopos name- HHfl. ~ P ~ A ~ J T H T ~ P M W T O ~ ~ K O C T H B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT T H n O B nOPOXOB H H a 3 H a s e H H f l MeHflWTCfl OT 180 A 0 260°C. kix 3 H e p r H f l C r O p a H H R 3340--6280 K ~ x / K ~ , 0 6 5 e ~ ra3006pa3~ux n p O n y X T 0 B HeCXOnbXO M e H b W e , Y e M y HHTPOrnHUePHHOBblX H nHPOXCHnHHOBblX IIOPOXOB. Y Y B C T B H T ~ ~ ~ H O C T ~ x ynapy ~ o n e 6 n e r c f l B ~ H P O X H X npenwax.

nopoxa B H n y C X a W T C f l H B B H n e 3 n e M e H T O B p a 3 ~ o B @OPMH H pa3- MepOB, 6naronaps s e M y 06ecnes~saercn HYXHLSA x a p a x T e p rasonpe- xona n p H C r O p a H H H 3 a p U n a . @OPMH ~ H B ~ D T JIeHTOqHhle , T P Y ~ ~ ~ T H ~ , nnacrwrisarue H H H u e (PHC. 25). nnn cnysaes, xorna r a s o n p l t x o n A O J I X e H 6 ~ T b nOCTOflHHbIM H I lOBepXHOCTb r O p e H H H 3 a p f l A a HeH3MeH- HOB, yn06~1.1 UHJlHH,UpHqeCXHe 3 A e M e H T u C ~ P O H H P O B ~ H H O ~ ~ ( 3 a U H -

~ e ~ ~ o i t O T n 0 n X H r a H H f l ) ~ O K O B O A IIOBepXHOCTblO ( p ~ c . 25. a), y XOTO-

P"X rope~ue H n e T T O n b X O C T O p U a , ~py6sarue 3 n e M e H T h J (pHC. 25.6, Z) , me Y M e H b m e H H e H ~ P ~ X H O ~ IlOBepXHOCTH T P Y ~ K H n p H C r O p a H H H U C T H q H O XOMneHCHPYeTCfl POCTOM IlOBePXHOCTH K a H a n O B , H n n a c T H H q a T w e (PHC. 2 5 , ~ ) , Y KOTOPblX T O n U H H a I lnaCTHHKH MHOrO

ua ananu3, nopox yklmnnakn. Kpoiie iom, y H H T P O T ~ W ~ ~ R H O B ~ I X lloPox I Ta6rwqe 9. Hwlusmwe, @snxo-xuwneerue m 6unwcrwrccme c&cna Yonet urnera memo SKcynalUIa Hurpornuuepsna, s~syanbuo wa6nanaeuan a awns Hex-ux -, Hcnorrsyem r ~ r r u n c u l a vaennuncrux nnmn Ha noaepxuwru =pen. T O K H ~ nopoxa Tame ynmmmamrca.,

3mpma. 6 e 3 n H H H H e I IOpOXa n p H T P e H H H ' I aCTHU nPYr 0 npyra cnoco6~ -11m-

9 J l e X T P H 3 0 B a T b C f l , 9 l U M O X e T IIpHBeCTH X HX BOCnJlaMeHeHHW. n 0 B I . I - Tun n w x a Hamarmwe y.'" =mwBY. M n x l n r

3 a U H H . 6 e 3 l l b l M H H e I IOpOXa B .r@lli3HXe HCIlOJlb3yW m e BB B xasecsae 3apnnos nynesux H ceapnneux H r p y H T o H o c o n B C x m a x n H a x c ~ewneparypok, H e am~bl~ (mna PPn B3pbnume 2,8 100--110°C. CeRsac OHH IIPHMeHflWTCfl M a n o . Bce N? I. 2. 3) TR" c n o c o 6 ~ ~ B 3 P H B a T b C R n p H C W T B W C T B y W U e M 8036 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f i rpymnoeu, 4,&5,( n p r s e ~ ~ a ~ 6 o n e e nerxo B ~ ~ H B ~ 0 3 6 ~ X n a e T ~ f l &nnsenmm~, Mac- ne&pmpu nopoxon. mwnd ( m a nynesw

C B s l n O n H e H H e M nyne~ofi n e p @ ~ p a ~ H I I B C X B a X H H a X C HEM 14/10. 10110) ~of i T e H n e p a T y p ~ f i C B R ~ ~ H H nepeble cnysan TepuoemhcRB r-80 rpymoebl. 6

~ p a 6 a T H B a ~ H n aapnnos reo@n3~secxoR a n n a p a T smro nepen ~ ~ O @ H ~ H K ~ M H c T p a H H B c T a n a npo6nesla c o 3 n a ~ ~ n T e

ne&-pu

Cyuectaylo~ raxxe nopoxoaue snemetu donee cnoruoii KOTOpUe Huelo? HnH H M M H OrPlHHWHHOe IIPHMeHeHHe. ~ O P O X ~ . H3WTIIBnHBaeMU a snne nopoxoaux aneueeroa, 0603HaqaloT rapwaus, Npuy H paavep 3epem.

CpeAcTBa BOCnnaMeHeHHA K B3PLSBaHHR HCnOJIb3yH)TCI BAR TOrO, PT0 6~ Bb13BaTb rOpeHHe HAH neTOHaUHH) nOPOXOB H BB. Aekc~ene me HX Bb13blBaeTCR nPOCTblM Ha'IanbHbIM HMnYnbCOM-nyY0M OrHR, Ha- rpeBOM, HaKOnOM H T. ll. B X O ~ H T KaK s a x ~ e f i m ~ k 3JIeMeHT B CocTaB ~ ~ O C T ~ ~ ~ O ~ H O - B ~ ~ U B H O ~ annaparypu, B s~asw~enbnok Mepe onpenennn 6e30nac~ocTb H HanexHocTb p a 6 0 ~ u c HeA. O6nanan pnnoM c n e u ~ q l ~ s e c ~ ~ x o c o 6 e ~ ~ o c ~ e k , OHM ~ p e 6 y m ~ OT oneparopa n py~oeo- AHTUX B3pblBHHX pador XOpOluerO 3HaHHR KOHCTDYKUHH H I ~ M H R H npaBHn 06paure~wn C HHMH, BKJIIOqaR IlOPRllOK ~ P O E ~ P K H nPHrOP.HOCTH H YHH9TOXeHHII CPeACTB B3PblBaHHU. I

B o c ~ ~ ~ M ~ H ~ H H ~ eapue.larux neurecrs 0 6 e c n e u ~ ~ a e r c ~ npxMeHe- HneM p a ~ n ~ s ~ h l x sne~rposananos, 3 n e ~ ~ p o s o c n n a ~ e ~ ~ ~ e n e R H nnpo- DaTpOHOB, aeRcrene KOTOpHx HHOrAa YCHJHBaeTCfl nOnOJlHHT&7hHhlMH nOpOXOBblMH 3apHnaMH. Aero~auwll 3apRnOB B3pbIBYaTUX BeUeCTB ~036ymnaercn B ~ ~ U B O M ~ancmnek-ne~o~aropoe (m), eneKTponero- HaTOpOB (3A), K ~ ~ c I O ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ T O H ~ T O ~ O B HaKOnbHOrO A ~ ~ C T B H R , a TBK- XCe B3pHBHatX naTpOHOB. O6~3aTenb~blM 3neMeHTOM IIOCJIellHHX caymat 3 n e ~ ~ p o n e w ~ a ~ o p u . ~ P H M ~ H R ~ T C R H CneuHanbHue ~ 3 p u ~ a - . r a n . Ann nepenasn neToHauwn OT oneoro sapnna K npyro~y, pac-, nonomeHHoMy Ha ynanennn. ncnonbaymrcn n e ~ o ~ ~ p y m q w e meypM, woropue B ropnenax ~3 neToespymuero runypa (TIILU) nnu npH BeneHHH B3PbtBHblX p a 6 o ~ B ~ek~M0Pa3BenKe MeTOnOM JIAtLI CnymaT. CaMOCTORTUbHHM 3apXnOM. B nonrpynny HHOrna B b l n U R l o T TepMO- c ~ o r l ~ n e CB, ~cnonb3ye~ue npn ~ ~ O ~ T ~ ~ ~ O ~ H O - B ~ ~ H B H U X pah rax B r n y 6 0 ~ ~ x CKBaXHHaX.

P a c n p o n p a ~ e ~ ~ v ~ ~ cpencrsaMH BocnnaMeHeHnn RMIIIOTCR 3 n e ~ - TPOBOCnnaMeHHTenH H 3JIeKTp03ananhl. I ' I ~ o c T ~ R u H R 3JIeKTpOBOC- nnasneawTenb npencraenuer co60R rnnbsy. 3 a ~ p u ~ y m c O ~ H O ~ O KOHUa npo6~ok, sepe3 KOTOpym IIpOnyuleHhl nBa npOBOnHHKa, COe,QHHeHHble MOCTHKOM HaKanUBaHHII. Ha K O T O P ~ I ~ B BHBe KanMbKH HaHeCeH syecreu~enb~uk K Harpesy 6ucrporopaurwfi nopox nnH nHpoTexHH- 4eCKHk COCTaB. ~ P H ~pO~yCKaHKK TOKa MOCTHK HaPpeBaeTCR, KanMb- xa BocnnaMenReren n naeT nys ornn. B ~ ~ B H C H M O C T H OT ~ a s ~ a s e ~ n n KOHCTPYKUHH ~ J I ~ K T ~ o B o c ~ ~ ~ M ~ H H T ~ MOryT MeHXTbCR. 3JIeMeHTH. o ~ ~ C I I ~ Y H B ~ K ) U I H ~ IlOjlXHraHHe, MOrYT BXOnHTb HenOCPenCTBeHHO B C 0 -

CTaB ~ s n m ~ n , KaK, Hanpnarep, B ~ e p ~ o c m f i ~ n x 3ne~~ponem~aropax (pat. 26.2) unH IIOpOXOBblx aapnnax rpyHToHocos H nynesux nepqlo- pampoe. Cyurecrnym~ TaKxe ~ a n c m n n - a o c n n a ~ e ~ n ~ a ~ , cpa6aT~- BaIOlUHe OT ynapa 6 o k ~ a . npoc~ekrn~k H 3 H H X - K ~ I ~ C ~ O J I ~ BHHTOBOY-

Pu. 26. Kancmn~-nero~a~opu H snen- rponemsampu

Horo H ~ H P Y X ~ R H O ~ O narposa, c p a 6 a r u e a ~ ~ e KoToporo npH ynape 6oR~a B H ~ I J B ~ ~ T BocnnaMeHeHHe nopoxonom sapnna narpoea. K O M ~ H H ~ U H R 3 n e ~ ~ p o n o c n n a ~ e ~ ~ ~ e n n c x a n c m e ~ - n e ~ o ~ a r o p o ~ , o ~ o ~ o p o f i pesb nofiner Hnxe, Haahteaercn 3JIeKTpOneTOHaTOPOM.

ki3 CPenCTB B3pblBaHHU ~aH60nee IIPHMeHHMH KanCmnH-neTOHa- TOPU H sneurpone~o~ampu.

K a n C I0 H - n e T 0 H a T 0 p H (PHC. 26, a) - K O M ~ H H H P O B ~ H H ~ ~ ~

s a p n n ~ H H H U H H P Y ~ ~ ~ ~ O 4 H 6p~3an~noro 5 BB, p a s ~ e u e ~ ~ u e B rHnb3e 1. Cpa6arueam~ OT nyqa OrHR 3JIeKTpOBOCIUIaMeHHMnU HJIH oruenposonnoro meypa. Pasnnram~cn no pa we pa^ H Macce sapnna. U ~ H ~ O K O ncnonbsyercn B nposruurneHHocTH. Bunyc~amr rpebcyse- pTyTHble KJl8M B MenHok o6onos~e H m86 B ~ Y M ~ X H O ~ 060nos~e c s a p n n o ~ ~3 0.5 r r p e ~ ~ g e f i P T ~ T H H 1 r reKcoreHa, a TaKxce a s ~ i v nne KB8A B ~ J I ~ M H H H ~ B O ~ o6onos~e c sapmou 0.15 r assna CBHH- qa, 0,l r THPC H 1 r reecoreea. Ann yno6cTea Hsmrosnennfl, a TaK- x e nnn nonumeHHn ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ C H O C T H wcnonbso~a~~f l ~ s n e n ~ u HHH- UnHpymqee BB H ~ Y B C T B K T W ~ H ~ ~ $ K nYYY OrHfl COCTaB 3anpeCCOBY- BamT B PaUe'lKY 3 C OTBePCTHeM B ~ O H H O R WCTH, IIepeKpUThlM cems~ofi, ycraHannaaaeMym B rnnbsy ma aapnn ~ P H ~ ~ H T H O W BB. E c n ~ HHHqHHpymqee B3pHBqa70e BelUWTBO (HBB) nerK0 BOCnna- MeHnercn, HanpHMep rpeMysan PTYTL, m nys ornx, npoxonfl sepes oTsepcrmn sauresKH, cpa3y BocnnaMeHneT HBB, noMeqeHHoe B H ~ A . E c n ~ xe He BocnnaMeHxeTcx, nanpnarep a s ~ n csanua, TO Han cnoex HBB B qamesue noveqamT cnoR s y e c ~ s ~ ~ e n b ~ o r n K nysy ornu seure- CTBa 2 (B W8A- T P H H H T ~ O ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ H H ~ T CBHHUB).

B Heuompnx o6pasuax npocrpenosn0-~3p~a~oR annapavpbl npHMeHnmTcn xancmns-nerona~op~ HaxonbHoro nekc~snn, c p a 6 a ~ ~ - salonwe npa ynape no HHY 6 0 k ~ a . Hanen~n y n 0 6 ~ ~ nororny, TO OHH He T P ~ ~ ~ H ) T , KaK H, ~86e-W. no KOTOPOMY nonam~ TOK n n ~ s a s a c ~ y o cnox- KO, a HHOPAI HIBOJMOXHO, HanpHMep npH TOpnWHpOBaHHH TOpne- AaMH 6OnbUI0k MOUHOCTH, nan KOTOpHMH nnlt 3aIUHTH CTB(Ula YCTa- namHnamT ueMemTHue MOCTH. C x e ~ a HaKonbHoro Kancmna. Hcnonb- 3yeMoro ~ ~ O @ H ~ H K ~ M H , ~ 3 0 6 p a x e ~ a Ha PHC. 266. B 060nos~y 5

73

no~e~qamr saweeslty I c 'IyBcTBnTenbHuM K ynapy H rpenum cocra- BOM 2, C ~ H C H ~ H J I H ~ ~ U H R em B HeKOTOpYX THnaX KanCmnea ZOCTH- raetC8 no6an~ofi B COCTaB COOTBeTCTBYDlUHX KOMIIOHIHTOB. KOHT~X- THpyeT c YYBCTBHTM~HHM K ,ynapy coczasolc HtiHuHapymu(ee BB 3 H H H X ~ - ~ P H ~ ~ H T H O ~ BB 4. npx ynape 6oR~a MeTann 06aA0Y~ ctdHHaercfl H naxe ~ ~ O ~ H B ~ ~ T C H , BocnnaareHnercn ryacrsusenbHsle K TpeHHm CocTaB, a OT nem- HnHnuHpymuee BB. Aanbnefiuree paa- BmHe npoqecca aHanorHsHo ~ ~ ~ B H T H I O em B ~ancmnnx-nero~afopax. npH HCnHTaHHH Ha ClleUH85bHOM npH60pe KallCKXnb nOnlKeH 6e~or- Ka3HO cpa6aT~sa~b npH @ H K C H P O B ~ H H O ~ AXR AaHHOCO H~A~?JTHR 3Hep- CHH yaapa (Zofi~a.

B ~ e ~ T p o a e r o n a r o p ~ B pnne ayraen xnnsmlrn npocro$ ~0~6nHauHeR 3 n e ~ ~ p o ~ o c n n a ~ e ~ n ~ e m c ~ancmeu-nero~ampou. OHH 06nanamT ablco~oii HanexnwTbm a pa6oTe. M306paxenn~fi Ha PHC. 26,e sne~~ponemnarop 3A8 O T H O C H ~ R K on~ouy ~3 HaH60~1ee pacnpocspanennux cpenc~n mparnaHHs, HcnmpJyeschlx nponrurvnen- noclam. B aaerannunecxym r~nb3y 8 c ~e6onbmofi ltyMynnrnn~oa B H ~ M K O R nOMeUeH 3apPA BTOPHPHOR7 BB 7, H Ha HBK) YCTaHOBAeHa qamerKa 6 c 3anpeccosaHnHv B Hee HHHUHHPYWULHM BB 5. n p ~ npo- UyCKaHHH TOKa no IlpOBW4HHKaM 1 MOCTHK HaKUEIBaHHR 3 tlOAXHPat!T KanMbKy nHpOTeXHHqeCKOW COCTaBa 4, H eR7 WpeHHe BbI3blBaW BocnnaMeHeHne HBB. 3A r e p ~ e ~ ~ 3 ~ p y e w n nnacrM~a~o~oA npob- KOR 2. Wnorna, HanpHMep B c e f i c ~ ~ ~ e c ~ ~ x a n e ~ ~ p o n e ~ o ~ a m p a x (3AC), r e p r e ~ ~ 3 a w n ycxnHsaeTcn S ~ K B T K O ~ ~ , no3eonnmueR HM BHAePWHBaTb rHAPOCTaTHYeCKHe AaBneHHU a0 0,5 Mila.

Pa6osne napavwpsr 3n8: TOK cpa6a~bl~annfl 0,5--1.5 A, npwsre- HeHHe 0YeHb 60nbm0~) TOKa MOXEI' IlPHBeCTH K OTKa3aM H3-3a ~ Y C T - poro Hcnapenun MocTrxa HaKannsaHnn H pa36pacusa~Hn aapasca MeTanna ~unwbm aocnnaMenHTenbHom CocTaaa, conpoTHsneHHe. ClUIa&UBaIOUeeCn H3 COnPOTHBJIeHHfl MOCTHKa H BPOBOAHHKOB, 1,5-3 OM.

Odblrao B napTHI0 non6npamr 3A C ~ J I H ~ K H M R conpmHaneH$inMH. Eie3onac~nR TOK-uawc~uanb~nfi nwzonn~ufi TOX, tie B H ~ Y B ~ ~ . ~ H f i BOCnJlaMeHeHHfl, AnU ~ O ~ I ~ W H H C T B ~ 3JIeKTPOP.eTOHaTOpOB PaBeH 415-0.18 A. ~ P O B ~ ~ K Y UeJlOCTHOCTU 4enH pa3peweHO BHjIWHBTb TonbKO C nOMOUbI0 KOHTpOnbHYX np~6opos, AOq'UeHHYX STOR qenn ~ocmp~xnanropov CCCP H Aamuuix B qenb mK, He npensl- mam1~~A 50 MA. Bpexx cpa6atusa~nn 2-6 MC. Pas6poc cpa6arst- BaHAI 2-4 MC. npH OAHOBpeMeHHOM n0~bhlBe KalIClOAUMH HeCKMb- KHX nsnen~fi, CKOMnOHOBaHHHx B OAHY Ppynny, pa36poc Moxer npHBeCTH K HeXMBTeJlbHblM C TOYKH 3PeHHR ~@@~KTHBHOCTH. B3PYBB PeSyJIbTaTaM, khInyJIbC BOCnnaMeHeHHn ' - HaH~eHblnHfi HMnynbC ToKa, npr r o r o p o ~ nWHCXOAHT 6 e 3 0 r ~ a 3 ~ w BocnaaMeHeHue .3A. mn 3 n 8 He &nee 2.5 MC.A*.

H A H U ~ R P Y I ~ U L Y ~ C I I O C ~ ~ H O C T ~ Kancmnefi IIpOBepRlDT no ~ P O ~ H T H ~ ceaauosod nnacrHHKH ronls~noff 5 MY.

' H u n y m DoennaMeueHss ausuuaexa no @opuyne K.-(PCIZRD. rae C- eurom iroueacrropa. U E ~ , Rp-conpmnnawme P~SPIRHOR mnn. OY; 0-8.- npRxesse. npw rompou mirqoaerouamp cpabarumer. 8.

74 I

McnY~anne ~anclOneA nposonnl B ycnoeHnx, wcKnmqammx no- paXeHHe OKpyXaWUIHX OCKOnKaMH O ~ O ~ O P K H H ~ H K ~ M ~ J J X T H B H O R c~pyefi. Ann 3TOm noCTaTOYH0 n0MeCTHTb KanClOJlb B CTanbHylo ~py6y, 3a q n T , OnyCTHTb B Ilryp@ HnH IlpHHKTb KaKUe-~~bo npyrHe MepH. T p o ~ ~ n o s ~ f i 3KBHBaneHT 3 n 8 PaBeH 1.4 r. ~ J I ~ K T ~ O ~ ~ T O H ~ T O ~ H He nomemar pas&pxe. TIO~HTKH ynanarb ~3 ~ n x 3ne~~po~ocnna- MeHHTeJIb qacm ~ P H B O A ~ T K BocnnaMeHeHHm nocnennero H cpa6a~Y- BaHHlO Kancmn. K amuy z e ~ o x e ' r npHsecTH n cnyqaRnoe nepranbe 3a mlcoaenymae npoaonHHKH snexTponeTonampa npu pa60~e c HUM, nocKOnbxy I I H ~ O T ~ X H H Y ~ C K H A CocTaB, na~ecennblfi Ha MOCTHK nawans- BaHHR, ¶ ~ B c T B ~ T ~ A ~ H K TPIHHD.

3 ~ a s ~ + e n s ~ a n qacTb asapn$ npu B ~ P H B H H X pa60~ax B ~ ~ O @ H ~ H K C censana c HapymeHHeH npaeHn o6paqesen c KancwnxMm. Hec~orpn Ha HX Manwe paauep~ , noutenrnerin ~3puna MOVT 6HTb OYeHb CepbeJnY, naxe e w n Bspwnaercn OAHH Kancmnb. 6yJ4yYH B30pBaH B pyxe y senywero pa6oy, OH, e s a s ~ c n ~ o r n ~ OT nonoxenax, cno- co6en sslssasb TpaeMy nanonH n norepm nanbuea.

~ H ~ O K O ~ IIpHMpHeHHe npH npOCTpI?JlOPHQ-B3PHBH"X pa6o~ax B CKBaSHHaX HMeMT T ~ ~ M O C T O A K B ~ 3neKTpOAeTOHa- 7 0 p bI ( T 3 n ~ ) . pa3JIxY~He no T ~ ~ M O E T O ~ ~ K O C T H .

cqmaH Ha sicnonbsoBaHne npH TeMneparypax no - 250°C. I I p ~ ~ q w n ~ a n b ~ a n cxeua ~epuocroR~om snexTponemnaropa ~ 3 0 6 p a x e ~ a Ha p ~ c . 26.2. B ueTannHsecKym r ~ n b j y 7 noMeueHa KonoporKa 2. 9epe3 K O T O P Y ~ npnyuenu ~POBOAHHKH I, CoennHeH- HHe MOCTHKOM HaKanHBaHHR 3, JIeXaUHM Ha IIOBePXHOCTK KOnOA09KH B Kosralrre c ~ononos~oR H MOCTHKOM 3 a n p e ~ w ~ a ~ BocnnaMenHTenb- HHR COCT~B 4, nanee HnnqHHpymuee BB 5 H 3apnn B T O ~ H ~ H O ~ BB6. nnn T3n165, T3.4200 e KanecTne HnnuHHpymuem BE npHMeHnmT awn ceenua, T3n250 - aswn cepe6pa.

Tep~ocTOR~ne s n e ~ ~ p o n e ~ o ~ a r o p ~ He paccvtiranu Ha n e i i c r ~ ~ e ' erscorcoro rnnpocTaTnrecxoro naeneeen. B mp~ofi npoMwmnensocrw Haxonnr npnMeneHHe sneKTponeronaTopu 3aMennenuoro nefiwsuu 3 A 3 n c 3aMenneHHeu 0,5--10 c m 3nelcTponeroHaropH KO~OTKO- 3aMenneHHoro nef ic~ai i~ 3 n K 3 c 3aMenneHHeM 15-250 MC. 318

s n e ~ ~ p o n e l o ~ a ~ o p ~ He ~cnonbayro~ npH n p o c ~ p g o ~ ~ o - B ~ P H B H ' X pado~ax B CKBaxHHaX, onna ~3 npHqrH- 6onbmae pas6poc~ B cpaba~hl~anax sauenn~reneii. OanaKo npHMeneHne HX B rny6osnx CKBa- xHHax nepcnexmsno. Un~epecnse BOSMOXHOCTH npHueHenHn espblsa B CKBaXHHaX CBX3aHH C HCllOAb30BaHHeM PllR npOWPenOYHO-B3pb1B- HblX ~ 8 6 0 ~ MTHOBeHHOTO, IIpalrrHYeCKH &!3 338pepXKH. HHHqHHPOBa- HHR iapnna.

B 3 p Y B H Y e n a T p o H Y, n p e n n a 3 n a ~ e ~ ~ ~ e nnn Hcnonbaoea- HHR B CKBBXHHEX, MOTYT CyUeCTBeHHO PaMHPaTbCU B 3aBHCHMOCTU OT 06opynosaam H yuroeHB. .a K O T O ~ Y X HX npHueHumr. Haa6onee pacnpocrpanena K O H C T ~ ~ K ~ H R narpoaa. slcnmsamuan KOpnyC, s n e ~ ~ p o n e ~ ~ a a ~ o p H IIpOMeJKyFoYHym IUaWKy BB. M 3 narpoaoa. npnuennevvx HenwpencTsenHo B C K B ~ ~ H H H O R XH~KOCTH. H ~ H ~ o J I ~ npocTa KOHCTPYWHR narpone BTUl (PHC. 27,a), np0Y~blR ~opnyc ~ o ~ o p o m , c p a 3 u e u e ~ n ~ ~ ~ BHYTPH UIBUIKOA BB n sne~7pon~one- 75

m p o ~ B u n e p x ~ n a e r Bnemnee naenenee. Harpon naxonnr n ceksac npHMeHeHHe B TOpneAe TLU84. EK) XOPnYC MOJKeT 6 ~ ~ b H3MTOBAeH B MacTepcxHx re0@n3nvecxo~ npwnpusrun H ~ H nm6ux npyrnx MexanHsecx~x MacrepcxHx. P a c c ~ o r p e n ~ e c x e ~ u BTIU H ycnoenk em npHMenennn no3nonnr nysme nonnzb wen , xompue nonxnu

safi0xeHu B K~HCTPYxuHflx B ~ ~ H B H N X nalponos, npennaana- 9eHHNX nnfl p a h ? ~ B m y 6 o x ~ x cxsaxnnax.

B nPoqnoM, B~aePxHBamueM Bnemnee nannenae, xopnyce I pas- ~ e u t e n u BB 2 H ~ n e x ~ p o n e r o n a ~ o p 3. Kopnyc r e p ~ e r ~ 3 ~ p o n a n p e 3 ~ - HOBO^ np06xofi 5, on~pamwekcn Ha maR6y 4 c OTBepCTHflMH, vepe3 xoropue n p o n y q e n ~ nposonnHxn s n e ~ ~ p o n e r o n a ~ o p a . K O H C T ~ ~ X U H R npocran, no npoTHnopesHBafl. 9eM npovnee xopnyc (a c r n y 6 ~ n o k nPoqnoCTb xopnyca nonxna pacnr), rerr ~ o n q e crenxa, TeM cnoxnee nepenarb neronaunm ~ a x o n n ~ e ~ y c n nne narpona sapnny. Hymno aMerb B B H ~ Y , vro c rny6anofi nponnTxa aapnna c x e a x ~ n ~ o R xnn- X O C T ~ K ) CnnxaeT V ~ B C T B H T M ~ H ~ ~ T ~ nocnqhero x nepwase nerona- UHH, H Bo36yxnen~e B3pNBa sepe3 TOnCTyK) CTeHKy CTaHOBHTCfl s a t p y n n e n n u ~ nnH H ~ B O ~ M O X H H M . 3mr nyrb He naer o 6 u e m peme- HHR. H narponu nono6nofi X O H C T ~ ~ X U H H He ronn~cn nnn HCnOnb30- sanrin B rny60xnx H TeM 6onee B c~epxrny60xnx cxeaxHnax. Onnaxo nnn cpennnx my6nn, m e nponurxa sapnna nenonnan, OHH npH- MAHN. ~ ~ T P O H B ~ ~ H B H O ~ ~ ~ ~ P M ~ T H ~ H H ~ Y C H ~ ~ H H N A HBrY4, ~ 3 0 6 p a - xeHHufi Ha PHC. 27.6, m e w nponnuk xopnyc I , mamxy BB 2. 73.4 3, r e p ~ e ~ ~ s n p y m u n e n w a n e H TOXOBBOA (B nepxnea sacrH narpona) H nnonne ornesaw 3 a n a v a ~ HnHunnpoBannn 3apnnoe no CpeAHHX m y 6 ~ n .

Ann TOM 9 ~ 6 ~ XaX MOXHO AOJIbUe COXPaHHTb MaXCHMaJIbHOe nannenue B ynapnok BOnne, nonxonnqek x naccmenoMy ~ a p n n y , v m oco6enno a a x n o npH padorax Ha 6onbmax m y 6 ~ n a x . nyxno yMenb- U H T ~ TOJIUHHY nna narpona. 310 pean~3oeano B narpone HBrY25011500, npennoxennoM H. B. BW~HHUKHM H E. A. J ~ ~ B H H H M . B ronxym MerannHsecxym rnnbsy sanpeccoeano 6pn3anrnoe ~ 3 p u n - 76

qame eeurecreo, eunepmHeammee TeMneparypy no 250°C (nnn 3apnna sroro p a s ~ e p a ) . 6naronapn TOMY s r o n o n ~ m x o r n n b ~ u onn- paercn Ha mamuy BB (mamxa B s m k X O H C T ~ ~ X U H H HrpaeT ponb ynposnnmureru nno s n e u e ~ r a ) , narpou c tonqnnofi nna 0,5 M M BHAepXHBBeT naenenne 150 MHa. C er0 IlOMOUbIO 6 u n ~ OCyUeCTB- nenu eapusnue pa6oru B c a v u x r n y 6 o ~ ~ x cxnaxHnax, npo6ypenn~x B namefi crpane. Cxonnym no s n e ~ e n r a ~ , no ormvnym B nerannx o@opsanennn X O H C T ~ ~ X U H ~ HMW B ~ ~ ~ B H O A narpon llBTY5, paccsn- T ~ H H H R Ha H C ~ O ~ ~ ~ O B B H H ~ npH TeMneparypax no 180°C.

Hepes~cnennue eume narponu npennasnasenu nnn ncnonbsosa- H H ~ Henocpencrnenno B c x ~ a x ~ H H O k XH~XOCTH, nosmuy HX XOHCT- p y m n nauenena Ha nanysenue nucoxoro naanennn B ynapnok aonne, euxonnqek co c r o p o ~ u nna narpona B HanpannenHH naccun- nor0 3apnna. Hexoropue ~3 narponos no X O H C T ~ ~ X U H H n r a 6 a p n r a ~ yno6nu H nnn npmnenennn B pa3n~snoro Tuna paapymamqnxcn neoho~arooax. cnycxaelrux s e p a rpy6u Manom nHaMerpa, rne .. . . . 3anara narpona 2 no36yxnen~e a3pNea netoHnpymuem mnypa, uFnMr'4vPunrn nna IIeDenavH i(eTOHaLIHH X OTUeJlbHHM 3apflnaM. - H n nac. 27. s n 3 0 6 ~ a x e i s;puenofi narpon HBT4 BMeCTe C OTpe3XOM

.Yy" - .. ..r--.... - -..-. r a 6 a p n r a ~ n . n n n 06ecnes;nnn K O H T ~ K T ~ ~ U I c nnoM narpona no- cnennnfi cna6xen ceoeo6pa3noR cx06ofi. B orsepcrwe xoropofi H npo- nycKaercn UHyp. ~ O M H M O @HKCHPOBBHHR, c ~ 0 6 a HeCXOnbKO YnyYlllaeT ycnosnn ~ 0 3 6 y x n e n ~ n neronaunn mnypa 6naronapn TOMY, TO ynapnan nonna, vacrnsno orpaxancb o r Meranna C X O ~ N , yeennsnsaer BpeMn nekcrnnn nucoxoro naBnennn Ha BB mnypa, cosnanan donee 6naronpnn~nue ycnosnn nnn B O ~ H H X H O B ~ H W I I H pas~nrnf l B HeM neTO- naunonnoro npouecca. Ananornsnuk narpoa npHMennncn B Mano- ra6ap~rnoR mpnene ~3 ne~onnpymqero mnypa TAIU25. Hocnennnn MOAH@HK~UHII narponon Knacca HBT pa3pa60rana B. M. H a s n o e ~ ~ .

Ornenbnar rpynna narponos ~cnonbsywcn Anne ~os6yxnennn ~ 3 p u e a n e ~ o n ~ p y m q e n , mnypa B repMerHsnux xopnycax, HanpnMep nep@oparopax xopnycnux ( n u ) Hnn xopnycnux onnopa30~ux (IlKO). sonee npocrue ycnoenn eo36yxnennn espusa n s n ~ n f l B COveTaHHH CO CIIeUHanbHuMH T ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H H I I M H X IlaTPOHY npHBenH X MMy, s T O HX XOHCTpyXUHn CyqeCTBeHHO OTJlHqaeTCfl OT KOHCTPYK- UHB narponos, npHMensercux nnn ~036yxnennn ~ 3 p u n a 3apRDOB. naxonnqnxcn B C K B ~ X H H H O ~ ~ ~HJIXOCTH. l l p n ~ e p raxoro narpona - naTp0H B ~ P H B H O ~ ~peAOXpaHHTMbHOr0 neficr~nfl ( n B n n ) .

BJPHBHO~ narpon, npenna3nasennuk nnn noa6yxnen~a ~ 3 p u ~ a 3apnnoe, p a 3 ~ e q e n n u x B repscernnnoM xopnyce. n3 @~XTOPOB, nefi- c ~ n y m q n x B cKsaxnne, nonxen yvnrusarb numb annnnne TeMnepa- rypu Ha ~ 0 3 6 y m e ~ ~ e sspuea sapnna, xorn B ~ T O M cnysae ee annn- H H e Menbme, veM Ha 3apun. naxonflq~ficfl HenocpencTBeHHo B xHnX0- CTH. ITPH p a 6 0 ~ a x c x o p n y c n u ~ ~ n e p a o p a m p a ~ n ncerna cymecrayer onacnocrb TOM. st0 no n p e m cnycxa nepaoparopa vepea pab60Bue COenHHeHHR HAH YnnOTHeHHfl B Her0 MOXeT nOnaCTh XHAXOCTb, H vacrb sapsnos oxaxercn B xnnxok cpene. Torna npn Bspune

n

ynapnan noma, pacnpocTpaHnncb no X H ~ X O ~ T H OT ssopsasmem: sapnna x cTeHxe nep@opampa, i l e t p o p ~ ~ p y e ~ ee H. pasnya, aanpec cyer nep@opa~op B 06canaym X O ~ O H H ~ , B H ~ B ~ B T P Y ~ H O nuxnwHpye Mylo aBapHlo. Taxme UIysaH H3BeCTHbl. ~ O ~ T O M ~ nOnOnHHTWbHHb Tpe6oBaHHeM X naTpOHy CTaHOBHTCX HCXJImseHHe BOsMOXHWTH el7 c p a 6 a r ~ s a ~ ~ n npH nonanama B nepwpamp sonu. nowenma nocmraelcn x o ~ c ~ p y x u ~ e f i nalpona H p a s ~ e q e ~ ~ e u ero B H H X H ~ ~ sacw Kopnyca, x o ~ n nocnennee cosnaw Hexompsre neyno6cmt B o 6 p a u t e ~ ~ ~ c nep@opampov.

W s o 6 p a x e ~ ~ ~ f i Ha p ~ c . 27.2 n B n A cocmxr ~3 xopnyca 4 c OXHOM 2, B xopnyce p a 3 ~ e u e n ~ snexTponemnamp I, npolcexyms. HHR IIeTOHaTOP 3 H BTYnKa 5 C rHe3nOM nOn n e l o ~ ~ p y m l ~ ~ f i WHYP 6 Paccronn~n ~ e x n y 3 n e x ~ p o n e m ~ a ~ o p o ~ H npoMexyTosnHM n e w Hampolr nono6pan~ Tax. s ~ o nspsr~ nepnoro B 06sr¶nsrx ycnonnm sslsueae~ nanexiioe cpa6aTslBa~He npoMexyrosnoro neronaropa Tonbxo B TOM cnysae, xorna paspsre s a n o n ~ e ~ noanyxo~. npn sans HeHHH em B O ~ O R n p O ~ e x y ~ 0 s ~ ~ f i nemnamp He cpa6arsrnae~. H Teu ycrpairnwcn ~ o s ~ o x n o c r b ' nonpslsa sapnnoa nep@oparopa npe no. I'IaBaHHH B Hem XHIIXOCTH.

0 r H e n p o B o n H H e m H y p H, npencraensmr co6oR cnoeo6. pa3~srR (9YJIOXs C 38pR&OM H 3 IIOPOXB C @ H X C H P O B ~ H H O ~ ~ CXOPOCTbWI ropesnn, saute 1 CHIC. I l p ~ reo@eaanecxwx pa6orax B cxeaxHnax npaxTnsecxH He ~cnonbaym~cn. B ornussie or orsenposonssrx,

e T 0 H H P Y lo I 4 H e UHypH HaXOnRT ~ U H ~ O X O ~ IIpHMeHeAHe npH padorax B rny6ox~x cxsaxHHax Kax cpencTno nonpma rpynnu 3a- pnnon HnH xax ca~ocmnrenbn~R nsirieRnsrk sapnn co cpannurenbno ~e6onbmofi Maccofi' BB Ha enHHHW nnHnbr. ~ ~ H M ~ H R B T C ~ OHH H B ceRc~opa3senxe nnn s o 3 6 y x n e ~ ~ n cefic~nsec~oro cHrHana B xase- cTBe nnneRn~x sapnnos c ne6onbmoR MaccoR BB. B ~ a 6 n . 10 npn- eenenbc pa6os~e napaMerpH nexompsrx ~3 HHX.

Han6onee m~poxo H ~ W C T ~ H H wcnonbsywca npx npocrpenosno- B ~ P H B H H X pa6o~ax n m n ~ p y m u ~ f i mnyp B ~Ononenpon~uae~oR

- Y e n m ~ npmmnra

Mace. H a p y a m y - a r l C n ~ Tun BB BB. nw.uerp, r T ~ W ~ P - n p ~ c u . ~ u c r/u IY NP.. -C C W A ~

42

-- . UaeTcn B FH~KHX, ~3 xnonqaro- 6yMaXHHX HUT&, &IIOYXBX, no- KPHTHX cnoeM nonHxnopeHnnna, ire nponycxamqero Bnary. B HeM p a 3 ~ e q e ~ o 12,5& 1 r/u B3pHBqa- on, eeqecTea T3Ha ( I ) . B ~ n y c - Kaercu ~ V X T ~ M H no 50 H 100 M.

puc. 28. Cxeua yctpoAcrsa neroas pyauutx ~ Y P O B

C K O ~ O C T ~ neTOHaUHH m y p a 6.5- 7,s XM/C. U ~ y p HUlB nonxeH COXpaHUTb neTOHaUHOHHHe csoRcrea nocne BmepxxH B Bone ~a r n y 6 ~ ~ e 0,5-1 M B resenme 12-24 s. Ho. xaK noxasana npaxTHxa npHueHeHHn mnypa B cxsaxHHax, npH r e p ~ e ~ ~ 3 a u ~ ~ ero XOHUOB OH ycnemno nap~eaercn Ha rriy6saax B 2-3 XM npH TeMnepaTypax no 10O0C. B J ~ H B mnypa A U B nos- 6yxnae~cn snexrponeToHarQpoM 3n8. Orxaanr ~ o r y r 6 H ~ b npH npn- KpenneHHH 3 A He no HanpanneHHm neHxeiiHn ~ ~ T o H ~ u H O H H O ~ ~ BonHhl no m~ypy, neper~6ax miiypa non OCTPHM y r n o ~ HnH npH HanHllHH p a s p ~ a a Mexny cpencreoM B ~ P H B ~ H H H H UIHYPOM.

Ae@ex~sr H ~ ~ T O B ~ ~ H H U - yToHenHe H nponycxw BB sapma - Tame saCTan npHgHHa OTXa3OB. Kp0Me TOrO, ~PH'IHHOR OTXa3a HnH s a r y x a ~ ~ n nasaemeRcn neronauHH MoxeT 6srTb sahkoxan~e aapana mnypa. n o c n e n ~ ~ e r a q e ecem nennmrcr cnencrsnebt noepexnennn 0 6 0 ~ 1 0 4 ~ ~ (npoxona B npouecce cnycxa B CKBBXHHY) xyCO¶XaMH npoeonoxn xabens, npenlcwaaae, HaXOllUUHMHcn B C X B ~ X H H H O ~ ~ XHnXOCTH, MeTannOM 6ypHnbH0fi HBH 06can~ofi XOilOHHM. Y napan- nenbeHx, npnnerawqux npyr x npyry Ha yracTxe B 10 CM H donee mnypos neroHauHn onnom tianexno nepenaercn n p y m ~ y .

fieT0H~pyloUUlfi UHYP PeXYT OCTpUU HOXOU. IIOAOXHB Ha ,lepBIIAHYIO nnacrssy. OT 6yxrar oruarblsaat orperor ~eobxonsuoR MHHU H erne 10 u, sm6U a uouear nepepesansn maseanun s 6yxre s a m wypa saxonwacb ma p a m a : HHH 10 u M pexyuero. Ha panre , pacnonoxeHHou no sanpasneam K 6yxrr.. nenam nerm, 113 m o x e ~unypa T ~ K , qm6u enyp nepeceYaacn no& ynou W. Ups raKou nepeceqesm mnypos nemsau~~n OT OIU(OA HHTH K npymA He nepenaercn: enyvaftmo BOSHHKUIRR npm nepepe38HRH ~ ~ T O H ~ ~ I I O H H U A npoueee paspyem s m s u nepeceqesns, me sursas nemsaqss, ypanoK nepwxraeuom msypa, H nona~utn, noAnn no vecra nepecesetlsn, ~erpmcs pa3pm. sayxnn. 3m nononsnmbsan Mepa 6esonac~oem. roropoR He enenyer npeae6perara npa padorax co esypou. ~ o c K O A ~ K ~ , KaK nOKa3blBaeT OnUT IIpHUeHeHRR IUHypa 8 YenOBMRX 3 t U ~ O f l IIWpX. mars. onsoR H 3 OCHOBHM npman ra~yxasan ero nemHauAn nnnnmn yms- H rponyc~ aapnna, m K~XHO nepen ynmpe&rsaeu s i tnuamso oeuavmata HcnomyeuuR olpaoK nnn sunsnesan 9rRx ne@rms.

~ s o 6 p a x e ~ a Ha p ~ c . 28.6. 3apsn co6apamr ns lualueK npeccoeanuor BB (I), sarcnmseumx B 06onosey. Mcnonbsym reKcoren HnH OKTC reH. Moryr IIpHMeHnTbCU H npyrHe BB, B H ~ O ~ O M KOTOPHX H o n p a nnercs B nepeym osepenb TeMneparypa npHMeneHHn mnypa. Macc, BB 20 r/r . H U T npuuennmr B nosnylu~ofi cpene.

H ~ e m u ~ e ananornsnym K O H C T P Y K U H ~ neToHHpymuHe m ~ y p ~ r a 6 n e m s n ~ e T ~ ~ M W T O R K H ~ AUTT, paccrHTaHHHe Ha HCnOnbsOBa HHe B KOHTaKTe CO C K B B X H H H O ~ ~ XHAKOCTbX), HeCyT HaBeCKy nocruramuym 80 r Ha Merp ~ A H H H sapnna. 3 ~ o nossonner o6ecne qHTb 6onee BHCOKOe HHHUHHPYIOWee ~ I ~ ~ C T B H ~ mnypa.

A~TOHHPYIOUHR UIHYp Y C H ~ ~ H H H R AUY33 COllepXHT 33 r / ~ reK corena. n p ~ ~ e n n e r c n npH rertnepavpax no 100°C n nasneunl a0 50 Mna. P ~ K o M ~ H ~ ~ ~ T c ~ HCnOJlb3OBaTb OnHHM OTpe3KOM. ~ P H M ~ Hnercn B 6 e c ~ o p n y c ~ ~ x nepeoparopax nnn n o 3 6 y x n e ~ ~ n BapHea K ~ M Y ~ I I T H B H H X sapnnon.

A ~ a ~ e r p s r MHOrHX LleTOHHpYIOILIHX UIHYPOB, HCnOJb3yeM~x reo, @ H ~ H K ~ M H , nPeBHluaIOT 6-10 MM, qTO C03EaeT H3BeCTHHe TPYnHOcn npH K O H C T P Y H ~ O B ~ H H H ~ a n 0 r a 6 a p ~ T ~ o A I I ~ O C T ~ W O ~ H O - B ~ ~ H B H O ~ annapavpsr, B sacrHocTH c n y c ~ a e ~ o i r sepe3 n a c o c u o - ~ o ~ n p e c c o p ~ ~ t ~py6b1. CPOK HX XpaHeHHIl 5 ner. P a a p a 6 a r ~ e a e ~ ~ e neronnpymqnc m s y p ~ . npexne seM nocrynnz Ha ~ ~ O H ~ B O ~ C T B O , nposepnmwn Ha BOCnPHHM'IHBOCTb K nepenaqe neTOHaUHH, 3naCTHsHOCTb H IlOJlHOTy neToHaUHH. McIILJT~HHx IlpOBOnXTCfl KaK Ha S ~ M H O R IlOBePXHOCTH, TaH H B cocynax BHcoKoro nanneHHn B ycnoeenx, aHanorHsHHx cKsa- XHHHHM.

Ann HaneXHON eo36yxnen~n BB, C ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ B C T B H T W ~ H O N K HM- nynbcy ~ a n c m n s - n e m ~ a m p a HnH neronnpyiouero meypa, npHMeHnmT ~ ~ U K H - ~ ~ T O H ~ T O ~ H , nsnnmunecn npoMexymsHHMH neroHaropaMu, YCHJIHBaloIUHMH HHHLIUHPYK)UH~~ HMnyJIbC nsnen~k . B JaBHCHqOCTR OT Ha3HaPeHHII H3NTaBJlHBalOTCR OT&WbHHMH maMKaMH pasnoti K O H @ H I ~ ~ ~ U H H nu60 KaK s n e ~ e ~ r sapsna. n p ~ ~ e p . nocnenneru (PHC. 29) -lUamKa npecCOBaHH0~0 TpOTHna ( I ) C OTBepCTHeM no8 s n e ~ ~ p o n e r o ~ a r o p (2) B nHroM TpoTHnonoM sapsne (3), ~cnonbsye- MOM npH ceRc~nsec~of i passenre.

3apmL4 H 3 B3PHBYaTHX BeUKTB, KaK npaBHn0, H3NTaBnHBa- m ~ c d B ~ ~ B O ~ C K H X V C ~ O B H ~ X . n o ~ n a n n e , HYXHOA @OPMH s a ~ l e ~ o c y u e c ~ ~ n n e ~ c n npec-

1 COBaHHeM H JHTbeM, PeXe sacbln~oi? Hnn 2 n a r p o ~ n p o n a ~ n e ~ . 6onbmoe s ~ a s e n n e n p ~

3TOM H M W T npeCcyeMOCTb BB. Ann nOBH- 3 LUeHHJI IIpeCCyeMOCTH B COCTaB BB BBOnnT

~ O ~ ~ B K H - n n a c t ~ @ n ~ a r n p ~ , Koropue on- HOBpeMeHHO MOryT WYXHTb @ J I ~ ~ M ~ T H ~ ~ K I - pa ra . Ynenbnoe naaneHHe npeccosaunn, 0 6 ~ ~ ~ 0 pasHoe 120-160 M n a , nossonner nonysarb nnornocTk Japnna 1.5-1.65 r/cus,

Pw. 29. U l a w a namn, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CBORCTB BeUeCTBa. Y KY- TpoTHna npoYemyroq. MYnRTHBHHX 3aPIlAOB. me KaWCTBO nPeCC0- HUM nmoaampou B ~ H H I I H M ~ ~ T pemamuee s ~ a s e ~ n e . ~asec r rm

~ 3 n e n s n IlpOBepffloT OTCTPWOM Ha MHIIIeHH. ~ ~ ~ H B K O A B 0 6 o n o s ~ n cHapnxamT s a p n n ~ Topnen 6onbmnx .nnaMerpoB. a TaKxe nopoxoeble 3aOflnH K HeKOTOPHM BHnaM O ~ O P Y L I O B ~ H H ~ ~ , IlPHMeHIleMHM B re- & I H ~ H K ~ .

Bce H ~ ~ W H ~ ~3 BB, ~ c n o n b s y e ~ ~ e B reo@isn~e, HMemr CPOKH XpaHeHun OT nnyx no nnrn ner, B TeseHHe KOTOPHX rapatirupyercn ax pa6o~ocnoco6~oc~b. np0nJle~He CpORa XpaHeHHR nOnXH0 6 H ~ b nonrsepxneno nposepKoR cocronnun HsnenHn, B H ~ o J I H R ~ M o ~ ~ B ycra- HOBneHHOM IIOpUnKe no pa3pa60TaH~bl~ nJIn 3TOrO MeTOnHKaM.

O r p a ~ ~ r e n ~ f l 0 6 ~ 9 ~ 0 CBn3aHH CO CpOKaMH HCllOAb30BaHHR BCIIO- MOraTWbHHX MaTepHanoB, pe3HH, KneeB H BP. C ~ M H BB, o c o 6 e ~ ~ o T ~ P M O C T O ~ ~ K H ~ , MOryT XPaHHTbCU 3HaqHTWbHO nonbme, He H3MeHflII s a ~ e r n o csoficrs.

g 1. MEXAHH3M OBPA30BAHHII H CBOACTBA YJlAPHblX BOJIH. JXERCTBHE HA 06'bEKT

P a c c ~ a ~ p ~ s a n neronauHonHHe npoqeccu, nporeramune no B3pHB- saTux BeqecTnax. MH nonysnnn nepeoe npencrasnenue 06 o c o 6 ~ x ewnax B O ~ M ~ ~ ~ H H R - ynapnux ~ o n n a x . O ~ H ~ K O u s y s e ~ n e neficrsnn sspsrsa B pasnsrx cpenax, HMemuee nepaocrenenuoe sHasenHe nnn ero noaKrHsecKoro H C ~ O ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H H R , ~pe6yeT 6onee nonpo6aoro oana- KOMJI;HNR C YnaPHHMH BOJIHBMH.

BJPHB COlIPOBOXllaeWII B03HHKHOBeHHeM H PaCnpOCTPaHeHHeM B o ~ p y x a m u e f i cpene eonnu. Ee neficrswe ocyurecTnnneTca Ha 66nb- l U H X paCCTOflHHRX, 9eM ~ ~ ~ I c T B H ~ npOnyKTOB B3PHBa. YABPHH~ BOAHH B O ~ H H K ~ ~ T H npH HHHX npoueccax, HanpHMep npw npeononeHHH caMoneroM asyltosoro 6apbepa, cHnbHoM ynape H B npyrnx cnysasx. Ecnn npoucxonur B ~ ~ H B BB, TO 06pa3o~aem~ecn r a m , cmarhle no n a s n e ~ ~ t i , nocrnramuHx necuTKos T H C R ~ M n a , pacmnpnncb. CXH- r a m H 07TeCHflH)T oxpyxamqym cpeny. TO e o s ~ y u e n ~ e pacnpocr- paHneTcn B snne ynapHoR s o n m B cpene, 0KpyXalouefi aapnn. M ~ X ~ H H ~ H 06pasosannn ynap~ofi BOnHH MOXHO PaCCMOTPeTb Ha CXeMe yXe H C ~ ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H H O ~ npH BblBOne C O O T H O W ~ H H ~ ~ rHnPOnHHaMH- seC~0fi TeOPHH AeTOHaUHH (CM. 1, 5 5).

B ~ p y 6 e co c~opocsbm w nenmwcs nopmesb. B peanbnux ycno- BHnx p0nb TpexMepHom nopmiiu Hrpamr cxarHe no ablcoKoro nas- JteHHn IIpOnyKTbl B3pHBa. n o p l u e ~ b BOMeKaeT B ABHXeHHe BO3nyX, H no nerdy co c~opocrbm D>w pacnpocrpannercn aonea. Ha rpasnae ~ o r o p o k Hcxonntae napascerpsl cpenu po, po, To cKasKou HsMeHnmcn Ha p l , p,, T I . E c n ~ nenxeHne nopmnn ocymecrannercn CKaqKaMH (PHC. 30,a) H w nocnenosarenbso Meiinercn (WI, wb w,), TO Kax- nOMy YCKOPeHHIO 6yner COOTBeTCTBOBaTb B03HUKHOBeHHe HOBOR C v IIeHbKH naanesnn. nocnenymuan cTyneHbKa 6yner pacnpocTpannrbcn

bucrpee, nenrancb no Yxe cxaroMy H HarpezoMy npentznyqnha c x a - THeH BeUeCTBY, IIOCKOnbKY CKOPOCTb 3ByKa B HeM BHUle. COOTB~TCT. BeHHo Ds>Da>Di. Havanb~oe nonoxenne clynenee-I, sepea ne- Koropoe speMn OHH npHMYT nonoxenne 2, a e q e .noaxe 3, Korna conbmrcn B OAHY, OTnenflmuym cxaroe se.uecsso o r Hecxamro. Ecnn x e ycropenne nponcxonnr nnasrro, TO rpe6eeb nsnxeTcrr ~ H C T - pee, KPYTH3Ha (PPOHTI B03PaCTaeT H Wpe3 HeKOTOPOe BpeMn OH

T a m e npeepaqaercx B cTynenbKy - cKasoK (pnc. 30.6). Y n a p ~ a n e o n n a - y c ~ o l s n ~ a n @ o p ~ a pacnpocrpanennn C H ~ ~ H O R BonHu c x a - THI.

Ecnn nopmesb. n~nxymnRcn B ~ p y 6 ~ e H cmn~amqnf i ra3, pes~co OCTaHOBHTb, TO ra3 no HHePUHH 3a CqeT 3HePrHH, c006qennol eMy Ha npenHnyuleM szane, 6 y n e ~ npononxaTb nsnxenne n nocne ocra- HOBKH nopmnn. ki3-3a OTTOKa ra3a nnn npyml cpenu oKono Hem 06pa3ye~cn paapexennoe nponpancreo. Bonna npnnrer T H ~ H Y H H R BHn y n a p ~ o l BOnHH (CM. pHC. 7) - pe3KnR CKasOK AaBneHHff Ha @ p o n ~ e c nocnenymqnM ~ H C T P H M cnanoM AaBnennn (@a3oR c x a - THR) H n e p a 3 p ~ ~ ~ o cnenymqefi 3a HHM B O ~ H O R pa3pemennn (@aaa pa3pexe~nn) . B @ase cxarnn nponyitsu AenxyTcn B Hanpasnerinn ABHXeHHX BOnHH, B @a3e pa3peXeHHR -5 O ~ ~ ~ T H O M , HO C MeHblUeR CKOpOCTblo. ~ O C K O ~ ~ K ) ' @POHT ABHXeTCH CO C B ~ ~ X ~ B ~ K O B O ~ CKO- pOCTbI0, a XnOCTOBafl sacrrb BonHH CO CKOpOCTbH), 6nn3~0R K CKOPOCTH a s y ~ a , yaapnax s o m a pacrnrmaercn BO apeMeHn. n o Mepe ynane- HHR OT T ~ K H B O ~ ~ ~ X P ~ H H R oHa nocreneHno npeepauaeTcrr a asycrn- necrtym (ynpyrym). Ocnosnoe n e k ~ ~ n e ynap~OR BonnH onpenennercn @asoR cxarnn, XOTB npn osenb 6onbmnx M ~ C I U T ~ ~ ~ X nposecca H B HeKompux cneunanbnux cnyqanx BonHa pa3pexenns T a m e MOXW nrpaTb cyqecraeasym ponb e noepexneHnn O ~ ~ ~ K T O B , Haxonnmnxcs B 30ne n e l c ~ a s n B O ~ H H .

Hasanbnoe nannenne pacnp0c~paHfllo~efic~ ynapnoR BO~HH, CKO- pocm. nsHmensn cpenu no gponre. a raKme npyrne e e - n a p a u e r p ~ onpenenumrcn xapamepor* H sneprnel HcmsHnKa, ~ ~ 3 ~ a ~ m e 1 - o ynapnym Bonny, n CBORCTB~MH cpenu, B K O T O ~ O R ona pacnpocrpa- naewn. namenee, a T a m e CKOPOCT~ nnnxennn cpenu 3a @ p o n r o ~ 6nrcspo nanamr H ~ o r y r 6blrb paccsnTanH no HnemunMcn @ORMY- . . - nam. 3aryxanne ynap~ofi a o n ~ u H nepexon ee B aKycrnrecKym no uepe ynanennn o r TOVKH ~036yxnennn C B ~ ~ ~ H H c H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ T H M H M H

n0repnM.n sneprns Ha Harpen H pa3pymenne cpenbl n yeennqenneM nosepxnocrn @ p o n ~ a no Mepe yaanenun. Ecnn ynapnan Bonna pac- npOCTpaHneTCn B BOJIHOBOIIaX. a K nOCllePHHM M O X H O OTHeCTH CKBa- XHHH. 3anonnenn~e xnn~ocrbm, oc06enn0 0 6 c a x e n n ~ e , TO Ha ne- ~ o m p o ~ paccmnnns o r HcrosxnKa BonHa npno6peraer @ p ~ y . cyqecrsenno ornsrnylo OT ynapnol, xapa~~epn3ymqymcn 6onee nnaBHHM HaDacTanneM H cnanoM nasnennn H 6onburoR mnrenb-

I H O C T ~ ~ @ a 3 ~ CxaTnn.

Taran aanna.. gompym Hnorna c yneroM ee c n e u n l p ~ ~ n ~ 8 3 ~ - salor B O ~ H O R Aaanennn, pacnpocrpannercfl no xnnKocTn, 3anonnum- q e l CKBaXHHy, C ManHM KOS@@NUHIHTOM 3aTYXaHHR. OH^ cnoco6na Ha 3HaqHTenbHHX PaCCTORHHUX OT HCTOqHHKa ( K H ~ O M ~ T ~ H ) Coxpa- nRTb 60~blll0fi 3allaC 3HeDmH. BHCOKHe MaKCHManbHHe &aB)leHHfl ..~- -

H B pnne cnysaes nanocnrb cepbesn~e nospemnennn cKsamnne. n o CBOHM XapaKTePHCTHKaM OHa 3aHHMaeT IlOJIOXeHHe MeXPY Ma- 6013 ynapnofi n cnnb~oR ~ K ~ C T H V ~ C K O ~ ~ BOnHaMH. Bonee nonpo6no 0 aonnosol KapTHHe npH B3pblBaX B CKBaXHHaX 6 y ~ e ~ CKa3aHO tinme.

Tips e 3 p u ~ a x B TaepnHx nnn X H ~ K H X cpenax ynapnan Bonna Cpa3y nOCJle 06pa3osannn OTpHBaeTCR OT npOnyKTOB B3pHBa I, XOTU nocnennne H npononxamr pacmnpnTscu, onecnnn oicpyxamuym cpeny H B H ~ H B ~ ~ ee nenxenne. Oco6enno HnreHcnsHo nBHxense nps B ~ ~ H B ~ X B XH~KOCTH. n a n m e ~ n e XHBKOCTH B 3 o ~ e B ~ P H B ~ , conpo- BomnaIoqee pacurnpenne H CxnonHeaHHe nepepacurnpnBulemcn raao- ~ o r o ny3blpn, ~ M e e r 6onb111oe 3 ~ a r e n ~ e nnn onpenenennn ~e i t c r snn s s p ~ e a Ha s n e ~ e n ~ ~ K O H C T ~ ~ K U H H CKBaxnHbl.

Aeficrane BOnHH Ha 06aeK~ MOXHO paCCqHTaTb, eCnn H3BeCTHB MaKcnManbnoe naanenne n xapairTep cnana naanennn 3a @ p o ~ m u aonnu H napaMerpu CncTeMH, uoropan BocnpnnnMaeT ~ a r p y 3 ~ y . Bo M H O ~ H X cnysanx neRcrene aonHu Ha O & ~ K T MOXHO c YPOBneTBO- pn~enbnol TOqHOCTbm CBS3aTb C A ~ ~ ~ C T B B ~ H MtlKCHManbH0I-o ~ 3 6 ~ - TosHoro nasnennn @ p o ~ r a Apsp-po nnn YnWbHHM HMnyJbCOU

@ a m cxarnn I = Ap(r)h. Ann CHCT~MH, ~OCnp~~~Malol l leR ~ a -

r p y ~ ~ y , npn onpenenentin xapaKTepa B03neficTB~n Ha nee y n a p n o t BOnHbl CYUleCTBeHHO COOTHOlUeHHe M M A Y @a3ofi CXaTHH Tem BOnHH H BpeMeHeM penaxcausn TP cncTeMta, a nnn ynpyrux cncTev -nepno- noM c o 6 c ~ a e n n ~ x ~one6annR T. Ecns rcn(>g. TO ne@p~aunn csere- MH ycneeam ocyqecranflTbcn 3a BpeMn, B resenne ~ o ~ o p o r o naa- neHHe BO @ponre e q e He y C n ~ 0 3HasHTWIbHO H3MeHHTbCfl. Torna MOXHO CrnTaTb, TO nelersne Bonnu onpenennercn ee MawcnManb- H H M ABBAeHHCM. EMH Xe Tea<,<* TO B HOMeHT nPOXOWeHHR BOnHH cncTema He ycneer cyqecraenno ne$op~nposarben, H OCHOBHOe ne@pMspoLIanne 6yner Onpen~flTbCR KOnHseCTBOM IIBHXeHHU, npH- 0 6 p e ~ e ~ n o r o O&~KTOM npH IIpOXOXAeHHH BOnHH, 9 ~ 0 6 ~ Onpene- -

' Ilpn saparsax na acunyxe, tan lraK nnornocn cpenu Hesauna, orpus ynap- HOR B O ~ H U o t nponynms slpusa nponuonnt na seKonopoM ynanenuli OT aapnna.

83

nflloUHM B L I ~ ~ ~ C T B H H BOnHH Ha o 6 a e ~ r 6 ~ n o MaKCHManbHOe nasn Hue, @asa cxaTHn Bonnta nonxna B 3--4 pasa npesuluarb no nn ~ e n b ~ o c ~ n speMn penaKcasHH CHcfeMta. B CBOW oqepenb. nnn m r 9 ~ 0 6 ~ o n p e n e n n w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ man ynwb~slf i Hmnynbc sonnbl, ee @as CXaTHIl nOJIXHa 6HTb MeHblue BpeMeHH PUaKCaUHH CHCTeMH B 4 gasa H &nee. E C T ~ e u e npoMexyTossan rpynna a o s n e i k ~ ~ n f i , Koropue HWb311 OilH03HaqHO CBX3aTb C nefictBHeM MaKCHManbHOrO EaBneHHR' H ~ H ynenbHuM nMnynt.coM B O ~ H H . n p ~ ~ e p o ~ nocnennero Moxer EJIYXHT~ n e f i c ~ ~ ~ e B B O ~ H O R cpene ~ s p ~ ~ a sapnna Maccofi 2-5 K r Ha HeKoropHe sHnu p ~ 6 p a s ~ e p ~ o r o xnacca 0.2-0.7 M. ~ ~ B H C H M O C T ~ pannyca ~ O H H CMepTenbHoro nopamenun R, m MaccH sapnna B ~ p o - tHnoeoM sKeHsaneHTe G HMeeT Bun Ra = R VC (ik - ~os@@nuneer, M ~ H I ~ U H ~ ~ C R B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BHna pub).

Ann B~~HBOB, npOBOnHMHx B XHnKOcTH, donbluoe 3HaseHHe HMeer ee nsnxenue Ha nosepxnocrn KoriTaKra c r a s o s ~ ~ nyswpenr, o6pa- ~ O B ~ B ~ H M C H a pe3ynbrare c p a 6 a r u e a ~ ~ n sapnna a xone pacmnpe- HHR H CxnonHBaHHn n y s ~ p n . n o c ~ o n b ~ y ynapaan eonna cpasy orpsreaercr OT 06pa30sa~m~xcn nponylcros sspuea, MOXHO r o ~ o p ~ r b o neyx npusnnax, ~ s r s ~ e a l o u e x nauxenne X H ~ K O C T H : npoxoxnenue ynapnofi B O ~ H H H pacluwpeHHe H cxnonmanne raaoeoro nysupn, nomennee npoTeKaer c MeHbluefi c ~ o p o c ~ b w H pacTnHyto no epeMenH.

T o q n ~ e pacreTH nef icrs~n s s p ~ e a cyqecTaenHo s a r p y n ~ e n ~ B c ~ n y c n e s ~ @ ~ ~ u , ~ H C T ~ O T ~ ~ H ~ C T H H BHCOKHX napaMerpoa nposecca, a Tarwe cnoxeocm nonyremn HcsepnHsaloqHx nanawx 0 CaMOM B3pHBWTOM IIpeBpaUIeHHH BeUeCTBa. 3necb, KaK H B 6onb- WHHCTBe ~ O ~ O ~ H H X CnysaeB, Ha nOMOUb HCCneAOBaTenW IIpHXOnHT o n w . O n n a ~ o npoaenenue onuroe co B ~ ~ H B ~ M H He ncerna B O ~ M O X H O ~ 3 - s a ~ a c m f a 6 0 8 npoqecca, CTOHMOCTH N xapawepa nonpexne~nfi. HaHMlHMblX 06'beKTat.i B3pHBOM. ~ O ~ T O M ~ nepeA HccnenOBaTWRMH IIOCTOIlHHO CTOSUl BOnpOC 0 MOnWHpOBaHHH, Ann TOTO s r o 6 ~ HMeTb B03MOXHOCTb IlPOBePHTb A ~ ~ ~ C T B H ~ Ha 06'beKT B3pHBa donbluoro 3a- pnna B3pHBOM ManenbKoro, o c y q e c ~ ~ n n e ~ o r o c c o d n w n e n ~ e ~ pnna nononHHTenbnHx ycnoeefi. B ocnoay MonenHpoaaHHn nonoxenu 3aKOHH nono6~n. nO3BOJIRlolQHe CpaBHHBaTb XapaKTepHCTHKH YAap- HHX B O ~ H , B o 3 6 y x n a e ~ ~ x P ~ ~ H H M H no Macce H no c~oef i npupone B3pHBqaTblMH BellleCTBaMR.

O c ~ o s y ~ ~ K O H O B cocrasnneT TOT @ ~ K T , s ~ o napaMerpar ynapnofi BOnHH He H3MeHIIWTCII. eCnH IIIKBJIH BpeMeHH H PaCCTOflHHR MeHn- WTCR raeme , KaK pasvep sapnna.

npocrefiman @0pMa s a ~ o ~ a nono6an - r e o ~ e ~ p u s e c ~ u f i ~ ~ K O H nono6~n: PaCCTOUHHe Ha KOTOPOM PePHCTPHPYeTCII HeKOTOpOe H ~ ~ ~ I T O Y H O ~ naBneHHe Ap, nponopsuonanbno panuycy sapnna ro:

R& = ar,.

Cn~nosa~enbno , y neyx saprnos panHycaMH rt n r2 paccronnun Rt H R2, ynosnernopnwwe Y C ~ O B H K ) nonysenun pasnoro ~36blT09~0r0 naaneniin Ap ~a ~ T H X PaccTonHHxx, COOTHOCRTC~ KaK r,/rz:

RdR, = ra/r,. 84

a H ~ ~ H T O ~ H O ~ nasnenne ynapnoR eonsH nsnnercn @yHKa~efi oTHome- HHB pannyca sapnna K paccrosnww o r sapnna no T O ~ K H ~ a 6 n m - neHHII:

A p = f (rdRbp). (3.3)

k i c n o n b s o ~ a ~ ~ e s a ~ o ~ a nono6an B TaK0fi @opMe ~ e y n o 6 ~ 0 . TaK RaK 3apRnH, ITOMHMO Tor0 s T 0 n0nXHH 6HTb H 3 OnHOrO H Tor0 Xe BB, AOJIXHbl HMeTb OnHHaKOBYW @OPMY H PaBHYW IInOTHOCTb. 3anaqa HecKonbKo ynpoqaeTcs, ecnH sMecro panHyca ssnrs @. rae G- Macca sapnna. nonysae~cn 0 6 0 6 q e n ~ ~ f i r e O ~ e r p H s e c ~ ~ f i 3aKOn nono6nn. B ~ p a m e ~ n n (3.1)-(3.3) IIpHHHMaloT BHn

Rap = a, fl. (3.4)

RJ% = %. (3.5)

AP ==A ( f i / R ) . (3.6) 3 -

Ben~snny X = R/{G ~ a 3 ~ s a w . r npnBeneHHblM paCCTOUHHeM. Ha OnnHaKoBHx npwnenennux paccronnnnx y p a s ~ ~ x s a p n n o ~ peana- syercn pasnoe no BenHraHe 83661tos~oe nannenwe e Bonne. Korna e ~ v ~ c n n i o r npHBenenHsre paccToxHnn, TO Maccy 6 e p y ~ B KHnO- rpaklrtax, a paccronaee B Merpax.

6onee o 6 u ~ f i xapawep nMeer snepre~wsec~wfi ~ ~ K O H nono6ur. BspHsuaT~e BeqecTsa uMewr p a s ~ y m ynenbsylo 3 ~ e p r ~ i o ~ s p ~ ~ a q. n a p a u e r p ~ ynap~oir B O ~ H H , aos6yxnae~of i B~PHBOM, OnpenwuwTcn He T O ~ ~ K O ~accof i , HO H 06qeA s ~ e p r ~ e f i E=qG e s p ~ e a . ~ O ~ T O M Y , s a ~ e ~ n e a @ o p ~ y n e (3.6) acaccy sapnna G Ha sneprwlo E=Gq, nOJly'lHM

A p = f r ( f i l ~ ) . (3.7) T ~ K s a n ~ c s l ~ a e ~ c n 3 n e p r e r ~ s e c ~ ~ A ~ ~ K O H non06~n. ~ T O ~ H nonbso- BaTbCIl TeOMeTpHqeCKHM 3aKOHOM B 3~epreTHqe~K0fi @0pMe, B @0p- Myne eMecro MaccH aapnna ~cnonbsylor ero T ~ O T H ~ O B H ~ ~ ~ K B H B ~ ~ ~ H T . Tpo~nnosslfi 3KBHBaneHT G,.-MaCCa 3apflna TpOTHna ( ~ r ) , 3KBH- BaneHTHau no 3 ~ e p r ~ n B ~ ~ H B ~ ~ M O M Y sapnny ~ a c c o k G (Kr). 0 6 ~ s - HO 3a OCHOBY 6 e p y ~ TpOTHn B H C O K O ~ ~ IlnOTHOCTH C 3HePrHefi B3pHBa 4.3 M n x I ~ r . Torna G,= GqJ4.3, m e q - sseprsa espblea B3UTOrO

n o c ~ o n b ~ y 3~asenne ynenbnoro xslnynbca onpenennercn nannenn H n~~nrenb~ocrbm aa3u CXaTHfl B O ~ H H , TO B coomercrswn c s ~ e p THVeCKHM 3aKOHON 1101106~11 O H 0 3allHUIeTCU B BHne 3

I = 7a.v ( ~ I R ) . Bun @YHKIU~R nnn paasux ycnos~R O ~ H ~ H O onpenennercn s ~ c n e p MeHTanbHO H YqHThlBaeT C B O ~ ~ C T B ~ CpenH, B ~oropoR BHnOJIHUeT B3DHB.

P ~ C C M ~ T ~ ~ H H H ~ 3aKOHH ~ O A O ~ H U AOCTYnHbl Anfl nPaKTH4eCKO ncnanb3osa~~n npx H ~ Y ~ ~ H H I I H pacsere nellcra~u aspuss. B3 ~e6onbmofi 3apnn H nocrpoee coo~eercrsymuym eMy Monenb o6ne r a neRcte~u sspusa, MOXHO nocne nposeneiiun Monenbnoro B onpenentin Ha neR xapaKrep pa3pyme~~n 061.e~ra. rro6u s BHflX PeanbHOnl B3pbIBa He nOnyCTHTb O U I H ~ O K C B U ~ O P O M 38pRA

Teopwm nono6an paspa6arusan pun ~ccnenosarenefi. Menranbtiue pa60rp Ha 3Ty rewy sunonmenu aaaneuHKoM n. n o s m . B ycnoswnx. Korna neac r s~e sapuea csasaeo c M @al ropa~n , Kompue aeo6xonw~o ysaruears, nocrpoesne H BunonHeHHe onma M O ~ Y T CywecrseHHo ~ C J I O X H B T ~ C ~ . H a n p n ~ e 9 1 0 6 ~ YqeCTb BnHRHHe CHnH TUXeCTH, HMeIOUee BaxHOe 3Haq npH H3YqeHHH B3PhtBOB O W H b 60JIbWHx 3apfl808, IIpennOXeH nnrepecnux cxeM onums. B sacssocre, cosercKnu yseHuM r. M. KpoacKnnr npennoxerto ~ 3 y s a t b nposecc. OC~UI~CTBJIRS B ~ P H B M O ~ M

Ha uesrpr@yre. E C T ~ H npyriie OpHrHHanbHHe c x e m npoaenenn nono6~blx ~ c c n e n o e a ~ ~ f i .

Ann ~ a ~ 6 o n e e TosHoro HcnontaosaHwn 3 a ~ o ~ a nono6~n cyw BymT nO~OnHHT~bHble YWIOBHfl. T ~ K , XVIaTenbHO CpaBHHBaTb 6 n ~ 3 w ~ e no cocraey nponyxroe espuaa. H a a p n n ~ 6 p a ~ b no B O ~ M O HOCTH onHorHnHoli a o p ~ u . Xenarenb~o ysarusarb xwMHsecKm repH npH sapuse. Ann scex. Kpoue c@epnsec~ex, HnsHHpyeMux senrpa saprnos neficre~e sonnu Hano cDasHnearb no onHHaKosu

Man nOBepXHOCTbI0 3eMnH. HCllMb3YIOTCR ~ ~ O @ H ~ H K ~ M H Anfl 8 0 3 6 ~ ~ - p H H X ceficbf~sec~om csrsana.

B ~ e c r e c rem, paccMarpnsan ycnosnn 6esonacsocre pa6or npn yHH'4TOXeHHll OTKa3aBUIHX. H3We'IeHHblX H 3 CKBaXHHbl 3apflAOB, npoeKrHpoeanHH cltnanos BB Hnti n o ~ e q e ~ n f i , me eunonunmr patio- 7~ c BB, nepesoa~e n xpaHeHHn BB, onpenennn 6esonac~ue paccron- Hnn. MU B TOR H ~ H HHOR Mepe nocronHHo csnsanu c B ~ ~ M B O M Ha sosnyxe.

Ilpn s3puse sapnna s sosnyxe 06pa3ywul~een nponyltrv o6na- Qawr donee B ~ ~ C O K O R , seM OKpyxamuan cpena, nnorsocrbm H Ha nepeux sranax pacnponpanensn nexxyrcn IIpaKTHqeCKH eMecre c ynapnoti soanoil, ocyqetrnnsn ee nounHTEcy. Ha TOM 3rane OHH onpenennmr neRcrs~e sspuea. Ha PaccronnHH 10-20 pannycoe 3apflAa npOHCXOnHT OTpYB yl(apH0fi BOJIHbl OT IIPOnYKTOB B3pHBa, yeen~rnsamu~Acu no Mepe ynanenwu ee or T O ~ K H s3pusa. B MoMeHT oTpusa ~ 3 6 u m q ~ o e naeneHHe @ p o ~ r a eonnu OKono 1.5-2 Mna, c~opocrs pacnpocrpanenun 1.1-1.4 KMIC.

flnfl npHBeAeHHbIX ~ ~ C C T O H H H ~ ~ 1<RG15 M. A. C ~ ~ O B C K H M naHU 3MnHpHsecrHe @0pMyn~ nnn susacnenns napaMerpoa ynapnoR sonau, pacnpocrpa~nm~eilcn B eosnyxe. Q o p ~ y n u COXpaHHnH csoe 3 ~ a q e ~ ~ e H cefisac, XOTR no3n~ee p n n o ~ ~ccneno~areneA 6 w e me- ceHbI HeKOTOpHe YTOYHeHHU. n o M. A. C~&OBCKOM~, ~3661ToWiOe JaanenHe (Mna) HaxonHrcn no @op~yne

Ap, = O,084/R+ 0,271p + 0,7/@, (3.10a)

a @ass cxantn (c)

- 1,5*. V R .lo-'. zcm - (3.106)

HHIX npaKrHseCKH He ~a6nmnaercn. E c n ~ japun nexnr Ha rpynre wnH B ~ J I H ~ H Hem. TO npaKTHseCKH Bce CKa3aHHOe OTHOCHTCU K B3pblBY B O ~ ~ H O P O ~ H O ~ ~ BCR sHeprHn, 38 HCKnmseHHeM HeCKOnbKHX IIPOUeHTOB, YXOPHT B 803-

nsHxeHHe B O ~ H ~ He orpanwqeno K ~ K H M H - n ~ 6 o npennrcrsHRMH. n p nyx. MOXHO C ~ H T ~ T ~ . napa~erpu B3puBa r a ~ o m sapnna o ~ e ~ s a n e ~ r - I W I H q H H oTpaxamq~x r p a ~ ~ q K ~ ~ T H H ~ , K ~ K npaa~no, H ~ I M H n a p a ~ e r p a ~ sspuea 3apena y n s o e ~ ~ o R ~ a c c u B BO3AYxe. senno O T J I H ~ H O ~ . H nocrpoeniie M O ~ W I H ycnoxe~rcn. B 3TOM cnysae (Pop~ynu (3.108, 6, r) nnn ~ a s e ~ ~ o m mpusa n ~ e m r

BhU

C B03nYUIHblMH B3PblBaMH KaK MeMAOM BYnOilHeHHIl nPOH3BOILCTBeH HHX pa601 ~ @ H ~ H K I ~ - ~ ~ o M ~ ~ c J I O ~ H K H IlPaKTHYeCKH He BCTPeqalOTCR B 3 p u ~ u 3apunos. P ~ ~ M ~ U ~ H H ~ I X Ha rpynre H Ha H~KOTOPOB B ~ C O T 1

B ~ ~ H B sapnna, pacnonoxennoro y ycryna. TaKxe cnoco6cr~ ycnnennm B O ~ H H . nocnennee O ~ C T O ~ T ~ J I ~ C T B O yqarHeaeT npn onpenenennn 6e30nacn~x P ~ C C T O R H H ~ . n 0 n b 3 y ~ ~ b HHMH B nepsok rnaae ypaeHennnmn H 3 ~ a n Hcxonnue naHH M&TPOB eosnyxa (naenenne, nnosnocrb). MoxHo paCCsHTaTb @ p o n ~ a ynapnoii BonrtH, c ~ o p o c ~ b noroKa nosnyxa sa @p H3MeHeHHe IIJIOTHOCTH BO3llyXa BO @ ~ o H T ~ .

P~CCMOTPHM B ~ ~ H M O ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B H ~ B O ~ ~ ~ Y U I H O ~ ynapnok BOn ~ ~ H H M naanenHeM A ~ I c WCTKOk nperpanok, croauefi A B H X ~ H H ~ Bonnbt npHMeM nepnennnKynnpnHM K nperp CTOJKHOBeHHH w o k B03nyXa. ~ P H M H K ~ H ) U & H ~ K @POHTY, 3HTCX H OCTBHOBHTCII, AaBneHHe B HeM nOBbICHTC$i, n0W WOH ~osnyxa. Ha6eran Ha OcTanonHnmHecn, TaKxe 6 ~ H T ~ C H . n o nanamulek nome B nanpaanennn, P ~ ~ ~ T H O M H H ~ , n 0 k n e ~ eonna cxarnn, ~ o m p y m ~ a s w n a m ~ o~paxenaok. rosnoe naaneHne Ha nperpane Ape, npn orpaxeHHH ynap~ofi

A P ~ = 2Api + G A f i l ( A ~ l + 7 ~ 0 ) .

~ H ~ ~ H T ~ J I ~ H O ~ , a0 .BOCbMHKpaTHOrO, YCHneHHe naBneHHR B OTpaXe noit Bonne, no cpannennm c nasnenHeM B C H ~ ~ H O R .nanamqek yna H O ~ BOJIHe, BaXHO PnR OUeHKH ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B H R B3pHHa Ha 06'beKT. OT HeHHe 07 aKyCTH'4eCKOrO B O ~ & ~ ~ C T B H U ( Y ~ B O ~ H H ~ &aBneHHX npH 0 mensa) Ha nosnyxe na6nlonaercn y x e npn naanennnx npeeHmam 0,01 Mna .

EUH ynapnan sonma nanaer Ha nperpany non yrnor, m npm OTKiIOHeRRkI yrna naneHHn or nepnennnwnnpa B npenenax 20" aasnenae B orpaxeaaofi e r n e roxeT 6ura c ymosnersopwrenbsoa nnn npaKrHKn r o s n m w paccrnrano no @opuyne (3.14). npn yeenwennn me yrna naneHHn Hactynaw rorenr, Korna orpa- xeHHan senna, nsurawuancx c 60nbUeR c~opocrbw no eosnyxy, cxarouy H Harpemuy nanaloueil aonsofi, noronmr nanawuyw H o6pasyer rOnOBHp sonny. Orpaxe~na npH yrnax nanennn. Korna 06pasyercn ronoanaa sanna. Hasslsalor Heperynnpnurm, I

B oTnHrne o r nosnyxa, nona o6nanaet B H C O K O ~ nnoTnocTbm, ~ a n o f i CxHMaeMocTbm, H 0 6 p a s o ~ a ~ m a x n npn aspuse ynapnan BOJIHa Cpa3y OTpblBaeTCfl OT IIpOnyKTOB B3pHBa. B HeOrpaHHseHHOM BonoeMe Ha paccmnnnnx 10-900 pannycos aapnna napaMerpN ynapnok BOJIHH IlOnBOnHOrO B3pHBa MOryT 6blTb BH9HWeHH n0 3MnH- pHsecsnM @ o p ~ y n a ~ . npennoxeHnuM P. Koyno~ . A a e n e n ~ e p (Mna) na @ponre ynapnok eonnu I

p = 53.3 ( ~ 1 ~ ) ' " ~ . TO cnan nasnennn B eonne HMeer

P% = Pl exp (- ~ 1 0 ) .

spelaenn s ~ c n o ~ e ~ u ~ a n b ~ o r o y6blaan~n nasne- B Tesenne K O W ~ O ~ O nannenne B Bonne nanaer

sapnna. B IiasanbHblfi MOMeHT B YnapHylo BOnHy, paCnpOCTPaHRmUyloCU

B none, yxonnT 60nbme nononwnu s ~ e p r ~ ~ B ~ P H B ~ . L(nn sapnna H 3 npeccosannoroTpoTuna Ha paccTonnHH 10 pannycoe 3a cseT nOTepb s n e p r ~ n eonnw yMenbmaercn no 32 %, a 1000 panaycon-no 24 %' OT o6mefi 3HeprHH B3pHBa. B ~ a q a n b ~ b l f i MOMeHT PaCnPOCTpaHeHHIl ynapnok eonnu nasnenne no a p o n ~ e B xHnKocrH nocTwraeT 13 m a , nnoTHocTb eonu nosumaeTcn B 1.7 paaa, a Hasanbnan ceopoc~b nepeMeqenHn @ p o ~ r a cocTannneT 5500 M/C. Ho y x e Ha paCCTORHHH 10 oannvcon OT 3apnna naBnenne BOnHH CHHXaeTCR no 100- i5o'Mnl;.

npoueccu, conyrc-rsymqne paclunpe~nio H cxaTam npOnyKrOB s s p ~ e a npn nonaonnoM ~ 3 p ~ e e , wMemT 6onbmoe 3 n a s e ~ n e nnH ero npaKTHseCKOr0 HCnOnb3OBaHHn. Ha PHC. 31 ~ p n e o k f CXeMaTHseCKH nOKa3aHO H3MeHeHHe naBneHHR BO BpeMeHH B ra3OBOM nyablpe, 0 6 p a s o ~ a n n o ~ IIpOnyKTaMH B3pHBa. Ha YsaCTKe A 0 npOnyKTH n s p ~ n a nMemT nannenwe p, npesblmaloqee rHnpocrarHsecKoe pz. H nnTencHeHo paclunpnmwn. K P H B O ~ 2 n o ~ a 3 a n xapasrep H ~ M ~ H ~ H H X CKOPOCTH v nnxxennn X H ~ K O C T H Ha nonepxnocrn n y s ~ p n . Ha ysa- CTKe A 0 OHa PaCTeT, nocTHran MaKCHMYMa B TO'IKe 0. Ha YqaCTKe OB 3a cseT ~nne~nsecKok snep- ~ H H . s a n a c e ~ ~ o k o~pyxamulefi nOJOCTb XHnKOCTbK), nY3HPb nP0- n0nXaeT PaCUIHpSTbCR no MOMeH- Ta nonnoro ee pacxonosansn. K TO MY BpeMenn naenenme B nysbl- pe CTaHOBHTCn 3HaqHTeJIbHO HHXe D rHfipOCTaTH~eCKOC0. Ha srane BC non n e k c ~ ~ i f e ~ r~npocTaTBsecKom naenennn X H ~ K O C T ~ nasnnaer nenrasbcn B 0 6 p a ~ n o ~ nanpaene- HHH, CxHMan ra308blfi ny3Hpb. A O B C D r npo6erae~ rpannuy naaneenn pas- Horo I'HnpOCTaTH9eCKOMY H. nP0- PUC. 31. nynbcaunn npony~me nonxan nenxenne. no y x e s a ~ e n - enpusa B xwnronw

89

nmcb, nossrmae~ n a m e m e B n y 3 ~ p e (CD). n y n b c a u ~ n nosropner HeCKOnbKO pas, c n o c o 6 c ~ ~ y ~ nepeBOny 3HeprHH CXBTHX ra B 3HePrHH) 8036yX~aeMbl~ HMH BOnH. ~ P H B3pblBe 3apflna TpOT B H ~ O ~ P ~ H H ~ ~ H H O M nonoelde B ynapeym e o n ~ y yxonnr 53 %, a nepsoil H n~opoil nynbcauHflx- 14 H 7 % o6meil s ~ e o r ~ n aao -

B csasm c reu. qto s Hacronuee spevn nnn paJnmsmux neneR maxonar nps- uemesse em $ R ~ H ~ ~ C K O M ) sspusa-nuxnon cncamro rasa n3 xauepu, npn- seneu nonyremmue M . H. 6anamwa~nou sun~pnsecxae @opuynu nnn pacsera napauetpos npouecca, soa6ymnaevom nps suxnoae 8 sony cmamro rasa a me- orpamaqenmou nonoeue. - uaxcsuMaHorono EaEI.WHHH s o n s ~ p. (Mna). m s m - soern @asu cmarsn T,, I I nepsona nyrecansfi T. (c): I

- - - - - -. - . . .. , - . npnuenem~ue Wpvynu npemomestr n npmuenmuu WR xauep, cnpoewmpo-

aanmux nna sos6ymnesnn c e d c ~ ~ ~ e e x o r o cnrmana ma altsampanx. Ux pa6oqosee namemne 10-15 Mna. rips npoeKmposamnn ysntusanoes, s m uaKcnuammoe nasneaae so36ymnaeuoA sonsu npauepmo nponopunowanhmo xopmm manpamouy HS nnoulans orsepcrsn, omyna suwltaer ras, H oraoluetcue odseua xauepu x nno- mans suxnonsoro orsepcmx nonmmo no KpaAHeR vepe obecnwssara ncresemne 70-80%i nmnyxa sa spevn nnsrenbeocrn $asu cwatnn sonsu. n o sauepav OmomeHHe uaKcsuanbHom nasnenmn B ras0808 nonocrm K naqanbmouy naMemm s Kauepe He npestrmaer 0.4. 3mepran $asu cmarnn nepmR mnnu pnuo npesumaer 2-3 % smeprxn suxnona.

Kaprma npn sspuae B sanon- a H ~ H H O R XHAKOCTblO CKBaXHHe (ee MoXHO PaCCMaTPHBaTb KBK BOAHO- BOA) 06nanaer cyqemaeHHHwH oTJIHsnnMH OT T ~ K O B O R npH B3pbl- Be B HeOrpaHHWHHOM BOnOeMe. BonHa pacnpocTpaHnmcfl c M H O ~ O MeHbUHM K O ~ @ @ H U H ~ H T O M 3aTyXa- loo ma. Oria HeceT 6onbmoR 3anac SHePTHH, COXPaHflfl BblCOKHe naB- neme H ynenb~blR HMnynbc Ha go 3Ha'IHTWlbHblX YnaneHHflX OT TOq- uu B30bIBa. n e o ~ b l e nccnenosa- 10 10 1000 R,n

~ H H 3-5 Kr HHTpornnuepnna. OnblTbl nanH KapTHHY (PHC. 32) PaCnpeneJeHHX MaKCHManbHblX

naene~ni l e mnne B ~ ~ B H C H M O C T H OT P ~ C C T O H H H ~ no sapma. 3 a ~ e p ~ BblllOnHflnHCb KPelllePHblMH naTqHKaMH, qT0 nO3BOnfleT CqHTaTb @ a ~ r t i s e c ~ w nannense e nome 6onee BMCOKHM, qeM s a ~ e p e ~ ~ o e . KaK cnenyer ~3 r p a a ~ ~ a , MaKcHManbHoe nasnesrre, npesblmamulee Ha PaCCTORHHH no 1 M OT 3apRna 200 Mna , Ha PaCCTORHHH 10 M nanaer no 50 Mna. B n a n b ~ e i l w e ~ cnan c r a 6 u n ~ 3 ~ p y e w f l (0,2 M n a Ha 10 H) H Ha ycTbe, Ha ynanenwn 1700 M o r T O ~ K H ~ 3 p w ~ a paa- neHHe cocrannnex 1 6 1 8 Mna. C a ~ a eonna BCnenCTBHe y c n o ~ ~ i l paCnpOCTpaHeHHn HMeeT CyIU@CTBeHHO O T ~ H ~ H H ~ ~ OT ynap~oB BOnHH Bnn, 6e3 pesxon, HapacraHnn H cnana nasnenan. H 6Onbl11~10 npo- TRXeHHOCTb BO epeuenu. npo@nnb Boners, pa~IIp0~Tpa~Rlouleil~n B XH~KOCTH, 3anon~nmqeR ~py6y . ~ 3 0 6 p a x e ~ Ha pHc. 32,6. BHCOKH~ naenennn H 6onbman s ~ e p r n n , Kompya OHa HefeT, uoryr BblablBaTb nonpexneHHR K O ~ O H H Ha ~ H ~ ~ H T ~ J I ~ H H X ynanennxx OT T O ~ K H B3pHBa.

Xopomo npoeepennaa npaKTHKa a d o p a aapnnoe nnfl TopnenH-

coil 5 ~ r , a nna Menee MOUHHX-7 KT. 06e~IIeqHBaeT COXpaHHOCTb KOAOHHH BHe 3 0 H b l B3pHBa. EpH 3TOM HHHUHHPOBaHHe 83pHBa ocyulecrsnneTcu e eepxnefi vacm mpnenu. IIospexne~nrr, KaK npasnno, c s n s a ~ u c O C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ H H H M H M ~ C T ~ M H - y s a c ~ ~ a u n nnoxoro QeMeHTaXa HnH r p a ~ ~ ~ e f i UeMeHTHpOBaHHfl KOnOHHH, Y'IaCTKaMH KOppOnHpOBaHHblX ~ p y 6 H np. ~ P H M ~ P O M MOrYT 6blTb Pe3YnbTaTbl OnblTa, BUnOnHeHHOrO B M O n W H C K B B X H H H - ~ ~ ~ H H H O ~ ~ 3aUeMeHTH- ~ O B ~ H H O A rpy6ne ~e60nblu0r0 niiarcerpa, s a n o n ~ e u ~ o i l BOAOR, m e sspueancn 3neKTponemHarop. ~ ~ O T H B s n e ~ r p o n e r o ~ a ~ o p a cnnom- HOCTb ~py6bl HapyUlaeTCR cHCTeMOfi BepTHKanbHHX TpeIIlHH, 9aCTH9- HO IIP0HHKaK)UIHX B UeMeHT, BblLUe H HHXe ~ p y 6 a COXpaHfleWfl U W O ~ Ho ecnn Ha nexompou ynaneHHH o r sapflna ~py6rry s a u e ~ e ~ ~ n p o -

91

BaTb HeKa'leCTBeHHO. OCTaBHB 3aIlWHeHHYH) B O ~ O ~ MH, 9TU

XyXe, BO3nyXOM IIOnOCTb, TO 3Ta YaCTb T P Y ~ K H npH IIpOXOwtneHH sonnu paspymaercn. C y q e w a e ~ ~ o saMerwTb, YTO 3a yracTKoM PYlUeHHH HBH YqaCTKOM ~ ~ P @ O P H P O B ~ H H O ~ KOJIOHHH RaBneHH B eonae, pacnpoc~pa~aloueficn no XHAKOCTH, pe3~o nanaer. Ilp PaCCMOTPeHHH B3pYBOB B CKBaXHHPX HYWHO Tame HMeTb B BHn q T 0 3aTYXaHHe B H ~ O ~ C ~ X ~ H H O M CTBOne H3-3a MHOrOKPaTHYX X ~ H H ~ OT H ~ P O B H O C T ~ ~ ~ IIOpOAY, a TaK- B Ca3HPOBaHHYX XHRKOCTIX sanon~nmr~nx creon, rae s ~ e p r ~ n pacxonye~ce na cwtarwe H ~ a s o rpee rasosvx erormseHnR, nponcxonm H ~ M H O ~ n~rericneHefi, Ye B CKBaXHHe, 3anon~e~HOR B O ~ O ~ .

~IOUHMO pacnpocpaHeHHn ssepx H B H H ~ no xHnKocTn. 3anOnHxmqeA CTB crsaxasu, npH aapuae sacra sHeprHn yxomr n 3aTpy6~Oe npOeTpaHcTno.

no nanHm pnna nccaenosam~R. ecnH nosepxsona oreepcrnR npesmru 25 % or o6uet nosepxnoctn Tpy6u, TO nocaennnn craHoswKn npa~rus cnpo3paunoRw H He nennetcn nperpanot ann nnnxennn B O ~ H U B aatpyd~y XHAKWTb.

q, KXaCTCn BOnHK, ~blxOA~lllefi B 3atpy6~0e npOClpaHCTBO 9epe3 COXP~HHB- luymcn ~enonpexnenHoR rpydy. TO no onmart c nonpmnou n m u mHypa B py6ax PRaMe30M 108 MU naBIIeHHe B He& cpa3y 3a cren~oil tpy6bl npo ueHTpa sapnna 6uno 2.8 Mna. npHsem npu s ~ p u a e storo sapxna B soAoeue p y 6 u Ha Tex me pacctonuunx perHctpHposanoca nannenxe 9 Mna.

B3pve~sle npoueccsr l u ~ p o ~ o ncnonbJymTca Ann eo36ynrnen~n c e f i c ~ ~ s e c ~ o r n cnrnana Ha artriaropeax. noc~onbxy nopawtenme ~ X T H O @ ~ Y H H Hacrynaer npn naenennnx B eonse, npeesrluamunx 0.6 Mna, npnMeHeHHe KonneHcaposaHHux BB nnn cefic~opa3~enxn na anaropnrrx, xax npasnno, 3anpeuae~c~ . Ans 3rok uenn Hcnonb- 3yIOT IlHeBMaTH'leCKHe H 3JIeKTPOHCKpOBYe (~HrHafl nos6yxnaercs 3JIeKTpHqeCKHM pa3pUaOM B XH~KOCTH) HCTOYHHKH. ~ P H M ~ H ~ D T C R H YCTIHOBKH, HCnOnb3YX)UHe ra3o~vA B3pblB. B o s 6 y x n e ~ ~ e careana, ocymecrsnaerca HenpepunHo no xony nsHxeHHn nopa6nn. CaM cHrHan name Ha caMvx ~ ~ H ~ K H x PaccToanHnx 6e30nace~ nnn XHBYX OPraHH3MOB. HaCeJ5lK)UIHX BOAOeMH, IlOCKOnbKy naBJIeHHe B 0 0 3 6 ~ ~ - n a e ~ o k BonHe yxe no cocencrny c H C T O ~ H H K O M He npesbluael 0,6 MIla.

n p ~ eapvse B Tnepnux cpenax xapaKTep H p a s ~ e p u paspymennn noponsr onpenenflmwn 3 ~ e p r ~ e k sapnna, c ~ o f i c ~ ~ a ~ n noponv H n ~ ~ n e f i HaHMeHbllreCO COnpOTHBneHHH W - PaCCTORHHeM OT 3apflna no 6n~xahmefi rpannuv nopona - Bo3nyx. O~nouren~e panxyca 06pa30sasmeficn BOPOHKH rs H w H ~ ~ Y B ~ ~ T C U n o ~ a 3 a ~ - e ~ n e k c ~ ~ n f f nspuea n=r./w. B o p o ~ ~ a c n = l ~ a s ~ e a e ~ c n nopo~~of i HopManb- HOCO, c n > l -ycHneHHorn, a c n<l -ocna6ne~~oro nvbpoca. Ilpn BvnonneHHH pacseTos 3a oc~oay 6 e p y ~ BopoHKy HopManbHoro BH- 6poca. Ee o61.e~ V,=(n/3)rz.w=K.w3. Maccy G sapxna nnn nony- senna BOPOHKH 3 a n a ~ ~ o r o o6aema paccsHrvsamT no @op~yne

G = K.d , (3.21)

me Ke - K O ~ @ @ H U W ~ H T , J~BHCRIUHR OT CBO~CTB rpyHTa, 3TO - MaCCa aapnna, neo6xon~~aR nnn sv6poca 1 M$ q a ~ ~ o R noponv.

i 3. B3PblBU B FPYHTAX n TBEPAUX n o ~ o ~ x nna pacqeTa BOPOHOK ycnnennoro H ocna6ne~~oro neRc~BHn HC-

nOilb3yloT @OpMynY B ~ P H B H H ~ P ~ ~ O T H B YCnOBHIIX 3eM~08 nOBepXHOCTH pa3n~qalo~cn no G = K#f ( 4 - (3.22) r n y 6 ~ ~ e PafnonomeHHn sapnna, xapaKTepy pa3pyme~wa H nepeve- WeHHfl noponv. Mx MOXHO pa3nwu~b Ha Conponoxna~uHecn o6pa-. no M. M. bopec~oey. f(n) =0,4+0,6n3, n p ~ n= 1 f (a)#= 1. JInn a o ~ a ~ ~ e ~ BOPOHKH nv6poca H npoxonnqHe 6e3 K ~ K O ~ O - n ~ 6 0 Hapy- 6 0 n b ~ ~ x o ~ a t ~ e ~ l l f i w, ~ o r n a y s e ~ pa6oru. s a ~ p a s e ~ ~ o * ~a nePeMe- ~ U ~ H H R CTPYKTY~H noponv ~a ~ O B ~ P X H O C T H an 3apnnoM. n e p e ~ e qeHHe rpyara, npnobpe~ae'r c y u e c ~ a e ~ ~ o e ~ s a q e ~ ~ e , A. 9. 6eJne- HOCRT ~ a 3 ~ a ~ n e B ~ P Y B O B Ha BH~POC, B T o p v e - ~ a ~ y @ n e ~ ~ v x . BUM npennOxeHa @op~yna. nnnnlouancn nans~eRmHM P ~ ~ B H T ~ ~ M

~ ~ O M ~ X ~ T O Y H H ~ ~ewtny HHMH - sapnn puxneenn, n p ~ ~ o m p o ~ no- @ o p ~ y n v M. M. 6opecKo~a: pons Han B30PBaHHHM 3aPRROM BCIly'IHBaeTCU H PaCTpeCKHBaeTCH, G = yp'(0.95 + 0 ,05~) (0.4 + OM). (3.23) HO He 0 ~ 6 p a c v ~ a e ~ c a . Ha p ~ c . 33 n o ~ a 3 a ~ w r n n ~ r ~ s r f i BHB BOPOHKH (a), 06pa30~a~meAcn B p e ~ y n b ~ a r e nelcrnen nspvea ~a BY~POC, Xo~r nonaunloqee YHWO npoaonHMvx T W @ H ~ H K ~ M H B3pHW H p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ R C T B H H espusa Japnna p u x n e ~ ~ n (6) H ~ a ~ y @ n e r - B CKBamHHax CJlayeT ornecrn K ~a~y@neTnNM, BvnonHaeMuM 'AanH HOW ~ 3 p v ~ a ( 8 ) . 93

92

Puc. 34. 3a~uc11vocl.b ne@puaqns Puc. 95. Cxeva neRcrnns sspus OT H ~ ~ ~ R x ~ H I I ~ M a PIJHUX PPYWTOB B TBepAKX UOPOAM

O r 3eb4~0k nOBePXHOCTH HAH rPaHH9H IlOpOlla - BOsnyx, TeM wenee H cpenH HHX B03MOXHH cnysaa. xorna cyllrecrnosanHe 6nu3x rpaHHuH 6 y ~ e T BJIHflTb Ha IlpOUeCC. 3 ~ 0 MOXeT BCTpeTHTbCU n padorax B ne@~nnHx maxzax, npH non3e~nok n o 6 ~ s e yrnn H py Ho nocxonbxy B nocnennnx padorax ~ ~ O @ H ~ H K H . xaK npaeano, ysacrnywr ( ~ p o ~ e ornenbnux onepau~fi , HanpHMep n e r a s a q ~ ~ nn cra), orpannrHMcn paccMorpenHem xa~y@nernom B S ~ H B ~ , BHno HReMOm Ha nOCTaT09HO 60nbu10fi rny6nne. He CBn3HBafl ero c no6m neR necbr~ H ra3a.

R.=K. fi, rne G - xacca ~ a p n n a , ~r (B T ~ O T ~ ~ O B O M sxeneane~re) ; =0,4-+0,7 B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CBORCTB noponn. O o p ~ y n a nan c@epesecxoro aapnna, npn nepexone K uHnHnnpHsecxoMy pannyc xanepau R, MoXeT 6 ~ ~ b nafinen no @0pMyne

m e f - ~ H H ~ 3apnna H dc - AHaMWp CKBaXHHH. M. Tpynr B 0 6 4 e ~ c n p a e npencrannner co608 rpex@aa~yw cncre-

MY, rnepnblfi cxener xoropok sanonnen xz in rucM n ra3oaum nanon- HHTWRMH. Coo~nollrenne nocnennnx romer Mennncn no nonnoro ncwwqeHHn onnoro ~3 HHX. I I o p ~ c m c ~ b r p y n r o ~ nocTHraer 30-50 % o 6 a e ~ a , H cxarue Hner B nepnyw osepenb 3a cner yMeHsmeHnn nopncrocrn. B ~ o n o n a c ~ u l e n ~ ~ x rpynrax, pacnonoxenntax nHxe YpUBHfl rPyHTOBHX Boa, BO3nyX HaXOnHWU B U3OJIHPOBaHHOM COCTOfl- HHH B BHPe OTnMbHHX Ily3HpbKOB, H e m COLlepXaHHe He3HaYHTWlbHO. B rpynrax, pacnonoxeHHHx nullre yponnn rpynmnux non, o b e u n o e conepxanne eosnyxa B nopax Moxer npesHllrarb conepxanae sonu. ~ ~ B H C H M O C T ~ ~ & $ O P M ~ U H H OT n a n p n x e n ~ k 0 BOnOHaCHUeHHOrO f H n e ~ o n o n a c b ~ q e n ~ o m 2 rpyuroa nana Ha p ~ c . 34. B ornHsHe o r

BOJIOH~CYUI~HHOID, ~ 0 3 ~ p a q a w q e r w a nocne c ~ n r ~ n nanpf lxen~k K HCXOnHOMY C ~ M U H H K ) , n e s o n o ~ a c ~ q e ~ ~ t z f i rpynr npn p a ~ r p y 3 ~ e (3) coxpaHfler m a m s a y w necpopuaualo.

Ilpn s3pblae B rpym yxonnr aonna, cxnuan H B ~ ~ H B ~ U ero nepe- MeqeHHe B HBnpaanenHH csoem pacnpwrpanenwn. n o crpyxrype ona OTAH4aeTCll or ynap~ofi BOnHH, pacnpoc~pannwqeku B X H ~ K O - CTH 6onee nnasHHv napacrannev nannesen. Ee cxopwrb csinbao 3asHcHr OT conepxannn ~03nyxa B nopone, nanaa c ero pocsou. 06naCTb nepeMeuleHHs rpynra orpannsena pannycorc ~ O H H nnacru- qecxax n & o p ~ a m f i . IIpx espsrsax Ha ~ ~ 6 p w e m MOXHO oroxnecrs- naTb c 06pa3ymqefi BOPOHKH B H ~ P O C ~ R0 (CM. PHC. 33,a).

O c n o s ~ a n s ~ e p r n n sapusa (cevure 50 %) pacxonyercn na npeono- neHHe lpeHHU npn nnacrHsecKoM Twemxn rpyara, no 30 % Ha e m narpes n cxarne, 5-20 % ocraerca B nponylcrax wpuna, H nnmb ne6onbllran WCTb YXOnHT B 3HeprHW ~ 0 3 6 y x n a e ~ o H B3pHBOM ynpy- r o l sonata. IIo T. M. JIaxoay. nasnenne m, B BonHe Ha paccmnntix R M O X H 6 ~ r b BHqHCJIeHO no @0pMyne

m e Ks H ~ -KO@@HIIH~HTY, 3 a n ~ c n q n e o r CBORCTB rpynra; G- T ~ O T H ~ O B H ~ 3KBHBaneHT 3apUna. Oco6e~no CHnbHO MeHReTCfl B U H - srina K2 B S~BHCHMOCTH o r ConepxaHHa r a 3 0 ~ a nopax noponH. OHO onpenenam npo$~nb noniiu, so36yxnaevoi1 BSPHBOM B rpynTe. H TeMn , ee 3aryxanna. B 3one p a 3 ~ e q e n ~ u 3apnna 06pa3yw~cn nonocrb-xasepna, 3a ~ e f i ynnornennaa nopona-sona nnacr~ue- CKHX n e @ o p ~ a w R H 3a ee r p a n ~ q e R - 3 o ~ a ynpyrux ne@op~aunfi. B aonoHacHmennom rpynre nonocrb nelruoro nynbcwpyer ananorss- HO nYJlbCaUHH ra30BOrO nY3HPR B WHLIKOCTH. ~ P O ~ Y K T H neTOHauHH, nponnxan Ha neKoropylo m y 6 ~ ~ y a nopv noponw, n p ~ ~ ~ x a w q e f i K c reme Kanepnu, Burecnmor XH~KOCW, ocyuaa ee. l l p ~ r e n e ~ ~ e 3Ha9HTWbHHX B3pHBOB B PHXnHX llOpOnaX C U W b W n o 6 ~ s a HC@TH 6ecnepcne~~nan0, no c nx noMoqbro pellrawrcn npyrHe s a n a s ~ . B UCTHOCTH B CTPOHTWlhCTBe. BSPHBH B rPYHTaX IUHpOKO HCnOAb- 3ymr ~ ~ O @ H ~ H K H npH BunonnennH c e f i c ~ o p a 3 ~ e n o s ~ ~ x pa6or. Ann IIOBHllreHHfl ~ @ @ ~ K T H B H O C T H e o 3 6 y i n e n ~ n c e f i c ~ ~ s e c x o r o CHrHana aapnn crpeMnrcn noveuarb non 3 o ~ y ManHx CKOPOCTB~~, HHxe cra- 6nnanoro y p o e ~ n rpynrosslx on.

B nocnennne m n ~ B crpane nnn ~036yxBe~Hfl c e f i c ~ ~ s e c x o r o cnrnana llr~poxo npHMeHnwr H ~ B ~ ~ H B H H ~ HCM~HHKH, K na~6onee pacnpwrpanenHHu ~3 XOMPHX OTHOCUTCR reneparopu C ~ ~ C M H Y ~ C K H X ~ o n e d a n ~ f i (TCK), ~cnonbaylolu~e e 3 p m cvecn nponan - xncnopon B ~ ~ P M ~ T H ~ H P O B ~ H H O ~ KaMepe C MaCCHBHHM nOpllrHeM, YCTaHOBJIeH- HOR Ha TPYHT.

~ P H B3PHBaX B T B ~ P L I O ~ nopone, npenc~annnw4Hx n a ~ 6 o n b l l r ~ ~ HHTepeC npR BHnOnHeHAH pa607 no H H T ~ H C H @ H K ~ U A H npHTOKa X U & - KWTH H ~ H ra3a. xax H npH B3pHBax B rpynrax. s o ~ p y r aapnna o6pa- ayercn xasepna, 3a npenenaun ~oropofi pacnonaraerca sona nnacrs- secmx ne@opuaueR. nanee urenyer o 6 n a c ~ s ynpyrnx ne@puasxfi.

95

Ha PHC. 35 CXeMaTHYeCKH nOKa3aHO I ~ ~ ~ C T B H ~ B3P-a sapnna B TB no8 nopone. nopona B 3o~e , HenocpencTneHHo n p H M H K a m q e R K pnny, cxnhfaemn, n p o d ~ r c n H ynnoraneTcn, o6paayn Kaee C PanHyCOM, paBHblM J lBYM-VeTYpeM nHaMeTPaM qHnHHRpHYeCKOrO 3apHna. B OnHTaX, IIOCTaBneHHbIX A n n IIOJlyqeHHX n p a K T H ¶ e C K H P ~ K o M ~ H ~ ~ u H ~ ~ , 3apUn 6pann H 3 BB, 3KBHBaJleHTHOrO HHTpOrnHue PHHY, J W H H 0 8 , I I p e ~ b l W a l O U e f i lueCTb nHaMeTpOB CKBIXHHY. McWle- ROBaHHn IlpOBOnHnHCb npH rHnpOCTaTHqeCKHX naBneHHnx 20-30 Mna. ~ P H 0 U e H K e BeRH'IHHH KaBePHH CnenyeT HMeTb B BHBY, ¶TO npHBe- A e H H H e BUUe UH@PH MOryT 6 u ~ b 3aBbIWeHHUMH, IIOCKOnbKy HHTep- Ban espblea, me pas~euanca ~ ~ H H H H R u ~ n ~ ~ n p n s e c x n 8 s a p n n uaccok, noc~nraemek HecKonbKHx TOHH, nocne aapusa pa36yp~eancn. npn ~ T O M uacrb pa3npo6ne~~o8 H y n n o ~ ~ e ~ n o f i n o p o n u , 06pa30eae- me8 CTeHKy KaBepHbl, YaCTH9HO P a 3 P Y I I I a n a C b . K O ~ @ ~ P E L ( H ~ H T 2-4 noMHMo y u e r a 6onbmoro p a 3 n ~ s n n B c n o k c r ~ a x n o p o n u Mor ~ Y H T H - BaTb H 3T0 O ~ C T O H T M ~ C ~ ~ O .

r0pHUe nOpOflU CpaBHHTWlbHO XOpOWO BblnepXHBaloT CXaTHe H xyxe -pac~nxe~ne . n p o n y ~ r b l n ~ p ~ e a , n e R c l g y n Ha nopony, o6pa- ~ y m u y m CTBOJI, BUJUB~IOT p a c r u n p e n n e crsona. B 6nnx~eii 3oHe (CM. pnc. 35) B O K P Y ~ KanepHu I nopona p a s p y r u a e r c a H ynnor- HReTCn, o6pa3yn 30Hy YnnOTHeHHH 2. 3 a 3~08 30~08 6naronapn npo- nonxamlueMycH p a c r u n p e H n m nonocTn H c M e m e H n m n o p o n u B pans- anbHOM HanpaEJleHHH BO3HHKaIOT HanpsXeHHU, IlpHBOnUUHe K o6pa- 30BaHHIO PaJIHanbHblX, a Ha 3Tane YMeHbUleHHR R a B n e H w X B nOi70- CTH - H KOnbQeBblX TpeUHH 30Hbl 3. Ha y9aCTKe 4 BOnHa ~ma6eBae~ . n p e e p a q a u c b B y n p y r y m . B 6 n a r o n p n n ~ ~ b l x ycnoanax P~BBHTHR) 06pasoea~uruxcn T p e m n H . H B n e p a y r o osepenb p a g n a n b H Y x . Moxer C ~ O C O ~ C T B O B ~ T ~ 3aiTaBnHBaHHe B HHX BUCOKHM . JIaBJIeHHeM. B Y l o U K M B TeYeHHe HeKOTOPOrO BpeMeHH n p H B3pHBe B 3TOM p a f i o ~ e , XHRKOCTH, nponyrtron e3pusa H naxe o 6 n o ~ ~ o s noponw. seMy npe- IInTCTByeT BOJHHKHOBeHHe 3 0 H b I YqnOTHeHHI l BOKPYr KBBIPH. Mexa- HH3M 3anaBnHBaHHB aHanOrHYeH MeXaHH3MY r H n p a B n H Y e C K O r 0 pB3- pHBa IlnaCTa C HCnOJIb3OBaHHeM UeMeHTHPOBO¶HHX arperaTOB, C TOR

3a&uu I. Ilpouonenspoaarb. wcnons3yn 3n8, n e R c r s n e aspusa s sonoeue mmHu

mKcomHa Ha p a c e m n s n n 40 u aa npnsan Daauepou 15x3 u. ltarb DaJueDu I M o n ~ .

2. Paccqnrarb n a s n e n n e B B O ~ ~ ~ U I H O R sonme, n o s 6 y x n a e v o R BJPUBOY 10 IV reKcomra. p a c n o n o x e s s o r o Ha nosepxmocru a eun~ Ha paccmnrmr 30 u or sapnna.

3. P a m a r a n n a s n e n n e B sonme. O T p a x e H ~ o R or ~ I I p n m n o t i ~ R K U npn n s p u n e a sosnyxe na ynanennn 10 u OT c r e n ~ n I ur rpomna.

4. P a c c s n r a r b nasnesm. ynenbHuA nunynbc , y n u n ~ u R n o m r sueprnn , n e p n o n

nynbcaunn n p n aspuse e none 20 ~r reKcoreHa Ha ynaneHHx 25 M or ~ a p n n a . 5. P a c c u n r a n nepnon nynbcauna nponyrroa a u x n o n a nsesuarerecnon, wnw-

"Hua CUneUOM 3 n UpH naMeHHH e x a m s o a n y x a 10 Mna. 6. O n p e n a m vaccy sapnna n3 mxcomma H rny6my ero sadoxesna B rm-

HHCTUR rpyHT, H ~ ~ ~ X O A H Y U ~ ILnR nOJy¶eHHR BOpOHKH 0 6 l e ~ o v 4 Y' mpn "-1; 2: 0.75.

7. Onpcnenmb sapnnu n nocnenoearenbuocrb pabor, ma mro, rro6u. n c n m - 3YR H B C U ~ H O R TPOTRII, nOJ)"tHTb B CKBaXHHe nHaYeTPOU 100 MU KaBepHy c@pl- secuofi @PMU &MOM 4 MI.

I r n a s a 4 8 3 P M B H M E PAEOTM l l P H 6YPEHHH I'JIYBOKHX CKBAXHH

1 5 I . I lPHMEHEHHE B 3 P U B A l l P H JIHKBHAAUHH ABAPHA B BYPEHHH

B y p e ~ ~ e - c a ~ u 8 n o p o r o c ~ o ~ ~ ~ i r nnn p a 6 o ~ B unlole paseema - ~ 0 6 H ¶ a H ~ @ T H H Sa3a. O6qan CTOHMOCTb 6ypeHHfl CKBaXHH H3Me- PReTCR MHOCHMH MHnnHapnaMH p y 6 n e 8 .

Exeron~o ~ Y P R T C R AeCIlTKH ThlCA9 CKBBXKH, H CpenHIlR ~ P Y ~ H H B H X PaCTeT. C yBenH¶eHHeM r n y 6 ~ ~ h l YCJlOXHlleTCR npOXOZlKa H yn0- p o x a e r c n CTOHMOCT~ CKnaxnHu. ~ Y P ~ H H ~ 3asac~ym c o n p m o x n a w c n OCJlOXHeHHUMH H aBaPHIIMH. B p a k o ~ a x CO CflOlKHUUH YCnOBBIlMH G y p e ~ n n notepH O r HHX M O Y T ilOCTHPaTb 8 % OT CTOHMOCTH CKBBXHH. B ~ a c m T a 6 a x C T p a H U ~ ~ H T K H , CBR3aHHHe C ~ B ~ ~ H ~ H O C T ~ I O , H 3 M e - p a m r c a COTHBMH xHnnHoHon py6neii. T ~ K H M 06pa30~, y c n e m n o e HCnOnb30BaHHe B3PUBa nnX nHKBHAaUHH a s a p ~ f i cnocod~o naTb H naeT b n b m o k n o n o x u ~ e n b ~ u f i B $ @ ~ K T HaponHOMy x o 3 n f i c ~ ~ y . c o w p a - q a u H ~ ~ ~ O H ~ B O ~ H T W ~ H ~ ~ pacxonbl Ha HX ycrpaHeHne.

~ P H M ~ H ~ H H ~ B3pb lBHblX H HMnynbCHUX IIPOUeCCOB AJIU 3~08 U W H Bbl ronHO OTnHsaeTC% O r npyrHX C ~ O C O ~ O S , HCnOnb3yeMHX B CKBaXH. H a X . 60nee Toro, 3T0 9 a C T 0 ellHHCTBeHHOe CpenCTBO nHKBHna4HH a a a p e e . B caMoM awe, y c a n w a . Koropsle HYXHO n p w n o x n r b K KO- noHHe nna npeOnOAeHHB CHn. IIpenRTCTBylOIUHX BhlnOJlHeHHIO KOH- K P ~ T H O ~ o n e p a u a a . 0 6 ~ 9 ~ 0 BenHKH, BO3MOXHOCTH Xe IIepenaYH 3 H e p r H H B 3Ty 30HY C 3 1 ~ ~ 0 8 IIOBepXHOCTH OTpaHH9eHU. E c n w . Ha- n p m e p , p e s b Hner o a n U n e p r n n a H H n w n p n x s a s e H H u x rpy6 y c H n s e a r , n p e K n a n u n a e M v M Ha B ~ M H O ~ ~ n o n e p x H o c T H , TO OrpaHHrHBamUHMH @ a ~ r o p a ~ w , KpOMe MOqHOCTH O ~ O P Y A O B ~ H H U , 6 y n e ~ npOYHOCTb ~ p y 6 H BUUIKH. H ~ B ~ C T H H CJly9aH. KOrna BO BpeMH JiHKBHnaUHH a a a p n R npn npesuureHHH n o n y c t H M u x HarpyBoK p n a n H c b Tpy6hl H naxe nospemanncb BHmKH. K p o ~ e TOrO, npH JIHKBHnaUHH a s a p n R qaCT0 BaxeH caM KT HasanbHoro c n s w r a o60pynoea~~a , Haxonnwerocn B CKBaXHHe, nocne sero n o c n e n y m q ~ f i nonseM ynpoqaercn. Ta~ol i caasr, K a K npasnno, rpe6yer p e a n n 3 a q ~ ~ 6onbmok MOUIHOCTH. H ~ K O H ~ U . o r n e n b a t a e cnoco6u n w K e w n a u H H a e a p ~ i c nyxnalorca B BU- nOnHeHHH TaKHX o n e p a q w R , K a K CO3naHHe O T B ~ ~ C T H ~ ~ B T p y b a x , p a s - 4 3.r. 349 97

P y l u e H H e K P y n H b l X M e T a J m H W C K H X ne~anefi B C K B a X H H e H npennonaramtuux o c y u e c T s n e H u e MOUHHX B 0 3 n e k ~ s ~ f i H a

Y K ~ ~ ~ H H ~ J M T P ~ ~ O B ~ H H I I M XOPOIIIO ynOBJleTBOPIIH)T BB 6n K O M . ~ ~ ~ K T H O ~ ~ @ p M e ( 3 a p X n ) , B XOTOPO~ T P a H C n O P T H P Y e T C I l K M e c T y n p n M e H e H H n , y n 0 6 c ~ B y n o c T a B x H H p e a n ~ 3 a u ~ ~ . BHCOK MOUHOCTH, paseusaenoii npn r o p e H H n w ~ ~ p b l ~ e . K ~ o M ~ T o r o , cneu @ H ' I ~ c K ~ ~ B 0 3 M O X H O C T b T p a H C n O P T H P O B K H 3 H e p r H H B 3 P b l B a Pep cpeny. O K p y x a m l q y n aapxn, B cpop~e ynap~oi l B O ~ H H n03~onu o c y w e c T e n n T b eo3neirc~~ne H H a y n a n e r t a b r e 0 6 % e ~ T b l C K B a x H H

B s a c T H o c T H H a H a x o n f l q n e c n B ~ ~ T P Y ~ H O M n p o c T p a H c T s e , n p H s e M B TaKOM B a p H a H T e , n p H KOTOPOM T P Y ~ H , HeCMOTPII H a n p O H C X O n X U B HHX ~ 3 p b i ~ . O c T a w T c n ~ M H M H . nocnen~ee o r K p H e a e r nosue MOXHOCTH H C n O n b 3 0 B a H H R B 3 p b l B a n n f l JIHKBHnaILHH a s a p ~ f i B C xnnax. B H H M ~ H W ~ ~ccnenosa~eJIefi B nocnenuwe ronbl c T a n o n p H K a T b H C n O i I b 3 0 B a H H e n n I I TaKHX uenefi H 6onee MeJIneHHblX, no C p HeHHH) C B3PblBOM. IIPOUeCCOB - r O P e H H I I nOPOXOBblX H n H CHCTeH, n p H KOTOpblX n J l H T W b H O C T b B O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B H R M O X e T H 3 M e H e T N C ~ P H N M H n o n n ~ ~ , a u e n b l ~ n c e K y H n a M n .

O ~ H ~ K O H C n W b 3 O B a H H e B 3 p b l B a K a K C p e n C T B a J IHKBHnaUHH pnfi sacm B c T p e s a e T n p e n n r c T s e n , rnaerible n3 ~ompblx-cno y c n o ~ ~ n B C K B a x H H e ( 3 o ~ e pa6o~bl). Y K a x n o m sapnna e C T b n nenbnan T e M n e p a r y p a n p H M e H e H H n , emue xo~opofi B 0 3 H H K a e T T e n BOR B ~ ~ H B . TO n e p B o e orpannuenxe. OHO K a c a e T c n T a m e H n a B n HHII, 3 a ~ p y n ~ u n u e m n p n M e r i e H H e BB B H s n e n H n x , K o r n a H c n o n

sylorcn riereparemnble, a B H e v o r o p b t x cnysanx H r e p M e T n s n u e 3 a p R n b l . KOHCTPYKUHH C K B B X H H H , 6 y p ~ n b H 0 f i KOnOHHH, KOHKPeTHblX ~ C T ~ O ~ ~ C T B , H a n p H H e p J I ~ ~ ~ H K ~ T O ~ O B , T a K X e M O r y T OrPaHH' iHTb HC- nonb30ean~e B ~ ~ H B H O A a n n a p a r y p ~ H sspslaa, B nacrsocra, 83-38 TOTO, P T O n P O X O 4 H O e O T B e p C T H e B HHX H e n03BOJI I I eT CnYCTHTb H3neJlHfl B C K B a X H H y . Ha PHC. 36 n O K a 3 a H H KOHCTPYKUHH c O ~ ~ H H ~ H H ~ ~ 6yp~nb- HblX T P Y ~ C B H C a X e H H b l H H B H Y T P b KOHUaMH (a) H HaCOCHO-KOMIIPEC- COpHblX (6) ~py6 . a B ~ a 6 n . 11 n p H B e n e H b l KOHCTpYKTHBHble n a H H H e 3aMKOBHX C O ~ E H H ~ H H ~ ~ T P Y ~ P a 3 H H X H a p O K . OHH II03BOJlRWT O U e H H T b

B03MOXHOCTb C n y C K a B B P H B H O M O ~ O P Y A O B ~ H H R Pepe3 ~ Y P H J I ~ H Y K ) KOJIOHHY. Ha PHC. 37 n O K a 3 a H HHXHHR 3 n e M e H T 6 y p ~ n b H 0 f i KOnOHHH - n o n o T o , n p s e o n H H o e 80 B p a q e n n e c 3e~tiofi n o B e p x H o c T H pompo~. H n H a 3 o ~ e aa6on ~yp606ypou H n n 3 n e ~ ~ p 0 6 y p o H . Bo BCeX T p e x C J I y P a n x ycnosnn C n y C K a H I I P H H e H e H H I l B 3 P b l B H O M O ~ O P Y A O B ~ H R I I 6 y n p ~ ~ ~ ~ H P H H H H . T ~ K , B n e p e o M c n y c K M o x e r 6 ~ T b ocyuecmen H a r r a K c H H a n b H y m rny6~1iy. n p a K T n s e c K n no sa6or, BO B T O ~ O M - no sana ~yp606ypa. B T p e T b e r c - n p a K m s e c m H c K n m s e H ~ 3 - 3 a ~ a - n H P H n B ~py6ax m K o n p o B o n a .

ECT~CTB~HHO. B C e 3 T O M H H e T H a X a P a K T e P 0 n e p a U ~ f i . K O T O p H e

*. 4. 99

M O X H O n p O B O n H T b C H C n O n b 3 0 B a H R e M B 3 p H B a B KOHKPeTHHX C K B B ~

n o CHX n O p H C n O n b 3 0 B a H H e B 3 p H B a QBR3HBaJIOCb TOAbKO C 80

C T a H K a M H B a n y H H H n H YqaCTKH T P Y L L H O ~ Y P H M O ~ ~ n O p O A H , H O K P e M H M h l X H3BeCTHIIKOB, MOTYT C T a T b 3 a M e T H H M n P e n U T C T B n y T H AOJlOTa H KOPOHKH. Torna 3 H e p r H f l B 3 p b l B q a T O r O B M O X e T 6 H T b H C I l O n b 3 0 B a H a W R P a 3 P Y U l e H H R B a n Y H O B H YC 6 y p e ~ ~ n n p O n n a C T K O B n y T e M HX n p e . & B a p H T M b H O r O ~ P O ~ H T H n n ~ ~ ~ ~ o f i c~pyefi H n H nynefi. O ~ H T U n o ~ a s a n ~ , s ~ o sapnn a n K (CM, rn. 6) c ~accofi BB 50 r paspymaer B a n y H p a m e p o ~ no 8 a H a y s a c s K e n p o 6 ~ ~ ~ n n p o n n a c r K a H a m y 6 ~ ~ y no 3 nu o6ecn B a e T M H O M K p a T H O e y C K O p e H H e er0 p a 3 6 y p H B a H H ~ ~ Y P O B H M H H C MeHTOM.

~ O ~ H T K H BeCT? 6 y p e H H e C K B a X H H cep~efi B 3 p H B O B H e 6 0 n b s apuno~ , o c y u r e c r e n n e M i s x H a aa6oe. n o ~ a 3 a n ~ . TO, XOTX TeXHHqeCKH OCyUleCTBHM, C a M M e T O a H 3 - 3 8 CnOXHOCTH TeX H e B H n e p X H B a e T KOHKYPeHUHH C CYUleCTBYlOqHMH C ~ O C O ~ ~ M H HHR C W B X H H .

. .,

f 2. PA3PYUIEHHE ABAPHAHOrO METAJIJIA HA 3A60E H YCKOPEHHE 6YPEHHS CKBAJKHHbl

~ a c n p o c ~ p a ~ e n i o f i asapnefi B 6ypemn~ n n n n e T c n O c T a n n e H H e B c m H n a x m a p o m e l c , n o n o T , nepexonnexos H A p y r H x M e T a n n u s e c n p e n M e T o e x n ~ HX cnyvafi~oe nanenue B C T B O ~ c 3 e ~ H 0 k none HOCTH. A B ~ ~ H H o 6 ~ s n o cnomnwe, B mnensnux cnyvaux n p m K JIHKBHnaUHH CKBBXHH. C P ~ B H H T M ~ H O H e 6 0 J l b U I ~ e M e T a n n H q e n p e n M e T H H K ~ C K H M e T a n n a ~ o r y r 6 ~ ~ b ~ a ~ n e v e ~ ~ c n o M o MBTHHTOB. UnayKOBW, L lenPBCtHOHHHX ( H M ~ ~ ~ O ~ H B H H X ) n O B H T M e npyrom H H c r p y M e n T a , uremqerocn B p a c n o p s x e H H n 6 y p o e ~ x o H H ~ ~ U H ~ . M~orna er0 n p O C T 0 Y H H q T O X a l o T p a 3 6 y p H ~ a H H e ~ . X o T n M O X e T n o T p e 6 0 ~ a T b 3 H a V H T M b H b l X 3 a T p a T B p e M e H H H P a C X O n a B O M HHCTPYMeHTa. O ~ ~ ~ K T ~ M H p a 3 p y U e H H H M O X e T C T a T b H 0 AOBaHHe, I IpHMeHJ leMOe n p H HCCJleAOBaHHH C K B a X H H H H OCTaBJl

p a 3 p y m e ~ ~ e M e r a n n a H a 6onee ? d w K n e KYCKH, yno6sble nnn nocn JIYIOUleM) H 3 B n e W H H R . C ~ M O C T O U T M ~ H ~ R 3 a n a q B - C ~ H B ~ H H ~ 3a UIHX B cTnone M e T a n n H v e C K H x n p e n M e T o n H a sa6ofi. M e r a ~ u e BOM a n a p ~ f i ~ o r o M e T a n n a H ~ H ero O ~ ~ O M K O B B nopony, 3a np cmona, H H o r n a B C o v e T a H H H c m n e n y m q H M 3 a ~ p e n n e ~ ~ e ~ e B 3TOM I I W O X e H H H , T a K X e IXPHMeHlleTCR, XOTU H H e B C e T n a C 0 3 H T M b H O , n p H n H K B W a U H H aBBpHH.

Panee mu p a 3 p y m e ~ ~ n M e T a n n a mupoxo n p n M e n r r n n c b @yra 3 a p U n H . B O T n M b H H X C J l y q a U X HX HCnOJIb3ylOT H cefivac. 3 B 3 p H B 9 a T O M ) B e U e C T B a , qaUe U H J ~ H H ~ P H ~ ~ C K H ~ ~ , OnYCKaeTCR H a M T a n n B C K B a X H H y H B3PHBaeTCI I . ~ O C K O J I ~ K Y n n f l p a 3 p y m e H H R H n o n b 3 y e T c n 6pw3a~r~oe n e f i C T B H e B J p H B a , O C H O B H O ~ 3 @ @ e ~ T T O p n

T&HU~ 12. Twmecue xw.rrepuc1m q o e a TKO

TKO M.rclm.nwun

~~~~P h c c a BB, n D.*np. ""

AHpOBaHHH CBU3aH C TOA ' I aCTbK) 3 a p f l n a , K O T O p a s n p H M H K a e T K M e T a n n y . Ycnex npo6ne~un o n p e n e n r e T c r H a n w r H e M K o H T a K T a c HHM BB. nocnen~ee s a c T o H e n o y v w T ~ n a e r c n n p H H ~ ~ O T O B ~ ~ H H H COOTBeTCTByIOUHX T O p n e A , H n p H O n p e A M e H H H @OPMH 3 a p U n a H e HC- llOJlb3YH)TCR HMeWUIHeCR n a H H H e 0 r e O M e T P H H H ~ O ~ O X e H H H B CKBa- mwne paspymae~oro o 6 a e ~ ~ a . n p u ~ e n n m ~ T a m e T o p n e w T ~ K O R A n H H H , n p H ~ o ~ o p o f i BePXHIlR ' 4aCTb 3 a p R A a , H e O K a 3 H B a R HHKaKOrO paspyuramqero neficr~un H a M e r a n n , o6pymaa nopony, name yxyn- N a e T YCAOBHX n H K B H n a U H H a B a p H H .

Ann onpenenennn nonoxetiun H (POPMU paspymae~oro M e T a n n a B C K B a X H H e IIPHMeHIIIOT p a 3 n H q H O r O B H n a I l e q a T H . C ~ U ~ C T B ~ ~ ~ T KOH- C T ~ Y K U H H , B K O T O ~ H X nnr n o n y s e H H x o T n e r a r K a n p e n M e r a ncnonb- 3YH)T 3 H e P r H K ) B 3 P H B V a T b l X B e U e C T B . C e p H f i H 0 HX n O K a H e BbmYC- KaKlT.

B H a c r o n q e e e p e M n nnu p a 3 p y m e ~ ~ n aeapwfi~oro M e r a n n a npu- MeHRloT WpnenH KYMYJlRTHBHHe O C e B H e (TKO, a B T O P b I B. A. A@a- H a c b e s , H). n. H a r n 6 ~ ~ ) . C x e ~ a TKO ~ s o 6 p a m e ~ a H a p ~ c . 38, T e X H H W C K H e X a p a K T e p H C T H K H p U A a B H n y C K a e M b l X T O p n e A I I p H B e A e H b l B ~ a 6 n . 12.

K ~ K H n p H HCnOJlb3OBaHHH @ ~ K ~ C H H X 3 a p U i l O B . YCnOBHeM YCneII l - HOrO n P H M e H e H H I I TKO UBArteTCU YCTaHOBKa HX H e n O C p e n C T B e H H O H a p a 3 p y m a e M H f i O ~ W K T , B npOTHBHOM C n y q a e ' I a C T b 3 H e P T H H CTPYH 6yner H c r p a s e H a 6ecnonemo H a nonnete K 0 6 a e ~ T y .

n p ~ p a 3 p a 6 o ~ ~ e 3apnna. n o M H M o n p o B e p K H ero neficrs~n H e n o - cpepcraenno H a 0 6 a e ~ ~ a x . nnn paspymennu K o T O p H X 3apnnbl npen- u a 3 ~ a q e ~ ~ . TO C o n p u x e H o c W ~ B ~ C T H ~ I M H TPYIIHOCTRMH. WHPOKO nDHMeHI1WT O T C T D M HX H a C T a n b H H X MHUleHRX. ~ O ~ B O ~ R I O U I H ~ ~ n0nY- q H T b KaqeCTBeHHYIO K a p T H H Y ~ e f i c r e ~ n p a 3 H H X 3 8 P I l n O B .

Topnena K y M y n U T H B s a n O C e B a U (CM. pHC. 38) n p e A C T a B n H e T KYMY- ~ U T H B H H ~ 3apnn I, n 0 ~ e I U e H ~ b I f i B r e p ~ e r ~ s ~ ~ f i , B pnne ~ 3 A M E i f i nepenamulnfi W C T b H a r P Y 3 K H H a BB. K O p n y C 2. B3pHnae~cn B 3 p H B - H U M I IaTpOHOM 3, Y C T a H a M H B a e M H M B ee XBOCTOBOR 9aCTH. n p H c n y c ~ e ~a ~a6ene H c n e u ~ a n b ~ ~ ~ H ~ K O ~ ~ H ~ M YCTPO~~CTBOM n p ~

cnycKe Ha ~py6ax . npH CnycKe Topnenbl Ha ~ a 6 e n e Han nefi pame- UamT rpy3 4. C x e ~ a ycrpofic~aa nnn cnycKa Ha ~ p y 6 a x (YCT) nana Ha p ~ c . 39. Clnycx Ha ~py6ax , xorx n r p e 6 y e ~ 6 0 J b ~ e epeMeHH, ~ o m e T 6blTb COBMeUeH C IIPOMblBKOfi H Il03BOilXeT YCTaHaBAHBaTb ~opnenbl HenocpencTseHHo Ha paspymae~blfi 061.e~~. s ~ o cyqecrses- HO IlOBHWaff ~ $ @ ~ K T H B H O C T ~ HX DPHHeHeHHR. ~ P H CnyCKe Xe Ha ~a6eJIe HYXHO C9HTaTbCU C TeM, 9TO 38 BpeMR IIOll'beMa 6 y p H n b ~ 0 ~ HHCTPYM~HT~ H CnyCKa TOplleRbl Ha pa3pyIUaeMblfi 0 6 I . e ~ ~ H 3 paC- TBOPa MOXeT BblnaCTb 3~a'THTWlb~hlfi OCanOK, IIpen~T~~BylolUHfi YCTa- nome Topnenbl Ha a'eapwfi~blk MeTann.

~ P H H U H ~ pa6orw YCT 3a~nlosaercn e TOM, s ~ o npH c n y c ~ e Ha 6yPHnbHblX ~ p y 6 a x TOpllenbl BMeCTe C ~ C T ~ O ~ ~ C T B O M Wpe3 OTBePCTHH 1 B ero KOpnyCe OCyUeCTBJIUeTCU np0MblBKa CXBaXHHbl. Ha KOHesHOM sTane cnycxa TO 0 6 n e r s a e ~ 0 6 e c n e s e ~ ~ e KoHTaKTa Topnenu c pas- pymaeMbtM MerannoM. nocne ycraHosKH Topnenu B pa6oree nono- xeHHe Ha O ~ M K T B KOJIOHHY C 3eMH0fi nOBePXHOCTH C ~ ~ B C H B ~ K J T UapHK 2. ~ 0 ~ 0 p b l f i TOmM ~ ~ O K ~ Y H B ~ ~ M O ~ XHnKOCTH TpaHCnOpTH- pyeTCU BHH3 A 0 BCTPeYH C HaKOnbHblM MeXaHH3MOM 3. n0CJIen~Hfi YCTPOeH TaK, 9TO HMeeT HeCKOJlbKO C T ~ I I ~ H ~ ~ IIpeAOXpaHeHHH. nep- Ban-HaJHqHe WKH: HaKOn 6okea CTaHOBHTCR BO3MOXHblM TOnbKO B TOM cnysae, ecnH seKa cpesana. Bropas - c n s ~ r cwcreMu B 6oeeoe nonometine, nnn ~ o r o s~06bl npn ynape 6 o e ~ nocTan ~ancronb-ne~o- HaTOp HaKOnbHOW ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B H U , H TpeTbX - npyXHHa MeXaHH3Ma. n p ~ nOCanXe IIIapHKa Hh BepXHIOlo 9aCTb HaKOnbHOrO MeXaHH3Ma OH n0n n e f i c r ~ n e ~ noroKa XnneocTn npoTanKnsaeTcn BHHS H, cpe3an npeno- XpaHHTenbHyIO WKy H CXHMaR IlpyXHHy. n03BOnnW 6 0 8 ~ ~ OCYlUeCT- B H T ~ ynap no HaKonsHoMy ~ a n c l o n i o - n e ~ o ~ a ~ o p y , eu3unas ero cpa6a- ThlBaHHe H B3pblB TOpnen. E c n ~ no K~KHM-nu60 nPH9HHaM (HanpH- Mep, us-3a n e @ e ~ ~ a HaKonbHoro ~anclonn) B3pHB He nponsokner, TO npyxHHa BbleeneT 6 o e ~ ~3 6oenoro nonoxeewn, 06e30nacn~ nonaeM o ~ ~ a 3 a s a e R ropnenbl Ha nosepxnocTb, XOTR. KoHesHo. OH norpe6ye~ o r ecero nepcoHana, neayqero pa6o~b1. M ~ K C H M ~ ~ ~ H O ~ ~ OCTOpOXHOCTH.

Haxonne~~bl i r OnblT IlpHMeHeHHU TKO120 nOKa3blBaeT, .IT0 B Cpen- HeM nnn pa3pyme~wn nonora Hano npHMeHHTb T ~ H - s e ~ u p e , a POTOP- Horo mHHa - nRTb Topnen. n o cpaanennn, c @ p e s e p o s a ~ n e ~ s ro COKpaUaeT BpeMx JlHKBHAaUHH aBapHH Ha 6yp0~0fi B nBa-TpH pa3a. E c n ~ npenMez no p a 3 ~ e p a ~ 6onbme, HanpHMep nonoTo c nepeBon- HHKOM, TO nnn ero p a 3 p y m e ~ ~ r 1 no~pe6yercn 6onbme Topnen. n p n npHMeHeHHH M O U H ~ X Topnen, HanpHMep TKO200 c ~accof i ~ a p n n a 8.2 Kr, snolo w c n o n b a y e ~ ~ x ya nnKnnnaunlo asapnn Topnen corcpa- uaercn no O~HOB-JIBYX:

~ @ @ ~ K T H B H O rpynnoeoe npHMeHeHxe Topnen cpennefi MOUHOCTH. nnn sero ~cnonb3ylor cneuaanbnyw, ronosxy, 06ecnes~sa101uyro onno- BpeMeHHblfi nOApblB HeCKOnbKHX TOpnen B3pblBOM OT OnHOm IIaTpOHa TpeX paBHHx no n m n e neToHaunoHnblx uenek, nonxonuunx K ~amnor l H 3 TOpIIeR. B ~ P H ~ H T KOMIIOHOSKH TOnOBKH H TOpnen YCT ~ 3 0 6 p a x e ~ Ha PHC. 39. ~ P H M ~ H ~ H H ~ M U 3T0k UenH TPeX naPaJlnWlbH0 BWIO- 9eHHblX B3pblBHHX naTpOHOB C 06b lq~b l~H 3neKTPO&eTOHaTOjlaMH He-

C

nOnyCTHM0, s T 0 MOXZeT 6HTb nOnTBepXneH0 IlpOCTbIM BHqHCIeHH Cpen~nR pas6poc BpeMeHH c p a 6 a ~ w e a ~ ~ n sneKrponemnaTopos I 3TO CWTBeTCTByeT BOCbMHMeTPOBOMY YYaCTKy npo6era AeTOHaUHH n sapnny TKO. Cnenoeatenb~o, nepean ns Topnen, Koropan Bsopeerc cpa6oraer HopManbHo, no ee BIPHB 6naronapn nepenase nero qepe3 CTeHKH KOpnyCa BH3OBeT aCHMMeTpHqHOe B036yXneH~e HaUHH B BBYX APYrHX, KOTOPHe c p a 6 0 ~ a m ~ yXe KaK IIpOCTHe Hue aapnnsr.

Mnorna TKO nslramrcs npnMeHHrb nnn pa3py111e~~n npoTnxeH H H X no nnHHe O ~ ' ~ ~ K T O B , HanpHMep Tpy6 TflXenOM HH38, OCTaBneH HHX B CKBaxHHax. TO ~ e 6 n a ~ n a p ~ a n H ~anos@@e~rwsnan pa6ora IIOCKOnbKy ~ ~ L T B H ~ K Y M ~ J I ~ ~ T H B H O ~ CTPYH OPPaHHYeHO CPaBHHTMbHO ne6onbmw~ no nnme paccTonHHeM OT Topnenu H 3 a r p o ~ e ~ nnur BepXHmlo saCTb 06beK~a. A MHOrOKpaTHOe nOBT0peHHe B3pHBOB B CoqeTanHu c 06n3arenb~ok O ~ H C T K O R crsona B TOM cnyqae Mano- npOH3BOnHTMbHO.

Cneuu@n~a K O H C T ~ ~ K U H H ~yp606ypa no3nonnna H ~ B T H opwrwsanb- Hoe IlpHMeHeHHe TKO nJlR JlHKBHAaUHH OAHOIW H 3 BHAOB anapnfi. BCTpeValoUHXCfl npH T Y P ~ H H H O M ~ Y P ~ H H H , - ~ ~ K J T H H H B ~ H H I I nonora. Bnaronapn TOMY s ~ o Ban ryp606ypa BpauaeTcn oTaocnrenbxo KOJIOHHt.1 B OllOPHOM IIOAIIIHnHHKe, B O ~ H ~ H H X YCnOBHflX HCKnmsaeTCR B O ~ M O X H O C T ~ nepenasn spalqamuaerocn MoMeHTa Ha nonoro or poropa 'Iepe3 6yp~JlbHyIO KOIOHHY. C ~ ~ C K H nOApHB He60nb1~0fi TopneAH Ha mpue Bana ~yp606ypa no3Bonnm PaCKnHHHTb en, B ~OAUIHnHHKe, s ~ o nenaer mecrKoR csnsb ~yp606ypa c KonoHHoii H 06ecnerw~ae~ nepenasy spaqamqwx ycwnwi c c e ~ ~ o i t nonepxHocTH K nonoTy. 3 a p e r u c ~ p n p o e a ~ ~ cnysaH ycneureol nwKaunauwn anapufi ~ T H M

Hawdonee p a c n p o c r p a ~ e n ~ ~ i i BHn asap~f i B 6 y p e ~ ~ n - n p w x s a r ~ . Aeaprin MOrYT nPHHHMaTb TflXUHe @OPMH H COnPOBOX~aTbCR IlOTe- peR qacm crBona, a Hnorna H nceli CKMIXKHH. ~ O M H M O reonoro-rex- HHsecKHx YCJIOBHR, B KOTOPHX ocylqecTsnnewn 6ypenue. 6onbwoe s ~ a s e ~ ~ e HMeeT o6qaa KynbTypa BblnonHenHn 6ypoaux pador B paitone, nocKonbKy vnorne asapnn He HMMH 6~ MecTa npn crpo- rOM C O ~ J I I O ~ ~ H H H PeXHMOB 6ype~wn. Bhlco~an KynbTypa ~ Y P O B U X pa60~-nyqIIIaff ~ ~ O @ H J I ~ K T H K ~ RpHXBaTOB. O A H ~ K O U ~ ~ O @ H ~ H K H Moryr o ~ a s a r b noMolub 6 y p o s u ~ o p r a ~ ~ 3 a u s n ~ . npenynpenes HX 0 npux~a~00nac~oR CHTyaUHH B CKBaXHHe B CBfl3H C B03HHKHOBeHHeM X ~ ~ O ~ O B , H JlHKBHAHpOBaTb HAH YMeHbIIIHTb ee IIyTeM PaCluHpeHHR B ~ ~ H B O M nxona B xeno6a.

npw 6 y p e n ~ ~ KonoHHa, ~3 -3a K P H B H ~ H H mnona nemaqan Ha on- HOR H 3 er0 CTeHOK. 3a CYCT BPaUeHHfl T P Y ~ H HX nBHXeHHfl npH c n y c r o - n o n a e ~ ~ ~ x onepauwnx npornpaeT B nopone ~ ~ 0 6 . n p o ~ n - PaHHe HneT HHTeHCHBHee npH POTOpHOM 6 y p e ~ ~ ~ H B MflrKHX nOpO- AaX, me X W O ~ MOXeT 06pa30BHBa~b~fl CpaBHHTenbHO AerKO.

ycnn~h npm apnxsarax

B rsepnux noponajt ~ ~ 0 6 npaKTarecKn He 06pa3yercn. Aeapnfieaa 1 CHTYaUHfl B03HHKaeT B pC3yIbTaTe TOM, YTO npH IIOn'beMe B MWTe

KOHTaKTa IlOpOA pasnoA IlpO'IHOCTH npH HanHYHH xenoba HHCTPYMeHT ~ o x e r J ~ K J I H H H B ~ T ~ C J I . q e ~ 6onbme BpeMn dypennn H my6xe meno6, Tesr cnnbnee nps nonwvax saKnHnHsaeT HncrpyMeHT. 318 cnunTorosnH nanenramuieficn asapnu xopouro ~ H ~ I O T ~ ~ P O B H K H . Ann CO3naHHR donee nnaBHOr0 BHXOJla HHCTPYMeHTa YYaCTOK 3aKnHHHBa- HHn MOXHO PaCUIHPHTb B3pblBOM. PB3PYUlHB npH 3 T o M W C T b iIOpOPH, o~pyxaloqefi xeno6. Ha pHc. 40 n o ~ a 3 a ~ o nonoxenne sapnna I n pa3py111e~~e noponH 2 npn B ~ P H B ~ .

n n a ~ e r p aapsna, K O T O P H ~ yno6~0 ffa6npa~b ~3 uraweK ropnen TUIT H TLU, conasnreT 0,2-0.4 nsauerpa (D,) CKnaxHHu. Eons- UIok pas6poc B pas~epax peKOMeHAyeMHX 3apRAOB 06.anc~ne~cn TeM, s ~ o CBORCTB~ pa3pyurae~oR nopoptr H rny68nu. Ha ~ o m p ~ x sunon- H I ~ T C R p a 6 o r ~ B cKsamnHax, cunbno pa3nnsam~cn. npn npoeene- HHH p a 6 o ~ B KOHKP~THOM paRone B H ~ O P nHaMerpa 3apnna M O X I T 661~b YTOqHeH ff0 pC3yfibTaTaM npenHAy4HX ~0pnennp0Ba~~fi. npaK- THKa no~asana, YTO H C ~ O I ~ ~ O B ~ H H ~ B ~ ~ H B B m n pacurnpennn uema sslxona ~3 x u 0 6 8 no3~0nne~ B pnne cnysaes Ha HeKoropoe npeun VCTOaHHTb H I H 0cna6n~b 3aTflXM HHCTPYMeHTa npH eM,nOA'beMe . . - H 3 CKBaXHHH.

~ ~ H Y H H H npHXBaT0B p a 3 ~ ~ 6 p a 1 ~ u : npHXaTHe 6ypllnb~0fi KOJIOH- HH K CTeHKe CKnaxHHu ~3-3a nepenana naaneenn, o6aan noponH, 3aKnHHHBaHHe AOnOTa H YHOTHe APYrHe. YCJIOB~R, CnOXHBIIIHeCfl B CKBaXHHe B xone 6ypennn, onpeneJrnloT xapaKrep npaxsaTa. B KasewBe npHMepa paccMospHM npRnHnaHHe 6yp~nb~0R KOnOHHH

K cTeHKe CKBaxHHbl non J ~ ~ ~ ~ c T B H ~ M nepenana naeneHHu, cnysws luHecn B pas~ble, OTcqHTblnaeMble OT BcrperH c n o r n o q a m q ~ ~ wpm 3OHTOM. MOMeHTbl BpeMeHH. O U ~ H H M BnHRHHe @ ~ K T O P B BpeMeHH H; pa3BHTHe H B03MOXHOCTb JIHKBHnaLIHH npHXBaTa.

E c n ~ npH ~ Y P ~ H H H BCKPblBaeTCIl n o r n o q a m q ~ k MPHSOHT, TO n0J ne f i c rene~ nepenana nasnenwn p,Hg-p, (p, - nnoruocrb 6yposorc PacTeopa, H - nblcora cron6a xanlcoma, p , - nnanosoe n a s neHHe, g - YcKOPeHHe c ~ o 6 o n ~ o r o n a n e n ~ n ) @mnsrpar 6yposon: pacrnopa npOHHKaeT B nnacr. Ha creHKax cnsaxuriu Hasner oTna raTbCn OCanOK ~3 YaCTnU rnHHmOr0 pacTBOpa H pa36ype~~of i no ponbl, npenn~craymu~f i nomynnenum HOBMX n0puHk xtsnrtocrr B nnam (PHC. 41,6). O n ~ a ~ o , noKa Hnez 6ypenue, ~ ~ 6 p a u u n . epa ueHHe H nocTynarenbHoe nnHxeHHe KonoHHbl 6 y n y ~ 06ecnesnsa~t Ha ysacrlte, m e ~py6b l npuneramr K nopone, nomonnnoe nocrynne Hue X H ~ K O C T H B nnan . H ee Konnqecrno, npoHHKuIee B nopony, cc BpeMeHeM 6yner yeenHrHsarbcr. Pacnpenenenne nannennn no nnacq nnn nm6ofi T O ~ K H R, ynane~Hofi B pannanbHoM nanpannennn 01 crsona, n o ~ a 3 a ~ o Ha PHC. 41,a. KpHBble cooTseTmaym npwxsaraar, BO~HHKUIHM B pasnoe speMn (TZ<T,) nwne BcKpmHn nornoqamqera ropH30HTa. KPNBHMH 1, 2 nO~a3aHO pacnpenenenwe naenennn B nna. me, ecnn X H ~ K O C T ~ B TeseHHe ncero nepnona HenpepHeHo @wnbr. PyeTCn B nOpOJly. E c n ~ B 3TH MOMeHTbl 6 y p e ~ ~ e OCTaHOBHTb Ha He- KoTOpOe apeMa AT, TO B03HHKaIOUlee H nocTeneHHo YcHnnnamqeecn CUenJIeHHe KOPKH C Tpy60R H noponofi YMeHbluHT, a BnOCnenCTBH" npexpaTur nocTynneHHe HOBHX nopunk x H n r t o n H ~3 crnona B nnacT. C o c ~ a e 6yposoi-o pacrnopa H TeMneparypa B sone pa6orbl Moryr C ~ O C O ~ C T B O B ~ T ~ PwTy CUenneHHS KOPKH BO BPeMeHH. B CBOm Ose- penb. XHnKOCTb, YXe nOcTynHBUlaR K 3TOMY MOMeHTY B nnacr. 6yner npononmam nenxenne smy6b. npouecc conposoxnaercn BblpaBHH- BaHHeM nanneHHn B nnacte H cHHxenHeM (B npenene no p,,) naa- neHHn Ha cTeHKe cKeaxHHsl sa KOPKOA. K p ~ n u e If, Y @HKCHPYK)T pacnpenenemue naeneriwa no nnacTy B ~ T H X nnyx cnyraxx sepes BpeMx AT nocne ocTaHona 6 y p e ~ ~ n .

n o c ~ o n b ~ y nasnenwe c ~ o n 6 a X H ~ K O C T H B cKeaxHHe 3a TO BpeMu ne MeHnmcn, a naenenue B nnacTe ~a c reme CKsaxHHH pc nanaer. B O ~ H H K ~ ~ cnna F, npHxnMamuan ~py6b1 K nopone. Ee Momno oue- H H T ~ no @ o p ~ y n e

F = Kbl @Hg - p,). m e K- X O ~ @ @ H U H ~ X T TpeHHR; 61 - IlIIOIL(anb T P Y ~ , Ha K O T O P O ~ ~ nefic~nyer npHJKHMaFOUee ycHnHe (b - CM. Ha PHC. 41.6, 1 - n n m a 3 0 H b l npexsara); pc - nasnesne Ha c r e m e CKBamHHu, 3 a n ~ c n q e e B nePBym, orepenb o r CBORCTB noponu H nnnrenbitocsn npnxsaTa (Ha rpat$a~e n o ~ a 3 a ~ o TosKaMH A. B), seM nnnrenbnee npwxsar. TeM O H 0 MeHblue. ~ H B Y ~ H H ~ K O ~ @ @ H U H ~ H T ~ TpeHHR, KaK YXe PJBOpH- nOCb BblUIe, TaKJKe MOXeT MeHRTbCIi 80 BPeMeHH B CTOPOHY Y B M H - 'leHHR.

meR ~ p y 6 ~ K CTeHKe CKBaXHHH. ~ H P O K O H3BeCTHO IlyHMeHeHHe nnn YMeHblueHHR IInOTHOCTH XHQKOCTH, Haxoflnqeficn B CTBOne, H ~ @ T R - HHX B ~ H H . ~ O B T U M Y O ~ H O B ~3 r n a n ~ u x 3anar ~ 3 p u ~ a n p ~ n ~ ~ n n n a - UHH TBKHX a ~ p ~ f i RaRReTCR YMeHblueHHe C nOMOl4bIO IIpHXH- ~ a m q e f i cHnbl, neRmnyloqeR Ha rpydsr npH npnxBarax.

KaKylo ponb Hrpam @aKTUp BPeMeHH npH nHKBHnaUHH npHXBa- TOB? M 3 PHC. 41.0 B ~ H O , YTU PeM MeHbue npeMeHH npoluno c Ha- sana aBapHH. TeM Bbllue luaHcu Ha ycneluiiym ee,nHKnHnaunm. n p ~ x ~ ~ a m q a n cHna F e q e He nocrnrna MnKcHHyHa, Hemblue ynano JIaaReHHe PC, MeHblue HaMeHHnHCb MeXaHHlleCKHe cBofic7Ba KOPKH. CJIen0Ba~eJlbH0, pa6oru no JIHKBHnaUHH aBapHH HyXHO BbllIOJIHRTb OneparHnno, c MHHHHanbnblM C ~ B H P J M O T H W H T ~ ~ ~ H O naqana npn- xsara, 'IT0 rpe6yer xopouefi cen3e M a n y ~ ~ P O B H M H H reO@H3H'le- CKHMH OPraHH3aUHI(MH, nOHHMaHHIl KaXLLOfi H 3 CTUPOH B O ~ M O X H O C T ~ ~ ~ ~3pwea, yMeHHn s ~ 6 p a r a a a p ~ n npHMeHnTenbHo K peluae~ofi sanare.

B HaCTOSIUee BpeMU W X AHKBHAaUHH IlpHXBaTOB HCnOJlb3yloTCR p a 3 n ~ r ~ s l e c n o c o 6 ~ npHMeHeHwr sapuaa. C ero IIOMOIUbK) O C Y ~ ~ C T B - nneTcn p a 3 s ~ r n ~ s a ~ ~ e K ~ O H H H man MSTOM IIPHXBaTa, CHcreMu pa3BHHqHBaHHe KOAOHHbl - IlpOMYBXa H CBHHqHBaHHe - IIOBTOpHOe pa3BHHqHBaHHe Ha donbluefi rny6n~e. SBWpHXHBaHHe* n p l i x ~ a s e ~ ~ o f i KO~OHHH, nepepwanue H 06pue ~ p y 6 ~ a a 30~0fi npexeara. Ocyurec~n- nReTCR H K O M ~ H H H P O B B H H ~ I I TeXHOJIOrHII, BKJIlOYalOUaR YHCTO 6 ~ ~ 0 - s u e H a spussue MeTonbl H pun n p y r ~ x . O C T ~ H O B H M C ~ Ha TeX, KOTO- pble HCnOnb3yloT B3PblB.

Memn <ecTpnxanaHHn* nnn o c n o d o x n e ~ ~ n KonoHHbl rpy6, npen- noxtena~;rk asmpou, MOXHO xopoluo y f l c ~ ~ r b Ha cnenymqeM onsrre. B O T ~ ~ O K 06Can~oR ~py6bl 60nbmoro nHaMerpa no ueHTpy ycrauas- JIHBancn KYCOK 6 y p ~ n b ~ 0 f i T P Y ~ H , H npOCTPaHCTB0 MeXnY HHMH nnoTno 3a6neanocb m n ~ o f i . n p o r ~ o c s b c ~ e n n e m n 6ypmb~of i ~py6bl c rnwnofi npoeepnnacb nyreM nonBeqHBaHHn K ~ e f i rpy3a. H a r p y s ~ a B 50 Kr He e b l s ~ e a n a nepe~eqennf i rpy6bl. 3 a r e ~ HHXHHR Koneu r p y 6 ~ sa~pblsancfl, ~ p y 6 a aanweanacb nonofi, nocne ren, e ~ e f i ~3pblsancn O T P ~ ~ O K neroHHpymqero miiypa, p a 3 ~ e u e ~ ~ b l R IIpOTHB rnaubl. nocne mpblna ~ p y 6 a , He nonysHnluam n o e p e x n e ~ ~ f i , ceo6on- no BbIHHManaCb H 3 C ~ H H H . Y n a p ~ a n BonHa, npoluenluau sepea Metann B rnxsy, HnH, roeopn o c ~ n a x ~ ~ e - B ~ a r p y 6 ~ y m cpeny, euasana nepeaneqense MarepHana (munu, Hnn o6pasosaamero npuxsar OcanKa) OT CTeHKH T P Y ~ H , TeM CaMHM COsnaBaU YCnOBHn ocso6oxne- HHR K O ~ O H H M . Y rpy6, npuxarwx K nopone nepenanoM nasneHltn. mecHetiHe ocanlta o r creHoK npn sspuae Homer conposoxnarbcn KparKoepevenHuu BHpasnHsaHHeM rHnpocTasnrecKor0 naaReHHn aoKpyr HHX. E c n ~ me K ~ p y d a ~ s a p a ~ e e npHnoxeHbl YCHnHR Harnra H npaqamqnfi HoMeHT, TO ~ O C T H ~ H ~ T H ~ ~ pwynbrar o c ~ o 6 o x n e ~ ~ n MOXeT C IlOMOIUblo O ~ O ~ ~ J ~ O B ~ H H R ~ Y P O B O R 6bl'Tb 3aKpenneH Ha'IaB- UIHMCR nepeMeqeHneM H BpaueHHeM K O ~ O H H H .

B 6 n a r o n p ~ n r ~ ~ x ycnosanx, K K W O ~ H M B nepnym osepenb cnenyer o r ~ e c r u onepaneeocrb npoaeneHHn pador no JIHKBHnaUHH npn- XBaTa C npHHeHeHHeM B3pHBa. ~e6onbmym npOTUXeHHOCTb YqaCTKa lIpHnHnaHHfl H 3HaHHe H H X H ~ R TPaHHUbl IIPHXBBTa. Hewn n03BOn%m

nonnocTbW nHKmnxponarb asapaw. B cKsamHHy cnycKawT japn n e p e ~ p ~ ~ n a w u ~ f i 30HY IIPHXBaTa. K a K npaaano, n3 nerOHHpywqe UHYPa, nPHwanuBawT K ~ p y 6 a u BpaulalOIqHfi MOMeHT, ycHnHe

H ~ 3 P w ~ a w ~ . 3apnn B Y ~ H P ~ w T , T ~ K ~ M , q m 6 ~ npH ~3pHBe XPaHHTb TPY6w UWHMH. Cnycwy TopnenH npefiurec-mylm onpen

rpaHHuu npHxBaTa, a TaKXe HHTeHCHBHOe PaCXaXHBaHH HHcTPYMeHTa. q ~ 3 6 ~ eue no nspuea MaKCHManbHO C H H T ~ Hnn yMeH UHTb YCHnHn. YnePxHBawuHe K O ~ O H H ~ . B nac.ronqee BpeMn HaKO" neH OnHT YCneJIJHOlD npnMeHeHHn uemna mn ~ j a n e q e ~ ~ r npHxBa VeHHHX 7 ~ ~ 6 . B TOM wcne ycnerunoe no p.ocTnrnyruM pe3ynbTaTa BumnHeHHe OnepauHH Ha r n y 6 n ~ e 7 KM B CKBaXHHe, me npennm XHTeJlbHO YqaCTOK nPHXBBTd 6hm B 3 o ~ e P ~ C W H P H T ~ J ~ H H Tpe60~a nacb KOPOTKa% HO CO CpaBHHTeJlbHO 60JIblll~M aap f lno~ TOpnena ~ e n b s o ~ n p o q e ~ r e yna¶ pa6o~a 3KOHOMHqe- Meets OTBOPOT~ B~PYBOI Pxn ycnem~vx onepau~fi s u n o n ~ e n na MeHbUHX r n y 6 ~ ~ a ~ c Hcnonb CKH onpa~nana H me T O ~ M O ~ H T s ~ n o n n e H ~ e no nepenaaaeuuu nrnydb

0CTanbHHX onepaunfi no JIHKBHnaUHH aBa- YCRnHRM

p ~ f i H a C K n a x H H e , ecnH HYXHYR 3@@eK~ OT

J H K s H n a U H H npexsame c n c ~ e ~ o f i nocnenoBaTmbHHx Pa3BoPoTon 6ypHnb~0fi KOnOHHH B COqeTaHHH C n p o ~ b m o f i ~ ~ T P Y ~ H O ~ O npOcT- paHCTBa H ee noeropHblMH ceHHsHBaHHnMH.

P ~ ~ B H H ~ H B ~ H H ~ M0xe.r ~ 0 ~ 6 w ~ ~ p o B a T b C f l C O ~ Y P H B ~ H H ~ M npHxBa- 4eHHHX ~ p y 6 , 410 noaaonneT H3BneKaTb H3 CKBagHHfJ o~YP~HHY* YaCTb KOAOHHY.

qawmem MoMenTa. MOMeHT H YcHnHe Harnra, n p ~ n o m e ~ ~ u e ma ~ e ~ ~ o f i n o ~ e p x ~ o c r ~ ~ P H p a 6 0 ~ e c npH60poM nepHonnqecKH, no Mepe CnYcKa, Ha K T P Y ~ ~ M nepen CrrYCKoM vm-3ILa, ~ O ~ B O J I I ~ T s ~ p e a r s nonor0 CTenKn era noMoqbW H~HOCST ~arnk-inHe YeTKH. 3 a ~ e ~ . 3aWHHKa. ECTWTB~HHO, eUH npHXBaT BY3BaH nanenne~ B C K B ~ X H H Y n p H K n a n ~ ~ a ~ K ~ p y 6 a ~ p a 3 n n s n ~ e y c n n ~ n ~ a ~ ~ r a , o ~ p e n e ~ l n w ~ my- KaKOm-nH60 MeTannHWCKOI'O IIpenHeTa Hnn name 06noM~a npoq~o& ~ H H Y H nepenaqr, y c ~ n n e ~ a ~ f l r a T (PHC. 42, K P H B ~ R 2) . B TOM

nopon% TO P ~ C C ~ H T N B ~ T ~ ~a ycnex TPYAHO. Cornac~o CTaTHCTHKe, q ~ c n e npenenbnyw, ~ y n a . H C X O ~ R H3 Y C J ~ O B H ~ ~ nPOqHOCTH T P Y ~ npwnep~o B O ~ H O M cnyvae ~3 WTH-BOC~MH ynae~cn IIOnHOCTbK) M O ~ H O C T H 0 6 0 p y n o ~ a ~ ~ f l 6yponofi. eue MorYT 6nm nePaaHH YcH- ocm6one~s KOIOHHY. Onepaww pexouennye~cn B H ~ O ~ H R T ~ on~onpe- n ~ n (.c~o&nnyn, roa~yw) . T a ~ y w xe 3aBHCHUwTb XenaTeJlbHO

MeHHO c nposeneHHe~ p a h r no 06puey rpy6, cornacosae 310 nsofi- H M ~ b nnn o n p e n e n e ~ ~ n rny6n~bl nepenaq~ no T P Y ~ ~ H B P a q a W - ~ o e (3s OZHH B H ~ W ~a C K B ~ X H H Y ) ~ o p n e n ~ p o s a ~ ~ e c 3a~awnKoM. qem MOMeHTa M ( ~ p n a a n I). r n y 6 ~ ~ a OTBOPO+B nonma B H ~ H -

108

p a T w T a K , 9 ~ 0 6 ~ B T o s K e otnopora neficreoean~ H y c H n H e H epauramur~it MOMeHT. E C ~ H r n y 6 ~ n a Hi n e p w a s H M e K C H M a n b H O spauramurero M o M e H T a Mi M e n b l u e M Y ~ H H H p a c n p o c f p a ~ e ~ ~ ~ l M a c H M a n b H o r o pasrpymamuero ycenen, m snecro orsomra ~ ~ 6 ~ p a

n p ~ O K O H ¶ & ~ J I ~ H O M B H ~ O P ~ m 9 K H OTBOPOTa H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M O 3 ~ a pa3pe3 CKBaXHHbl . T ~ K , e C n H B B ~ ~ ~ P ~ H H O M M e C T e O K a x e T C f l K a B e p H TO r O n O B a O C T ~ B U ~ ~ ~ C R B C K B a X H H e W C T H KOnOHHH M O X e T OTKJI H H T ~ C H K creme xanevwbl H ncrarb B nonoxeewe. now KOTODO

T e x ~ o n o r ~ f l pa6or DO Pa3BHH' IHBaHHIO B3pbIBOM BKJI IO9aeT P nocnenosarenbnblx onepaunit. Mcnonb3yn n p H x s a T o o n p w e n H T naxonur ~cno6onsym TOVKYB, onpenenumr M e m o orsopora. II padorax B n e r K o c n n a e H b l x ( ~ 3 cnnanon ~ ~ ~ M H H H R ) 6ypnn 6ax M W K H CTaBflT B C T a n b H H X C O e n H H H T W b H b I X MY@TBX, C H ~ ~ X ~ H H T p y 6 b l . nepen c n y c K o M mpnenH npenenbno 3

pe3b60e~e c o e n H n e n w n . H a n p n ~ e p , nnn K ~ O H H H ~ Y P W J I ~ H H X TP A H a M e T p O M 102 MM H l l J I ~ H 0 f i 1 KM 3 8 K P Y q H B a H H e ~ p y 6 COCTaB 10 06opo~os. nocne more B ~ p y 6 ~ H a H H r e p s a n ornopora c n y c K a T O p n W y . 3al 'eM C YqeTOM BenH ' IHHbl yc~nnfi , CHHMaIOlUHX MeTKH r n y 6 u ~ e o T e o p o r a , K ~ p y 6 a v npwnnanmamt ycunwe H a T u r a H B 3~

nonomentin H X s a ~ p e n n u m ~ . Uenb narara - p a s r p y s ~ ~ b K o n o n n y CHH3HTb P O H Y n R ( B H n e a n b H O M C n y ' I a e ) T p e H H e B p a 3 B H H q H B a e M O p e 3 b 6 0 e o M COeAHHeHHH. J I m 6 ~ e OTKJIOHeHHU B CTOpOHy y B W H 9 e H H H n w YMeHblueHHf l y c H n H a H a T u r a c o n p o a o x n a m T c n POCTOM c H n B p e 3 b 6 0 ~ 0 ~ COenHHeHHH H H e X e J I a T W b H b l . ~ ~ P Y X H H Y B - 9 H B a H H e KOnOHHH IIPHXBaVeHHblX T P Y ~ C IIOMOWbIO p O T o p a B C O T B o p o T a - A a m T pannoit 113 npenenmoro s a ~ p y s ~ ~ a m u r e r o MOMeH- T a , /4OlIyCTHMOrO Anf l ~~HHoEI KOJTOHHH T P Y ~ , B n p O T H B H B O 3 H H K a e T BepOUTHOCTb cnyraRnow p a 3 B O p O T a KOJIOHHH, n p H B HeHHH I l O n W T O B H T W b H b l X 0 n e p a ~ H 8 . n p H 60nbmwx m y 6 ~ ~ a x naqa B p a m a m u r e r o MOMeHTa no T p y 6 a M K M e c T y OTBOpOTa M no~pe6o~arb n n H T e n b H o r o BpeMeHH. Ona c o n p o s o x n a e T c r r pacxaxrr- B a H N e M HHCTpyMeHTa . E c n ~ T O p n e A a H3rOTaB.lHBaeTCR H 3 n e T 0 H H p y I O ueru m y p a D U B (~opnena TAU), TO 6epyr orpes~u T a K o f i n n H n M , 9 ~ 6 ~ 3apun, K a K MHHHMYM, n e p e K p b l n a n onno c o e n n H e H n e ~ p y 6 (10-11 M ) . Manora6ap~r~ble T o p n e n u TUIT (9122, 10/22. 12/22f nnssoA, H e npeablmamqeii 1 M, n p n M e H f l m T c n o K a T o p o M MY@?, YCTaHaBJHBaf l T 0 9 H O B MeCTaX COWHHeHHII T P Y ~ H n H B 3 p I J B a f l HX B npouecce nonaerna npn npoxoxnennu HMH B b l 6 p a ~ ~ o r o C o e n n H e H n n B KOIIOHHe, 9 T O P e r H C T P H P Y e T C U JIOKaTOPOM.

B MOMeHT B 3 p H B a Y l l a P H a U B O n H a H a KOPOTKOe B p e M f l ocna6nue~ pe3b6o~oe C o e n H H e H H e , H n p H n o X e H H a f l K ~ p y 6 a ~ a n p y X H H a w H a w - H a e T HX p a 3 B H H q H B a T b . Korna BHTKOB Y < l l P Y X H H b l B n O C T a T 0 9 H 0 ,

110

Puc. 43. Cmua nudopa msen. oreopora npH nHKsHnanriw npu- xsara a ~ p u s ~ b l u \ p a s s ~ ~ s u s a ~ ~ e u

paseopor rpy6. Ho name H a s a n - p a 3 B O P O T J l e r K O 3 a K a H q H B a -

P O T O p a . Ecnn MeCTO A oreopora onpenenen0 ~enpaewnb~o H B TOYKY ~3phlna spaqaroq~R m o M e H T we noliner, TO passopora B H e M H e npon30Rne~. Ho eonaa, pacnpocrpannucb neepx no ~ p y 6 a ~ , B n e p B O M p e 3 b 6 0 B O M C o e n ~ H e H n ~ . no KOTOPOrO 8 AOlueJI s p a l u a l o L U ~ R MOMeHT, B COCTOUHHH 0 6 e ~ l I e Y ~ T b p a 3 B O p O T . f l 3 B e ~ T H b l W y q a H p a 3 B O p O T a ~ p y 6 B b l l u e T 0 4 K H B 3 p H B a H a MHOrO COT MeTpOB. HYXHO C 0~060it TmaTeJ tbROCTbH) n O n X O n H T b K onpenenennm M e c r a OTBO- p o T a ~ p y 6 .

B HaCTOfl lUee B p e M U 9 H W O OTBOpOTOB B 3 p H B O M C u ~ b m p a w e ~ w ~ e ~ ~ r r ~ p y 6 n p e s b l l u a e T qwcno T o p n e n w -

p o B a ~ H f i , 3~0 csoeo6pa3~blR no~asarenb p o c T a K y n b r y p H 6 y p e ~ n f l . IIOCKOnbKy BO MHOrHX C n Y q a f l X I I p H M e H e H H e OTBOPOTOB n O 3 B O n f l e T

nOnHOCTbI0 J l H K B H n H p O B a T b a B a p H l o B C K B a X H H e . Oc~oauan H n e n nnseunaqnn a s a p H u n y r e M n p o e e n e H n R c w c T e u b l :

B3pbIBHOe OTBHHqHBaHHe, n p O M U B K a , CBHHqHBaHHe, flOBTOPHOe B3PbIB- H o e OTBHHqHBaHWe, HO H a 6onbmeR rny6w~e (PHC. 43). Ha H e M & n U p a 3 H H X T O W K KOnOHHH CTpeJ IKaMH I l O K a 3 a H b l C y M M a p H b l e B e J H q H H t J ynepxnsamqnx ycunafi. C y s e n w s e H H e M r n y 6 ~ ~ ~ p a c T y T ynepxa- eamque ycnnau. l l p e n n o n o x ~ ~ , TO K T P Y ~ ~ M H a y c T b e npnnoxenbl I I p M W b H b I e YCHnHR, p a B H H e YCHJlHflM, ~ ~ ~ C T B Y ~ O U W M 6 TO'IKe A. TO 6 y n e ~ H ~ X H f l f l TOYKa, no KOTOPOR M O X H O 6 y n e ~ OCYl4eCTBHTb OTBO- POT. O C ~ I ~ ~ C T B H B OTBOPOT W IIPOMMB 3 a ~ p y 6 ~ 0 e n p O C T p a H C T B 0 , M O X - HO TeM C a M H M CHflTb Y a C T b Y ~ e P X H B a M U I H X ycunnk. n0cne CBHH'IH- RaHHR K p H B a R Y n e p X H B a I O U W X ~ C H ~ H R n 0 f i ~ e T 3 H a W i T e n b H O H H X e ,

H HOBHA OTBOPOT C T a H e T B 0 3 M O X H H M yXe B T O q K e B H a 60nbmeB rny6u~e . ~ O B T O ~ H ~ onepauwe, MOXHO npoffru B C ~ 3 0 H Y n p H x s a T a 3a H e c K o n b K o onepaynit H n n x n H n H p o s a T b anapnm. H ~ C K O ~ ~ K O B W H K H 6ynyr L U a m OTBOpOTOB H HaCKOnbKO P a U H O H a n b H O 6yner I I p O B e A e H H e pador B K O H K P ~ T H O ~ ~ C K B a X H H e , MOXHO n 0 n y q H T b n p e n c r a s n e H a e . C B U S ~ B Bantiwe o npexeare c r e o n o r H s e c K H M paspe- 3 0 M C K B a X H H H , K O H C T P Y K U H ~ ~ ~ 6yp0~0fi KOnOHHH W APYTHMH C B e n e - HHflMH 0 C K B a X H H e H pa3pe3e.

A n f l p a 3 B H H 9 H B a H H R H BCTPUXHBaHHfl C 0 3 P a H H H IIPHMeHflMTCU T o p n e w ~3 n e T o n n p y m u r e r o lunypa TAU H ~ a n o r a 6 a p ~ ~ ~ b l e luames- H u e r o p n e n b t TUIT. Topnena TAU50 M H O r O K p a T H O r o n p n M e n e - HHfl (PHC. 44.a) CocTOHT H 3 r 0 n O B K H 1, B K ~ O P O A HaXOllHTCU y3- HHHUHHpOBaHHfl, OCHOBHOrO 3apuna 2 H 3 OlIHOrO H J H HeCKOnbKHX

O T p e 3 K O B )leTOHHPYH)lUerO UIHYPa DUB. CBfl3aHHblX B W 9 O K H CMOH- T w p o e a H H H x H a H e c y q e M C T a n b H o M T p o c e 3, H H o r n a s a M e i i f l e M o u

B H ~ P ~ K O B ~ H H ~ ~ M H KyCKaMH ~ P O H H P O B ~ H H O ~ O K a P O T a X H O r O i(a6enu. B H H X H ~ ~ ~ YaCTH ropnenu K p e n u r rpys 4, KOHCTPYKUHR KOTOpOrO 6naronapn H a n w s H m CKBOBHUX K a n a n o n H c m m q a e T nonnym norepm

BBOAHTCR or peso^ mnypa n n ~ n o k 0.5 M, B ~ ~ H B K O ~ P O C O nepenaercn ny.rKy UHypOB, HaXOARl4HXCR C HUM B KOHTaKTe, IIBRRlOlUeMYCU OCHOB- HUM 3apRAOM. ~ O I I O B K B PaCCqHTaHB Ha MHOl%KPaTHOe HCIIOnb30BaHHe npH naenenunx no 50 MIIa H TeunepaType 100°C.

Mso6paxe~nan Ha pHcyxKe 44.6 mpnena TAU25 COCTOHT H3 sapnna 3. TaKxe c o 6 ~ p a e ~ o r o 83 O T ~ ~ ~ K O B n e t o ~ ~ p y m q e r o mnypa. B J ~ H B H O ~ narpona I, nepxalenn 2 Tpoca 4 H rpy3a 5. BO B3pHB- HOM naTpoHe p a 3 ~ e q a m r s n e ~ ~ p o n e ~ o ~ a ~ o p . J~aa te rp r0nOBKH H rpysa 25 MM, TO n o 3 ~ o n n e ~ CnycKarb Topneny e T p y 6 ~ Manoro nHa- MeTpa. ~ P ~ H H U U npHMeHeHHn mpnenu no TeMneparypatd onpene- nnmcn npenenaqu npHMeHeHHn cpencTB B ~ ~ H B ~ H H ~ H mrrypa; nar- - POH paccqHTaH Ha nasneHHe 80 Mna. rpya Topnenu, taK x e KaK H y ropnensl TAU50, npH o 6 p ~ s e nossonner coxpaHnTb Qxplcynn- unn, npH n m 6 ~ x BapHanTax e m napenun B ~pydax. C d o p ~ a Topnen TflU50 H TAU125 IlpoBOAHTCU Ha CKBaXHHe. ~ T H TOpneAbl B Ha- cronqee eperan aame~nmtcs mpnenok TAU-T (puc. 44,e). Topnena HMeeT ronosxy 1. ~ o p n y c 3, B J P H B H O ~ naTpoH 2. ~ p o c HnH ~ a d e n b 5. n e r o n ~ p y m q ~ k m ~ y p 4, rpy3 6 x ornusaercu donee BHCOKHMH napa- MeTpaMH npHveHeHHn H ~POCTOMA C~OPKH. Kopnyc BHnepxHBaeT HeCKOnbKO B3pHBOB. T ~ X H H Y ~ C K H ~ XaPaKTePHCTHKH T A U ABHU B ra6n. 13.

A ~ a n o r n s ~ a n sanava ( p a s e n ~ s u e a ~ ~ e tpy6) MowceT 6srrb peme- Ha c HCIIOnb30BaHHeH mameqHux. HerepueTHqHtax T ~ P M O ~ O ~ K H X Topnen (PHC. 45.8) TIUT9/22. TUIT10/22 H TUT12122 ( q ~ c n ~ ~ e n b - AHaMeTp 3apRHa, 3HaMeHaTenb - M B K C H M B ~ ~ H ~ ~ ~ nHaMeTp H3mJIHn, M M ) . B HHX UCllOJlb3YK)TCn B3pHBHHe ~8TPOHH 1 H U H ~ H H L I P H ~ ~ C K H ~ UlalIlKH H 3 B3pHBqaTHX BeqeCTB 2, B TOM qHCJle H T ~ P M O C T O ~ K H X , nHaMerp mameK 7-12 MM. K ~ K n o ~ a s a n a IIpaKTHKa, npH cnycKe ropnenH sueme c noKamposr M@T Moxer 6 ~ ~ b AocTHrHyTa TaKan T O ~ H O C T ~ ycraHoBKH Topnensr npH nonpuee, PTO name B ceepxrny- ~ O K H X CKBaxHHax 0mH6~a He npesumaer 20 CM. 3To noaeonner ceecrH uaccy ~ a p n n a , HcnonbsyeMoro nnn pa3~n~qHBaHHn. K 15--20~ BB H npaKsnsecKu H36exa~b n m 6 ~ x noapexnennR tpy661 npH B ~ P H B ~ .

113

nm-

Man- w Yu !22,5 28.5 LIwerp sapma. la M a w sapnna, rr 0.255 0.550 1.08 M-- nap@ gJmerp (yenos- d) Ipy6U. 8 xmpym M o x e T 6Mb eny- uena mpnena, MM:

~acoclro-xompsocaploII

%OK aypmbmx ~py6. qepe3 ~ m p & YO- am urynrem mpnena:

3H-95 3H-108 3H-140 3H-140 3IU-108 3Ul-108 3IU-108 3III-108

Ilponwu~eme ra&. 14

TUIT. 3 ~ o HerepMeTHsHtse TopnenH (CM. p ~ c . 45,a). OHH COCTOXT H 3 rpy3a 1. pa3~euae~01-u Han ~OpnenOfi H n a s n e ~ a e ~ o r o ~3 cma- XHHM nocne ~ s p t s ~ a , Kopnyca 3 - ~ p y 6 ~ ~3 cnnaBa anmMHnHu. ¶TO nossonfler nonysaTb nerxo pa36ypnsae~tse Hnn pacTBopnlaHe B KHC- noTax OcKonKsi 0 6 0 n o s ~ ~ . B ~ P H B H O ~ naTpona 2 H 3apxna BB 4. Macca sapxnoe Topnen He npeeHmaeT 5 xr, a HX n n m a 06ecnes~- BaeT npaKTHseCKn MaKcHManbHoe nnn naHHoro nHaMeTpa 3apnna

Puc. 45. Topnenu 'WIT neficr~ne B ~ P H B ~ Ha ~py6hl. nnn 0 6 p ~ ~ a KOTOPHX OHH B OCHOBHOY H n p e n ~ a 3 n a s e n ~ . rpannqts npHMeHeHHn no TeMnepaType H naene- HHIO OnpenenRlOTCIl HCnOJlb3yeMhIM JlJlSl CHapffXeHHR B3pblBHHM naT- POHOM ti T ~ P M O C T O ~ ~ K O C T ~ ~ O B3PHB9aTOrO BeUleCTBa.

CnenyeT OTMeTHTb C ~ ~ U H @ H I C ~ IIpHMeHeHHIl Ann 3THX ueneR He- 6onbmoR Topnensl TLUT20/22 ( n n a ~ e r p aapflna 20 MM, O ~ O ~ O Y K H - 22 M M ) . Ona MoxeT 6 ~ r b npHMeHeHa B KO~OHKOBOM 6 y p e ~ ~ n .

114

~OM.TUIL TIIITSO/SS T I I I T ~ ~ I T O I I I Tm84

Ma~c~uanbAhlA ~ a p p ~ i ~ h m e r p . uu 57 72 90 ll~averp sapnna, uu 50 65 84 Macca 3ap~pa. Kr 2.2 2-65 4,91 hhmanbtlblh nap- m a q (ym08- Id) l'pybsr. 8 Kolop)W MOXm uly. ueHa mpnaa, MM:

nacauio-~ompeccoplcoa 89 102 114 6ypl~lb~oh 114 127 140 c&anno& 140 140 140

3aox dypnnb~blx ipy6. qepes X O T O ~ U ~ I MO- me7 dbns cnylqena mpnena: 3H 3H-172 3H-197 - 3UI 3lIl-146 3UI-146 3III-178

a Tanme onyllrena B rpy6u yepea nosnnbnuk HncTpyMenr, s~ w e e r pelualoqee snasenne Ann nHKsnnaunn aaapnn. CII~CK B CKBaXHHy Tpebye~, 9~0661 3830p MMAy ~0pnenok H Tpy cramnn He Menee 10-20 MM, a npn cnoxnosl sapmanre cnycKa 6 MM. nepen eunonnenwehc pa6oru CKBaXHHa nonxna 6 ~ t b npo ma6nonnposana. n n a ~ e ~ p ma6nona nonxee 614~s He Menee, s e n y c I T ~ c K ~ ~ M o R TOpneAbI.

,4na pa6or B cssaxnnax ma sony, a nepsyo osepenb nnn ynyn- menun npoHnqaeuocTH nnacros, npencraeneeaux raepnuMn nopo- n a m , npnMennmr @yracnym Topneny TUB4 (CM. pnc. 45,6). Ona HHOrna HCIlOnb3yeTCII H nHKBHPa4HH a ~ a p ~ k . T e x n ~ s e c ~ n e xapaKrepncrnKn cpyracn~x Topnen nanu B ra6n. 14.

Qyracnne ropnenta TIIIT n TLIl cnapaxaolcn nenocpencreenno Ha CKBaXHHe; KOplQ'C TOpneilH, B ~ P U B H O ~ IIaTpOH H 3apfl.U npHB03nT s ornenbnofi Tape. narpon npncoennnneTcn K 6oesok qenn B nocnen- nmm oqepenb.

B aasncnMocrn OT BB aapnna MeHnmrcn H npenenbnue Teunepa- Typn npnMenennn Topnenu. B ra6n. 15 nanu TeMnepaTypsr n p n ~ e - , HeHHfl C COXpaHeHHeM pa6o~ocnoco6~ocr~ npn aunepmKe 6 9 - mpnen TIUT, cnapnxenHux p a 3 n u ~ n BB.

Onnn n3 BapnaHros nnKnnnaqnH npnxearos- pawennnenne KO- aonnbl nepepe3aHneM ee crenox xonbuesv~ xyhaynsTneeuu ~py60- pesom. 3r0 cpasnnrenbno H O B ~ MI( HauIek npoutamnennocsn o6opy- AosaHne, @yracnue x e ropnenu npnMenrrnncb s H ~ @ T R H H X CKsaxn- HEX ewe a npomnoM csonerna. Konblresan KyMynnrHsnan c v y n rpy6opesa. 06pa3ymmancn npn nspuse, o6nanaer o r p a n ~ s e n ~ o k npo6nenoR cnoco6noc~bm. Yxe Ha 6nna~ax paccronnnnx or sapnna ona paercn Ha e n e ~ e n ~ t a w ocna6esae.r. r n y 6 n ~ a nepepe3annn Meranna Ha paccronnnn 10 MU OT ~py60peaa y TPK45 cocTasnne7 5-6 MM An% crane, nocrnran y ~py6opesa TPKllO 15-18 MM. Tpy6opean npnMennloTcfl e rnanKonpoxonnblx ~pybax, s a q e npH nepepesannu xacoc~o-~ompeccopnblx nnn odcannux rpy6 nepw nssnesenne~ nocnennnx. OHH He npnMenHMu 3 6ypnnb~ux rpy6ax c sbicaxennuMn snyrpb XonuaMn. C03nanue ra30eoA cpenu B O K ~ Y P rpydopesa npn em cpa6arnsann~ ~ o x e r nosncnrb 3@@e~~nsnocrb nepepe3annn.

Puc. 46. Pa3pe3 X ~ M Y J I ~ T H B - nom rpyWope3a (a) n nepepe- 3a~nan nu ~ p y 6 a (6): I- SSP-

Ha p ~ c . 46 ~ 3 0 6 p a x e ~ u paape3 rpy60pe3a TPK45, npenna3~a- seHHoro nnn nepepe3annn nacocno-~o~npeccopnux rpy6, H ~ p y 6 a , nepepeaannan ero sapnaoM. nnnna Tpy60pe30~ 200-250 MM, Macca eapnna 10-125 r. B ~ a 6 n . 16 npwsenenx TexnnsecKHe xapaKTepn- CTHKH BblllYCKaeMYX Tpy60pe30~ KOHCTPYKUHW B. T. Cnporuna.

He3IiaW~enh~an Macca sapnga 1 noasonner ceecrn K MHHHMYMY @yracnoe ~ e k c ~ s n e sspnsa, s m saxno nnn CoXpaHHOCTH npyrnx ohexros, naxonnmnxca B aone ~py6opesa. Hanpn~ep , npn noeonbHo pacnpocrpaHeHHoM cnysae npuxeara nacocno-xo~npeccopnarx ~ p y 6 npH ~eMeHTHPOBaHHH 06CannoR KonoHHu RpHMeHeHHe Tpy60pe38 TPK45 ( ~ a c c a sapnna 10,5 r ) nossonner, nepepesae ~ p y 6 ~ . coxpa-

noMeqeHHoro TpY6yr c ero nOBepXHOCTn B xnnKOCTb YXOnHT

ynapHafl ~ o c T H ~ H Y B CTeHKH H nepenaB efi 3HeprHH'

oHa oTpaxamcfl H qaCTH4HO npOXOnNT B 3aT~y6ny* xHnKOCTb

(TeMHble nnHnH Ha 3 a n ~ ~ ~ ) . O ~ p a x e ~ H a R OT B H Y ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ noBepx- HOCTH 06pH~aeMOfi ~py6bl BOnHa, nanraucb BnYTPb, CnOxHHM 06pa-

B 3 a H M O n e f i ~ ~ ~ y e ~ C Ta30BblM ny3blPeM npOnyKTOB B3pHBa'

5 4. B b l m P 3APRAA nPH OEPblBE H P A ~ B H H ~ H B A H H H TPYG BonHa, npomenmaa T P y 6 ~ , ~ P O J ~ O ~ X ~ ~ T nBn'aTbCfl CTeHKe CKBa-

xHHbl. nocTnrHy~ ee, ona yxOnHT B nopony qacTHsHO 0Tpa3HB-

mnCb, nBHxeTCn HaBcTpe~y p a c u ~ n p r ~ ~ ~ e f i C ~ T P Y ~ ~ , npn BcTpeqe TOPM03r ee pacmHpe~ne. q e ~ 6 n ~ x e CTeHKa CKBaxnHbl, TeM HHTeH- cHBHee oTpaxeHHaR BonHa H TeM 6onbme ona 6yneT npenrTcTBoBaTb pa3pymenwrn 06pblBaeMofi T P Y ~ U .

ponb: YeM m y 6 x e cKBaxHHa, TeM 60nb111~fi aapnn ~ e o 6 x o n ~ MeHHTb mi 06ecne.re~urr H Y X H O ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B H U B3pblBa Ha Puc. 48. MsPeHHe m a - X ~ P ~ K T ~ P P ~ ~ P Y ~ ~ H H R Monenefi ~ p y 6 onnnM H TeM x e 3 MHKH ne@pMaWH T P Y ~

aspueox Ha MOneJn

118 119

B MoMeHr TI (cM. PHC. 48.6) ynapnan BonHa B H X O ~ H T ~3 o6p sae~of i rPy6bl (mqxa 1) H K BpeMeHH 12 nocrsraer menxu cocyna, me HI orpaxaercn. A B H ~ ~ U C ~ 0 6 p a ~ ~ o B cmpouy pac pnmueficn T P Y ~ H ( y r a c m ~ 3--4). oHa B mqxe 4 acrpesaercn c sa~ennnn (VTO MOXHO sunas conocrasun yrnm HaKnoHa yvacrx 4 H 4. 5 c p o r o r p a ~ ~ ~ ) ee ne@opm~posa~~e .

M~orna neficr~ue orpaxennofi sonnu ~ o x a s ~ a a a r b na CyXeHHe npOXOnHOr0 OTBepCTHR ~ p y 6 , BnaBHB BHyTpb YqaCTKH nospexne~~of i r p y 6 ~ . T ~ K H M o6paso~, npx s ~ 6 o p e sapnna H Y'fHTHBaTb TaKXe H O C O ~ ~ H H O E T H B O ~ H O B O ~ ~ KaPTHHbl npH r m c nocsaron~ofi nnn npaKrHxH M ~ H O C T ~ W MOXHO CBWTH O T ~ ~ I K ~ H H U or Meranna 06caneofi KonoHHu B O ~ C ~ X ~ H H H X H noponbl B neodcaxe~~blx cKsaxHHax H PaccTonHHx npo6era BM no nperpan.

Ceoficsea xunKocrH, aanon~nmuefi crmn, Tame YYHTH npn onpenenennu s a p ~ n a npn ~ ~ ~ B H H ~ H B ~ H H H 6 y 6 , HO HUH npeae6perarb npii 06puee rpy6. n o nanHblM C. A. ranxu s ~ 6 o p e 3apHlla npH Pa3BHHVHBaHHH T P Y ~ C YsemM sslco~ofi Bn3KW pacrmpa n p ~ ~ e ~ n e ~ b l f i sapnn cnenyeT ynenHsHnarb npH 30-40 $ no cpaeneHHw c SBPH~OM, HcnonmyeMHM Ann pa BaHHI B CKBaXHHQ 3anoJIHe~Hofi ~onofi. npH OnpenMeHHR nJIR obpblsa ~ Y P H J ~ ~ H H X ~ p y 6 lIOCTaTOYH0 B ~ O ~ ~ U I H H C T B ~ OrPaHHllHTbCU PaCCMOTpeHHeM l l e f i c ~ ~ ~ n B3pHBa Ha CTanbHHe nerxocnnaauble rpy661 H f p y 6 ~ TUXMOPO ~ ~ 3 8 , nocKonbKy T O ~ ~ H CTeHKH IlOCnWHHX B HeCKOnbKO pa3 60nbue, PeM y O ~ U P H H X T U a ~ e ~ e w e mnuuwbl rpy6 e npenenax 10-30 $ Ha eenx obpbleamqem sapnna nn~neT HeJHasHTeabHo. Ha p ~ c . 49 noxa s a s ~ c ~ ~ o c r b nHaMerpa sapnna d~ reKcoreHa nnoriiocrba 1.6 OTHeCeHHOm K BHYTPeHHeMy nHaMeTpy 06p~eaemofi T P Y ~ H C BpeMeHHslM COnpOTHBJIeHHeM 7 MH/MM=, OT rHIIPOCTaTH9eC JiaMeHHR p nnU TOHKOCTeHHblX ( K P H B B ~ I) H MnCTOCTeHHHX (K Ban I[) ~ p y 6 npH OTHOUIeHHH MnIllHHH CTeHKH K BHyTpeHHeMY n MeTpy ~py6bl 0,069 H 0.256 COOTBeTCTBeHHO. ~ H ~ K ~ M H c+w H c nnn TOHKOCTeHHHX rpy6 noxaaausl s a p n n ~ , 06opeasmee psaslune r p y 6 ~ coorsewrsenwo, TO x e B xpyx~ax-MU M~CTO- CTeHHhlX T P Y ~ . K P H B H ~ ~ A H ~ K B , PTO CBHneTWbcTByeT 0 He3HasHTenb- HOM BnHUHHH TMUHHH 06pbl~aeMofi T P Y ~ H (B 3TOM npenule ~ ~ W H H ) Ha B ~ ~ H ~ H H Y 06pbtaamuero sapana.

n p ~ OnpeneneHHH 3apnna nnn o6puea rpy6, ~ O M H M O rnnpocra rHsecKoro nasneesn, ~ C J I O B H R B sone sspslea a 3HeprHH BB, cnenym YsHTHsaTb H nnmy s a p ~ n a I. Ha p ~ c . 50 KPHBHMH 1, 2 p a s r p a ~ ~ - sensl 06nacrs aapmos, 0 6 p ~ s a a u r ~ x H He 06pblaarou~x npH aruo- c@epaou nanneHHH manbaue (I) H nerKocnnasHsre (2) r p y 6 ~ . ECJIH nnuna sapnna paana nnn donbure luecrn nuaacerpoa 06p~sae - ~ o f i rpy6b1, TO nanbnefi~lee ynenusenxe AnHHH sapnna npaKrHsecKii He ceas~saercn Ha 06pblae vy6 . numa nnn oseub nnHHHux 3apn- noe, HanpHMep npurenuerslx npH cncrpnxxsaHHnw, npnxonuwn CyIQl?CTBeHHO YMeHbUIaTb BeJIHPHHy YneilbHOKl (Ha WHHHUY nJlHHH T P Y ~ H ) sapnna mpnenw no ~ 3 6 e x a ~ n e nospexneHHn Tpy6. 120

B HacTouqee BpeMn e ~ 6 o p sapnnos nns npoaenenun B3pblBHHX pabot B cKsaxHHax ynpoqeee 6namnapn c o 3 n a ~ ~ m HoMorpaMM, oxBa- TblBamqHx OcHoBnHe cnysan npHMeHeHnn espwea npw AHKBHnaUHH asapafi. P a c c ~ o ~ p ~ w nopunOK ux ~ c n o n b s o e a ~ ~ n . wasnuan c wan- 6onee sacro npHMeHseMblx. Ha PHC. 51 naHH HOMOrPaMMH nnU st~6opa sapnna c qenbIo o6p~Ba ~ p y 6 B 0 6 c a x e ~ ~ s x (a) H neo6- camennu% (a) cKsaxnwax. HCKOMU~ 3 a p n ~ u B 06owx BapHaHrax naxonnrcu no onn~a~osof i cxence. Ha HoMorpaMMe pnc. 51.6 noKa- 3aHa IIOCnefiOBaTenbHOCTb e ~ 6 o p a 3apUna o 6 p ~ n a ~ Y P H ~ ~ H H X . ,

rpy6 aHaMerpor d& B ~ e 0 6 c a x e ~ ~ o f i cKsaxHHe nHaveTpou do Ha: my6n~e, me neficr~yer rwpocrarHsecKoe naeneHHe 60 Mna. Onpenentin orwowenue dTP/dc (wanpuuep, 0,58), onmanusaeu 3na- seHHe naRnew~oA BenHsuHsl Ha coq~s~creymqef i rutcane H coena- HneM nonyyenuym ~ o s x y c T O ~ K O ~ ~ Ha ulitane p, cooree~crsymuefi rHnpocrarHsecKoMy naenennm B 3owe pa6or (60 Mna). n e p e c e s e ~ ~ e nonysewnofi npn~of i co B ~ n ~ M ~ r a ~ e n b i i ~ f i npn~ofi A naer TOYKY a. CO~AHHHB ee C T O V K O ~ ~ Ha UlKane drpBa, C O O T B ~ T C T B ~ I O ~ ~ ~ ~ BHYTPeH- neMy AUaMeTpy 06pt~nae~blx rpy6 (B npHMepe 53 MY). Ha m a n e ds HaXOnHM HCKOMHA nHaMerp sapnna mpnenbl ~3 reKcoreHa (30 MM).

Bo ecex HoMorpaMwax npwunro, TO BB sapn~a-cpne r~a r~sn - P O B ~ H H H ~ ~ reKCOreH nJIOTHOCTbI0 1.6 r/cMS.

Henbsr DyTaTb, nb16~pan 3apUn. HOMOrPaMMbl U R O ~ C ~ X ~ H H ~ X H H ~ O ~ C B X ~ H H H X CKnaxHH. B nocnenHeM cnysae sapm nnn o 6 p ~ ~ a npH nposnx pasuux ycnoa~nx MeHbme, nocKonbKy &nee c n a a orpaxenne BonHhl or m p ~ o f i noponbI no cpasueiinm c OTpaXeHHeM or cranbnofi 1 p y 6 ~ Mefibme npennrcTsya n e ~ o p u ~ p o e a ~ ~ m 6yPHnb- Hoa YMOHHH. 3 m nerKo npoeeparb, BsrnonHHs coorsercrsywulee -.

a HHK) BepxneR s a c m K ~ ~ O H H H OT nnxneA. O n n a ~ o H 3mr npneu, n p e ~ n a n a r a m ~ n ~ npevenenne mpnen coaareclno c aorcampou MY@T. Ha ~OJILIUHX ~ y 6 n n a x MOXeT OK838TbCFl HWlOCTaTQWiblM; CHnH B3puea He xsatnr nnn pas%eannen~n rpy6, O C O ~ ~ H H O npH npnvene- ,,HE ~ e p ~ o c m R m x , Obllanam~(nx ~ e n b u e f i 3Hepr~eR lupuesarwx Be&(ecTB. Onna ~3 nonumu npeononennn non06noR rpynnoCTn- c 0 3 n a ~ ~ e mpnw, n o s ~ ~ n m ~ q n x na HHrepeane a3pusa y ~ e n n s n s a ~ b p a 6 ~ s ~ A naaverp sapsna, onpenennevuA B TpaHcnoprHoM nonoxe- H ~ n , ycnosanun cnycKa mpnenu B cwsaxnny.

Eqe cnoxnee &pears rpy6u tazunm, msa. Houorpauua nnn su6opop. sfipana c &em10 RX o6puea npnnenena sa sc. 51.2. Onpenemu Omomenne m a - 1 ~ e t p a ~ p y 6 u K mauerpy cxnaxunta drp l c B omomenme TMU~IIHU ~ K B rpy- 6s I K sHyspeEECvy 9)uuetpy rp)msr dldt. .., C O ~ ~ ~ R K S T T npnu0R mRnennw Ha c w t e e r e + s y a ~ rnranu mrtna. Ha npouexymssoR w.ne A nonysmr mqq a. K ~ p y ~ o bes WMcHenHS nepenocm Ha ccedmom npouexym~aya lnrrary 6 (rorKa 6). Cow$mae ee c WKOR Pa UIKW p, m ~ ~ e r c n y a m e a m a t a n e ~u0.y nasnenm a 30ue patiom. n m f l a ~ o ~ ma rpe~beR O P O Y U ~ O R w ~ a n e B toqxy c Coemnas mmnaa . , c mwdl aa mam drp ... m m m y n q e l l sHyrpeaaemy mauerpy rpybta, ea mane aspanom e u o a a r nc~covuR nnauerp sapan?, o6puemqem rpy6u T R ~ M O ~ 11830. KIK B qs ~ a h t m B O ~ ~ ~ ( H U X qybax, s w ~ o z n o ycl~lenne neamnn s3pUUl npn p a c n ~ o ~ ~ n n m p w npwsa Mema cssssnsaann qy6. Onnaro ycranosllra mpmny m s o a raKoM cnom~o Onepasun ynpoqaerca npn Hanssm s a ~ a m s p r c n e o noeraencrcelu penepHm rmeK s 30ne TPZUOW nma, o b n e ~ ~ a n n o u onpenenesse uema H ~ O Z - nwan pe3ttbstax cameeunb.

B p m e cnysaen npome pasxennnn~b ~ p y 6 u rnxenom nnsa pa3- BHHqHBaHHeM. IIpn su6ope sapnna MOXHO s o c n ~ m n a r b c n npocmfi pe~o~ennaqnei?. o c ~ o ~ a n ~ o f i Ha o n m e BunonneHuux pa60~.- 0,2-0.35 KC BB (B rpornnososr s ~ ~ u s a n e n r e ) Ha ~ m p W H H ~ mpnenu c npenensnusr BecoM npuuennelcoro sapnna 3 itr. Bonee msuo s u 6 p a ~ b sapnn MOXHO no Houorpauve pnc. 52, a.

Buure rosopnnocb, YTO B KayecTne sapnna B no~orpaMatax 6epercn sapng cpnerbfa~nsnpoBaH~om reucorena nnornocTbm p= = 1.6 r/cug. Bce pacqeTu, c e n s a ~ u u e c ~auenof i B mpnenax OnHOm BB Ha npyme, qro OC&HHO sacm BcrpesaeTcn npn ncnonb~oaanna

51. Houorp*u~u m. O~PWX.WIR~ aapwoe Ma Mpuea tpy6 odeaxean a = o b e n s b l x C K B ~ ~ U : T~PMOCTO~~KHX BB, cnenyeT seem Tau, s ro6v ~u6pauuuir no HOMO- rpaMMe sapnn (em 3HeprHn n f l a l ~ F 1 4 ) 6un pasen no 3HeprHH 38- pnny H 3 gpymro BB (em sneprnn d r I p d J 4 ) . HnH @ W F = @ = P ~ = ,

eTp sapnna ~3 reKcorena ( a d p a n no u o v o r p a ~ ~ e ) , 3, 3HeprHR mpuna rexcorena 9~=5,53 M l l m / ~ ~ H d=-

HCKOMHA nHaMeTp sapnna ~3 saMeHnmntem reKcoreu BB, p, n q,- er0 IIJIOTHOCTb H 3HePrHX B3PHBa.

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123

5 5. nPYrHE METOnbl HCnOJlb30BAHHR B3PblBA nPH JIHKBHBAUHH ABAPHA

Korna npn npnxsalax 6~p~JIbHblx rpy6 Ha6n~maeTcfl norepfl u ~ p - KynfluHH, nnfl ee BOCCTaHOBneHHfl (ecnli COXpaHfleWfl BOBMOHHOCTb CnycKa nep@opaTOpa B 6ypHJIbHyW KOAOHHY) MOXeT 6 Y ~ b HCnOnb- aosaH c n e u n a n b ~ ~ f i nep$oparop nKOC38 K O H C T P Y K ~ H H Il. B. Bonb- H H u K O ~ O . nep@oparop CnycKaeTcR B 6 y p ~ n b ~ y l 0 K O ~ O H H Y , nnaMerp npoxona B KOTOPOB 44 M M H 6onee. Ilefiopauen ~ p y 6 nocTHraeTcfl c n e u ~ @ ~ r e c ~ ~ u (no4 YMOM ornocnrenbno OCH nep@oparopa) pa3-

MelneHHeM B H e M KyMYAflTHBHblX 3apflnOB. Ha PHC. 53, me ~306pa- XeH nep@opa~op, MOXHO npocnennrb ero neroHauwoHHym senb. KyMyJIflTiiBHafl CTpyU 0T B3pYBa K a x n O r O 3apflpa 1, IIOMHMO npo6n- r u n Kopnyca 2 nep$oparopa H 6ypnnb~ofi KOAOHHY. BtanonHfler 38- naqy ~ o s 6 y x n e ~ u n sspbtea qenosKH ~3 luameK BB 3, neronaunn KOTOPYX nepenaeT B ~ ~ H B cnenymqeMy 3apflAy. Ilo T ~ K O R cxebfe B3pblBaWTCfl nce s a p u n ~ nep@oparopa.

Ann nHKBHAauHH IIpHXBaTOB MOXeT npenCTaBnATb H ~ B ~ C T H H ~ ~

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qasne~ai i , 06ecnesw~arnw~x pacvemoe ysenusenne nasneaan B 30He Bh'6epeM 3ap'n nnfl P ~ ~ B H H Y H B ~ H H I I CTanbHsX 6YPHAbHYX r o p e ~ ~ n , AOCTaTOqHOe nnfl HHTeHCHBHOTO IIPOTanKHBaHHfl xHnKOCTH.

HaPymHarfi n H a M e T ~ K ~ T ~ ~ ~ ~ COc'ra~~lfle~ 117 MM, HO eqe 6e3onac~oe nnfl ~ p y 6 C x e ~ a nonycKaer c o 3 n a ~ ~ e p a s n ~ q - MMl a runPocTaTHqec~oe nasneHHe B 30He B3pHBa 40 HUX yc~poficre. nOBHWamIUHX ~ @ @ ~ K T H B H O C T ~ CXHraHHfl 3apflnOB 'po~enn n ~ ~ ~ ~ m qepes r o w n 40 Ha uKane 10 Ha luKane nnn n o n y s e ~ ~ a H Y X H O ~ O p e x w ~ a rasonpnro~a. Ann ee p e a n ~ 3 a u ~ H no'yqaeM Ha n ~ o ~ e x ~ ~ o q ~ ~ k IUKaxe A roqKy cOenHHHB nocn BaXHO OnpenWHTb ycnoawa asapnR, npn KOTOPHX ~ P H M ~ H ~ H H ~ nP0- HK)m TO'IKOfi 117 (dvp=117 MM) Ha IjJKane d,,, HaXOnHM uecca o ~ a n c e r c ~ ~ @ I $ ~ K T H B H H M . n p e n c ~ a ~ n f l e ~ ~ ~ . 470 c YBenHqeHHeM

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5.86 Mfix/~r , n e p e c ~ e ~ Ha n p y r ~ e BB ocyqecTBnneTca nepcneKrHBHHM. HcxOnr H3 yCnoBHfi PageHcTBa 3 H e p ~ f i 3apflno~ paBHofi nnHHe)., Wnorna B O ~ H H K ~ ~ T ~ e o 6 x o n ~ ~ O C T b 3apeJKH BToporo cTBona qePe3 AHanornqnY~ 0 6 ~ a 3 0 ~ 9 HO yxe nonbsyxcb ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f i , ,,pHBenen- okansym K O ~ O H H Y . f ins pa3pyme~nn bferanna Ha VacTKe 3aPesKH

Ha PHC. 529 6+ MOXHO onpenennrb sapsn H3 HHToK A ~ B , Heob- wcnonb3yms H B3pbIB. n o ~ a ewe ~ e r o ~ p a 6 0 ~ a ~ ~ o f i annapatyp*. XOnHMUfi Anfl P~~BHH'IAB~HHII n e r K o c n n a ~ ~ u ~ TPYC ~ o ~ o p y x , MOXHO 6bm0 6~ PeKOMeHAOBan UnR nPOBeneHnfl m d H b l x 124

npennoxenht nnneilnue S~PXLIY, ananormsnue nnn Pe3KH MarHCTPanbH HHX ~ p y 6 @axmpou. s x npulrenenme m n 9T0

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P a c c ~ a r p ~ a a n n c b , no He sutunn npenenbi s x c n e p n ~ e ~ m ~ a na6opam r x A CKaaxnnax pa6orar no 6opbde x a r a c r p o @ ~ s e c ~ n ~ n notepnaru UHP nnunn c ncnonbsoeannev BJ~HBOB.

B mM cnysae, KO

CXBaXRHy C 3e tuom xonHsecTaa MaTepsanoB 0 6 ~ s ~ nasana pesynsrams, npenn ocyqmennTb 3asan xasepnu

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nuoc nepXaUHMH r a ~ n o ~ ~ p y w r u ~ e Marepna- n u 0 6 0 n o s x a ~ ~ y n n o ~ ~ ~ r b nooonv n 1 . .. cosnarb Ha noeepxsocTs cTeona nono-

HenpoHmuaeMym xopxy. Ycneurnoe TexnHsecKoe petuenne 3 a n a s ~ OT- pslaaer unrepecnue nepcneKTHsH 60pb6u H c ~ T H M c n o x n m B H ~ O M asapnil a 6 y p e ~ ~ ~ .

5 6. KOMnJlEKTALlHQ BJPUBHOTO OBOPYAOBAHHR Ann OBI?CnE'IEHHS JlHKBHMUHH ABAPHR B BYPEHHH

~ ~ H c T ~ I I ~ u X XOMnneKTaUHH 83pb;BHHM 0 6 o p y n o ~ a ~ ~ e ~ nJIU JIHXBH- naunn asapnR B 6 y p n q ~ x c n cxnaxnnax r m @ ~ 3 ~ r e c ~ o i r O P T ~ H H ~ ~ U H H . 06cnyx~eawuleh nannblfi paRon, none3~o ynnruearb cnenyloqne nonoxeHHn.

B craptax O ~ X H T H X paRonax, m e 6ype~we eenercn M H O ~ O ner, petuenne Janasn O ~ H ~ H O Hecnoxno, no~pe6~0cTb B H ~ ~ V I H ~ X y x e cnoxnnacb H nerxo MoxeT 6 H ~ b CxoppeKTnpoaaHa no Mactu~a6y

pa6~T, nnaHHpyeMoMy Ha 6 n ~ x a A m ~ R nepaon. Ho H ~ e c b HepenKn cnyrau, xorna ~ @ @ ~ K T H B H O ~ B ~ ~ H B H O ~ 06opynosaewe He ncnonb- 3veTcn HnH ~cnonb3ye~cn HenocTamsHo ~ 3 - 3 a nnoxoA mn@op~aqnn -2

o ero cyuecTeosaHun H B O ~ M O ~ H O C T ~ X Hcnonbsosannn, wnn ~ 3 - 3 a uOHCeDBBTH3MB MeCTHHX D ~ ~ O T H H K O B . HHOrAa Bbl3BaHHOCO HeYna'laMH ..v....r ~ - -~~ -

npw nepaoM e m n p n ~ e ~ ; n n n B paRose. B KaseCTne o6aexia. ~ y x - nalOIUemCfl B O ~ O P Y ~ O B ~ H H H . B03bMeM ~ ~ O @ H ~ H Y ~ C K H ~ OTpRn, C03na- saeMuir nnnn 06cnyxnea~~nn 6ypennn HecKonbKHx p a 3 ~ e n o s ~ ~ x cKaaxnn my6nnoR 2000 M B HOBOM. OceanaaeMoM pagone Ha Cesepe. n o c ~ a e x a ~ n x e n o m 0 6 0 p y n o s a ~ ~ n a pairon pador Tpynna H ocy- qecTsnneTcu no peKaM B ~asnraunoH~blR nepnon, nocTasKa asna- uweir (eepronezaun) xorn H npHMeHneTcn, HO He acerna BO3MOXHa H nopora. Oneparnanoe npHMeHenHe B ~ ~ ~ B H H X Merunon nnn npo@n- naKTHKn H nHKBnnauHn anapnfi npennonaraer, sm ace 0 6 0 p y n o s a ~ ~ e 3 a p a ~ e e nocraaneeo B paRon s ~ c n e n ~ u ~ n H TaM xpansTcn B oxnna- HUH MoMeHTa, xorna OHO MoxeT ~ O H ~ A O ~ H T ~ C H . n o n p o d y e ~ osennrb noTpe6~0CTb BO B3pHBHOM 0 6 0 p y n o ~ a ~ w ~ B AaHHOM XOHKPeTHOM cnysae.

npWXjle BCem H ~ O ~ X O A H M O 03HaKOYHTbCR C XOHCTPYXUHUMH CKBaXHH, KOTOpHe 6 y n y ~ ~ Y P H T ~ , X O M ~ O H ~ B K O ~ ~ 6yp~nbnoR KOnOHHbI H npennonaraeMHM rmnornsecxHM pa3pe30~. Ecnn, s a x B paccnnar- pHeaeMoM cnysae, 6 y p e ~ ~ e senercn B HoaoM patione, TO ceenennn o paspe3e ~ o r y r 6HTb osenb I I ~ H ~ ~ H X ~ H H H H H . Ho, reM He Menee, xorn 6 u n p n 6 n ~ x e ~ ~ o OHH n o 3 ~ o n n ~ CocTaBnTb npencTaBneHHe o TeMnepaypax (H nannenanx), KoTopue anpeTnTcn Ha nyrn CTBO- na, H AanYT B03MOXHOCTb c @ o ~ M ~ J I H P o B ~ T ~ ~ p e 6 0 s a ~ n n K 6apo- H ~ e p ~ o c ~ o i l ~ o c r ~ n~nennil. llpn m y 6 n ~ e CxnaxHnH 2000 M npenenb- Hoe naanenue Ha 38608 nocTHrHeT npn nnoraocni pacmopa 2,o-2,4 r/cMa COOTBeTXXBeHHO 50--60 Mna , T. e. nOnyCTHM0 IIpHMe- Heme npaxrHsecxH B C ~ R ~ ~ O C T ~ ~ O Y H O - B ~ ~ H B H O ~ ~ annapaTypw. TO Kacaercn TeMnepaypH, TO oueHKa ee, ecnH B otnocn~enbnoir 6 n ~ - 30CTH HeT nPYrHX CKBaXHH, CnOXHee H BCTpeTHT TpynHOCTH, XOTR r a q e Bcero Ha smR my6nne TeMnepasypa He npesutuaer 100°C. I I p a ~ ~ n s e c x ~ B C ~ ~ P O C T P ~ ~ O ~ H O - B ~ ~ H B H ~ ~ annapalypa npn TeMne- parype no 100°C npnMeHnercn 6e3 orpannsennfi. nosrouy 6 y n e ~ CqnTaTb, 9m TeMnepaTypa H nannenue Ha ~ a x c ~ ~ a n b n o i i r n y 6 ~ ~ e ~ Y P H M H X CXBaXHH n0380JIRIOT UpHMeHRTb n l o 6 ~ e H3AWlHfl Ann np0- c r p e n o s ~ o - B ~ ~ H B H H X pa6or. Torna sanasa non6opa ceeneTcn K onpenenennm Tnna H xonnsecTaa nsnennR, nocTannneMux Ha cxnaxnny K Hasany 6 y p e ~ ~ n n XpaHnMblx nenOcpencTBeHH0 B paRone Hx 6yny- Ulem HCnOnb30BaHHU.

nycTb 6 y p e ~ ~ e seAeTCU POTUpHHM ~ ~ 0 ~ 0 6 0 ~ . 6ypHnbHa~ KOnOHHa HMeer nsarrerp 102, p.onoro - 246 MM. Torna Ann BOCCTaHOBJIeHHR qapxynnunn ueneew6pa3~0 axa as arb H nonysnrb x Hasany 6ype- nnn nsa Kounnexra nep@oparopon nKOC, s m 6 ~ npH n e o 6 x o n ~ ~ o c r n HX MOXHO 6 ~ n 0 6~ OnePaTUBHO nPHMeHHTb. kic~0!4fl H 3 TOP3 YI'O 6ypxnbnan xononna HMeeT nHaMeTp 101, a nonom-246 MU, m u s x c t p e ~ a n b ~ u x y o l o s ~ f i ( r n y 6 ~ ~ a 2000 M, nualcerp cmona 246 MM. nnornocrb paclaopa 2,2 r/cua) nonysaev ~ a ~ c n v a n b n ~ i l nnn 06p~e.a

3apfln m p n e n ~ TLUT a 45 MM. TO caMuR 6 HX 0 B3pHBHHX MeTOAaX nHKaHllaUHH aeapak, Bo~MOXHOCT~~X, Y U O - o6pusa, K O T O P ~ R ~ O X ~ T n o ~ p e b o s a ~ s c n B c B H ~ X ycnemnoro BunonHeHHn. T W ~ H O , n e e - T ~ H ~ o p ~ ~ e n u TLLlT43 H C O O T B ~ T C T B ~ I ~ ~ H R ~a K o ~ ~ a r r r npennonaram H C Y U ~ C T B ~ B B H H ~ o ~ p ~ q a t e n b ~ u x 3 8 ~ ~ 1 0 - r e ~ b m e m n ~ a ~ e ~ p a , no TUIT20122, ~ P H C O ~ H O ~ Ann C ~ Y C 4 e ~ ~ k OTHOCHTenbHO IIepCneKTHB npHMeHeHHH B3PblBHblX pa&T B KOH- n o a ~ n b ~ s l f i HHCTPYMeHT, 06ecnesar B H I I O ~ H ~ H H ~ ~ B ~ P H ~ H H X ~peTHblX yCnOBHRX H C KOHKPeTHHMH UWRMH. KOTOPHe MOrYT BcTpe- KOnOHH. K p o ~ e TOW, WJTH BO3HHKHeT H ~ ~ ~ X O A H M W ~ pa ~HTbcfl, nOCKOnbKY CYqeCTBYIOT CnySaH, KOCAa nPHMeHeHHe ~ 3 p h l ~ a X ~ O ~ O B , TO n o ~ p e 6 y e ~ n 3aPfIll BHaMeTPOM 0.2-0.4 nHaMeT -

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CWTORHHH OnePaTHBHO 'YnOBneTBOpHTb n o r p e 6 ~ o c ~ ~ 6 J i p e ~ ~ n 80 n p y r ~ ~ ~ MeTOfiaMH 0 ~ 6 0 p a KePHa. n e m e ~ , 6WTP BbrnOnHeHHH, B3pHB~oM O ~ ~ P Y B O B ~ H H H nnfl ~ H K B W ~ U H H a ~ a p ~ k n o ~ e p e T ~ C T ~ Y - era MOXHO npOBOnHTb KaK IIOCJle, TaK H 60 BpeMfl 6 ~ ~ e H n n cKBa- HOW p a c x o n o s a ~ ~ n ~ 3 n e n ~ h y ~ n x c o x p a ~ n e ~ c n B O ~ M O X H O C T ~ nonon- xHHu. XOPOWO y ~ f 1 3 b l ~ a e ~ ~ ~ c n ~ a r p a ~ ~ a ~ ~ K ~ P O T ~ X ~ . OH nonon- HnTb HX 3 a n a c ~ B HOPManbHOM. ~e CPO~HOM nopnnwe H y r o q ~ n ~ b n n e ~ n a ~ ~ u e ~ ~ D @ H ~ H Y ~ C K H X ~ c c n e n o ~ a ~ ~ k cKaaXHH Ha YqaCTKax. T P ~ ~ O B ~ H H ~ K ~ a 6 o p y no xony 6 y p e ~ ~ n . m e BUHOC ~ e p ~ a n p ~ 6ype~HH 6txn nJIOXHM. CBeAeHHnMH, nonYqeH-

O n e p a ~ ~ ~ ~ o c ~ s - o n ~ o ~3 r n a s ~ u x Y C ~ O B H R ycnemnom npearene- H ~ M H B pe3ynbTaTe ~ccnenoaaHHn B ~ R T H X H 3 CTeHOK CKBaxHH 06~a3- HHn BJPHBHUX M ~ M ~ O B nnKBHnauHH asapnfi B 6ypen~n. nononnu- UOB noponu. TenbHtJ~ YcnosHeH Y~I'Ielu~ofi pa6osu 6yner ~ O C T O R H H ~ I A ~ U ~ O B O ~ O n n a ~ ~ H Y X H O HMeTb B swny. s ~ o cTpyKTypa H~~~~~~~~~~ 06- KOHTaKT C P ~ ~ ~ T H H K ~ M H 6 y p e ~ ~ f l , n o n ~ a n H n e r a n s ~ a u n ~ @ o p ~ a q n n p a 3 q o ~ H3-3a oco6e~~ocreR 0~60pa. XaK IIpaBHnO. CHnbHo HaPY-

cobs ynyPmenna ~ a s e c r a a 06pa3irbs - yswasenne o h ~ a nonoc 6ofiua rpynmnoca. P e a n n ~ a w a nocneneero ncrpesaer 3 ~exnnsecKne rpynnocrn. Moxno m a r a n . sm nnmb n r a r e r p ~ o m p b l x npeeslmaer 20 MU. ncrpesawrcn ~ y c o nocramsno xopomo coxpannemefi CBOW naqanbnyw c ~ ~ y ~ l y p y . KOTOPHM UOXHO OnpeAenHTb ee IIOpHClOCTb, lIJlOlHWTb H np xapaKrepHctnKn. Paspymen~eu o6passos npn ordope n csnsan C 3THM CHHXeHHeM ~OCTOBePHOCTH cseneniiR 0 nopone B nepByW penb ~ n c n n e r c n orpannsennoe npeuenenne rpynmnocos.

Ha~6onbmee npnuenenue do~oasre n p w n w q r t e rpynronocbl n XOBIT B CKsaxunax na ne@+b, ra3 n oco6enno B yrnepassenovn cmaxnnax. B nomennex OHH ncnonb3yw~cn m n n ~ y s e ~ ~ n s e q seHHom cocrasa nnrepsanos paspwa, conepxaqnx yronbnbl nnambl.

Crpennwqne rpyHTOHOCbl 6 ~ n n npennoxenbl e u e a 1937 T. C. Moposos~w, T. H. CT~OUKHM H K. H. 15omapen~o. n o 3 s padorax no co3nannm rpynmnocos ysacrnoaann 10. H. pan, a. A. ~ o P ~ ~ H K O , B. A. ~ ~ Y ~ K H H , 8. A. KPOW~HKO, M. B. C. Bopo6ben H np. P a 6 o r ~ no ycosepmenctsosannw KO annapara npononxawrcn H cefisac. n p n 3 m u ocnosnoe ynwnercn nosblmennw Kaqecrsa nw$opmaqnn o nnacre, nonysaewo s pwynarate n3ysennn or6npaeublx o6passos noponbl. nocnennee BKnwsaeT H ycOBepmeHcrBoBanne meTono8 H C I I H T ~ H H ~ ~ 0 6 p a 3 ~ 0 ~ LIOpOAH, om6pannblx rpYHTOHOCaMH.

n o ycrpoknsy CTpWflWUHe rpYHTOHoCbl n U H T C f l Ha BHCTpWH- s a w u n e O ~ H H O ~ H H M H ( n p n ~ e n n w ~ c n B H@THHHX H r a s o s ~ x cKsa- X H H ~ X ) H OLlHOBPeMeHHO HeCKOnbKHUH 6 o f i ~ a ~ ~ (B YrnePa3Ben09HhlX c ~ s a x n n a x ) . O r c ~ p e n ocyqecrsnnetcn nocnenosarenbno CHHSY ssepx. Pasnnsawwr r a 6 a p n r a ~ n . o d a e m o ~ H p a s u e p a ~ n n a n n e ~ a e ~ o r o Kepna, a raKxe napaMerpaun (no nasnennw n re~neparype) npn- UeHeHHfl.

B Kanecree npnslepa rpynlosoca, ~ c n o n b s y e ~ o r o a cKsaxunax HI ~ e @ l b H r83, PaCCMOTPHM KOHCTPYKUHW MHOtWCTBOilbHOI% CTPeJIflW- 4erO rpyHTOHOCa MCrwM, IlpHHUHnHanbHafl CXeMa KOTUPOIW H30- 6paxena Ha pnc. %.a. OH npenna3nasen Ann ordopa o6paauos noponu n3 cxsaxnn nnauerpoM npesblmawmM 140 MU. n o bannu- c r m e rpynmnoc B K ~ K O R - T O Mepe noxox Ha r a y 6 n ~ y - ~oporxo- crnonbnyw nymry, no ornnsaercn o r nee p a a u e p o ~ , xann6pou, sHWIOM CTBOnOB H TeM, 9TO BblCTpWHBaeT d o f i ~ a ~ n . COCTOHT HS rraccnanon, cranbnon, Kopnyca I c rpnnuatbw CTBOnbHblMH orsep- ernnun Ann p a 3 ~ e q e ~ n n 6of i~os 2. OKMO Kaxnom crsona nMewmn oreepctnn. O~sepcrnn Menbuem nnauerpa m y x a r nnn Kpennennn K Kopnycy rpoca, Ha ~ o m p o ~ n e p x n x n 60,~~. 6onbmem-nnn ymanxn rpoca. K O R C T ~ ~ K ~ H H 60R~os. B 3aBHCHUOCIH OT XapaKTepa ot6wpaewok noponbl, MOryr pa3nnsaTbcn. n0Ka3a~Hblfi Ha PHCYHKe 54.6 6 o e ~ npenna3nasen nnn m6opa nposnux nopon. OH COCTOHT RJ HaKonesnnKa 1 nntKn d o f i ~ a 3 c nonocraw 5, s ~ o m p o f i pasue- 130

qaercn nopoxonofi sapnn sncecre c aocnnarcennrenerc, csanbnoro TpOCa 2 C WaPHKOM Ufl 06ecnesen~n CBfl3H 60fiKa C rpyHTOHWOU H ynnosnmenbnoro Konbqa 4. Bnppennnfi nuamerp n o n m n d o h a 14 uu. Y ~ R K O B , npenna3na ' i en~~x nnn ordopa unrKnx nopon, OH 6onbme. Ma~cnmanbnafl sblcora or6npaeuoro 06pasqa 40 MU.

&In BHXOAa X H n K O m npH 3anMHeHHH 60fiKa noponofi B e m 6o~oeblx crenKax npocsepnenbi orsepcTxn. Pasueqenue nopoxornil

5. 131

KaMepta a nnrKe 6 o f i ~ a nMeer H He- nocrarolc - orpannsenne aapnna n. cnenosarenbno. CKOPOCTH 60A~a. c KO- ropofi OH staneraer.

B eepxnefi sacrn Kopnyca rpynronoca Haxonnrcn K O X ~ X nepeicnmsarenn 3 (CM. PHC. 54, a), BHYTPH KOTOPOrO p a s ~ e u e ~ a cHcreMa ynpaanennn eta- CTpenaMH. Ka6enbntaR HaKOHeUHHK 4 cnyxnr nna coennnennn c waporax~tam . Kabenebf, Ha KOMPOM rpYHTOHOC Cny- CKaWCR B CKBBXHHV. I

pue. 55. 3aaHc,,mofrb fiaBneH,,n ~ P H M ~ P O M 6o~' isoro C ~ P e J R ~ ~ e r o OT nonomeHHn d o A ~ a K a ~ ~ p e rPYHTOHOCa MI1 yrnepas~enosntax CKBa- npn BUCTpMe rpyHTOHOCa X H H M O X ~ T CnYXHTb PPYHTOHOC TMKa.

B ero cocrae B X O ~ H T ronoma. sanans- Hue CeKunn, cewnn c ~ ~ P X ~ H H M H KaMopaMn H crsonaun, m e pas- ~ e u a m r c i 6 0 f i ~ ~ . K KBXAOR sananbnofi npncoennneercn no rpex c e ~ l r ~ f i co crsonaMti. ~ P H BocnnaMeneHnn nnponarpona 60fiKn cen- UHH, pacnonoxenHtae B onnofi nnocKocrn, stacrpeansamrcn. Ann 3 p r0 BCe IIOpOXOBble KaMOPta C ~ K U H ~ ~ COe~HHIIIOTC~ OI'He~POBOAHk4M KaHanou. Kaxnan rpynna ce~unf i coennnena c onnofi n3 x n n ~ a 6 e - na. Macca nopoxoeoro sapana 0.5--2.5 r. B ~ ~ B H C H M O C T H o r sncna CeKuHfi s H U 0 CTBOnOB 9-27. 0 6 ~ ~ ~ s s n e ~ a e ~ u x 06paslro~ no 4-6 C M ~ ( ~ 3 rnepntax nopon ~ e n b m e ) . n p n ~ e ~ n m r c n B cKsaxnnax nnaMerpoM 92-103 MM npn nasnennnx ne etame 20 Mna.

H e c ~ o r p a Ha ne6onbmoR o 6 5 e ~ 06pasuot1, no H U M MOXHO onpe- AWflTb Ka'IeCTBO yrneR, 3OnbHOCTb. COAepXaHHe Cepta H pan npyrHX xapaKrepHcrnK yrnefi H nonysarb npencrasnenne o cocrase H c r p y ~ - rype nnacTos, ecrpesamunxcn B paspese.

Mssecr~o (CM. rn. I) , uro c~opocrb ropetinu nopoxa nponop- UHOHanbHa naenennm. % 0 6 ~ pa6ora ~iopoxostax rasoa, pasro~nm- WHX 6 0 e ~ B KOPOTKOM cIsone (3-6 CM), 6 m a nocramsnofi nnn coo6ue~nn eMy H ~ X H O R CKOpOCTH. H W ~ X O ~ H M O C MOMeHTa Hasana BBHXeHHn CO3naTb B KaMOPe 3HaqHTenbHOe AaBneHHe. ~ ~ B H C H M O C T ~ naenennn p or nonoxennn 1 6 o k ~ a npn e m neuxennn B crsone nso6paxena Ha pnc. 55. Aaanesne, npu K O T O ~ O M 6 o e ~ Hasnnaer nsnrarbcn no creony, nastasamr n a s n e H n e M o p c H p o B a- n n n ( B ) . Btacrpoe nostameHne nasnennn s KaMope, m e ropnT 3apXllP CBS3aHO C IlpHMeHeHHeM COOTBeTCTByloUHX ~ocnna~ennrenef i H ~OPOXOB, H C K Y C C T B ~ H H O ~ ~ s a n e p x ~ o f i nasana nenxennn 6ofi~a. nnorna c ~ c n o n b s o s a ~ ~ e ~ cronopnunx y c ~ p o f i c r ~ , a raKxe npeono- neHneM r ~ n p o c ~ a ~ s e c ~ o r o nasnennn B CKnaxnHe B 3 o ~ e 0 ~ 6 o p a o6pasuos. nepnon nastasamr npensapnrenblctau. K Hasany namxe- nnn 6 o f i ~ a CKopoCrb ropeHHn talc Bcupacraer, rro. HecMmpn Ha yee- nnsenne 0 6 % e ~ a , C B R ~ ~ H H O ~ O c nepeHeueHneM 6ofiKa no crsony, naanenne B KaMope HeKOTOpOe BpeMH npononxaer pacrn no nonnom CmPaHHR nOpOXa ( C ) . TOT IlPOMeXYTOK BpeMeHA HasblBaloT nepBtaM. nnn OCHOBHHM, nepnonoM stacrpena. 06pasoaasmnecn rasu, pacmn-

1 pfinCb, IIepenamT qaCTb 3HeprHH 60fi~y, yBeJ7H'lHBaR er0 CKOPOCTb. p a 6 0 ~ y A pacmnpnmqnxcn rasoe, neficrsymunx Ha nno 6 o f i ~ a nno- ~ a n b m S, MOXHO OnpenMHTb no a0pMyne

1

A = S J p ( t ) d , o (5.1)

rue p ( 1 ) - r e ~ y q e e nasnenae, ero MOXHO nafirn no r p a a n ~ y puc. 55; I-nnnna creona. n o n neiicreaeu nasnennn rasoe 6 o e ~ ~accof i m npeo6peraer csopocrb v , c ~oropofi staneram ~3 crnona. nocne nunera 6 o f i ~ a nopoxoatae rasx Ha HeKoropoM paCCTOHHHH ewe npononxamr yc~opnrb ero nsnxenue. B p e ~ n , B resenne KOTO- poro 60e~ . nepeMeuaercs no creony. ~as taeamr B T o p bl M n e p no- n o M. Lla~nenne rasos B MoMeHr Btaxona 60fiKa H 3 crnona (y nynb- - - . . Horo cpesa) nastaeamr nynbnuhc.

r n n ~ n u e nnooxa B H ~ H ~ M ~ H H O M 0 6 5 e ~ e ~ 3 y s a e r - n n p o c T a- - ..-= .. ~~ -

T H K 8, B IIePeMeHHOM - n H P O n H H a M H K a. ~ H ~ O C T ~ T H K ~ H nHponnnaMnKa - pasnenta HayKH, ~ a s t a e a e ~ o f i B H y r p e H H e R 6 a n n H c r H K o fi. noner x e 6 o f i ~ a H ero snenpenne n nopony paccuarpenatol.cn BHeUIHefi 6 a n n n c ~ n ~ o f i .

B p e ~ n cropatinn nopoxoatax sapnnos a rpynronocax Mano. Aas- nennn, KoropHe peanasymrcn B Kamope cropanna, s a s ~ c n t o r Tuna nOpOXa H IInOTHOCTH 3apflXaHHR - OTHOlUeHHU MaCCH 3apRna m K o 6 % e ~ y V, m e e m pasnneqamr (A=m/V, r/cmS), nnotaocrb sapnxannn Moxer npeetamarb 1 r/cMS. n p n B ~ ~ C O K H X nnomocrnx 3apU- XaHHH (A>0,8 r/cMa) r0peHHe nopoxa npOHCXOnHT npaKTHseCKH Mrnoaenno. firm HntporneqepwnoBom nopoxa HEnJI10-10 MaKCH- Manbnoe nasnenne ( B M n a ) B KaMope rpynronoca B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT IInOTHOCTH 3aDflXaHHR MOXeT 6 t a ~ b OUeHeHO no a0pMyne

Mfia,

n p n nnnxennn 6 o e ~ a crsone H Ha Bxone B xnnrtocrb npeononesaer rnn- 150 pocrarnsecKoe naanetrae, cnny Tpenun B CTBOne, rHjlpOnHHaMH9eCKHe ConPo- THBneHHU, HHePUHlO XHILKOCTH, HaXO- nrueficn B cKeaxHne H np. Btaco~ne PHjXPOCTaTHYeCKHe AaBneHHR H MaJIaR loo nnornocrb sapnxannn Moryr npusecrn K MMY, TO y sHcrpennsaemom 60fixa CKODOCT~ 6ynm uenocrarosna m n or- 6opa o6paiuos, moxer n a x e numb 501

9

atecro o r ~ a s ( 6 0 e ~ ocraeTcn s crsone). 1 2 3 DIIr Ha puc. 56 Ann rpyHroHoca MCT9OM :F~i:f" 3zi,"'m~ By::,": IIpHBeAeHa 3aBHCHMOCTb nynbH0fi CKO- ,,, ,y,,a M ~ ~ W M oocrn 6 o R ~ a (tia staxone n3 ctnona) o r ~ D H D ~ S H W T H ~ - B T R ~ ~ C K B X

CKHX nannenanx, c ~ o r o p ~ u n scrpesamcn B CKsaxnnax. n o n ncb em. MOXHO, 3Hafl cnoRmsa noponw. ab16parb sapm. odecn a a w u l n ~ ordop KepEa. h H u m 6onbmoe ~ n a s e n n e m n ncnon sannn rpynmnoca. ~ ~ H I U K ~ H R H R 3apnn He odecnesm HYXFIO~O BX nennn 60&Ka B nopony, 3asHmenn~R a u w s e r npauepnoe e nenne H o6pble rpoca npa nsnnenenna. Hannsne xorn 6~ s ~ c n e p n ~ e n ~ a n b n o R T O ~ K H , c ~ n 3 ~ ~ a w q e R nannenne B 3one paccy aapnna H c~opocrb 608Ka (nanp~uep , msKa A na no Me m.=2 r, u=100 M/C, p=30 Mna) , no3sonnm s ~ b p a r b 3a an. n~nnesennn Kepna n.3 Y ~ O R xe n o p o n ~ npn n w 6 ~ x nannenn K O ~ He r o r p scrpmwbcn B cKsaxHne.

L R H KOppeKTnpOsKq sbI60pa sapnnos rpynmnocos npn np or6opax 06pa3uos peKoMennymcn ~ a p n x a r b 5-10 60R~oe naMn. OrnnsawunMncn npyr or npyra no uacce Ha 0 , 2 6 0 . 5 r.

r n y b e y nponwxasnn WAna a nopony ( s uetpax). norns WBKTHU noponhl, U O ~ H O ~ u q n c n m no npemomennol Mn bolros, y noropux oX~naJ!bnOR. nnm ~o~nuemofi . sawn me' npesuman nonyropa em nna sunnpnsec~oil @puyne

r e ma - uacca 60fi~a, nr; ds -nnauerp boR~.¶. M : v. - cropocra 6 0 8 ~ s s Men7 ynapa 0 nopony, u/c; K . - K O S @ @ R U H ~ ~ . pm~UsamIqHli C B O A ~ ~ nop ~eHnmurnRcn or 1,6 nnn rpanuta no 2 nnn nnomom rpyma.

npn suxone ns ctsona no scrptsn c noponol ISOM npeonmesaer np s nnne cnon xnmoern npmnmenn- I. Ecnn wIKeTHa CKO b sunera ns crsona v, s u/c (nynb~an croporr~) , TO cnopocrb boiira E/C) npn B c noponoR

oa = oa =P I- C~,Sll(%)l. me C - 6espa3uepnuA. nos@@~u~ent , nnn uunnnnpnsecnnx &Axon 6nnsnnA K xnue; p . - nnotnom XHBKOCTH. rIma; S - nnousnb nonepeqnom ceuennn na, mua; ms-uscca botina, r. Ha mom panne ~ ~ H X H I R S uoryt 6 u n no ycToRs~socrn 60Ana s nonew, urn cnom6no npwsonnra K em ynapy o no donou n paspymenluo.

B e p n e ~ c r K s ~ 6 o p y sapnna nnn rpynronocos. K p o ~ e pnc. ~ocnonb3ye~cn n a n n w n o snepweu~ocsn ( p a 6 0 r ~ paapyme 1 cu3 n o p o n ~ ) , ecnx OHH y nac 6ynyr. Cavoe cna6oe ~ e c r o pac no 3mR cxeMe B TOM, sm S H ~ P P O ~ M K O C T ~ noponbl name B npe paiona cnnbno Mennercn. Tar, nnn rsepnblx nopon Tarap I l e p r c ~ o f i o6nacrn ona luennmcn o r 5 no 70 AX/CM? n o ~ ~ 6 0 p 3apnna 6e3 nposenennn cwrsercraywllrnx ontttnslx 6yAeT HeTOqHHM. Korna HYXHHe AaHHHe WTb Hail MOrYT 6 H ~ b nOn nensl n3 O~HTOB, TO 3apfln ~ ~ 6 ~ p a e r c n cnenymUI~M 06pawu.

~ P H 0t60pe o6pasuos 6 o e ~ . BHenPHRCb B nopony, sac pymam ee. C ~ o p o c r a nnnxennn a naranb~blil uouenr npn ordope rsepnux nopon nocrnraer 250-300 M/C. Y n

nonocrn rpynmnaca noponoR noctamrna c~opocrb 1!20-180 n0p0na. 3anOJlHHH IIOilOCTb npII BHenpeHHH 601Ka. pa cnpeccoaunaercn B neM. noenennee sloxer name norp MeHeHHfl 3HasHTenbHHX ycnnnR npH H3BAeseHHH o6pa3 134

KaK IlOK83HBaeT OnHT, MOXHO CqUTaTb, 970 nMOBiiHa 06 'be~a noponH. 3anon~nwtueR 60eK. 6ynm paspymena. Ilpn 3 m ~ nano HMeTb B enny, TO ewe 60nbmnR 06.beU noponbl (npnvepno B nsa paaa). naxonn- uellcn nne bofi~a, ranlxe 6ynm paapymen. Ha pa3pymenne noponu H 6yner n~pacxonoeana KnneTnsecKan s n e p r ~ a 60fiKa. Bnenpnwqe- rocn B nnacT.

nycrb a 3HeplWeMKOCTb IIOpOnH, H 3 K O ~ P O R 0~6npamcu 06pa- 3eu, AX/CM~. 0 % ~ pa3pymennoA noPonu panen nonympnouy o6,beuy nonocrH 6oR~a . Torna npn o6aewe nonocrn, HanpnMep, b = 12 cua o h e r pa3pymennoR nopoaH 6 y n e ~ 18 clc3 H coorserct- senno rpedyeren 18.a nxoynee nnn ee pa3pymennn. 3 n a ~ Maccy m bokra, H 3 COOTHOIUeHHIl E=mvl/2 nonyYaeM CKOpOCTb 6 o R ~ a B MO- Merit yaapa. Ysreu norepw c~opocrn ~ ~ A K O M AV npn ero nenxennn B ~ H ~ K O C T H Ha nyrn OT c r s w a no noponbc n H ~ R J I ~ M nynbnyw CKO- pOCTb 6oR~a. B O C U O ~ ~ ~ O B ~ B I L I H C ~ H O M O ~ P ~ M M O R PHC. 56, npn nsaecr- HOM naaneunn n a R n e ~ M M C ~ ~ O ~ O X O B O ~ O sapnna, o6ecnesn~awuyw nyxnyw c~opocrb 6oR~a .

I'Ipnsenennan cxeua pacsera npn6n~xenna , B nepayw ovepenb 113-38 OTC~TCTBHR HYXHHX csenenmR o csoRcreax noponsl. I l o s t o ~ y Bcerna. Korna 3m BO~MOXHO, B H ~ O P 3apnna nyxnaercn B 3~cnepn- ~enranbnoR nposeplte nyreu onbtrnHx orc~penos rpynronocos B CKBaXHHe. Pacser Moxer 6 H ~ b PeKoMennosan nnn onpenenennn 3apRna TpyHTOHOCa, C KOTOpOFJ CnenyeT HaVHHaTb 3KCnepHMeHT B KOHKPeTHHX YCJOBHIIX.

n p n HCnOnb308aHHH ~ ~ ~ H T O H O C O B c uenbw noawmenun nanex- HOCTH csenennR o nnacre peKoMennyercn B KaxnoR rosKe 0~6npaTb He Menee nayx o6pasuos. M3 O ~ H O ~ O ~ H H X nnacTon o 6 p a 3 u ~ or6n- paror sepes 0,5, nwnnoponnux - 0,25 M.

Ilpn s ~ c n n y a r a u ~ n rpynmnocos npnxonnrcn crnrark.cn n c reM, 4TO cpennnR BHHoc Kepna J e I K H T OKOnO 70 % H .IT0 15-20 $ 60R- KOB npn stacrpene paspymamcn nnn He n3enewaercn. non'beu rpyn- TOHOCOB nnx nysmefi coxpannocrn O T O ~ ~ ~ H H H X 06pa3uos ocyuecrn- nnwT Meanennee, serc cnycs. ~ P ~ H T O H O C H nnn ~ ~ ~ O B H X H H ~ T J I H H X cKBaxnn PaccsnranH n# 30 3annos. npnaenennae nannble MoryT 6 ~ r b HcnonbwsanH m n onpenenennn sncna rpynmnocos H aanacnux neranek K HHM, H ~ ~ X O ~ H M H X nnn nunonnennfl s a n n a ~ ~ p o s a ~ ~ o r o 06aeua pa6or B KOHKP~THOR CKBaXHHe HnH PeI'HOHe.

B COB~TCKOM Comae H 3a p y 6 e x 0 ~ CyuecrBymr mpennmuHe ~PYHTOHOCH, pa3nn'1awweCn no nasnasennw, ra6apnrau H napa- Merpau npnuenennn. K ~ K npnMep s ra6n. 17 npHseneHH TexnHTe- cKHe xapalcrep~cmicn nerblpex H 3 HHX.

B o rnwne or c t p e n n w ~ x , d o ~ o s ~ e c s e p n n w e rpynronocbl ( K ~ P H O O T ~ ~ ~ H A K H ) B H ~ Y P H B ~ Y ~ . 0 6 p a 3 u ~ 83 CTeHOK ICKBaXHHH C no- ~ o q b w n p a q a w q e m n 6ypa. O K O H ~ W B 6ypenne. 6yp BMecre c unnnn- apnseclmu Kepnou nnauerpou 22 uw. naxonnwvcn s em IIOJIOCTH, ~osepauraelcn s rpynmnoc. ~n s e m nennmcn nanpannenne spa- luennn wompa. CnenywqnR . s ~ 6 y p ~ s a e u ~ A o6paseu BHsananBaer naxomqnRcn a 6ype KepH B Kaccery, H Ha 3eMn0A n o s e p x n m Kepn nsnne~alor n3 nee. n p n pabore rpynrbnoc IIPHXHMaeTCR rHApaWH-

135

~ n n MexaHnsecKHx onepaUHA ncnonb3yeren 3neKTponpa~on Hnn sneprnn cron6a mnmocrn. Koncrpyw~n annaparypu pasnmaercn B saswcHuoctn o r ~ o r o , B rra- nnx cKsamnax ona npaneanetcn, B o b c a x e ~ ~ t a x nnn neobcaxenn~x, paanblx no r n y 6 ~ ~ e R nasnasemalo.

B onngu ns nepntax 06paauo~ onpoheateneR nnn np06nrnn Kanana. COenR. HRmurero npodof6opnn~ onp060~a~enn c nnacrom. B o b c a x e n ~ u x CKnaxnnax "cnonsaosancn K Y M Y ~ ~ T H B H H ~ ~ sapnn. n p n STOM coanaaancn Kanan, nocrarowo my6oro npon~~alouwi l B nnacr. B cHny ~e6anbIrIoi uaccu sapnna ero sspue. o6ecneqnsan c o o 6 ~ e n ~ e c nnacton. me Hanocan noapexnen~fi annaparype H npar- THsecKn me nnnnn na coctan nnacmsoi x n m m n , 0~6npaeuoi onpo6onameu. Ha PHC. 57 n o ~ a s a n o PasueqenHe KyuynntnsHoro sapnna B Kopnyce onpohsa- refin OnK. Y~asannan cxena u o x e r 661th ncnonbso~ama B annapatype nnom Ha3HaqeHHR.

5 2. B3PblBHblE nAKEPbl

Paso61qe~ne nnacToe B 0 6 c a x e ~ ~ b 1 x CKBaXHHax - onepaunn, npo- BOnHMaH KaK npH HCnbITaHHH, TaK H B XOne 3KCnJlyaTauHH CKBaXHH. Paso61qe~ne nnacTos npn HcnHTaHHH nosaonner nonysnrb ~eo6xo- nmbte CBeneHnn o CocTaBe H napaMeTpax @nmnnos, sanonnnmunx ~aXnbIfi nnacr. Pa6ora BHnonHnemn Tax, s r o 6 ~ ee p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ ~ He npenRTCTB0BanH nocnenymqefi 3KCnnyaTaUHH CKBaXHHbI. P,aso6utam- IqUe ~ C T ~ O ~ ~ C T B ~ n0nXHbI JIerKO CHHMaTbCn HnH pa36ypCiBaTbc~. noenennee OrpaHHsHBaeT ~bl60p Marepnanos. Hcnonbsyehfwx nnn HX W3rOTOBneHHSI.

n p w ~ e ~ e ~ u e paso6qamqux ycrpofic~s npn 3KcnnyarasHH csnsaHo C H ~ O ~ X O P U M O C T ~ K ) H30nRUHH IInaCTOBhlX H 'IallIe - IIOnOIIIBeHHblX on. s ~ o BcTpesaeTcn B nep-

nennnx. s ~ c n n y a ~ n p y e ~ b ~ x c noanepxaHHeM nnacroeoro nasnennn 3 a e o n n e ~ n e ~ . n a - Kephl npHMeilffloTCR H npH

XOB H B3pbIBYaTblX BeUeCTB B ~ C T ~ O R C T B ~ X ~ T O ~ O THna OKa3aROCb ~ @ @ ~ K T H B H ~ ~ M , H B HacTonqee BpeMn cyure-

m a w A ~ $ T ~ H O C H U CTBYIOT MHOr04HCJTeHHHe Ba- onpenemwr nonome~ne pHaHTH B ~ ~ ~ ~ B H H X nasepos. xmnKoCn1oro KOHtaKMB B OCHOBHU~ pa6oru no cosna- n o s ~ o n n a r onpenennn c HHIO ~ T H X ycrpofic~a B cTpa- CTH, nOCKOnbKy OHa or6 He sunonnenac non py~oson-

CTBOM E. A. JIeanna. MCTOPH~~CKH CJTOXHJOCb

136 137

narr xonbuesbie naxepu). l l o s h l m e ~ ~ e nepenana naBneHHR nOcTHraeTcfl ~blnHBaHIleM Ha naxep uelrenra. OH x e 3amuqae~ nauep OT 803- a e R c ~ ~ ~ f l xacnorH npH XHUIOTHHX 06pa60~xax CXBBXHHH. naxepos, paCCYflTaHHbIX Ha nblcome TemnepaTypH H naBneHHfl, BH- 60p warepHanon, ~cnonb3yem~x B HHX ( B ~ ~ H B Y ~ T H X BeWWTB, Pe3HH, ~ e r a n n a uopnyca H np.), CylsWTBeHHO OrpaHHseH. bnbmHHcTso

uHXCfl MeTaJIJIH4eCXHX neranefi naxepa. 3apan PeXoHeHnYeTcn 3acHnarb sepe3 sopoHXy BO M O X ~ H H H ~ ~ B XOPnYc MeUIoseX H3 xnonsam6y~ax~of i He sne~~p~3yiO~ef iCf l TXaHH, KYna noMemamT H BocnnaMeHHTWIb. 3arem xopnyc r e p ~ e r n 3 ~ p y e ~ c n npo6xofi 4, ICON- pan BMeCTe c IIpHCOeJIHHeHHHM X Macce H BHBony xHnH ICadWIfl

3nex~pOBOcnnaMeHHTMeM 5 BCTaBnfleTCfl B wnoBHHy c norombw, ~axunnofi rafixn 3 npo6xa QrpaHHsHBaeTcfl B nePenBH- xeHHH. naxep c nomomm nepexonnnxa COWHHaeTcfl c ~ U o ~ ~ o f i wnH x O P f i Y C ~ ~ ~ K ~ M Y ~ B T H B H H M IIep@paTOPOM, HCnOnb3YeMHM

XaqKTBe rpysa. Coen~nenue ocymecTanaeTcfl c nomombm mapH- KOB, B OTnHqHe or 3 a p y 6 e x ~ ~ x 06pasuos B O T ~ Y W T B ~ H H ~ ~ PYxUHH ocymecrsnee npHHuHn aeToMarHsWXom OTCOenHHeHHfl naxepa OT rpysa, c I C O ~ P H M OH cnycxanca npH C P ~ ~ ~ T H B ~ H H H 38- pnna. Cxwa p a 6 o r ~ oruennetiiia cnenymmaa. no& neficTBHeM naB- neHHfl nopoxoBHX rasoa npo6xa naxepa 4 nepeMeruaeTcn BBePx no '

ynopa, ~ ~ 6 n p a f l 3830p, 6naronapfl seMy cranaHHe maPHxH 2, C O ~ ~ H - HflmqHe naxep H rpy3 I, nanysamT BO3MOXHOCTb B H ~ T H A 3 3auen- neHHfl, rpy3 cHnMaetcn c naxepa. Taxan cHcTeMa wUenneHHfl*

OTnHYHe OT npHMeHaemorO B pane anmapame P ~ ~ P H B ~ ocna6nen- 9 n e ~ e ~ ~ a xabenn, Ranexnee H npH c n y s a k ~ o ~ 3acTPeBaHHH

"axepa B xone cnycxa naeT 6onbme WaHCoB ZJfl em YCneUIHom Haanesenna Ha 3em~ym IlOBePXHOCTb.

Kax yxe rOBOpHJIOCb, nna e ~ 6 0 p a aapflna naxePa Tarn* THna H e o 6 x o n ~ ~ o ysHTHBaTb rxnpocTaTHsecxoe naBneHHe H B H Y T P ~ H H H ~ ~ nnammp 06cannofi XOfiOHHH. B X O T O P O ~ ~ OH YCTaflaanHBamfl. Ha

59 npHBaeHa noslorpamua, noasanflmmafl ~ ~ 6 n ~ a T b 3aPfln ,,axepa ~ n 1 1 8 nnfl p a s ~ ~ x cnysaes en, npHmeHeHHn. Pacc~oTpHM BH60p 3apgna naxepa, ycTaHaanHnaeMoro Ha rny6n~e 3 XM B CKBa-

noepexnenae em uopnyca. xHHe, 3 a n m H e ~ ~ o f i ~onofi H 06caxen~ofi ~ o n o ~ ~ o f i C BHYTPeHHHm U3 O ~ U I H X T P ~ ~ O B ~ H H ~ ~ , npennflanflem~x K B ~ ~ H B H H Y naxepau, nHaMeTpoM 130 MM. BOCCT~HOBHB IIePIIeHfiHKyfiflP H3 A

OTMeTHM, qm OHM IIOJIIUHH BHAepXHBaTb B ccfnone nepenan naaneHHn He menee 30 Mna H H M e T b CpaBHHTWIbHO rre6onbluym &nHHy ( ~ c ~ n m -

138

- \ ,

m,Kr (p=30 M n a ) a0 BCTpeqH C KpHB C O O T B ~ T C T B ~ ~ ~ U ~ ~ ~ BHyTpeHHeMy

0.8 MeTpy T P Y ~ H 130 MM, nOnYqHM KY B, OpnHHaTa KOTOPOR - HCK Macca nopoxosoro sapana (B HOM BaPHaHTe 0,136 Kr). r a 6 a

0.7 sblnycsaernslx B ~ a c ~ o a u e e ~p naKepoe 3 ~ o r o Tuna - 88, 92, 110, 118, 135 M M (COOTB~TCTB

0.6 Bn88, Bn92, Bn102, Bn118, Bn135). Ann Kaxn naKepos cywecreyer cson HO Ma, no3eonnloluan eblbapa~b 3a

45 npH pa3HHX YCnOBHRX eT0 npHM HHII B CKBaXHHe.

M3-3a Tor0 q T 0 KOnOHHH HHO Puc. 59. Horror a u ~ a nnn a u h p a HMemr s n n ~ n r ~ s e c ~ o e c e s e ~ aapnna naxepa &1118

BCeX UyqaSX rapaHTHpOBaTb UeHTHylo HaAeXHOCTb nOnyqaeMOr0 pa306we~nn. 0 6 3 T 0 M o n m HX YcTaHoBKu. n a ~ e p He scerna 06ecnesssaer yeepeHH JleHUe C T P Y ~ ~ M H , a He IIepeKpblTblk HM 3830P HeBeJIHK. B H ~ H B ~ H ~e6onbruoR nopunti ueMeHTHoro pacrBopa, nocTasneeeoro caMocn, TeJIbHO H J H B CIXeUHanbHO C~PO~KTHPOB~HHO~~ XenOHKe, HCnOnb MOB B KaqecTBe rpy3a H cnyc~aeuofi BMecTe c naltepou, 6blsaer craToqHo nna r e p ~ e ~ ~ 3 a q ~ ~ pa306qe~nn. n a ~ e p b l s ~ o r o Tuna BH xweamr nepenan nasneHHn B 35 Mna .

B pa6orax MOryT 6 b l ~ b H HeynaqH. OHU HWOrna CBR3aHbl C OT CYTCTBHeM TOqHblX naHHblX 0 BHYTPeHHeM AHaMeTpe 06cansoii KOnO Hbl. TO MOXCeT 6 ~ T b CJKnCTBHeM A ~ @ ~ K T O B B nOKYMeHTaUHH DO CK XHHe HJlH HenOyqeTa pe3yJbTaTOB p a 6 o ~ (B qaCTHWTH, npOCTpen H O - B ~ ~ ~ ~ B H H x ) , Bbln0nHeHHbl.x B Hek. B3pble~ble pa60Tbl MO BH3BaTb Pa3LIYTHe ~ p y 6 , a HanHqHe Ha 06caAHofi KOnOHHe OCTaTKO p a 3 6 y p e ~ ~ o r o ueMeHTHoro craKaHa sinu npyrux a a r p n s ~ e ~ ~ i r - cyxe- HHe CTBOJa. ~ O C K O I I ~ K ~ CBfl3aHHaR C 3THM O U I H ~ K ~ B ebl6ope sapsna 6blBaeT 3~a '4~~enbH0ff , UenCTBHeM MOryT 6 b l ~ b KaK nnoxan 3anpec- coma Kopnyca naKepa B 06caneym ~py6y . TaK H ero nospexneHse (no paspwea caMoro axe pa). k f ~ o r n a o m ~ 6 ~ a B ebl6ope sapsna sslsbleaerca HesepHblM onpeneneHueM rHnpocTaTwsecKom naaneHHs ( H ~ A O ~ ~ ~ T O M BblCOTbl CTaTHqetKOrO YPOBHX XHAKWTH B CKBaXHHe, BBeneHHeM B pacqeT HenpasnaHblx 3HaqeHHfi nnorHocTH sanon~nm- we* ee XHnKOCTH H np.). ~ ~ M ~ I O T MeCTO He6pe~HOcTb H npnMHe oma6m B ~ 6 0 p ~ e naKepa. Ha6nmnanocb nonananwe 06pble~os sepe- BOK B nonoc~b, m e pacnonaramrcn cTonopaqne mapHKa (cnenc~- sue- HeoTsenneHHe naeepa) HnH npnMeHeHHe B naKepax ~ n e ~ ~ p o - neTOHaTOpOB BMeCTO s ~ ~ K T ~ o B o c I I ~ ~ M ~ H H T ~ . H e d x o n ~ ~ o BO n36e- XaHHe ouru60~ BHHMaTmbHO KOHTpOnHpOBaTb CHapRXeHHe H ~ 6 0 p ~ y naeeuos.

Puc. 60. n a ~ e p u e~puemue mnnncosufi (a) H ueMemm- pososmufi (6)

f i n nsonnuna o b o p ~ ~ ~ e w e r o c n nnacTa npn npononxemnn sKcnnyaraunH nnacme. pacnonoxeHHau sume n HHxe, c03nam xmbue~ofi 83pHBmOfi naxep KBn. npenerasnaawfi coQR uemtpanbmo pacnonoxemmym ~py6y. ma KOHUH xompofi manem pga mpoananbmhlx nmux narepa. npn c p a 6 a ~ u e a ~ a a 3apnno8 naxepu paenpeecoBueaarcn e Konomme n nepexpueamf nnaxemme x n n x o c r ~ a3 n30nn-

yeuom ysacnta. npoxonnue orsepcmn uentpanbnok r p y 6 ~ y KBll118 R k~ni35 naauexpou 82 II 100 MM cooreeTcrseamo 06ecness~amr nponycx m @ n - ,wecwax npa6opoe H 060pyno~aman. H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M O ~ O nnn nrnnenylo~lefi sxcnnya- tauaa ursaxasu. 06opynosamme npn nnnme uearpanbmofi rpy6u. nrn~mramuerl 20 u, mocmrensmo a o x s o , n npouem meynaq npn ycramoexe naxepa KBn Meom nume, s e ~ nps ycTanoalte naxepos npymx ranos. Xorn meynasa me nMmr sara- q o @ w e c ~ o r o xapatcrrpa n naxepu nasne~arorcn, OHH He RamnH Maccoeoro npnrre- aeamx. Padorm man ax coeepmeHcmosamneu ycnemmo npononxamTcn.

T P Y ~ H , DpHqeM repMeTH3aUHfl wanmersr c @ H K C H P O B ~ H H ~ M ee B c x a m u COCTOHHHH. cmcn y n o ~ u ~ a s l u ~ f i c n sblure naKep ~ s p s r ~ ~ o f i B J P H B H O ~ ~ u ~ M ~ H T H P o B ~ ~ H ~ I ~ ~ (PHC. 60).

n a ~ e p BnLU COCTOHT n3 Kavepu, ~ a e ~ o f i nocne ycraHoertH naKepa Ha p y m ~ e f i sacTH. Cnyc~aetcff Ha KapoTaXHoM ~a6-e. nocnq cnyclta

1 Ha sanannsrfi HHTepBan TOKOM, nonaBaeMbln c 3e~nof i ~ O B ~ ~ X H O C T ~ ~ , BocnnaMemwr sapm. A ~ B ~ ~ H H ~ H nopoxoesrx rasos nopmeeu Kasrepsr nepeneHraeTcn O T H O C H T ~ ~ ~ H O Kopnyca, BnpeccoBsrsan B 8KOnOHHY pacnonomesesre Ha luroKe na~epywuek sacrH nnalum w cxnMan vanmeTy. Ha KoHesHoM s ~ a n e nsnxenun peeTcn mnenbm, coenn- Hxwluan KaMepy c na~epywruefi sacrbw, H osrcpsrsaercn Kanan. n o 3 ~ o n n w u ~ k nopoxossrM r a o a ~ BYRTH B CKBaxnny. Kavepa ucnonb- 3yeTCS MHOrOKpaTHO. T ~ K Xe KaK H B3PblBHHe IlaKepbl apyTHX THnOB, B ~ P W B H O ~ ~ naKep IIIJIHnCOBblfi npH H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M O C T H MOXW 6 ~ ~ s pas- ~ Y D ~ H . -.

Ann IlpOBeneHHn H30nFIUHOHHblX pa6or nyTeM 3aKasKH UeMeHT- Horo pacmopa B cKBamHHy non naBneHHeM no 30 M n a cosnaH H DpHMeHReTCU ilaKep B ~ P H B H O ~ ~ U ~ M ~ H T H P O B O ~ H ~ ~ ~ ~ n B U C HapyXHhlM nHaMerpoM 110. 118, 135 MM (nBU110, nBU118. nBU135). Mcnonb3yercn COOTBeTCTBeHHO B 06Can~blx KOnOHHaX nHaMeTp0M 117.7-124; 125.2-133 H 144-152 M M npH MaKCHManbHblX rHnpo- cTarHsecKoM nasneHHH 147 M n a u TeMnepaType 150°C. A n n ~ a 605-625 MM. n p ~ saMeHe KnanaHHoro ycrpoficssa sarnylu~ofi MO- XeT UPHMeHRTbCX aHanOrHYH0 lunHllCOBOMy IIaKepy.

~ P H H U H ~ p a 6 0 ~ ~ IIBU cnenywu~k . n p ~ IIOnXHTaHUH nopoxo- eon, sapxna ~ a c c o f i 120 r nasneliHeM rasos renbsa KaMepsl w e - qaeTcn O T H O C H T ~ ~ ~ H O Kopnyca, ocamnsan nnaxuw H cxitanran MaH- X e y no YnOpa B o6can~yw ~py6y . CKOPOCT~ nBHXeHHII IIOpUlHR PeTyJIHpyeTCX THnpaBnHseCKHM TOPM030M. 3anOnHeHHHM X H n K H M MacnoM. nocne nocanKw na~epywllrefi s a c m paspsrBaeTcx UnHJIbKa, coenHHnwuax KaMepy c na~epywulefi sacrbw. K a ~ e p a Hcnonmyercn MHOTOKpaTHO. B KO~e4~0fi CTanHH ABHXeHHX IlOPUlHIl npOAyKTH CrO- PaHHJI IIOnyqBiOT HblXOn B CKBBXHHY. 3 ~ ) IIepBaR U C T b pa6orsr.

Ann ~ ~ K ~ Y K H ueMeHTa naKep coenHHnloT co cnycKaeMsrMH B c m a - X H H Y HBCOCHO-KOMIIPeCCOpHhIHH ~ p y 6 a v ~ C B O ~ O ~ H O ~ ~ nocan~ofi cne- l l ~ a n b ~ o f i HY@TH Ha KOHeU IIITOKa IIaKePa. ~ P H OilpeCCOBKe naKepa B CKBaXHHe n o n a ~ ~ ~ f i C IIOBepXHOCTH C XHnKOCTbW onpeccosos~srA luapHK 3aKpHBaW OTBepCTHe B KnanaHHOM ~ C T ~ O ~ ~ C T B ~ , n03BOJlnH npOBepHTb IIO CHHXeHHIO naBneHHR Bo BpeMeHH TepMeTHqHOCTb p a 3 0 6 u r e ~ ~ u . llpn nanbnefiluev nossrlueHHn naanennn (bonee 7 M n a ) OH nponae.nisaercn, orKpsrean .ny+b nnn s a n a s n ~ ~ a n n n uearenra. n o OKOH'IaHHH 3aJIHBKH TOKOM B03BPaUaK)UerOCU UeMeHTa HaXOAR- mnficn B KnanaHHoM Y C T P O ~ C T B ~ naKepa luap 66nbmem naaueTpa nonnHMaeTcn H s a ~ p s r ~ a e ~ ny7b nnn 0 6 p a r ~ o r o neuxennn ueMeHra.

B ~ P H B H O ~ ~ naKep pac~psrealouruficn (I lBP) n p e n ~ a 3 ~ a s e ~ nnn YcTalloBKH PaweJHTenbHoro Mocra B 06can~ofi CKBaXHHe nocne CnYCKa eT0 HaCOCHO-KOMnpecCOp~ble T p y 6 ~ . U m n p a 6 o ~ BKnW-

142

H YCTaHOBKy B CKBaXHHe IIaKepa 30HTHKOBOrO THna 30HTHKOB. IlOCnenyWUyW 3anHBKy Ha HHX UeMeHT-

nocraanneMoro H cneuuanbnofi xenoHKe. axonnulefi AwaMeTp naKepa H X ~ ~ O H K H nHMHrnpoBaH

HaCOCHO-KOMnPeCCOPHb1X T P Y ~ ~ P H M ~ H ~ H H ~ H ycKopner npoBenesae H J O ~ U U H O H -

3KCnJlyaTaUHOHHHX CKBaXHHaX. nopoxosoro sapnna xenoHKn nonmywrca sasncH-

nnn X ~ ~ O H O K nnavmpou 42 H 48 MM rnnpo- H 3 o ~ e p a 6 0 ~ c ~ a c c o k sapnna nslvHoro

nvmefi~dro nopoxa, HcnonmyeMoro nnn BsrrecHeHHn aeMeHTa. . . Bonbqofi npax~asec~ail smrepec vorna 6 u npenctassrb YctanosKa pasobolam-

~sm y c r p o ~ n e a meo6cameamou amrepsane cwsamssu. O m a ~ o s srax yolosanx 06emeq~tb manexaoe cuennease nanepa c nopoxoil c n i wtta3aweA ysacrna paso6ueaan nenocpencreeaao B ~ ~ U B O Y . nOKa He ynattcn. onee IIepCneKrnBHuM npenmasnnercs pelueme sonpoca n p v scnonb3osaaan comserereyauuu pesnw. nnanuacc. u e v e w s m a xavHsecrH ~KTHBHYX seolecT8, r i s a~~one i l c~~ymuuu c. noponoe H Memny co6oR c iwueaeaaeM ctpynrypu, npossocrs, 06seua H @OpuH. B qrou cnpae 83pus Moxet cnocotkmoBaTb cMeluesam KOMnOneHtOB, BXO~PIIIYX s comas ~ounosnuui?. H ycKopeasm ax pepnensn. Mssec~~uA ssrepec npennam- an t t H npennomesse no senonb30saa~10 sspusa nnn 06pasosaaan s Mac* se- 6onbmm Komiesoro manpea& nocnemnil. cnocohrsyn +n~causa nonomeann pas@mamweli npo6m s snsone. s TOM sncne a coonasaeuofi c acnmosaHneu xsmwecnn aKmsaux aeuecra, woxet ynpocrarb pewenme sanasa. Cosetamqe nocmxennil B 06aacrt1 XUMHH H 83pusaplx npoqeCCOs no 9 m ~ y HanpaMmHm npnnasaaeren nmrepecauu.

C B ~ ~ ~ H H U 0 TeXHHWCKHX XapaKTepHCTHKaX OTnenbHslX naKepOB

120 60 0,211 B H Y W H H ~ ~ P ) I ~ ~ = P 6- caaux tpy6 ann owom mnopasuepa uenneren s npenenax 2-8 MM

200 I50 0.1

150 150 0.1 M a ~ w u a n b ~ o nonyc- pssnellwe uweumposswwa 30 Mna

120 30

1. O U ~ H H T ~ SHCJIO 3aPIIAOB. KOTOPUe YOCYT n01pC60BaTb~~ r p y ~ r o ~ o c o ~ 3000 06pa3nos noponu. H l t~cno 3anac~ux ~eo6xonuYux M n odecnevennn pa6oru.

2. Onpenen~rb 3ap.w M a ordopa o6pasuon n o p o w ecnn sneproevnocrh noponu 20 ~ X / C M ~ .

3. Bu6parb sapnn Ann naKepa BIl118: a) ecnK my6nna cnsamesu 3000 M H ona

nnomocrbm 1.1 r/cu3, eHyrpe~nuA nnaMeTp 6 ) TO me. no npn crarmqecI(oM yposile 500 M.

3anasa BcKpblrnrr nnacra B pa3senoq~ofi H 3KCnJIyaTauH0~HOfi CKBa- xnnax- c o w a ~ n e HanexHoro c o o 6 u e n n ~ nnacra co CrBonoM, o6ec- nernsaroqero nBnxeHne X H ~ K H X H ra3006pa3Hblx n o n e 3 n ~ x HCKO- naeMHX Ha 3eMHyIO nOBePXHOCTb, a B HarHeTaTenbHblX CKBBXHHBX - B nnacT. 0 6 b l s ~ o CKBaxHHy nocne sasepure~nn 6 y p e ~ n n KpenflT o6can~oR nonon~oR. nocnensee, nocne nep@opnpo~a~nfl , no3~onser H3B~leKaTb XHnKOCTb H ra3 TOqHO H 3 HaMeYeHHblX IlnaCTOB, 836erafl neperoKoe H npyrnx O C ~ O X H ~ H H R npH s ~ c n n y a ~ a u n ~ . H nOCKOAbKy nanb~ef iuee nenxenne @nrouna no crBony He ecrpesaer s a r p y n ~ e - HHR, aanara nep@opaonu c ~ o n n ~ c a K co3nann10 ~ a n e n t ~ o k rnnpo- ~ H H ~ M A ~ ~ C K O ~ ~ CBfl3H MeJKny ,n0p0n08 H CTBOnOM.

n p e r p a n a ~ n Ha nyrn @nronna n3 nnacTa cnyXaT CTeHKa o6can- HOB TPY~H, TOnWHHa Koropok K O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ T C I I O r 7 no 11 MM, cnofi ueMeHra (ero TonulnHa MeHRercrc OT MnnnnMerpoB, ecnn KonoHHa neXHT Ha CTeHKe CKBaXHHbl, A0 neCflTK0B CaHTHMeTpOB npH HaAHqHH Kaeep~ e creone), a TaKxe cnok 3 a r p f l 3 ~ e ~ ~ o f i npn 6 y p e ~ ~ ~ noponu.

O n ~ a ~ o Bcrpesarorcn n 6onee cnoxHHe cnysan - CKBaXHHbl c M H O ~ O K O ~ O H H O ~ ~ K O H C T ~ Y K L I H ~ ~ ~ , Korna sncno n p o 6 n s a e ~ ~ x nperpan ~BW-nrnsae~cfl.

Ecnn TOnUHHa CTeHKH ~py6bl H3BeCTHa. a cnoR qeMeHra MOXHO OUeHHTb, HCnOJIb3Yfl naHHble KaBepHOMeTpHH, TO ~ a c r u r a 6 3arpn3He- nHfl nOpOnbI onpenennrb Tpynnee. OH GTOXHHM 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ cs r r sa~ co csoeo6pa3ne~ MeCTOpOXneHHfl, XapaKTepHCTHKaMH npOAyX~BHOr0 nnacta H O C O ~ ~ H H O C T I I M H ero BCKPHTHII npn ~ Y ~ ~ H H H , npexne ncero Korna yrny6ne~ne cmona ocyqecrananocb Ha T R X ~ O M pacrnope nnn ConpoBoxnanocb OcnoxHeHnflMn. B nocnenHHx cnysarrx MOXHO

oxHnaTb 6onee m y 6 o ~ o e npoHnKaHHe 6ypoaoro pacTeopa B nopopy aa csel. s u c o ~ o r o nepenana nasnenun H ( P O ~ C H ~ O B ~ H H ~ X pexnMoB ~cnonb3oaa~nf l 0 6 0 p y n o ~ a ~ n n 6yposoR. K oseHKe ~ a c u r a 6 a saco- peHHfl cnenyer npnsneKarb naHHble rHC. 3acope~nro Moxer cno- C O ~ C T B O B ~ T ~ H IlPOHHKHOBeHAe B nOpOfiy UeMeHTHOrO pacrsopa npn qeMeHTHPOBaHHH 06can~ofi KOAOHHM.

- s a ~ ~ e R r u n f i 3neMeHT OCBOeHHfl CKBaXHHbl. Ann K ~ e f i PaCCMOTPHM HeKOTOPble CBeAeHHfl H 3

B nneansHoM nnacTe c pannyco~ KOH-

KHnOMeTpOB nnfl YZBOeHHn ne6nra B ZeCflTKH, a y~p0eH~f l -

~ ~ ~ H T O B QzIQI n p o 6 y p e ~ ~ ~ x e

-- --

~ P H npoqTpwe n e o 6 c a x e ~ ~ o f i CKBamHHbl c c o 3 n a ~ ~ e ~ KaHanos, npoHHKa~Il&Hx B nopony Ha r n y 6 n ~ y 1,. pannyc Ra ~ K B H B ~ ~ ~ H T H O ~ CKBaXHHbl c A ~ ~ H T O M , paBHblM n e p @ o p ~ p o B a ~ ~ o k , MOXeT 6 ~ l b Haft-

m e R, - PallHyC n p o c ~ p e n w ~ a e ~ o f i CKBaXHHbl; K- K O ~ @ @ H U H ~ H T .

~ ~ B H C I I L U H ~ OT nnmHocrn H KasecrBa nep@opaqnn, MeHflercfl OT H Y ~ R no enHHnuH; 1,-nnn~a KaHana. Coanarine KaHanoe n TpeUHH soKpyr crsona B pesynsrare npocTpwa yMeHbuaer conpornsnenue, npeonoaleBaeMoe r a 3 o ~ nnw xwnKocTblo npn nenxenwa Ha 3T0M YraCTKe, nO3BOJlflfl C03naTb ~ H ~ ~ O A H H ~ M H ~ ~ C K H ~ 3KBHBaAeHT CKBa- X H H b L 6onbmero panHyCa. O ~ H ~ K O pesb HneT 0 He3Ha~liTWbHoM yBWHseHUH ue6nra, nOcTHraeMOM n0Ue ~ a ~ 0 f i nep@opaqH~, no- CKonsKy n n m a npo6neae~blx KaHanoB - necflTKn canTnMerpos, a nnn YBWlrreHHR ne6nra B pBa w TeM 6onee B TPB pa3a HX my6nna. KaK 06 3TOM CKa3aHO BblLUe, jl0nXHa H3MepflTbCR MeTpaMH H name neCflTKaMH MeTpOB.

B TpeI&HHOBaTblx nOpOnaX r n y 6 n ~ a ~ P O ~ H T H R CHnbHee CKa3H- BaeTCn Ha YBWH'IeHHH npHTOKa. B HHX, B WCTHOCTH, COXPaHfleTQfl B O ~ M O X H O C T ~ BHxona nep@opaqno~~oro KaHana Ha nposnmeHHym ecrecreennylo TpeuHHY, c KOTOPOR panee cmon He coobuancn, H KaK cnencrsse-aa 3 ~ a q w ~ w b ~ o e ysennsenne ne6nra. Eonbmoe s ~ a s e - Hue npn nepQopaunn HMeer sslxon Kanana 3a 3ouy 3a rpf l3~e~nf l nnacra ~ ~ P O B H M ~ ~ C T B O P O M , BO MHorux cnysaflx flsnrlouyrocfl Mae- H U M 6 a p b e p 0 ~ npn nenxenwn X H ~ K O C T H B creon. Y x e caM KT co3na~nn KaHana sepe3 3 o ~ y 3arpfl3He~nfl cnoc06e~ CAenaTb aCYXYIO' CKBaXHHy B H C O K O ~ ~ ~ H T H O ~ ~ , a Y H H ~ K O ~ ~ ~ H T H H X - M H O r O K p a T H O no- BblCnTb npHTOK, TO onHa H 3 B03MOXHHX npIFlHH 3Ha9WTWbHOTO YBWHseHKR npnroKa. ~ a 6 n l o n a e ~ o r o B pflne cnysaee npn ynyrlueHHH KaqwrBa BCKPHTHX nnacra 3a cser npnMeHeHnu 6onee ~ @ ( P ~ K T H B H H X

rne h - ~ @ @ ~ K T H B H ~ R TonuHna nnacra; , Ap - pa3HOCTb B II?aCTe H CXBaXHHe; P1. H p-IIJIOTHOCTb H BU3XOCTb Knp- npoHnuaeMocTb nnacra;~ I?,- pannyc x o n v p a nn X H H H ; R o - PaAHyC CxBamHHH; C- 6 e 3 p a 3 ~ e p n ~ R X C X H H - ~ @ @ ~ X T ~ , xapax~epn3yer coaepmenwno FxeamHnu BCXPHTHII, Y'IHTblBaR XapaXTep ABHXeHHI XHAXOCTH nep@opnpo~a~noro nnacra, npnseM npH C=O c x s a m n a M H ~ ~ C X H conepmenna x Hecosepmenna npn C#O. C x s a m ~ poR nnacT nocne ecxpHTnn 6ypeHHeM He nepexpusancn B npnneramuleti x creony s o ~ e noponu ecrecsaennym n nannercn rHnponHHaMnsecxn co~epmennofi. HO Tax nnac+ nepexphlr XOAOHHO~~, ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ H T H P O B ~ H H O ~ ~ B n IIpaXTHXe IlPWXOAHTCR CTanXHBaTbCfl C PHAPOAHHaMHqeC IUeHCTBOM CXBaXHHH.

Or~omenne ne6nros rnnponnnaMnsecxu ~ecosepmennofi H coeep- lueE!HOfi CXBBXHH AaeT X O ~ @ @ H U H ~ H T rHAPOAHHaMHPeCXOID COBepmeH- CTBa CXBBXHHH

M n o r o s n c J I e ~ ~ ~ e nccnenosannn. BsEnonHenHue B Comse H 38 p y 6 e x 0 ~ . noxa3ann, TO nnn onnopo~nom saToro nnacra K O ~ @ H U H ~ H T CouepmeHcTna CxnamHnH c CHT OT w c n a OTB~PCTHR. npocfpennnaeMblx Ha ~ e r p nnHnH crsona. (nnornocrn nep@opaunn), ~ J I Y ~ H H H H V H C T O T ~ Kananoa, XapaxTepa TpeulnH, eo3~nxamnrnx B nopone eoxpyr HHX. H 3arpn3nennn mama. Ha. PAC. 61 npHBeAeHH cxeMbl nanmennn mnnxocrn ~3 06camen~ofi H a 06Came~~ofi H nep@opnpoeannofi CXB xaMn yxa3an0 Hanpannenne nsnmeHnH @nmnna. Ecnn HHA xanan Hesennx no nnnne H nnmb ' BHXOAHT Ha IIOPOAH sepes ueMenTnoe xonbuo, TO name npn ~ H ~ ~ H T ~ J I ~ H o R nnoT- HOCTH nep@opaunn X O ~ @ @ H U H ~ H T CoBepmencTBa He npesumaer 0.6 H COOTBeTCTBeHHO n e 6 n ~ CXBaXHHH 3aHHXeH. B CBOD OPepem y cxnamnn c X O P O ~ O ~blnonne~nofi nep@opauneR, sm B OCHOBHOM p a 3 ~ e p a t . t ~ H snctorofi 0 6 p a 3 o e a ~ n ~ x xananon, xo3+ @ H U H ~ H T COBepIUeHCTB8 6 y n e ~ CyuleCTBeHHO 6 0 n b ~ ~ M . Kpoue my- ~ H H H IIPO~HTHR Ha A ~ ~ H T BnHneT AHaMetp 06pa3o~annoro ~ a ~ a n * . EUH OH MeHbUIe 6 MM, TO BAHRHHe AHaMeTpa Ha X O ~ @ @ H U H ~ H I

npnraep sacrHuaun rnnnncmro pacTsopa, nnn sax YXyAlualoT YCnOBHH ABHXeHHX XHAXOCTH B CTBOJI. nMeTb B enny. PTO. B OTnnqne OT xanana npn nyneso xanan, c o 3 n a n a e ~ ~ f i ~ y ~ y n n ~ n a n o i t ~Tpyeii, no nnnne ne IlOCTOflHHOKl Ce9eRAH H AHaMeTp e m YMeHbUlaeTCn X XOHUY. pony YMenbmennn nnaMmpa 06pasyevoro xanana npH x y ~ y n nep@opauun nnnner n p o c ~ r ~ n p o - H reocrasusecxoro naenwnu. npn u o m p o ~ nHnonnnmcn npocrpen. Ynennsenne nHaMerpa donee 12 M M yme H e c x a s ~ e a e ~ c n cyurecrnen~o na KO. Pac 146

Put. 61. C x e ~ u naHmeHHn xcHnaocrH B ~ e o 6 c a x e ~ ~ o R (a) n 06camem~oR H nep@opHposaHHoR (6) cKsaxHHe

nne xananon B cTnone no cnHpann a B uraxMaTHoM IIOpRAXe ysejrn- qnnam, no cpasnetinm c pacnonomeHneM no on~of i ~ H H H H , x03@- ( P H ~ H ~ H T COBepmeHCTBa Ha 10-15 $. T ~ X H M o6pa30~ . BCXPHTHe nepexpuroro XOJIOHHO~~ HneanbHoro nnacTa c nosHmenneM XO~@@H- UHeHTa COBepmeHCTBa A 0 BWHqHHH, 6nn3xoR X eAHHHUe, BHnOJI- H R ~ T C R , m n npn nep@opaunn co3nam~cn xaHanH my6nnofi 10- 15 CM, AHaMeTpOM 10 MM H 6onee, C 10-20 OTBepCTHRMH Ha MeTp. Korna m y 6 ~ ~ a xatianos B nnacTe Menbme, Ann nonysennn pannoro s @ @ e x ~ a norpe6ye~cn 66nbman nnorHocTb nep@opaunn. Bce pac- CYXAeHHII OTHOCRTCX X CXBaXHHe C ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ e f i 3 a ~ p y 6 ~ 0 f i H ~ O P I I L I H ~ ~ ~ .

B CXBaXHHe C 3aTPfl3HeHHHM, C ~ O H H X ~ H H O ~ ~ IlpOHHIIaeMOCTbK), cnoeM noponu. npnMuxamqnM x creony, Ann nonyseHnn Hymnoro X O ~ @ @ H I I H ~ H T ~ . c o ~ e p m e n c ~ ~ a T P ~ ~ Y ~ T C I ynennqenne rny6~HH npo- ~ H T H U H ~ H npn n p e ~ ~ e f i my6nne- 66nbman nnornocrb nep@opauns.. HO OTMeTHM, 3a6eran BnepeA, PTO nyTb, C B I ~ ~ ~ H H H ~ ~ C POCTOM IlnOT- HOCTH , n e p @ ~ p a u ~ n , MOXeT HMeTb H HeTaTHBHHe IIOCJIeACTBHII - napymenne ueMeHTnoro xonbua n ero H ~ O ~ R U H O H H H X xasecTn B 30ne pa6orb1, ycnomHnmmee ncnHTaHne H 3xcnnyaTaunm cxnamnnbl.

~ n n p o n n n a ~ n s e c x o e coaepmencreo CxBamnHbl mnneT H Ha npo- n y x ~ n e n o c ~ b Mecmpomnennn. Onpenennn sucno H nonoxenne 3a- KnafiHeaeMHx CKBaxHn npn cocraanennn npoexTa pa3pa60~xn. B pac- Peru naonnr n p e n n o n a r a e ~ ~ f i X O ~ @ @ H U H ~ H T HX CoBepmencTBa.

nonaanamqee ~ O J I ~ ~ H H C T B O cxeamnn nocne 6 y p e n ~ n o6caIxH- eaeTcn XOJIOHHOR. kicxnlosenne cocraennmr cnyqan, xorna nnacr ocTannnmT n e n e p e x p ~ r ~ ~ x o n o ~ ~ o f i H ~ H nepexpblnamr @nnb+po~ - CeTraTHM H ~ H IIpOBOAOsHHM. B nepB0M O ~ H ~ H O HMemT Am0 C 60Jlb- U H M H no IlpOTnJXeHHOCTH nnaCTaMH, CJIOXeHHHMH OPO'IHHMH nOpO- naMn. no BmPoM - e nnacravu ~3 BucoxonponnuaeMblx, nnoxo XOH-

-~ CJWCTBHeM TeXHOnOrHH OCBOeHHR > X B ~ X H H H . Tax, W H HHTepBan nponyxrnenoro nnacra, npoTnB xoroporo npononnncn 6onamoR B3pblB. O ~ C B A H T ~ , TO IIOnOXHTWIbHHe pe3yAbTaTH B3pHBa 6yiX)"T

Bee MeTonta ~ C K ~ ~ T H R nonmnbl C ~ O C O ~ C T B O B ~ T ~ c o 3 n a ~ ~ m nyreR nenxceHnn @nmnna c MeHbmHM ConpornnneHneM Ha yracrrce nnacta,, npnMblKamuero K CTBony. n a m e ~ p e q ~ ~ a ~ e s ~ a r n T e n b ~ o f i ~ H P U H H

cnoco6~a 80 M H O ~ O pas, no cpaenenwm c ,@nnb~pauwefi sepes nopony, YMeHbmHTb ConpoTneneHne, BcrpesaeMoe @ n m n n o ~ npu nBnmenwn no ~ e f i , He roBopn y x e o nsHxeHuu no IIpOCTpeJIeHHblM KaHanaM, m e COnPOTHaReHNIl He3HaqHTMbHbl. Kananbl O ~ H ~ H O C03namT nynsMn. ne f i c r sne~ ~ ~ c o ~ o c ~ o p o c ~ ~ o f i CTPYH, 06pa30eaeureRcn npx ~3ptane KyMynUTHBHblX 3apWOB. Kpobie TOrO, 3~0fi UenH HCnOflb3yloT U rnnponecKocTpyfiwym nep@opauam, nonaaan BR3KYIO X H ~ K O C T ~ , conepxauym a6pa3us -necoK, s a u e ~ s a p u e a ~ f i . B Konusecrse 50-100 K ~ / M ~ , HarHeraeMym HacocaMn sepes rpy6bl. CnyueHnHe B CKBaXHHy K HacanKaM r~nponec~ocrpyf i~oro nep@opa~opa. nono6- H U M CIIOCO~OM pa3MblBaMT OTBePCTHIl B ~ p y 6 e H nOJIOCTH B UeMeHT- HOM Konbue H nnacse, 06ecnesnean xopomne ycnoswn nnn nanmenus @nmena. HO TO cnoxnan B nbl,nonHeHHn H noporan onepausin. Mnorna, B OCHOBHOM B ocnomnennblx YCROBHUX, nnx B C K P H T H ~ nna- CTa HCnOAb3Yh3T Topnennposanue, :npn K O T O ~ O M neficsnne aapslea @ Y ~ ~ C H O ~ O 3apnna CTpeMnTCn Ol'PaHHsHTb PerJIaMeHTHPOBaHHblM Ha- PyIIIeHHeM UeJIOCTHOCTH o6can~ok TPy6bl ( C O ~ ~ ~ H H ~ M B neR TpeUHH 6e3 sblpblea K ~ C K O B ~ e ~ a n n a ) c 0 6 p a 3 0 s a ~ ~ e ~ Tpeqnn B U ~ M ~ H T H O M .

Konbue n nopone. T a ~ o f i MeTon B C K P ~ ~ T H R ycnemno npmennncn B CBOe BPeMR B.HarHeTaTenbHblX CKBaMHax T Y ~ ~ Y ~ ~ H H C K O M H ~ @ T U - H O M MMeCTOPOXneHHn.

~ ~ C T O ~ H H K O M s ~ e p r u w B nynesblx H Topnennslx nep@oparopax n ~ n n m ~ c n CmaTue no BucoKoro nasnennn r a m , MeTamurne nynm nnn caapnn. r a m 06pasym'rcn npn cxnrannn nopoxonblx 3apnnon.' Y KyMynxTHBHblx nep@opampoe Hcnonbsyercn HanpaBneHHoe neficr- Bne BspHBa, Korna saCTb s ~ e p r n n 3apma peannsyercn B @ o p ~ e :

' 3 ~ e p r ~ n B ~ ~ C O K O C K O ~ O C T H O ~ ~ ~ e ~ a n n n 3 n p o ~ a ~ ~ o f i crpyn, npo6nsamueR nperpanbl, CTOHUHe H a ee nyTn. n y n e n ~ e n KyMynnTHnHbrel nep@o- pampbl onycKamscn B ~ O H Y HCnOnb30BaHHS Ha ~ ~ O @ H ~ H ~ ~ C K O M ~ a 6 e -

' B Hacmnlqee spevn OCHOBHOR o k u BcKpUmn nnana csnaas c Kyuynnrss- ROA H nYneaoA nep@opauneR, npuvev odbev npmveHeHHn nepeoR ruoro 6onbme. Ha ITR nsa xnacca nepWpampos npuxomrea caume 95 % pawr, sunMnneuux no s c l r p u m ~ ~ macta.

148

\ ne, \s oTAenbnux cnysanx- n Ha nacocno-KoMnpeccopaux ~py6ax . n0npblB OCylUeCTBnfleTCfl 3JleKTpH'leCKHM TOKOM, nOnaBaeMblM C 3eM- H O ~ OBePXHOCTH no 1ta6enlo HnH MeXaHHseCKHM nyTeM C IJOMOIlIbKI

Kancknn-neTonaTopa HaKonbHoro neficTBHJI. Ero cpa6a~blaanne same ncero,,ocyqecrBnneTcn nyTeM nonasn K nep@oparopy no T p y d a ~ C 3eMpOA ,nOBepXHOCTti B TOKe ~ P O M ~ ~ B O ' I H O ~ ~ XHIIKOCTH Pe3HHOBOI'O mapnya. Hanaenesan~e uapwKoM HaKonbHoro ycrpoficrsa, pacnono- xennotu B ronone nep@oparopa, B H ~ H B ~ ~ T B ~ P H B Kancmnn n Bcefi neronauwonnofi uenw. npennonaranucb H npyrwe cxeMbl HHHUHHPO- Banns, OnHaKo Maccoaoro npuMeHeHnn OHH He Haurnn.

C BHCTpWIOM KaK CpenCTBOM c o o 6 u e ~ n n MeTaeMOMy ~ C T ~ O ~ ~ C T B ~ ~ e o 6 x o n ~ u o f i CKOpOCTH M b l Il03HaKOMYJlHCb B M. 5. PaCCMaTPHBaR cTpennmmae ~PYHTOHOCH. n p n nynesofi n ~HapflJl~ofi nep@opaunn MeTaeMblM 0 6 ' b e ~ T o ~ SBnReTCfl nynfl H i l H ~e60nbmofi pa3pblB~ofi CHB- pnn, nocrpoenn~fi no cxeMe 6po~e6of i~oro csapnna. nepeblfi ore- secTseHnblfi nynesofi nep@oparop 6bln npennomea B 1931 r.. onnarto nonaoe npnswa~ne MeTon nonyrun B 1933-35 r., Korna B 6aKy n r p 0 3 ~ 0 ~ CTanH npHMeHI1Tb pa3pabo~an~tae H YCOBeplUeHCTBOBaHHble K. A. B ~ ~ H ~ K O B H M , C. 5l. J~HTBHHOBHM, T. H. CT~OUKHM H np. nyne- s u e nep$opa~opbl. B 1938 r. M. %. 6ep~0Bws H K). A. Kononnxc~blfi cosnana nep@oparop, ~s l~~peJII i~amulI i f i pa3pblBHblMH csapnnakln. B nocneeoenntae ronu JI. A. rop6en~o . A. n. ~ n s n a p n ~ b l ~ . M. JI. 30- nnHblM H np. npennomenbl nynesue nep@oparopu nosblmen~ofi npo- ~ H B H O A c n o c o 6 ~ o c ~ ~ C B ~ ~ T U K ~ ~ ~ H O - K ~ H B O ~ H H ~ ~ ~ H ~ ~ M W CTBOAaMH.

C BHenpeHweM KyMynnTwsnblx nep@opa~opoe npwMeHeane nyne- BblX pe3KO COKpaTWnOCb. B 06u.w~ 0 6 % e ~ e p a 6 0 ~ nO BCKPtaTHm nnacra nyneeble nep@oparopbl HcnonbsymTcn ropasno pexe, seM KYMY- JIRTHBHble. CyqecTBe~~ylo pOnb B 3TOM CblrpanO YMeHbUeHHe nHaMeTpoe 06canHHx K O ~ O H H , nb13~a~mee YKOpa'lFBaHHe CTBOnOB nyneeblx nep@opa~opos H. KaK cnencrnne, cnnmenne CKOPOCTH H npo- 6ns~of i c n o c o 6 ~ o c ~ ~ nynb. 3 ~ o Xe O ~ C T O R T ~ J I ~ C T B O c n o c o 6 c ~ ~ o ~ a n o c o 3 n a ~ ~ m nynesoro nep@paropa c sepr~~anb~o-~pw~onw~ekHblM C T B O ~ O M (nBH) , BblcTpenesammero nynefi B HanpaBneHHH OCH cKna- XHHH c OTKnoneHneM ee B Konqe noneTa B c~opony nnacra c no- ~ o u b m ncKpHaReHHoro yqacrxa CTnona. 6naronapn TOMY TO y nep- @oparopa IlpaKTHseCKH HeT 0rpaNHseHliA Ha WIHHy CTBOna, a n0TepH 3HePrHH Ha Y'iaCTKe HCKPHBneHHU CpaBHHTenbHO HeBUHKH, YAaeTCR ~006ulaTb B H C T ~ ~ ~ H B ~ ~ M O ~ nyne ~ a c c o f i 100 r c ~ o p o c ~ b no 600- 900 M/C, 06ecnesn~an ee rny6onoe nponnicnoaenne B nopony. n p n stacrpene u3 nep@oparopo~ c ~ O ~ H ~ O H T ~ ~ ~ H O pacnonomeHnuMn CTBOnaMH CKOPOCTb nynb 3HaqHTenbHO HHXe, W'O, eCTeCTBeHH0, Orpa- HHsHBaeT HX n p 0 6 n ~ ~ y m C I I O C O ~ H O C T ~ .

n y n e a ~ e nep@oparopu MOXHO pa36nTb Ha nne rpynnbl - c ropn- 30HTaAbHO H C BePTHKanbHO PaCnOJIOXeHHblMH CTBOAaMH. B CBOIO Osepenb, y IIepBHX MOXHO BhlneJlHTb nep@opaT0pbl C CeileKTHBHHM, nOnyCWleKTHBHblM H 3aJlllOBblM BblCTPUHBaHHeM nynb. Hanoneu.

149

- . ~~~- -- - Puc. 62. 3apnnnue ysnu nynesux H cnapnnnux nonbmsanue nnn B C X ~ H - nep@pampos THU nnacfa B XOHXD~TH~.~

-- .~. - -- --. .... . Ha pnc. 62,a. noxajana nbn~sunnanbnan cxeMa sapnnnoro ysna

nynesoro nep@oparopa c r o p ~ s o n r a n b n ~ ~ BHcTpenHsanneM nynu, c HnnHnHnyanbnuM BoCnnaMenenneM sapnnos. OH COCTOHT ~3 xaMopu c ~ O P O X O B H M s a p n n o ~ H nocnnaMenHreneM 2, creonbnoro xanana 4, nynn 3, repmern3~pymu~x npodos I. Bce pasmeweso B ~ e r a n n ~ s e - , CXOM XODnYCe.

~ l n n ' n d s ~ m e n n u CKO~OCTH nynb B nep@oparope ncnonbsyercn BH- COXaH IIAOTHOCTb 3apRXaHHR - no 1.3 r/cM3. TO n03BOnHeT nOnHUTb HasanbHoe nannenue nopoxossrx rasos B xancope H y s e n ~ s ~ r a pa6ory nponyxToa cropanas, pacxonyexym Ha nHcrpennsanHe nyne. Y nep@opatopos sannosoro neficrsnn s a p n n ~ B xaMopax nonxn- ralorcn r o p n s ~ r ~ r a s a ~ n , pacnpocrpannmuHMHcn no ornenposon- H O M ~ ranany o r sananbnofi xaMepH.

n p ~ n s ~ n ~ a n b n a r cxeMa sapnnnoro ysna ropnenxoro nepaoparopa IO. A. Kanonnxnoro (TIIK) npnsenena Ha pnc. 62.6, m e 1- xasropa c nOpOXOBHM sapnnoM H BocnnaMennreneM, p a s ~ e q e n n a n 6 xopnyce nep@opampa, cnapnxaercn HacHnnHM nnacrnnsarHM nopoxou; 2 - crnon, ~ ~ H H s i i s a e M ~ f i B xopnyc nep@oparopa; 3 - cuapna c ~e60nbl l l~M s a p n n o ~ a s p ~ ~ s a ~ o r o eeqecrsa H s s p ~ s a r e - AeM C 3aMeAJleHHeM. BH3HBaK)UHM B3pHB p83pblBHOIY) 3ap811a TOnb- KO nocne npoxomneunrr cnapnnoM ecex ecrpesamqnxcn Ha nyrH nperpan. C p a s n ~ r e n b ~ o nenHcoxan cxopocrb, xoropym nonysaer cnapnn, BHneTan n3 creona. He naer eMy s o s v o x n o c ~ ~ rny6orto npoHnxnyrb B nopony. Wssecrnu cnysae. xorna B ~ P H B npoHcxonHn cpasy s a 06cansoh tpyboR, susslaan ee nospexnense H yxynureune npoxonurocrn crsona. Ypove TOTO. Manan Macca P ~ ~ P H B H O I Y ) 3apnna He lI03BOJIflef paCC9HTHBaTb Ha 3Ha9HTWIbHOe T ~ ~ U H O O ~ P ~ ~ O B ~ H H ~ B nopone B sone sspuna. B cHny C K ~ ~ ~ H H O T O , a r a x x e cnoxuocrn

yc~poficTBa, ~ ~ 3 x 0 8 npOH38011HTenbHOCTH nep@opalop H M W OFPaHH- seHnoe npnuenenne, a cehsac npaKTHsecxH He npHMennercn. Cava me hnen - nep@op~posarb cxaaxHHH ~ ~ O H ~ ~ O ~ H H M H cnapnnane - s 6Mee cospeuenuou rexnHsecxoM o @ o p ~ n e n n ~ s a c n y x ~ s a e r BHH- uanwn. n p n pa60rax c T n K Hnorna OrpannsHsanHcb n p o 6 H r ~ e ~ xaiiara. ncnonbsyn suecro cnapnna c p a a p ~ s ~ ~ ~ s a p n n o ~ r n x ~ y m werannesecxym nynw.

3apnnHHh y3en nep@opampa eeprnxanbno HanpasnenHom (PHC. 62, e) s w w s a m KaMopy 1, r e p a 3 ~ e u a m r nopoxoeble sapnnu ( 0 6 ~ 9 ~ 0 na naa crsana), crson 3 c nynefi 2 H npobxy 4. s a x p ~ e a w - uym euxon H3 crnona. C T B O ~ m e e t H C X P H B ~ ~ H H H ~ ~ PacTox 5. n n u - Ha crsona (no 200 MM) nocrarosna nnn c o o 6 q e n ~ n s ~ c o x n x cxo- p m e h s ~ c r p e n ~ s a e ~ o h nyne. TOT nep@oparop a CpaBHeHHH c npyrHMn 6onee cnoxen no X O H C T ~ ~ X ~ H H . He nosson~er 06ecnesnrb BHCOXyKl npOH3BOnHT~bHOCTb npH BCXPHTHH IlnaCTa. HO B CHny J H ~ ~ H T W I ~ H O ~ rny6nnb1 X ~ ~ O ~ H T H I I H cnoc06nocnl C03naBaTb TpeUHHH noxpyr xauana OH sasoesan nposnoe mecro cpenu cpencra scxpurnn nnacms, npencranneHHHx B nepnym osepenb tdanonponnqaeubllru noponaru cpennefi xpenwrn, H B cnysIae cnnbuoro sarpusne~nn npa-

npa npoHRKHOWHHH n y i B nperpany cnna conpoTnMenan epenu s mommn- saa m smpuu saaoaom HMomaq

P=-m,,(&/&). (6.5)

me S. - momaim nonepesnoro eAennn nyna; L- m$$wuaea+. p ~ m s a a l s 8 ~ ce (popwy, npwiauam pasmum sin'a (a-nomssna yrna saoerpennn mnosml sanm nyiia); p. - mornam xannars; v - euopoerb nyna; pr - nllpocnm- recnoe nasmane s cusaxnne. Bupaxeane @.vz xaparrepaayer rnnpnmamnse- caoe conpmnMeane mamma. noenmbny nyrb n y ~ n s Z H ~ K ~ no .OMTPR e0 crr~aoR casamnsu. K ~ K npasmno, man. nompn caoparrn na srou p a m e nese- mna. R m s o mnornx UI)"I~RX YOMHO npeue6perb. n m p a suepram nyma ma noodatae cramno& rp@u vornno osennm no @puyne

mc KI - mN$nunmr, ~ommneno yswrusamwa w n p m m a e marrpwma +ov6u nweauasnrouy aarpyrnenm; dm - naaump nyna; b -mnuuma C ~ H K E

m e m.. d. - macca n nnaue+p nym; K. - YOS@~IURBT. sa811cnm~R m CBORCIS

reM npn nposnx paartux o 6 c ~ o n r e n b c ~ ~ a x cnnbnee neRcrsHe sspuaa Ha 0 6 5 e ~ r u CKBaXHHH. EUIH Xe nnOTHOCTb 3BpUXaHHU B nep@oparope HeaenwKa. TO rasu nspuea HMemr Mecm m n Hasanbnom pac- mHpeHHn H Bonna, yxonuuan B xlrnKocrb, o6nanaer cyuecraenno donee HH3KHM jla&neHHeM.

EeCKopny~~bIe KYMYilUTHBHble nep@0pa70pbl C 60~1bluHUH HHm- BHnyanbHHMH 3apHnaMH C nnOTHOCTbh3 3apJlXaHHU OKOnO 0.5 ~/cM' npH OAHOBpeMeHHOM B3pblBe 3HasHTWIbHOrO sHUIa 3apUAOB H nn0T- HOCTH nep@opaqee no 10, a c yreroM noeropnux npocrpenoa (no HeCKOnbKHX AeCUTKOB O T B ~ P C T H ~ ~ Ha MeTP CTBOJla) nOTeHUHaJIbH0 ~ e c y r 60nbmym onacuocrb cKaaxnHe. l locnen~un ycyry6nuercu Ha- nHsneM ~ ~ @ ~ K T O B B ueMeHraxe Kononnu. C ~ O C ~ ~ C T B ~ ~ ~ H X He ronbrco HaPYUleHHlO IleMeHTHOrO KOJIbUa, HO H IlOBpeXneHHIO T P Y ~ nPH nep- @ O ~ ~ U H H , ~ A H ~ O C T ~ H ) ~ ~ ~ O B O ~ O H ~ @ T R H O ~ O KOHTaKTa H n e k c r n n e ~ puna npyrwx @ a ~ ~ o p o s .

B HccnenonaHHnx Ha Monennx n o ~ a s a ~ o , sm B onHHaKosux ycnoenux sunonnennn onuroa pa3pymenne xopoluo saueMeHrnpo- n a ~ ~ o f i K O ~ O H H H c BHPUBOM KYCKOB Meranna Hacrynaer npn orno- menen nnawerpa unnnHnpnrecKom sapnna K aHyrpeHHeMy naaMerpy ~py6b l &nee 0,4 npH nJIHHe 3apRAa B lueCTb AHaMeTpOB ~py6bl H 60- nee, B TO BpeMR KaK npH HanH4HH 313 ~py60k BOnH- y x e npH OTHo- wetinn 0.08-0.14 (CM. ra6n. 20). C p o c r o ~ rHnpocrarwsecKoro nas- nennfl a y r a c ~ o e nekcrane nanaer.

C y u e c r a e ~ ~ o orMerHrb, s r o nospexnenne 3 a ~ p y 6 ~ 0 m ueMeHra npw nep@opauws Moxer 6 ~ ~ b cnoenpeMeHHo He saMeseHo 3 a ~ a 3 9 ~ ~ 0 ~ H HCnOJIHHTefleM, nOCKOJlbKY IlOCJIeACTBHH BblUBnRlOTCU Ha donee n03nHHX 3TanaX 3KCnnyaTaLIHH CKBaXUHbl. H a n p n ~ e p , npOpblB BOnU no O ~ H O M Y e3 nnacron K crnony npw sanonne~nn Moxer conponox- narbcu ~ 3 - 3 a nospexneHHu 3arpy6~0m ueMeHra O ~ B O ~ H ~ H H ~ M cMex- H ~ X nnacron, BuHyxnan npononmrb H ~ O ~ U U H O H H H ~ pa6oru. B cnere C K ~ ~ ~ H H O ~ O nocne s ~ c r o c$yrac~oro TopnennponaHHn ~aa6onbmylo OnaCHOCTb Ann UeMeHTHOm KOnbUa npenCTaBilUK7T pa6orbl no BCKPbI- T H ~ c ncnonbsosaHneM ~ ~ C K O ~ ~ ~ C H H X nep@oparopoa. n o s r o ~ y nu- coKan n p o ~ 3 ~ o n ~ ~ e n b ~ o c r b rpyna npn BCKPMTHH, nOcrnraeMan c 6ec- KOPnYCHhlMH n e p @ ~ p a t ~ p a ~ l i , He BCerna MOXeT 6 u ~ b AOCTaTOqHHM ocHosanneM nnn a ~ 6 o p a Merona BCKP~ITHH nnacra.

Kasecrno BcKpurnu nnacra nep@oparopa~n xapa~repesyer co- crounne 06pa30~aemerocn a nopone KaHana npn npocrpene. K p o ~ e s o s ~ o x ~ o c r w nepeKpuTHn e m necroM, 0 6 p a 3 y m u ~ ~ c u npn cpa6aru- Baniin K ~ M ~ ~ R T H B H ~ X aapnnon, onacno sacopenne KaHana sacre- UaMH rnHHH, O T @ H ~ ~ T P O B ~ B ~ ~ H M H C U H 3 PaCTBOpa H OTnOXHBUIHMHCfl Ha c rewax KaHana, Korna BcKpurne conepulanocb Ha penpeccnn. T ~ K , no naHHuM H. r. r p n r o p n ~ a , npn BCKPHTHH nponycKHau cno- C O ~ H O C T ~ Kaiiana npH nepexone o r penpeccnn K nenpeccm Moxer MeHnrbcn 6onee seM Ha nopunox.

B HeKoropux nnacrax nocrynnenue xrmwocrek. conepxaunx Bony, B n e p @ o p a q ~ o ~ ~ u R KaHan Moxer TaKxe conposoxnarbcfl Ha6yxa~weM noponu H CHnxeHneM ee nponepaewocrii. q r 0 6 u HCWIIO- P H T ~ CoMHeHHu o s a c o p e ~ ~ ~ KaHana ocanKoM H 06ecneserb nonyre-

- ~ r-- ~~~ . . .

uoxno cnenazb.~~~nons3Ju npHmnHoe n n n : y ~ a 3 a ~ ~ o ~ q e n ~ i h p y n o - eaune. B cnysae me e m OTC~TCTBHU sanasa peruaercu nyreM npasne- Henna nep@ophmpa nHK. l l e p @ o p a u ~ ~ Ha nenpeccun nosaonner C H U T ~ nonpw o ~ B ~ ~ R ~ H ~ H H H KnHana H b pune cnysaes nocne nepe- c ~ p e n a cpasy nonysnrb &nee B ~ C O K H R E ~ ~ H T .

K sacopenurn, HO y x e He nep@opau~onnom KaHana, a craona OTHOCHTCU 3 a n o n ~ e ~ ~ e qacrn C K B ~ X H H H OcrarKaMn 0 6 0 n o s e ~ sap% AOB, HSIDTOBJleHHblX H 3 CnnaBOB BIImUHHHU. T ~ K . nep@0pafop KllPY65 n n ~ ~ o R I M coanaet a o6can~oA KononHe ycnoaaHM AHa- MeTpOM 140 M M cnoAocanKa B ~ J c o T O ~ ~ 140 MM. XOTU OCaAKH pasby- pnaamrca H pacraopumrcu KHC~OTOR, TeM He Menee HX ynanease- nononnnrensnan H nexenarenbnafl onepausn. n p ~ HanHsHH s y ~ n @ a ocanoK tie npennrcrsyer nocnenymuleR sxcnnyaraunn CKBaXHHH. ~ T H c o o 6 p a x e ~ ~ f l H ~ O ~ X O D H M O YYHTbIBaTb npH nbl6ope THna 6ec~op- nvcnom nep@opatopa nnu BunonnenHn pa6otu a K O H K ~ ~ T H O R CKBB- . - . XHHe.

Bcrpesamrcfl H npyrue cayvan 3acopeHHn cKaaxHnu, c e f l a a ~ ~ h l e c xapaKrepoM paspylueunfl o60norKe. E u e pas ocraHoaHMcr Ha OAHOM H 3 HHX. E c n ~ npH OTHOcHTenbHO He60Jlbl~Hx CHApOCTaTHseCKHX nannennux CTeKJIRHHble 060nos~n 3apnnoa 3 n K C paspyruam~cn nonsocrbm, npespauaucb npaKrn'lecKH a nhtnb, TO npH nasnennn, npesuuramqeu 50 Mna , crenenb npodnennn yueHbmaercn H ~ o r y r nOHBnllTbCR 06pa3088~~H He3~119~~eJIb~0fi BUlHqHHbl C OCTPblMH FPa- HUMH. OHH cnOc06HbI AnHTeJIbHO, He OCeABfl, HaXOnHTbCH B Bfl3KOU CnHHHCTOM pacrsope H npn nOBTOpHOM cnycxe nep@oparopa n K C B cKaaxHny noepexnata odonos~y nerosapymuero uaypa. B ~ a s a s 3aHOKaHHe BB, OHH MOCYT CTETb ~ P H ' I H H o ~ OTKa311 BBPYSa. 3aueeoR pacreopa HX ynannmr, HO TO ycnoxwter BunonHeHHe nepQopauHH.

C y u e c r a e ~ ~ o snnflmt Ha au60pe Melona BCK~UTHII nposiaaonm- renb~oc tb rpyna H c r o ~ ~ o c r h paboru. K n p o e 3 a o n ~ r e n b ~ o c r ~ cne- nyeT OTHOCHTb He TOnbKO YCKOpeHHe P ~ ~ o T , CBfl3aHHOe HCnOCPeACT- senno co c d o p ~ o l , cnycaou H noaplrlaoM aapunoa, HO H npocroea CKBaXHHbl H ~YPOBOCO O ~ ~ P ~ A O B B H H I I npH MHsecKHx pacserax nocnenuee He acerna ytlmrusamcr. Oco60 6onb- woe a ~ a s e ~ ~ e nonpoc npnodpe~aer npH Kymoaou 6ype~en , ~ o r n a np0CTOH 6 y p 0 S 0 ~ o & ~ ) ' A o B ~ H H ~ ~ no T ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H H U H TeXHHKH 6eaonac- HOCTH H ~ H npyrnu npHsnHau npn ablnonnenHH nep@opauun ~ o r y l 6 b l ~ b 3HaqHTeRbHblMH. Han6anee BblCOKaU npOH3BOAHTWIbHOCTb AOCTHCaeTCfl npH HCflOflb3OBaHHH 6 e c ~ o p n y c ~ u x KyMyAUTHBHblX nep. #oparopos. Korna r a onHy onepaurm rcoxer CnyCKaTbCU HecKonbKo COT JapflAoa, 0 6 e ~ n e ~ ~ ~ a f l aa cnycr scrpuree acex nponylcrnsnnx HHTePaaJIOB CKBIIXHHbl.

Buco~af l npOH3BOAHTUbHOCTb MOXm H O ~ P C ~ ~ T ~ PelllatOUeC aHareHHe npn ebl6ope uemna BCK~UTHU. nep#opau~m wenyet paccuarpnsarb He H ~ O ~ H ~ O B ~ H H O , a KOMni'leKCHO, tie aadblaar r 0 ApyrHX CmpOHaX IlpHMeHeHHU nep@Opa~op0~ KOHKPeTHOrO THna. 7 3.r. are 169'

Y q H T H B a X BCe, B TOM 4 H C n e H O T p H U a T e J I b H H e , I lOCnenCTBHU HX nefic~ewn. Ecnw no y c n o e w n M M e c T o p o x n e H w n noepexnenwe sa~py6 - HOrO U e M e H T a H e OCJIOXHHT IIOCJIenYIOUYW 3KCI lAYaTaUHK) CKBBXHHH, TO P O n b W C T O 3KOHOMHYeCKOrO l l O K a 3 a T e n U B sb160pe 0 6 0 p y n 0 B a ~ H f l nnn BCKPHTHR n n a c T a noahlcurcn.

Y x ~ y K a 3 H B a J l O C b , 9 T O IIPH O U e H K e 3KOHOMHqeCKHX n o K a 3 a ~ W I e f i n p H M e H e H H n p a 3 n ~ s ~ b l x M e T o n o B H annaparypu. H c n o n b s y e ~ o f i nnn BCKPbITHn n n a C T a , H Y X H O Y q H T b I B a T b H e T O n b K O CTOHMOCTb p a 6 0 ~ ~ , HO H CTOHMOCTb IIPOCTOR 6yp0~0fi 6 p ~ r a n ~ . C K B B X H H H , CDCenHHX ~ Y P O B H X , e C n H OHH eCTb , a T a K X e ~ @ @ ~ K T W B H O C T ~ H 3 B n e q e H H R H ~ @ T H H A P Y r H e @ ~ K T O ~ Y . B COnOCTaBneHHH C KOTOPHMH I I p R M a n CTOHMOCTb n p O C T p e n O q H 0 - B 3 p H B H H X p a 6 0 ~ . q a C T O HCnOJIb3YeMaR n n H O n p e n e n e - HHR ~ K O H O M H ~ ~ C K H X noea3a~eneti, H e s H a s w T e n b H a . E c n ~ x e C p a B H H - B a T b HeIIOCpei7CTBeHHO CTOHMOCTH BbICTpeJ Ia , TO ~ a ~ 6 0 n b l U a ~ 6 y ~ e ~ y nep@opa~opa IIBH. n n n BCKPHTHU n n a c T o B ~ a J O f i MOUHOCTH, C n O X e H H H X BHCOKOnPOHHUaeMbIMH H H ~ ~ J T Y ~ O K O 3 a n e r a l o u H M H n O p 0 - A a M H , me K m y 6 ~ ~ e np06u~wn H e I I p e n ' b R B n R B T BHCOKHX ~ p e 6 0 ~ a - H H ~ , a nm6oA K a H a n , noc~wrwnii nnacra, 0 6 e c n e s ~ s a e ~ xopom~fi ne6n~ C K B a X H H b l , M O X e T 6 h l ~ b H C n O J I b 3 0 B a H a H I I y J e B a f l nep@opaL(Hf l .

~ P H ~ ~ 6 o p e M e T o n a BCKPMTHU n n a c T a cnenyer y r w T s l e a r b H 803- MOXHOCTb KOHTPOAU IlOJlHOTbI C P ~ ~ ~ T H B ~ H H U 3 a p R D O B B I I e p @ o p a ~ 0 - pax. a T a K m e n o n H o r H BCKPHTHU n n a c T a no ~ c e f i npoc~penwsae~ofi MOUHOCTH. ~ O ~ H O C T ~ I O TOT B o n p o c eue H e pemen. 6b1sam~ cnysaa, K o r n a 'lamb n n a c T a O K ~ ~ H B ~ ~ T C U H e B C K P H T O ~ , H TO H e 3 a ~ e q a e ~ c n .

T ~ K H M 0 6 p a 3 0 ~ . C Y ~ ' % ~ K T H B H ~ ~ ~ ~ nonxon K B b I 6 0 p y M e T O n a BCKPH- T H n n n a c T a H n n o T H o c T a nep@opaunw H a K o H n p e T H o M M e c T o p o x n e - HHH H C K B a X H H e HenOnyCTHM. T 0 n b ~ O K O M I I J I ~ K C H H ~ ~ Y q e T ~ ~ % C T B ~ I O - U H X reOnOr0-TeXHHYeCKHX YCJTOBHH H B O ~ M O X H O C T ~ ~ ~ . 3 a J O X e H H H X B ~ ~ O C T ~ ~ O ~ H O - B ~ ~ H B H O ~ ~ a n n a p a T y p e , n 0 3 B O n H T H 3 6 e ~ a ~ b O I U H ~ O K B ~ b 1 6 o p e MeTOAa B C K P H T H n n n a c T a .

B H ~ ~ O J I ~ L U O M o 6 a e ~ e & a n BCKPblTUH n n a c T a I lpHMeHnIOT H H H H e

M e T O n H . Y ~ c T ~ H 3 HHX B H n O n H R e T C I i H e T ~ O @ H ~ H ~ ~ C K H M H n p e n n p H R - THflMH, HO 06 HX B03MOXHOCTflX n O n e 3 H O H M e T b I lpenCTaBJTeHHe. K p 0 ~ e TOrO, C J I O X ~ H H H ~ I n P 0 9 B b I M H n O p O n a M H I I P O ~ ~ K T H B H H ~ ~ U n a C T M O X e T H e I l e P e K P b I B a T b C I l 06can~oii K O ~ O H H O ~ ~ W 3 K C n n y a T H p O B a T b C f l C OTKPbfTHM CTBOJIOM. T a ~ a n CllTYaUHIl B 0 3 H H K a e T n p H T O p n e A H p O B a - HHH 3 a p R A a M H 6onbmofi MOWHOCTH, K O m a IIOCJIe B 3 p H B a C K B a K H H Y 0 6 c a x ~ ~ a m ~ T O n b K O no H H T e p B a n a T O p n e n H p O B a H H n , OCTaBnUf l no- C ~ ~ A H H ~ O T K P H T H M .

Paspyme~we K o n o H H a c p a 3 a y ~ u e ~ H c o 3 n a ~ ~ e ~ B M e r a n n e T p e - U H H , K a K IIpaBHJIO, B e p T H K a n b H H X , Y X O i l H u H X ' 4 e p e 3 U e M e H T H O e K o n b q o B nopony, 6e3 eupslea ornenbsux KYCKOB meranna ~3 06can- H H X T P Y ~ H C n O J l b 3 0 B a n O C b H I l p O n O n X a e T B OTpaHH' l eHBOM 0 6 5 e M e wcnonbso~a~bc~ nnn BCKPHTHR n n a c T a @ y r a c ~ u ~ T o p n e n H p o e a H H e M . P a 6 o ~ ~ npoaonm vaue B c e r o B ycnosunx, K o r n a c n o x H o wcnonbao- B a T b n p y r H e c n o c o 6 ~ BCKPHTHII, H a n P H M e P H 3 - 3 a H e B 0 3 M O X H O C W .

Bona

U e ~ e ~ m o e ~onblro H nopona cped~ca? nposuocm

Pa3pyrneHHe Tpy6bl C BUpYPHHeM OTnUlb- HHX KYWOB Mmna He6onbluw pa3nyme ~ p y W H nepnble Bep. TUKanbHble TpeUUHH B Tpy&, UeMeHTHOM Kmme H nopone Paap.ywe rpybbl, cema rperue~ B rpyk. UeMeHTHOM KMbUe H nopone. P w y c H wcno rpequn B nopone ysennwaamen Pasny~ue ~py6bl H cema TewH B MeTanne H nopone npononxaIoT ymuwBamcn. KYCKH MeTanna ~ u p b l m c n H3 Tpy6bl

no r a 6 a p ~ ~ a ~ , c n y c K a nep@opa~opa H a n H T e p e a n n p u M e H e H u r r . Torna TOPi l eL(HP0BaHHe M O X e T C T a T b e n H H C T B e H H H M C ~ O C O ~ O M BblllOJlHe- HHU pa6o~u. ki~orna ero n p w M e H R m T B ycnosenx, K o r n a npyrue M e r o n H H e 06ecnesunu npwoea. B n o c n e n H e M H n y T H a PUCK 3Ha ' lH- T W I b H H x noapexne~~f i KOJIOHHH, n p H M e H R n 60nbw~e 3 a p I I n b l . Pa6o- T H BHIIOJIHRIOT p e n K O , HO, T e M H e M e H e e , H 3 B e C T H H C n y s a H n O n y q e - HHR nocne HHX IIpHTOKOB H 3 p a H e e 6e3ycnem~o BCKpHBaBluHXCJl O ~ H ~ H H M H C p e n C T B a M H n e p @ o p a U H ~ n n a C T O B , B TOM q H C n e H C 60nb- mwx r n y 6 ~ ~ .

~ P H T O P n e n H P O B a H H H C U e n b l O BCKPHTHR D n a C T a UeMeHTHOe

K o n b u o n p o r H B p a c n o n o x e H w n T o p n e n u c o 3 ~ a ~ e n b ~ o nospexnaer'cn. Maccy sapnna T O p n e A H ~3 re~core~ra H a H a n o r i i s n H x no ynenb~ofi ~ H ~ P ~ H H BB p e K o M e n n y e T c r i 6 p a ~ b H e npe~blmamuefi 5, a T p O T H n a H aHBnOTH' IHHX BB - 7 K r . B o n ~ a , p a c n p o c r p a s n m u a f l c n n p H B 3 p b I B e no X H ~ K O C T H , ~ ~ I I O ~ ~ H I I I O U ~ ~ ~ CTBOA, cnoc06~a n p ~ ~ O J I ~ I L I H X sapnnax HaHOCHTb n O B p e X n e H H R ~ p y 6 a ~ H a 3HaqHTeJ IbHOM Y n a n e H H H OT TOP- nenu. n p ~ s ~ 6 0 p e sapnna ~3 r e K c o r e H a n n o T H o c T b m 1.6 r/chf3 MOX- HO nonb30~a~bcn ~ a 6 n . 20, onpaenaswe3 ce6n npw T o p n e n w p o B a H H n x B ~ ~ U ~ K H P H H H T a ~ a p ~ n ( ~ ~ C ~ ~ H H K H c p e ~ ~ e f i IIPOqHOCTH, r n y 6 w ~ ~ 1.5-2 K M ) , n P O B O n H M H X C U e n b l O BCKPHTHU H OCBOeHHU H a r H e T a - T e n b H H X C K B a X H H . Topnew p a 3 M e u a J I H C b B C T B O n e H a PaCCTOnHHH

0.4-0.5 M Apyr m npyra, H HX n o n o m e H w e npw ~ 3 p b 1 ~ e n e r K o npo- sepnnocb nocnenymqefi ~ a s e p n o ~ e ~ p ~ e k . K o n o ~ ~ a n p o T e B sapnna nocne sspuea ~ ~ M ~ T H O ne@op~spoeanacb.

~ P H n n o x o M U e M e H T a x e n o B p e x n e H H e K O ~ O H H H B pesynbrare B 3 p H B a M O X e T 6bl~b 3 H a q H T e J I b H H M . ~ O ~ T O M Y u~1eco06pa3~0 no np0- B e n e H H U p a 6 o ~ n p O K O H T p 0 n H p O B a T b K a q e C T B O U e M e H T a X a MeTOAaMH TkiC H J H U I b nOCJ le 3TOTO I l P H H H M a T b p e L U e H H e 0 I IpOBeAeHHH p a 6 o ~ ~ .

~ O C K O ~ ~ K Y T ~ ~ U H H O O ~ ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H W ~ B ~ H ~ ~ H T M ~ H O % M e p e C B n 3 a H O C non~ofi pa6o~ofi B s p H B a , B n H R H H e rH&pOCTaTHqeCKOIYJ J I a B n e H H n

M O X e T 6 H ~ b Ka ' I eCTBeHHO YqTeHO no ~pueof i PHC. 20, me n O K a 3 a H O

7' 171

6 nHWplType CCTb CBenWltR 06 HCilMMOBaHHH nynb pa3HOR MU MR o d s n e a e ~ ~ n c n w @ n s e c ~ ~ x r p e 6 o s a ~ ~ f i K nep@psunw, s sannocra nynb nanoro m a u n p a . lTepcne~tns~oers n p e m x e ~ s l t , yswtuaan s o s ~ o x ~ o c r w peurennn m x Sadas, M a ptam38UHH HOYUPUX OHM UPeMBranHCb. HeBenHKB.

3 a c n y x ~ e a e r BHHMaHHn IIpHMeHeHHe nnn BCKPHTHR nnac-ra ranpo- nec~ocrpyii~oR nep@opauwn. Yccrpoftc~~o ( p ~ c . 68) cnyctiaercn B CKBBXHHY Ha ~ p y 6 a x H c noMoubm conen 2 HanpaanneT sseecb nec- KB B BUJKOR JKHBKOCTH Ha CTeHKy KOnOHHbl 9, npOMblBan B H ~ R , ueMeHrHoM Konbue H nopone I KaHanu 4. Ka~anb l Moryr cymecr- B ~ H H O npeBblwaTb no npptnxeHHocrH KaHanbl, nonysaeMue npH O ~ W Y H W X Mwonax n e p @ o p ~ p o n a ~ ~ u . UX P ~ Y ~ H H B , no nureparypntm AaHHUM, LIOCTHraeT 80 CM. 0 . 4 ~ 8 ~ 0 ~ H ~ P O ~ I W K O C T P Y ~ H ~ R nep@opa- UHH npsMeHnezcn Mano no npHsHHe BHCOKOR CTOHMOCTH pador, H H ~ K O R n p o n s s o n ~ r e n b ~ o c ~ ~ , orpanusennu no r n y 6 ~ R a ~ , anapeit- HOCTH, a T8KXe TPOMOSnKOCTH H OTCYTCTBHU O ~ O P Y ~ ~ O B ~ H H U , O C O ~ ~ H H O Ha pasnenovuux cKsamnHax; Ho TeM He Menee cnysanocb, PTO rsnpo- nec~ocrpyf t~an nep@opauun nasana HaHnysurHe p e s y n b r a r ~ BCKPW- THU nnacra no cpanHeHHm co BceMH APYI'HMH MeTonaMH. n o c n e n ~ e e CiIeAyeT HMWb B BHny npH npHHUTHH PeWeHHU no HCnHTaHHIO HBH- donee OTBt?TCTBeHHblX o b a e ~ ~ o n .

He ~ a c a n ~ b q y m P rnnaparypu, B o t d ~ b ~ u x fnysanx ~ c n ~ b 3 y e u o A npw Knpumn onacra, ocranossucn HI nep@pampax uenesoro Hasmasenwn: nnn s c v e r r a x a UMOHHU (pnc. 89, a) H rmdpopaspuaa (pnc. 69.6). n p w ~ e p nepsoru - n e p w a m p nUlOX4. conepma- 40 ryvynntmsHux sapnnos 1 (10 pnnos no wupe I raknoP -wn). U e u e n o a a ~ n a ~ m 6uno norasaso. .sm n oxaata UMOWHU U~Y~HTOY. BUWK~KIUUIM qepes orasperme. coeramnn 13.5'-%. C w o - rarsnsrm, se tupe orsepctw~, pacnonoxennue nod yrnov 90.. obecnes~samt ~ M H U A .maat ~onomnu U ~ M ~ H T O M H KaseCTBeHHuti ~ ~ M O H T . Qapndu Maccol 6-8 r n a r n

1n

docraroqlcylo nnn mnonneHHn pad or^ rny6wey npobsrun. nmauerp nepwpa- a mpa onpenennercn neaverpou KMOHHU. s nompoti OH npnmunercn.

n n n ~@~I~KTIIIWOCTU rHnpaBnHqeKo- ro paspuea Mama 6onbUIOe 3HaseHHe Hveer manpamenme rpewsa, pa3snrHe Kompux onpenennet HanpameHHe pas- pusa Macra n H sauawe B nee XHIIHO- CTH p a 3 p ~ s a . C!wnaHHe o p ~ e ~ r ~ p o ~ a ~ ~ o f i rpeDMHU waxer nosucura ~@@KwB- ~ w r b npHYeHeHnH M m n a MR HHTeHCH- @ H K ~ U H H IlPHTOKa M npOWneHHR ItSonn- WOHHUX pa60T. Wjo6parne~nufi HB PHC. 69.6 nep@pamp n p ~ c p a 6 a r u e a ~ ~ n rpynnu pacnonoxeHHux FJ onnoa nnoetco- CTH H 6 n w ~ 0 HBXO~RUHXCR 3apnnOn cno- c&rsyer nanpey nnacra H npH w y - UeCTBneHHH pa3pUM pa3BHTHm TpeWH no smwy HanpaaneHHm. 0 6 a nep@pampa npnvennmtcn orpanssenno.

n o p n n o ~ BblnonHeHHu npocTpe- nO.lHO-B3PblBHblX p a 6 0 ~ Ha CKBa- XHHe H3JlOXeH B MHCTPYKUHU no npOcrpenO.IH0-B3pHBHHM p a 6 0 ~ a ~ , y r s e p x n e ~ ~ o R M H H ~ ~ O CCCP. T ~ M x e IIpHBO~UTCU odpasusl no- KyMeHToe, no KOTOPHM o @ o p ~ n n - puc. 69. FIep@oparopu nna ueMen- mrcn pa60TbI, nwmsan @ o p ~ v r a x a H rsnpopaapuea 3 a ~ a 3 a H aKTa Ha BblnonHeHHym pa6ory. B o n p o c ~ TeXHHKH 6e30- IIaCHOCTH H3nOXeHbl 0 En~Hblx IlpaBHnaX 6 e 3 0 n a o ~ o c r ~ npH BeneHHH B3pHBHblX p a 6 0 ~ . C ~ ~ U H @ H ~ ~ C K H ~ ( B K J I w ~ ~ R H TeXHOilOrHD BblnOn- H ~ H H R ) OflePaUHH - 0 H H C T P Y W H H no 3KCnnyaTaUHH KOHKpeTHOM) annapara. n ~ u a , HenocpencTBeHHo BblnonHnlouHe pa60.r~. 06n3a~bl H3yqHTb 3TH nOKYMeHTH H PYKOBOACTBOBaTbCFl HMH.

3adauu 1. Onpenen~rb rny6nny BCKPUTHR nnacra nep@oparopor, npobnsam~qnu no

cranH 120 MM, ecnH nperpanaMH cnyxar: a ) nse K O ~ O H H U c ronIqmHoR ctenoK 9 M M H ueMeHrHue K w u a r o n u r ~ o f i 30

H 90 MY; 6) We KOJIOHHU C TO~UHHOR CteHOK 10 HM. UeMeHTHOe K M h U O TUJIIUHHO~

70 MM, UlOf i I ' ~ H H H ~ H ~ O B ~ H H O ~ nOpOllbl 150 MY; B) KMOHHa C TOWHHOA CmHKH 7 MU. UeMeHTHOe KOdbUO TWIOU~HOA 300 MY. 2. B c ~ p u r b nnacr. o6cawre~~uR ~ononnofi nuauetpou 200 MM, mpnenoti TIlIT.

nponyn~~smuf i Hntepsan 10 M. Y ~ a s a r b s ~ c n o ropnen e HX p a 3 ~ e ~ e ~ ~ e . 3. n a r a peKoveHnauHH no eu60py annapatypu MR B C K P U T H ~ nponyKrneHoro.

nnacra. ecnH noolennHfi npencraenes: a ) CHnbHO rilRHH3HPOBaHHUMH IlOpOIIBMH IIPH rny6HHe CKBaXHHU 2 KY: 6) TO x e , HO n p ~ m y 6 ~ n e 5 KM;

B) H3WCTHRKaMH C MOUOCTblO IlPOfiYKTHBHOTO HHTePBana 100 M IlpH rJ7y6~He 2 KM:

r ) necsaHHKavs c uosnoeram nponyKrHeHux nnacme &I0 M npn m y 6 ~ n e cltsamHHu 1.7 KM;

n) s CKBamsse, o b e a x e ~ ~ o f i 6 y p ~ n b ~ u u ~ rpy6aMH nnalrerpov 76 MM.

K ~ K y x e 6 ~ n o n o ~ a ~ a ~ o , nnn ysennseHHa ne6ata CKBaxHHH B HneanbHOM, He3arpn3HeHHOM. nnaCTe H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M O HnH np06ypHTb crson orpoMnoro pannyca, Hnw npu H ~ ~ O J I ~ I U O M nuaarerpe cTaona cosnarb B nnacre m y 6 o ~ o n p o c ~ ~ p a m q n e c n OT Hero TpeUHHH. nepetxk nyrb He peaneH, sropofi TexnnuecKw ocyuecranM npH rwn- pasnwsecKoha paspuse nnacTa. Ann nnacra r p e u n ~ o e a ~ o r o Hnn C ~ ~ ~ P F I ~ H ~ H H o ~ BOKPYI. CTBOfla noponok 3HasHTenbHOe yBenH4eHHe n e 6 n ~ a uoxer 6blrb nocTnrHyTo npoqe - c o s n a ~ n e ~ rpeunn nnn KaHaAOB, COeAHHIIIOUIHX CTBOn C 3 0 ~ 0 k eCTeCTBeHHHX TpeUH HnH ~ e s a r p n s ~ e ~ ~ o k npn 6 y p e ~ n ~ 4acTbW nnacTa. Ha~oweu. Korna B xone CTponTenbcTsa wnH npH 3 ~ c n n y a ~ a u ~ ~ C K B ~ X N H Y na nyTn $ n m ~ n a coanaercr 6apbep 6 ewne HenpoHuuaeuoro nnn ManonpoHuuaeMoro cnon ocanwa Ha crenKax nep@opauwo~~ux orsepc~uk, a TaKxe CeT- saroht unn npOBOnO.lHOM ennbrpe, TO em p a 3 p y m e ~ ~ e H ynaneHne MOXeT CTaTb TaKXe ~ P H ~ W H O ~ 3HaqHTenbHOrO YBenH4eHHSl (BOCCTB- ~ o e n e t i ~ n ) ne6n~a .

C o s p e ~ e ~ ~ a n reotpu3wrec~an cnyx6a o6nanaer o n w o u H 060- PYnOBaHHeM nnR BHIlOJIHeHHR pa6or no H H T ~ H C H @ U K ~ U H W IIPHTOKB, OCHOBaHHHX Ha HCIIOJIb30BaHHH B3pHBHHX H HMnYnbCHblX IlPOUeCCOB.

n p ~ ~ e a e ~ w e espvssarvx BetuecTs B CKBaxHHax C T P O H T C ~ Ha neyx pexwhfax - ropenen H neroeaurtu. rope~we - 6onee a ~ n r ~ n i o npouecc. OHO npoTeKaer MenneHHee, qeM neroaauwn; B otcpyxcalouerr sapan npocTpaecme peanwsylo~crr MeHbmwe naaneHHn, a BpeMfl nek- CTBMn BHCOKOCO AaBJIeHHa 6onbure. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM CYUeCT- senHo pa3nnse~ H XapaKTep B O ~ & ~ ~ C T B H ~ ~ conyTcTsymqux npoueccos Ha nopony. B nepeoM (npn ropeanu), aHanorwsHo r ~ n p o p a 3 p ~ e y , B nopone paseueae~cn npewMywecTserwo onHa TpewKa, cnoco6na~ no& ~ ~ ~ C T B A ~ M nOCTynalo4HX H 3 CTBOna IIPOnYKTOB CrOPaHHB H CKBI- X H H H O ~ XHAKOCTH, PaCflHpaMIUKX ee KaK KnHH. yrny6narbcn B nnaCT. Pa3Bu~He X e TpeUHa npH Bspsree oxearvsaer BCW aony nnacra, paCnOnoXeHHyl0 IIPOTHB 3apwa. OH0 HOCHT CYUeCTBeHHO HHOA xapamep, conposoxnancb ~p06neHHeM noponw Ha ~ ~ H ~ K H X OT aapuna PaCCTOnHHnX C 06pa30sa~neM KaBepHW. 30HY YnnOTHeHHIl H Ha yna- neHww ~ p e u n ~ . TOT eonpoc y x e pa36npancn B rn. 3. Tenepb pac- CMOTPHM era, HO yXe C II03liuHk OUeHKH B03MOXHOCTH HCITOnb30Ba- Hun B3pMBa nnfl U H T ~ H C H @ W K ~ U H W IIpHTOKa H 3 IInaCTa.

Ha PHC. 35 cxeuarnqecxx ~ ~ o 6 p a x e ~ a KaprnHa neAcrsna B ~ P H B ~ UHnHHAPHYeCKOrO 3apIlna B CKBaXHHe Ha nnaCT. npEI B3pHBe BOKPYI' KaBepHH BOBIIHKaloT YYaCTKH I ~ o ~ x ~ T o ~ , ynno~HeH~0fi nOpOnk4, ripe- nnTcTBYlo4He YYaCTHlo npOi7yKTOB 63pYBa B Pa3BHTHH TPeUIHH. Han~qwe T~KO~? 30HH MOXeT OKa3aTb BpeAHOe neficTB~e Ha CKBaXHHy, 174

Puc. 70. Pesynbraru nspueos n 6no~ax a3 nnencnrnaca npn pa3aux ranpocrara- WCKHX naBJIeHHslX: a-0.1; 6-11; a-20; 2-80 Mna

CHH3WB ee ne6ur nocne B3pHBa. ~ T U M n o6qeB CJIOXHOCTblo flBJleHHJl, BO3MOXH0, ~ ~ ' ~ R C H I ~ ~ T C I I OTCYTCTBHe B nl3TepaType '4eTKHX PeKOMeH- Aaurik no TeXHOnOCMH TOpneIlHposaHHn rny6o~wx CKBBXHH.

M3 $~KToPOB, KOTOpble, 6e3ycn0~~0 . BnHUh3T Ha TpeI4~~006pa30- s a m e B nopone npn sspuee, B nepBym osepeab Bbrnenwu rnnpocTa- TnsecKoe nasneHne H pabory, noropym MoryT coaepuarb pacmwpam- uaecn nponylcru e s p ~ e a (CM. rn, I H pnc. 20). Ha p ~ c . 70 npase- nenu @ororpa@aa 6 n o ~ o e n3 nneKcHrnaca c npoceepneHHblMH B HKX KananaMn, B KOTOPUX npH paaHvx rHnpocraTssecxax nasneannx B3pblBancn He60JIb~0k sapan MOluHQrO BB. B H ~ H O , KaK C POCTOM naenelrwrr ynresburamTcn pamepu H sncno TpeuHH B 6 n o ~ e . napan- nenbHo yMeHbmaercn H o 6 5 e ~ pa3pyme~noro nneKcHrnaca BOKpyr sapsna (~enpospa l i~aa racrb). X a p a ~ ~ e p pa3pyue~nn 6 n o ~ a xoppe- napyeTca co cnanoM n o n ~ o h pa60~b1 B3puBa. l r a6n lo~ae~oro npe 1 B3pHBax B csn~uoeok 6 0 ~ 6 e npu pa3nHx rHApOCTaTM4eCKHX naBne- HHAX. Y~nelllH0e HCnOAb30BaHWe ( P ~ ~ ~ c H u x 3apRnOB C OTHOUIeHHeM

1 AHaMeTpa 3apnna K RHaMeTPY H ~ O ~ C ~ X ~ H H O ~ C K B B X H H Y 0.2-0.4 nnfl YBentireHHn n e 6 n ~ a e o n o 3 a 6 0 p ~ ~ x CKBBXHH C MY~HHOA, KaK npaeuno, He npesnualoqek 200 M B Tsepnhlx noponax, rOBOpHT I 0 TOM, 4TO H X cTa6nnbHblk noJlox~Tenb~L48 ~ @ @ J ~ K T MOXeT 6HTb CBX- 3aH C ~ ~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ H x T H H M H YCnOBHnMH KaK nnU peanH3aUHn p a 6 o r ~ 1 B3pWBa ( H H ~ K H M THJXpOCTaTHVeCKHM ~ ~ B A ~ H H ~ M ) , TaK H c n a 6 t d ~

, ynnosneHueM noponu npoTns sapnna npn ~e6onbuoR sennqutle nocnensero.

Ycnem~oe H mHpoKoe npHMeHeHse TopnenHposanwa H ~ @ T ~ H H X H r a ~ n n w x rvalmuH 6 o n b m n ~ ~ . nOCTWraH)uHMH HeCKOnbKHX TOHH BB . - - - - - . . - . . - -. . . . . . . ~ a p n n a ~ n , oco6en~o ~ K T W B H O npaKTHKoeasueecfl B 50-x ronax sa p y 6 e x o ~ n' B MeHbUIek Mepe y Hac, conposoxnanocb y c ~ a ~ o ~ ~ o k Ran s a p n n o ~ H p a 3 6 y p n e a ~ n e ~ nocne sspblea s a u n r ~ ~ x UeueHrnblx MocToe c npopa60TKok 6ypenueu wHrepeana TopnenepoaaHnn. npw zawoii rexnonorwn yeennsneaercn epeMn nekcrssn eucorcoro nasne- H H I ~ H, n o - B H A ~ M O M ~ , yfianrescn nnn qacrnsno ynanaeTca B npouecce ~ ~ O P ~ ~ O T K H HHTepBana c A O ~ ~ ~ J I O T H ~ H H O ~ llOpOAH. n e 6 ~ ~ npH 3 T 0 M yeennsneancr B cpenHeM B 2-4 pa3a. O ~ H ~ K O npn npoeeneHHH cosnanHoro B TOT nepnon runpopa3psaa nocruranocb donee sblco: KOe YBeAHYeHHe ~ e 6 n ~ a . 4 T 0 KOCBeHHO CBHnWenbCTByeT 0 6onbmes m v 6 n ~ e TveuHH. eo3nnKamunx B nopone B nocnenHeM cnyrae.

~ @ @ ~ K T H B H ~ T ~ rHnpasnusecKorn pa3- pHsa nnacra, no KpakHek mepe Ha Ha- sanbHoM nepnone sKcnnyaraqHn cltsa- XHHH n m e paepusa. crana on~of i m 3 npHsHH Maccosoro 0 r ~ a 3 a o t ropnenn-

20 R8~L 0 2 4 r ~ c c o ~ a n poeannn moro n y r e ~ C T O H M ~ T ~ ~ O J I ~ U I H M H 3 a ~ a s ~ ~ p a 3 p ~ s a . 3apanam~. B nnacr s ~ n o n ~ n e - sepes Ho BH- ~ a - - ~ . -

C O C H O - K O M ~ ~ ~ C C O ~ H H ~ T P Y ~ H B R ~ K O ~ ~ ''*. ". KpHBan pSf( ' ) ' X H ~ K O C T H c necKoM nnn s a ~ p e n n e ~ ~ n X H ~ O C T H . 3anon~nwueA crsa- x v v v nnu n 2 6 m m n f i ~ 06pa30easm~xcn TPeUIHH. 60nbwoe KO-

HHX ( U ~ M ~ H T H ~ O B O ~ H H X arperaros). H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M H ~ nnn ero npoee- neHHfl, H npyrHe @BKTOPH OCPaHHqHBamT IlpHMeHeHHe H rHjlpOpa3- puea. . .

B xone ~ c c n e n o e a ~ ~ k 6 ~ n o n o ~ a 3 a ~ o (10. n. Xenroa H np.), s r o npn ocyuecrsnennm p a s p ~ e a nnacra non nocramsno BHCOKHM nanneHHeM B X H ~ K O C T H OcrarosHan n e @ o p ~ a q ~ n noponbl Moxer He

... .. ycnosmx nnn nsnxensin bnmina ~3 'nnacra H nocne CHRTHI; nasne- HHX. C o s n a ~ x e TpeuwH csonnnocb K C O ~ ~ ~ H H K ) B 3 o ~ e p a 3 p ~ s a B XH~KOCTH, sanon~nwuei! crson, nasnenrtn, ~ J I H ~ K O ~ O K ropHoMy, neRcraywuero B resewne none8 celcyensr. Ilpocrefimee pewenme- noMecrnrb C W T B ~ T C T B ~ W ~ H ~ MenneHHo ropnlunfi nopoxon08 sapun B CTBOn EPOTHB IlJaCTa, OrPaHHqHB Y'IaCTOK CBePXY H CHH3Y IlaKe- p a m . Mnen 6 ~ n a nposepena, onHaKo He Hawna staccoeoro snenpe- HHIl H3-3a TOrO, 9TU H3BneKaTb IIaKepH H 3 CKBBXHHH IlOCJle BHnOJl- HeHHn pa6or oeasanocb nenoM C J I O ~ H H M . H cnysanocb, r r o HX ocrae- nnnH B crsone. co3naean a e a p ~ k ~ y m cHryaqwm.

P e m ~ a aanasy non6opa coorserctsymuaero nopoxa nnn nopoxo- Boro remepampa naenennn, ~cnanb3yn cron6 X H ~ K O C T H KaK weep- UHOHHYW np06~y. YAanOCb n0nyqHTb HYXHYW j V I U IIpOBefieHHIl pa6or csnsb n a s n e ~ ~ e - e p e ~ x B xHnKocrH, sanon~nmuefi creon a 3one CXHraHHR sapnna. npHMep nono6~ofi 3aBHCHMOCTW. I I o J I ~ ~ ~ H H o ~ c H C ~ O ~ ~ ~ O B ~ H H ~ M nars!iKoB nasneHHn B cKsaxHHe Ha m y 6 n ~ e ~ , K M npH CxnraHHH riopoxo~om sapnna, npHseneH Ha pnc. 71. l b p ~ o e naaneHHe B nnacre 50 Mna. B xnnlcocrn npH ropenriri sapnna 60 Mna. apemn A ~ ~ C T B H U s ~ c o ~ o r o naenetiiin 0.8 c. 3 r a cKnaxaHa. IIponyKTHBHHe IlnaCTH KOTOPOR IlPellCTaBneHH IlpOWiHMH H38eCTHU- KaMH, IIOCJle OCBOeHHR YFJWlHsHJla n e 6 ~ r B 3 pa3a.

C x ~ r a ~ ~ e nopoxoswx sapnnos. H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M H X nnn p a s p ~ e a nnacra, conposoxnaercn ~ ~ M ~ T H H M BHneneHHeM renna. OHO ocraetcn e s o ~ e p a s m e u e ~ ~ n sapnna H nporpesaer nopony, npnneramuym K C T B O ~ Y . nporpes HesensiK. HO OH moxer conposoxnarbcn nnanne- Hner KounoHeHros H ~ @ T H . HanpHmep napa@nea, stanaemero a xone nsHxeHHn ee ~3 nnacra B ernon sepe3 ysacroK noponu, oxnaxnee- HOG ~ P O M H B O ~ H O ~ ~ XHBKOCTbK! npH ~ Y P ~ H H H . XOTR pesb HneT 06 orpaHsseHrioM no r n y 6 ~ ~ e H remneparype s@@eitre nporpesa, ecTb 176

paiio~bl B npase , m e c HHM YOXHO C B R J ~ T ~ sacrb ycnexa npa npaveHeHnn Yemna. q e u 6onbme ynenbnuft sapnn. Tern s u m e nporpes. Mait~HlltaJIb~blfi nporpes noc7mraercn nplr nonnov a a n o n ~ e m s crsana nopoxosia sapnnou.

Haito~eu, MeHIU COCTasH nOpOXOB, MOXHO BapbHpOBaTb H np0- nyitrarn e m cropaesn. n p s onpenenemeon cmrase s nopoxosux rasax Moxer Haxorultacn xnopacr~f t Bonopon. ~oropuf i , nonanan a nnacr. bynet, sctynan im esau~one8crsme c KomnoHeHrawn no- pOnH, ILKTHBHO C O n e f i ~ ~ n O ~ a ~ b YA)nlUIeHHW IlPOHHUaeMOCTH B npHCKBa- XAHHOB cioae. M ewe O ~ U H @amop enenyer ynslusarb: co6naropa- xnsasse* ~ H ~ O K O B ~ ~ K H X m e e l l pacrimpearrev s HHX COa a np.

Tawmu 06pa30~. 8 0 3 H H K K O M I I ~ ~ K C H H ~ MeTOn, OCHOBBHHH~~ Ha K O H ~ H H H P O B ~ H H H B O ~ B ~ ~ T B H I I AaMeHHeM nOpOXOBHX ra30B (paspHs n n a n a ) c TennosHM II X H M H ~ ~ C K H U B O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B I I R Y H Ha nnacT,- ~ e p m o r a 3 0 x ~ u a s e c ~ a n 0 6 p a 6 0 r ~ a nnacra. OH c y q m n y e r s nsyx MOAH@HK~UURX: paspus nnacra c HcnonaJosaHHev nopoxosoru reae- paropa naeneHHn 6 e c ~ o p n y c ~ o r o nr.46K H ~ e p ~ o r a s o x ~ ~ ~ s e c ~ a n b6pabor~a nnacra c ~ c n 6 n k o s a ~ ~ e u aw~yvynnropa nasneHHn c m a - X H H H O ~ AllC c ~ O O T B ~ T C T B V ~ U U ~ M O ~ O D V ~ O B ~ H H ~ Y nnn H X my-

npH@HJlb~p0~0fi 30HH CKBaXHHH H ~ ~ O J ~ ~ U I H Y H B3PHBHHYH H HY- IlVnbCHHYH B O ~ ! ~ ~ ~ C T B H I I M H - IlDeRnOXeH ~ ~ O @ H ~ A K ~ M H . OH 'IaUe &nonbayercn s MenKnx c m a x H ~ a x , B n e p s y i osepenb eonosa6op- HHX, XOTR IIpHHeHReTCR H B r n y 6 o ~ ~ x , B TOM XHCJIe H~@TXHHX CKBa- xHHax. 3anasa ysenHseHxn n e 6 ~ r a s a q e scero cocrowr B pasrna- HH3aWH @Iinb~pa H npl i@~Jlb~p0~0fi 30HH C COKPaUeHBeM CPOKOB OCBOeHHR CKBBXHHH H YBWlHqeHHeM ee ne6nra. B s p ~ s MOXeT 6 ~ ~ a HCIlOJIb30BaH H B CKBaXHHaX, HaXO&HBUlHXCR B 3KCMYBTaUHH. Ann ynaneHHn sacope~nfi c @nnbrpa H H 3 I I ~ ~ @ O ~ ~ U A O H H H X OTB~PCTH& ocanitokt, sbinanamqnm a3 nnacmsblx I K H ~ i t ~ ~ e f i B xone HX nsnxe- HHU B C T B O ~ . MMH MOVT 6 ~ r b CWH Ca H Mg, coenHHeHHn xenesa H pxn npyrnx eeqecl.8.

n o mexaHHsecKHm caof icrea~ ceraa, nospHran TaKHM OcanKom, npencraennet CpaaHnTenbHo nposeyw, no xpynsyw nperpany. nepsan sadasa a 3 p ~ e a - HaHWTH ynap, sHs6laamq~ir pacrpecKHsaHHe H sacrnsHoe C ~ H B ~ H H ~ ocanKa c C ~ T K H . IIocnenywuau nynbcaunu rasoaoro n y a ~ p n , conposoxnawqancn sosspar~o-nocsynarenb~~m nBHxeHHem XHBKOCTH, noaepmaer ynanesee ocanaa c Q ~ n b r p a .

W C K O W DeXHMe. MOXHO IIOny'IHTb T& Xe T ~ x H O J I O ~ H ~ ~ C K H ~ ~ ~@@KT, s r o H npn s s p ~ s e He60Abllhl0 n ~ ~ e f i ~ o r n sapnna KoHneHcHposaH-

1 Horn BB. 3aonn x e nocnennern B H ~ H O ~ ~ T C ~ Talc. Y T O ~ H ~ P H B ~ P H B ~ .. . . . - - . - - r - - I He 6 ~ n o nospexne~nfi cemK H sneitesros &iibrpa, npHsoniiqiix

K necKosaHmw, creaxwrlsl. OH 0 6 ~ 4 ~ 0 He npesumaer nsyx HHTOK nmHHpywnxero pnypa nIIlB. H ~ X H O H M W ~ B arny, sm sosneRcr- sne sm He raitoe cna6oe- npH s s p ~ a e n ~ ~ e f i m r o sapnna 113 HHTKII H U B nannenne a s o m e Ha paccronHHH 0.1 m o r Hero o ~ o n o 90 Mna.

In

j 2. TEXHHKA H TEXHOJlOrWIl *YrACHOrO TOPnEAHPOBAHHIl

MOXHO BblnenHTb TPH BWna TOPnenHPOBaHHR CKBaXHH: H ~ ~ O ~ ~ W H M H , npenMyuecTBenno ti3 neTonwpylouero runypa s a p u a a ~ ~ - Topne- noB TAU, m e Macca BB MeHsaeTcn or 10 no 200 r Ha Merp nnunw cTaona; 3 a p n n a ~ ~ no 5-7 Kr, u3pen~a 60nb111eii MaccH nna e c ~ p u - T H ~ nnacTa H H H T ~ H C H @ H K ~ ~ H H npnrosa; s a p a n a ~ ~ c y ~ ~ a p n o k Mac- C O ~ B HeCKOnbKO TOHH. ~ o c J I ~ ~ H H ~ Bbl~O~HUloTCa npeHMyueCTBeHH0 C UWTblo HHT~HCH@HKBUHH IIPHTOKa H BelIYTCIl DO cnel l~anb~ofi TeX- HOnOrHH, B~JTlo~alo~lek MePbl 3aUBTbl O ~ % ~ K T O B CKBaXHHbl 01 pas- pyrualouero neBc~snn s 3 p ~ s a Brie ~ O H H p a 3 ~ e q e ~ ~ 1 1 BB. nocneno- BaTenbHO PaCCMOTPHM IIOpInOK BblnOJlHeHHR p a 6 0 ~ , S @ @ ~ K T H B H O C T ~ npHMeHeHNn H nepcneKTHBH ~ ~ ~ B H T H H nanpasnennii.

Topnenwposanne CKBaXHHb! H ~ ~ O ~ ~ I I I H M H , no 7 KT, s a p n n a ~ ~ y x e paccMaTpHsanocb B rn. 6, 5 6. Pesb runa 06 ~ c n o n b s o s a n n ~ TopneA TUIT. nna ec~pblrnn nnacra. Onno a3 WHOBHHX o r p a ~ ~ s e ~ n i i no HX UpHMeHeHHlo CBR3aHO C MaCCOR ncnonb3ye~OrO 3apnna ~ 3 - 3 a 6 0 8 3 ~ ~ noepexnennk ynapnoii sonnok espblaa 06cannblx ~ p y 6 H qeMeHTHOp3 Konbua B 3 o ~ e p a 3 ~ e u e n n s Topnenbl H nospexnesuii B O ~ H O ~ ~ , pacnpoc~pa~umueiicrr B XH~KOCTH, 3anon~sroueit crson, o c n a 6 n e ~ ~ ~ x ysacTKoe o 6 c a n a ~ x ~ p y 6 . Korna pa6or t~ BenyTcn B cKBamnae, m e ~ P O ~ Y K T H B H H ~ nnacT npencrasnen npoqnarm noponaMn H He o6ca- XeH. OrpaHHqeHHe Ha IIpHMeHeHHe CTaHOBHTC$I Menee CyWeCTBeHHblM. O T C ~ T C T B H ~ KOnOHHLJ B 30He B3pblBa HcKnlosaeT O ~ % ~ K T nOBpeXne- HHn, a OTKpblTblfi CTBOn C BblCTynaMH H HePOBHOCTIlMH IIOpOnbl- 6oname rnymnTenb, seM eonnoson Ann p a c n p o c ~ p a ~ a l o q e i i c ~ sonnu. norepn npn MnoroKpaTnsrx oTpaxeHnnx o r ero neposnok nosepx- HOCTH cnoco6crsym~ 6 b l c ~ p o ~ y ~ ~ T Y X ~ H H K ) B O ~ H ~ I . Ecnw sapan yna- neH OT 68~1MaKa o6can~oii KOflOHHbl, TO MOXHO rOBOpHTb 0 CPaBHH- TenbHO 6e3onacno~ nPHMeHeHHH B TaKHX CKBaXHHaX 3apIlnOB. no Macce B 2-3 pa3a npesblmamqnx peKoMeHnoeaHnble nna Topnenu- pOBaHHU 0 6 c a x e ~ ~ b l x HHTepBanoe. Mx lupus MOXHO nposonn~b, He npu6eran K CnellHanbHHM MepaM 3aUHTH CTBOfia.

H a ~ 6 o n e e ~ @ @ ~ K T N B H o npHMeHeHHe B3PblBa 6 ~ e r n y 6 0 K ~ x CKBB- xunax. B nepsylo osepenb eono3a60p~blx, m e nono6nan KOHCTPYK- UHfl BCTpeqaeTCR saCT0. B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT reOJIOrO-TeXHN9eCKHX ycnoenk ne6wr HX npn Topnennpoeanwn so3pacraer B 1.5-10 pas, XOTR na6nlonam~cn H neynasu. Topnennposan~e neureso. Kan npasnno, He ~ p e 6 y e r 6onbru~x s a r p a ~ Ha nocnenyloqee ocsoenne cma- XHHU H He BcTpesaeT KonKypenra B swne rwnpaennsecKoro pa3pwea nnacra. B ctcsaxnwax Ha n e @ ~ b H ra3 a ~ a n o r n s ~ o k KOHCTPYKUHH TOpnenHpOBaHHe npOnyKTHBHblX YqaCTKOB CTBOna TaKXe MOXeT 6blTb q e ~ 1 e c o o 6 p a 3 ~ ~ ~ .

P a c n p o c r p a ~ e ~ ~ o k o r u ~ 6 ~ o f i npH npoaenennu ropnennpoeannn ~ e d o n b m n ~ ~ @ y r a c n ~ ~ n s a p n n a ~ ~ 61seaer omnnanne 3 ~ a s ~ ~ e n b - HOrO POCTa ne6nra XIOCJle B3PblBa H 3 3aBeAOMO ACTOULeHHHX IlnaCTOB. T ~ K H M H MOryT 6Htb son03a60p~ble CKBaXHHH C pe3KO CHH3HBWHMCII CTaTHWCKHM YpOBHeM XHnKOCTH, Bbl3BaHHblM HCTOmeHHeM BOEOHOC- H O ~ O ~ O P H ~ O H T B . H 3 ~ c n n y a ~ a u ~ o ~ ~ b l e CKsaxnHbl Ha n e @ ~ b c ynae-

178

B ~ H M nnacTosuM nasnenuenn. Ecnw pa- p), 6 0 ~ b l B non06~blx CKBaxnnax He nanw pesynbra~os, TO nac~oiisnnoe nponon- xenne HX c qenblo nosblmennrr 3 @ @ e ~ - THBHOCTH B 3THX YCnOBHRX He ECerna OIIDaBltaHO.

K ~ e ~ o n a ~ H H T ~ H C H @ H K ~ ~ H H npw- I Z

TOKa OTHOCnTCff KHCnOTHan o 6 p a 6 o ~ ~ a ?

flnacra. J'fiysmaa H OTKPusafl HOBue put, 72, BnHnHHe TopneAnpoBa~ ~ a ~ a n u nna n e e x e ~ ~ u H ~ $ T H . o6pa- .., O + ~ K T H B H O C T ~ KHwOT-

~ O T K ~ K H C ~ O T O ~ ~ C ~ ~ O C O ~ C T B Y ~ T ysenn- HUX 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ 0 ~ W H H W ne6H~a CKBaXHHbl. CO BpeMeHeM n e 6 ~ ~ cnnncaerca, a nosropnaa 3 a ~ a s ~ a K H C ~ O T ~ I y x e B ~ e n b u ~ e f i Mepe C ~ O C O ~ C T B ~ ~ T pOCTy n e 6 ~ ~ a . IIOCKOJlbKy KHCnOTa HanpaBnXeTCR B nepsylo osepenb e 3 o ~ y nei ic~symul~x Kananos. ~ P O B O ~ R Topnenn- pOBaHHe, ynaeTC54 IIOnHRTb ~ @ @ ~ K T H B H O C T ~ K H C ~ O T H O ~ ~ 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ ~ ~ . Co3naaan Hoeble H ' I ~ C T H ~ H O 3a~pblsaa crapue Kananu B nopone, B3pUB n03BOJIXeT KHCnOTe HaXOnHTb nyTH B donee 6ora~ble He$Tblo Y4aCTKH IInaCTa, TeM CaMblM C ~ O C O ~ C T B Y I I ~OBbIlIIeHHlo ~ @ $ ~ K T H B H O - CTH 06pa6oro~. Ha pwc. 72 cxeMaTwsecKn n o ~ a 3 a ~ o H ~ M ~ H ~ H H ~ ne- 6 w ~ a Q CKBaxnHH B xone s ~ c n n y a ~ a u ~ w ( s p e ~ r r T) c npwMeneHweM K H C ~ O T H H X 0 6 p a 6 0 ~ o ~ (HX HoMepa Ha r p a a w ~ e 1-4). nepen qer- nep~ofi 06pa60~~0f i 6 m o nposeneno TopnennpoBanwe. 3 ~ o npmep ycnemoro KoMnneKCHpOsaHHR pa3HblX MeTOnOB C 06ueii UWTblO HH- T ~ H C H @ H K ~ U H ~ ~ npnToKa.

Hannsne rasa s ne@rn cnoco6cr~yer yeennsennm 6eaonacnoctm sspusa nnn o 6 s e ~ m s CKBaXHHLI, ra30BUe nY3HpbKH nBnRIOTCR XOpOUlHMH raCnTenXMM BOnHhl. Bspua e csexek, ~acHmeH~ofi ra3OM ne+rIi 6eaonacnee nnn CKBaXHHM. ' 4 ~ 0 6 ~ socnon~~osaracn ~ T H M , npennaranocb passleaarb s cKsaxnne seulecrsa, nawane ras, H name no leuarb p a s p y u r m ~ ~ ~ e c n eMnocrH c sosnyxo~. npanrnsec~oro npnMeHeHHn npeMoxeHmn He Hamnu. lIpn nposenennn ~opnennpo~annfi scerna cnenyer flHTslsaTb reonornsecKne o c o 6 e ~ n o c ~ ~ cnsaxnHu. KOppeKTHpOBaTb nu- 6pan~ym MeTOnHKy H TeXHOnOrHm no pesynbratau y x e BunonHeHHux ropnennpo- B ~ H H ~ . He peKoveHnyeren BspblBaTb mpnenu nporns rnHHHCTUX nponnacTKoB. 86nnss sonoHe@rnnoro KonraKra. Cyqecrsymr H npyrue peKomeHnaumn no eunon- HeHHm pa6OT. gaCM BeCbMa HHnHBHjlYanbHble, n p ~ c n o c 0 6 n e ~ ~ b l e K KOHKPeTHUM ycnossnM.

HecKonbKo cnos o pasmepax aapnna H neAcrsnH sopusa Ha nnacr. n n ~ n a onpenennercn uournoerbm nponyntssnoro snrepsana H npenenb~ofi vaccofi aapnna. Mssecrmo. sm panmyc 06pasym~~1xcn KaBepHbl n rpeulnn nponopunoHaneH nna- Metpy aapnna (pesb Hner o unnmmnpmecnou, nocKonbKy aapnn m p m n nosmpnW @ o p ~ y c ~ s a x n n u ) . 0 6 p a s o s a n ~ e KaBepHu HasHHaercn npn orHomeHHn n n a x e v a

rpeums s m a t r e ysenwssaercn, HMea xaKcHmyM nporm uenrpa mpnenu. B nana- neAmex sospacraer nnurb nnHna y a c r a a ctsona, Ha ~ o m p u f i B H X O ~ ~ T MaKcH- vanbnue no noomxenuoctn TDeulHHH B rpeunnosarux noponax KaprnHa neficr-

~

snn espuea ~ H ~ Y H T ~ ~ ~ H O cnoxnee. lIncno mpnen n nnn scnpurnn nnacTa ~ounocrbm h (M) MOXHO ~ a f i v n R3

supaxenun n=(h-0.8)/(1+0.4), r e f-nnnna topnenu (M), onpenennercn npe- nenbnoii MaCCoR sapnna; 0.4 - paccronwe Mexny TDpUaMH cocennsx sapnnoa.

Pw. 73. Topnena ~3 Warner 60nbmm ~ ~ 1 6 :

: = g;E;ar;;w;; Pw;e%~e~mae YETPOI--; - UPY..RI. S.Y~MCHMOIO A ~ C T U I . :

npHMeHeHHe. B COB~TCKOM Comse ~cnonbsosanacb Topneaa ~3 mameK 6mbm~x-TUl6 ( p ~ c . 73). Ona cobnpanacb ~3 U H n ~ ~ n p ~ s e c ~ ~ x mameK (pwc. 73, t) nHzoro BB I c obononnofi 2, seHTpanbHarM, obca- FeHHHM anmM~~nesoR ~ p y 6 ~ o f i KaHanoM 3, c o b p a ~ ~ ~ x s rHpnrrHny Ha TpOCe 4 HnH KyCKe KapOTaXHOrO ~abenfl C TaKHM OBCVPTOU U T ~ ~ U

- - - - - - - .- , . - - - - ee nnma coorse~c~sosana ropnenspyeslovy HHTepsany. B KovnneKr 3apnnos sxonnnn nse mamen, HMemulHe Kpoue seaTpanbeom BTO- poe, nononnHtenbHoe, oTeepcTHe nnn s3p~sarenn s a ~ e n n e ~ ~ o r o A ~ ~ ~ C T B H I (B3B). 06ecnesesamuero 83pm topnenbl c s a n a ~ ~ b l ~ saMennenHeM. Paape3 mamKH c p a s ~ e u e ~ ~ ~ ~ B ~ e f i B3A n o ~ a 3 a ~ Ha pac. 73,a. B Kaxnym zopneny ycraHasnHsanocb no nsa B3n, s sepxnefi H HHx~efi ee sacrnx. Ecnn pasuepH nossonnnn, TO c6op- Ka nenacb Ha MocTKax. nocne ee sasepluenHn Topnena nonHHManacb Haa ycrbear H cnyc~anacb B CKsaxHHy. Korna ee nnma He nossonnna ocyuecrsnn~b raxym TexHonornm, c6op~a aenacb HenocpencrseHHo B crmne Ha YCTbe c nocreneilnm ~ a p a w ~ s a ~ u e v nnnnsl aapnna nyrer ~ c n o n b s o e a ~ ~ n saxmuon. Topnena cnyceanacb Ha KapOTaXHOM

~a6-e, c KOTOPUM coennnnnacb H pasaen~~nnacb npH n o ~ o u ~ 3JIeKTPOM8rHHTHOrO O~~ennnmuem ycrpofic~sa ( ~ H c . 73,6).

Ma~cllMaJIbHHfi YnenbHHfi sapfln mpnenH nocrsran 60 Kr BB, x o ~ n naue ncem ncnonb3o~ancu c ~accofi 18--25 rcr Ha veTp MHHH cTsona. Bsp~earenb s a n e n n e ~ ~ o r o n e f i c ~ s ~ n (pnc. 73,s) 6 m CKOH- CTpyHposan raK. s m B ~ B O A H ~ C R B W e nonoxeme n ~ m b npn nas- neslmx, npesumamuuix 2 Mna. OH coc~onn 83 ~epx~ef i . smiosam- uefi nacoeofi ~ e x a ~ u 3 u I H ynapnue 2. H I iH~Iief i-~ eancmne~-ne- Tonampom HaKOJIbHOrO neficss~n 4 H s a p n n o ~ BB 5-nanefi ~ o p - nyca, npHseM sepxnnn 6 m a cnoco6~a Ha onpeneneesym m y 6 ~ ~ y nepeMeluaTt.cn s ~ n a ~ e f i , seMy npenrrTnaosana npyxnna 3, mane- ran Ha cyxe~nufi ysacrolc Kopnyca. B H C X O ~ H O M nonoxeHHH cpaba- TblBaHHe qaCOBOT0 MeXaHH3Ma He IIpHBOjlHnO K B3pHBY, TaK KaK xano bofi~a He nmasano Kancmnn. numb npH cnycee, Korna rmpo- cTarmseeKoe naaneHHe npenumano 2 Mna, OHO, neficrayu Ha Heypae- nosemennym sacrb ropuesux ~ O B ~ ~ X H O C T ~ ~ ~ Kopnyca e3puea~enn. cxuvano npyxstiy, npHBonn sspHeaTenb s 6oeeoe nonoxenne. ~ T H M caMm o ~ ~ c I I ~ ~ H B ~ J I ~ c ~ nononHHTenbHan ~ ~ ~ o I I ~ c H o c T ~ npH pa6orax. E c n ~ Xe no K ~ K H M - J Y H ~ O IIpH'IHHaM TOpneny T @ O B ~ ~ O C ~ IIOnHflTb

H 3 CKBaXHHH, TO Ha ~ J I ~ ~ H H ~ x MeHbWHX 200 M Ta Xe IIpyXHHa pa3- sonHna BepxHiom H HHXHIOIO YacTH BspHsaTenn Ha 6e30nacnoe pac- CTOUHHe npyr or npyra.

Onnca~noe 0 6 0 p y n o a a ~ ~ e - ~ e enHHcrseHHoe nnn sunonnennn 6onburu aapu- BOB. Tax. PL160'ta C XHWHMH H XMaTHHHpOBaHHUMH BB OTJlliqaAlCb cIIOCO~UMA nocrasKn rapnna B crsaxmy, a HHorna H cpencTBaMn nonpuss. Jlnn nocrasKn ncnonmsann mmnocrrnHue ronrefinepu. 6pe3e~maue veuKn n npyrne eurmTn. m n nonpuaos. Kpove uexaHHsecKHx. npnveHnnn xnvnsecKne s3pnsamH sauen- nenHoro nefinsnn. He HcKnwsanacb nonasa 83pbl~va~tax aeqecrs s CKaaXHHy no rpy6a~. Koropan npnnnBnnna nosumeHHue rpe6Osassn K rrxunre 6 e 3 0 n a c ~ m ~ ~ Onna~o onncaHmoe panee odopynoaanne donee ynnsepcanbno H Moxer 6 u n ac- nomosaHo nonnmnw WH sacrnsso Mn paSHUX cnyvaes ropnenHposanHR CKBa- X H H 6 0 i l b ~ 1 H M l I 3aPRAaMH.

O n ~ a ~3 OCHOBH~IX rpyn~oc~efi. Koropue np~xonn~cn npeonone- Barb npH nposeneHHH 60nbmHx B ~ ~ H B O B , c~n3ana c saqn~of i cma- XHHH OT nospexnen~fi. E c n ~ npn e3pHse 3apflna ~accofi 5 Kr B 06- c a x e ~ ~ o f i CKBalKHHe Ha r n y 6 ~ ~ e 2 K M B H ~ P O C XHnKOCTH, A 0 YCTbU sanonnnmuefi crson, npm sbixone ynapmoit BonHH Ha nOBepxHOcTb nocTHraer uerpoeofi BHCOTH. TO npH s s p ~ s e 3apuna c M ~ C C O R h n e e 100 Kr BHCOTa ~ b l 6 p a c ~ ~ a e ~ o r O cmn6a H3MePlleTCR neCflTKaMH MeT- pos. l l p ~ S ~ M BonHa. pacnpocTpaHnmuancn no X H ~ K O C T H , sanon- ~nmuefi crnon, x a p a ~ ~ e p ~ 3 y e ~ c n 6onee nnHrenbHblM n e h c r s ~ e ~ BblcoKoro naBneHHn. q e ~ ~ o u ~ e e sapnn, TeM sHme nanneHHe H bonbmym seeprnm Hecer m n ~ a . C o o r e e ~ c ~ s e ~ ~ o nonblmaercr sepo- RTHOCT~ nospexneHHn o h e ~ m s cesaxmibl.

Topnennpoaa~~e 6 0 n b m ~ ~ n sapnna~w Hyxnaercn B Mepax 3a- UHTH crnona OT B3pHBa. Ha~6onee ~anexnofi nennercn ycraHosKa UeMeHTHblX MOCmB Han ~opnenofi. KOTOpafl rpe6yer HanHqHfl Ha cKeaxxHe byposoro 06opynoeab~n nnn saKaneH ueMeHTa s crsm H pa36ypnaaxwn MocTa n m e espblea. On0 x e norpe6yetcn Ann n p o p a 6 o r ~ ~ HHTepeana ropnenHpoeaHHn c sblnonHeHHean nocnenym-

I81

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m e G-Macca 3apnRa. Kr. B CHny Tor0 YTO ne@eK~bl B yCTaHOBKe MOCTOB He WCKnlOqeHH, PeKOMeHnyeTCfl IIpHMeHflTb MOCT HeCKOJbKO 6onblu~x pas~epoe-25 M npn Macce sapnna 1 T, ysenwsusan Ha 6-10 M npn yBenuseHnn 3apnna Ha 1 T. O n ~ a ~ o yeenwswBaTb pas- MepH Mocra ceblrue 35-45 M Her H~OGXO~HMOCTH, n a x e ecnw npe- MeHneTcn osem 6onbruofi sapnn. O n ~ c a ~ b l cnysaw BunontieHun p a 6 o ~ C HaMblBHbIMH U 3 IIeCKa H IlPYrHX MaTePHanOB MOCTaMH, HO . 60~1bm0rO nPHMeHeHUR OHH He HaluJIH, HeCMOTPR Ha IlpOCTOTY one- PaUHH. H ~ ~ ~ X H O C T ~ HX HenOCTaTOYHa.

Pa6o~b1 no TOpneAHpOBaHHlo TopnenaMH TUI6 BblnOnHRloTCR no- CneROBaTeJlbHO. ~ O A ~ O T O B H B CKBaXHHy, IIPOBePHB COCTORHHe CTBOna, YAaJIRB JIHJIIHee C MOCTKOB H H 3 3 0 H b l CTBOna, nPOHHCTPYKTUPOBaB COTPYnHHKOB 6ypo~ofi. npuBnesaeMblx K emnonHeHHm patio+, o xaparc- Tepe pa6o~b1 H ux 0 6 n 3 a ~ ~ o c ~ n x . 06ecnesue Mepbl 6e3onac~oc~n, npwcTynaioT K c60pKe Topnenbl. kicnonbsyn u e ~ ~ p a n b ~ b l f i KaHan, Ha TPOC HaHH3blBaloTCII UlaUIKH. O n ~ 0 f i U 3 H H X H U X CTBBRT UlaUIKY C RByMn OTBepCTHnMH, B KOTOPYH) nOMeUaIOT B3pblBaTenb, IIOCTaB- nensbrir Ha s a ~ e n n e ~ n e B 3-4 c y ~ , paccsuraHHoe Ha CXBaTblBaHHe UeMellTHOrO MWTa B TeYeHHe 3TOr0 BPeMeHH. B T O P O ~ C TeM Xe 38-

MenneHHeM ycTaHaBnHsamT B B ~ P X H ~ ~ sacTu Topnenbl. H a n u s ~ e RByX aBTOHOMHblX 83pblBa~eJek CHHXaeT n0 MHHUMYMa OnaCHOCTb o ~ ~ a 3 a B3pMBa ~ 3 - 3 a HX ~ e c p a 6 a ~ ~ s a ~ w a . Cnyc~ne H OTCOenHHHB TOpneny, H3BneKaloT Ka6eJb H IlpHCTynaIOT K YCTaHOBKe UeMeHTHOrO MOCTB. 3a HecKonbKo sacos no a s p ~ s a nnn ero @ ~ ~ c a u u n B pa f io~e p a 6 o ~ crasnT cef ic~wsec~ym cranuulo. nocne espblea pa36ypwsalo~ MOCT n B H ~ O ~ H ~ I O T onepau~n no sasepruetiux, cTpouTenbcTsa, Hcnu- TaHHW A OCBOeHHIO CKBaXHHbl. HYXHO OTMeTWTb, 9TO U ~ M ~ H T H H A MOCT, He ycneem~k nOnHOCTbIO CXBaTHTbCn, npH B3pblBe pa3pywaercn n He cnywwr npennTcTeweM nnn pacnpocTpaHeHun B O ~ H H . Y ~ a 3 a ~ - HaR TeXHOnOl'HR MOXeT 6b l~b HCnO~lb30BaHa H nnn BblnOnHeHHn npy- I'AX p a 6 0 ~ , HanPHMeP COenHHeHHR CTBOJIOB C K B B X H H KPH TYUlelIHH noxapa Ha a e a p n k ~ o @ o ~ ~ a n u p y m u e k cKsaxHHe.

Kpoue OnHcaHHok sume rexnonornH nposenennn 6 0 n b m ~ ~ sspusos. cyulecr- Eyer H raxan. n p ~ KOTOPOA BB Moxer sacuna~bcn wna naxe nununarbcn B casa- x n ~ y . B 3rHX CnyVanx qacrb BB cnocobsa nocrynarb s nopony, oco6enno ecnm nocnennnn rpelussosara. B a p u ~ u c qacTnwluM Hnn nonHuH 3 a n a s n ~ n a ~ ~ e w 3a- pnna B nnacT ~ a s u s a w r c n BnyrpnnnacrosuMn. Yrronn~ueircs rexnonoruu nposene- Hun pador Her. B HneanbHoM sapsasre, ecnn sapueaercn BB, aanonnnwulee rpe-

1 82

WHY. snyulyw or crsona Ha 6onbmoe paccTonnne. C03UaHHF ApeHaxHak c n c r e ~ u s nnacre solipyr nee MoxeT cnocob~aosarb s$$e~rnsnouy ncnonb3osa~nm cnn rpasHraunH M n nasneqe~xn ocraros~ok H~$TH. EcnH q a c n aapnna 6yner naxo- ~ ~ r b c n a nnacre, TO r a ~ o k sspue Menee onacen H nnn CKsaxnsu. XOTR. HecoM- Henno, Mepu saulntu norpebywrcn. Pemawuyw onb npn aunonHeHHH nono6~oR onepauHH 6ynyr Hrparb csokcrea s u 6 p a ~ s o r o ~ k - n p n r H 9 e c r ~ A nHaYerp nero- HauHH, ~ ~ B C T B ~ T M ~ H O C T ~ K ynapy n rpennw, onpenennwulne cauy s o ~ ~ o x ~ o c ~ b nposeneuun paboru, a raKxe reonorun o h e ~ r a . He Mesee saxma cro~uocrb BB, ropnennposannn n pador no ocsoeHnw CKnaxHHu nocne napuaa.

4 3. HCnOAb30BAHHE 3HEPrHH IIOPOXOBblX FAJOB Ann HHTEHCH9HKAUHH IIPHTOKA

B oTnnsne or neroHaunn, ropewe KaK 6onee ~ e n n e ~ ~ u f i npoqecc He conposoxnaeTcn n p 0 6 n e ~ ~ e M H ynnorHeHneM noponbl B s o ~ e p a s ~ e q e n n a 3apnna. B M ~ C T ~ c reM TeMn r a 3 0 0 6 p a s o ~ a ~ ~ n npw HeM ,L(OCTaTOYeH nn5l TOTO, 9706bl, HCnOnb30BaB HHePUHOHHhle C B O ~ ~ C T B ~ cron6a XH~KOCTH, 6e3 ~ o I I o ~ H H T ~ J I ~ H o ~ r e p ~ e ~ n 3 a u n w CO3naTb B cKBaxnHe B 3 o ~ e cropannr nameme, npesbimamuFe ropaoe. n p n nOBHUleHHOM RaBneHHH XHnKOCTb H ra3H, n0CTynamUHe B eCTeCTBeH- HYH) HJlH HCKyCCTBeHHO C03naHHYlo TPeUNHY HJIH n e p @ o p a q ~ o ~ ~ b l R Kanan, JIekc~Bylo~ KaK Knuri, paspuaan Maccne. nocne CiinTnH nae- netins ocTaTosHar ne@op~auen noponbl 3 a ~ p y n ~ n e ~ nonnoe 3aKpHTHe TpeQuH npH HX CMHKBHHH, COXPaHIlR nnH @nl0Hna nyTb B CTBOn. Y c n o s n e ~ ycnelunoro npnMeHeHHn paspuea nennercn nosulueniie nameHun B X H ~ K O C T H c noMoqbm nopoxoBblx r a 3 0 ~ B 3 o ~ e cxnrae- Moro sapsna no ropnoro c 0 6 e c n e s e ~ n e ~ BpeMeHn neirnsnn eblcoltoro naenennfl B Tesenne 0,1-0.2 c n 6onee nnn s a n a s n w s a ~ ~ n XHnKOCTH H ~ ~ ~ B H T H I I TpeqnH. Ha ManHx rny6w~ax neAc~sne nasneHnn orpa- HHVeHO IIPHXOJIOM B 3 0 H Y 3apRna 0TpaIKeH~ofi OT nOBepXHOCTH XHnKOCTH BOnHbl H MOXeT 6 H ~ b HenOCTaTOqHHM C Y'leTOM TOTO. ' IT0 c ~ o p o c ~ b ropeHHn nopoxa Ha s ~ n x r n y 6 n ~ a x neeenma.

D O ~ O ~ H H T ~ ~ ~ H O ~ naBneHHe (B M c a ) , KOTOpOe H ~ O ~ X O ~ H M O pa3- s H T b B CKBaXHHe, MOXeT 6bI~b OUeHeHO no @0pMyne

Ap > h (2.4 - p)1100,

me h-rny6nHa CKBaXHHbl, M; p-IlAOTHOCTb PaCTBOPa, r/cM3. n o n p 0 6 y e ~ paCnHCaTb 6ana~cbr o 6 a e ~ o s npn padore nopoxosoro

reneparopa namewin B cKsaxwHe c qenblo sbl60pa onrwManbHHx ycnosnk npoaeneHnn paspblea nnacra. Kaxnuk KHnOrpaMM sapnna o6qek Maccok G naer V nnTpos r a ~ a , npneeneHHoro K a ~ ~ o c @ e p - HHM Y C ~ O B H R M . Tas 6yner cxaT naeneHweM (pr+Ap), m e p,- rnnpocTarnsecKoe nasnenne, a Ap- npesblmenne nasnennn B XHA- KOCTH Han rHnpOCTaTHseCKHM npH CrOpaHHH IIOpOXa. OH 3afiMe~ o 6 a e ~ pae~blfi G V K / ( ~ + A P ) . m e K - K O ~ @ @ H U H ~ H T , Y ~ H T H B ~ I O U I H ~ ~ TeMneparypy H oxnaxneHne raaos. 0 6 5 e ~ nnn p a 3 ~ e u e ~ n n raaos 6 y n e ~ 06pa3osan o b a e ~ a ~ n : 1) ~ ~ H H M ~ ~ M H M panee nopoxosm s a p n n o ~ G/p,, rne ps - nnomocrb sapnna; 2) o c s o 6 o x n a e ~ ~ ~ 3a cseT d w n b ~ ~ a u n n X H ~ K O C T H B nnacr Va; 3) o c ~ o 6 0 m n a m 1 q ~ ~ c r sa

rne c - c~opocrb s s y ~ a s xrinKocre. S - cesenne c tsma cmalirn ~ / ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - K O ~ @ @ I H L I X ~ H T 0 6 b e M ~ 0 ~ CXaTRU BOAIN. M R npy XC~K0c~efi 6 y n e ~ HHHY. A ~ - - n p e ~ n CmpamR '3ap1111a. 2- mro, rro cxarse c m 6 a xnnKocTu pacnpocpaenercs sae ( ~ o r n a annaparypa cmnr Ha 3a60.e. s a u e m m n na 4) V,- xnn~ocrn, ymenmeR B rpersnrry (seu 6 M b m ymA0 B TpWHHy. TeM CHnbHet? OH8 nWXHa PaCicpHTbCn. runnee nonxeu npoxonnrb pa3ph18 nnacra):

Eue onno saxwtaoe ycnoene nna ocymecrnnennn paap~aa-nan neuwe B rnnn~oc~n, sanonnnloutel CKnaxnHy, B s o ~ e p a s p ~ n a &mat no 6 ~ r b P ~ B H U M ~OPHOMY Hnu naxe npenHmammnu em:

P, + AP > 2,WlW. I l p w n e n e ~ ~ ~ e cooruouennn no3nonn10~ KaqecTBenno paccvoqe K ~ P T H H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C T B H U nOPOXOBUX Fa308 H BnHnHHe Ha Hee MeHRloUHXC ~ C J I O B H ~ I CKBaXHHbl.

Bosbaren llBe CKBaXHHH C PB3JIH4HHMH YCJIOBHRMH, B KOTOPUX M U pa3pUBa nPHMeHUIQTCII OnHRaKOBHe 3aPllAU H KOJHWCTBO r830B, obpa3ylou~xcn npH CmpaHHH OnHHaKOBO. Torna H 3 BHpaXeHHn (7.1) cnenyer: seM mare npoHHuaeMocrb noponhl, reu Menblue XH~KOCTII nolner Ha pacrcptarne T ~ ~ L I I A H H . I lpennrc~no~arb paspuny 6 y ~ e r II ysennsenne nwauerpa crsona CKnaxHnw, nocwonbKy eospacraer 0 k M CXHMB~MOB B CTBOne XHnKOCTB H, CJIenOBBTUIbHO, 0 h e ~ nonocrn nnn rasos. C poc~on r n y 6 n n ~ ( M ~ H B ~ T C R mnbKo my6nna CKB~XHHU) nosHmaew?n nanneune H cwrsercreeHHo criHxaelcn y raaos B O ~ M O X H O C T ~ c'oeepmarb padory pacmnpqunn. Kpoue rom, C YBWH'IeHHeM ~ ~ Y ~ H H H CKBaXHHH B03PaCTBeT npeJlWbHOe AaBne- Hue. ~ e o 6 x o n ~ ~ o e nna p a a p ~ e a nnacra, nocKmbKy mpnoe naanenne c rny6nnoR pacrm 6ucrpee rHnpocrarnsecKoro. T ~ K H M 06pasou. C YBeJIHqeHHeM ~ V ~ H H H CKBaXHHH HYXHO yBMH¶HBBTb 38PflA m n odecnese~~n nyxsoro TexHonornsecKoro s@@e~ta .

P a 6 o r ~ no paspbley nnacra stanonrlnror, Hcnmssyn nopoxosble reueparopu namenun 6 e c ~ o p n y c ~ ~ e IlTABK H axKyuyanropH nan- neHHn CKnaxHHHble AAC. 06pa60~Ka nnaha nocnwnuun ~ a 3 ~ - s a w n ~ e p ~ o r a 3 o x n ~ ~ s e c ~ o R .

~ P H CXHraHHH 6anbXI0r0 nOPOXOBOr0 38PRfla B CKBaXHHe Me- nyer ynnrblaarb He mnbrro 06pa30na~~e TpeuxH, HO n npyrne npo- u e c c ~ , cnoco6e~e cyqecrsen~o snnnrb Ha ysenllnenne ornarn nnacra, - tennoswe H xnunsecKne, o seu yxe rosopwocs.

Ann p a 3 a ~ r ~ n Tpewn, KpoMe o6uero Konnsecraa ysacrsylowx

x s u ~ s e c ~ o f i 06pa6Orxn c ~ s a x n n . T a ~ o e p a s n e n e ~ ~ e 06nacreA npnuenennn BO M H O ~ O M Y ~ ~ O B H O .

- - . . P. A. Cnno36eprj cobspserc~ n3 He- C K M ~ K H X OTJI~JI~HUX nopoxonblx 3apn- nos I c UenTpanbHHun KaHanaun. 60- Kosan nosepxnoctb 3apnnon obumasa nenmR. nponma~noA s n o ~ c n n ~ o h CMO- noA, a mpun s a u ~ q e ~ n napoaurosn- Mn npomansaue. BH~TPH Kanana ~ a - xonnrcn onopuan rpy6a 2 n3 cnnaBa anloMwHnR c peab6oR Ha Kowuax, no3- nonnmueR c nououblo uryuepos coe- nHHRTb 3apXnH B I'HPnRHAY. O ~ O ~ H H ~ t p y 6 ~ s a r e p ~ e r n a n p o s a ~ ~ C H H ~ Y sa- ~ ~ U K O * , a Hasepxy - Ka6Wb~ofi w- noe~o l . n o n x n r a u ~ e 3apnna ocyute- CTWHeTCH nHpOnaTpoHOM H nyCKO6HMH BocnnaueHHrwnMn H 3 nnpococTaBos. p a s r e u r a e w ~ r ~ B rpy61cax. npn cpa- 6arbInaH~n nHponarpoHH narpeaalor I crenKy ~ p y 6 ~ H nomuralor 3apnn. To- penne m e ~ or uenTpa K nepn@epun. n epeun cropannu onpenennercu. Kpoue c~0Rcrs nopoxa. r o n u ~ ~ o l cxnraeuo- CO CJIOS h ) H AaBneHHeM, pa3BHBae- MUM s 3OHe TOpeHHn. B AAC5 3apnn nOAXHTaeTCR CnHPanbK) HaKBJIHBaHHII. PUC 74. KOH s rapn,uom a speun cmpaunn, KaK annu0 n3 pHc. nrkw (a) (6) 74, s snasnrenb~oll Mepe S ~ B H C H T H or AJIRHH 3apnAa f . B 3BBHCHYOCTH OT BWH'IHH & H 1 6ynyr Ha- xonnrk.cn H ceKynnHue ramnpnxonw annapawn. B KOHCTP~KUHH AAC6 npH coxpaHeHHn cncTeMH nopilrannn cnnpanbm HaKanasa- HIIR. T ~ K x e K ~ K H B nrA6K. npnaaeuen cnnomnoA u e ~ r p a n b ~ ~ i t Kanan. npoxonnuuA sepe3 Bce sapnrru. 6namnapn T ~ K O R monetpyr- Unn rOPenne nopoxonom bapnna B AAC6 nporeKaer b~c rpee , neu B AAC5. no Memennee. sen B IIrA6K.

3 a p s n ~ AIlC5 a U C 6 6es o6onouer. H nopox Haxonnrcu s KOR- TaKTe CO CKB~XHHHOA XHIIKOCTblo.

Hevomp~e TC!XHIi'IeCKHe XapaKTepHCTHKH llTJI6K H AAC npnse- nenm B t a b . 21.

Ilpw npowennu pa& no H H T ~ H C H @ H K ~ U H W npnmlra nekrsneu nopoxos~x rasos, nmynaevux s renepampax nanneunn, cnenye~ RCllWlb30B11Tb CKBaXRHbl C nJIBCTaMH, CJIOlKeHHHMlI npOWiHMH nOp0- nauw (nsnecr~nw, necsanHKn H np.) c ~enonalorlnofi nnn Hepanno- Y ~ D H O A noolmuaenonblo. c vqacruavn. ~ ~ C O D ~ H H H Y H B npoueece

seqecrsrult, M O ~ H C T H U Kanbuueu Hnn s ~eQirn nnn HOVI-nn sacopes~n np~sa6ORnoR SOHH. Pe~oue~nyeTen nononunrenbno nep-

nun nopoxosux sapnnos c senam pa~pusa M ~ C T ~ . 3@@urmsao lyrp- ncnanssosaaae nopoxosw mnepampolr n nnn yuemnenan npneua-

croers n a r n ~ a ~ a s u x amamis. Onn uoryr rarrre d u n IIpaue - n r m m m m m A ~ X ~ A J W neau nnn eosnanan rpeqna s nopone apa nonseuaoU ra3aQnrasnn ymn. no6une cepu, wnsr n npyrnx ~OIIWHUX acxonaeuux.

aa n e c i ~ ~ ~ b v o u s nume a n ~ ~ p s a ~ ~ a paspma. n p i s u t b p e nopo- "F" XCM~U sapmon n JlBKlOO nnn pasaux rnydnn asmpu mnepamps. pcrouemym a e n y m m e nncna sapnnos (rabn. 22).

Asuornnnue pevoueunawa e m nnn nrABK150 a @pue nouorpauuu-mu ~ u & p a sapnnos M C 6 npa paborax B ne@rn- nux csnaxsau. Koerp6~1s m n m paspuua (no ~ocmrsyiauy n a ~ e n m ) s e w . pasueman na n e m w u vnaneasa OT r r s e ~ a m a rpemep'wb npribop, n-amlud pernCrp+nan no 06xatdP qb mepa (uenum ugnaanpa a m xonyca) vaxcnuanbnoe naMeaae a rn-, noerernyme npa clvllraima sapnna. C03nanne rpenruu a pa8on ax rnnnxilosennn onpenennor tepuourrpuefi c x ~ a x a w .

Y n m a n npoemny n s@@maxoaa uerona. anorna npa acnu- r a m a r m snenenm C E W R A ~ B s ~ ~ n n y a ~ a q ~ m IIrJlBK npauesnm epa3 aoule nep@paqnn.

%r n npn mpnenupansi , y 3anasns.or scerna dyner cyluecr- .Oum x e ~ ~ a n a e n p o m padOthl a e 6 e s a a n ~ n u x s cx~alvllaax. Yurncsne m u n m u o x w e ~eynena uoryr npaBecfa K nenepwu npedmamessau m~oclmnsim nonnpaaaa uerona. rIosmuy npa- -noem ~ u t b p a obsem. amem dansmw 3aaneme npa npsuene

l l o u ~ u o acnonsso~a~an m a H J M ~ ~ ~ H R R H@TII n rasa as nuamom npouecco~, conpomxnawrslrxcn caanannev t p e u a n n a n a ~ a u u paspymenaeu noponu, aaxonnr npaveaenne ynouaaaBmecn pan* danee csadue nanaunnecme w3neRcm.n. Perlb u r n 06 acwnsao- sanan sapnnos as nem~apymqero lanypa, saenponcrpomro p a -

R3 n&aaPYmuteru ycnemno n p ~ u e n n m n n a a ~ k a u x crsarnnax. 06pa60tu cmclrr.~ IIOCUT xapancp cnoto@a@~ Eocummr. nocxanbry nplI.920~ B nepsym onepens y M n n e t c L o ~ - m, sarpasnnmme nonepx- MIICTI n @JILTPI. I anorna n w w II [email protected] may, npnnerammym F -y. Kwna 3arpn3nenaR net, w m a ocaosannn Ann nponeneann nonob HOR Obpa6o~~11.

PIWYOT~HU ncnoawsanae w p u ~ n u x H ~unynwaux n p o s c c c ~ ~ nnn y ~ ~ n w a n nedma w~osabopnsu, K ~ K n a a h e e uaceosbix, cwpasw. llpnsasu n i u r m (ecaa CU~YUIRII BUXOIUIT 83 6ypinm) nus cnn3mnremn s xone sxcnnyarawa &ma auumrlarrrcn. s mu. wo nun dypenns s nopu ma -HY nponyurasaoro nnacra

co cna& crsana sh niiipxlioesa @marpa npn m, cnjcre a m a - xnny. cbnnsrp dunlw, npanctamnrn ss ecdn xec~mP mpmc, im m p u R nauo~ana npownoxa m n c m a , npouycmiooule mny, HO n p e n n m y m w e noerynnennm necm c.uxnny. rnaiml mm- pa- gHabrpy~nram nonepxsocrr, crano~ncb uanonpowsaeuoP MU xnaxocn~. ~ a n a q u rnnnu n u e m r ~ ~ o u n n y m crpynrypy. npm EKphmll d y p e l n ~ W&O80eROfi) IUpWUTa Ha Ha'WIbHOM 9TaEe o m ewcodnu IIep~MUIwThCa s n o p u nopow C p o m u coauat- sof~ odanonna sra cnocod~ons y M H O ~ a3 HBX r e p n m , a n a m m n p e n p a ~ m n B vanensme enpobrss. 3rclpuamnu1e nopu. Oslcasas, npownnuue no namR wnu. suxocnr m s r o nacrs ocaua. Omanlor-naa~enbwR nposae. Ann owoeima CIWIBBU a y x ~ o ynansn ocanoc c noqx l lona @msrpa a m n n ~ b sacopnrt m e n m w a3 maera. Tar @opuympymr onna n3 3- oewe- ann H ~ m e n n n ne6n~a .onosa&p~ux C K D ~ I I , s ~ o m m x as 6yP-m.

Ha pac. 75 nom3aau sramr nefimrn u p ~ m 3apan. as nem- s a p y m ~ ~ m , mnypa aa ganbtp. npownnuoro cxsalvllne. 3apm

6 in

SOnosHUfi, KaK n p a ~ ~ n 0 , ~ O C I O R T R 3 ~ ~ ~ n p y m u e m tunypa A U B H pacnonara no uesrpy c r m a ann mm. 6pnsam~oe nelcrsne =puma .na XRHU. n o nnnne OH npeautuaer nnnunnpoeaHnn. s~Obu He nosp aunocnTcn asepx 3a ero npeneru 0.5 u. B yme nnmnnpoaaHwn, npotns sneK nmlcaropa. ynenbnan sneprnn aapnna uepno B 4 pasa n eeumam ero yn lif sneprnm e JoHe A B. n, Hecumpa Ha IIpOTRXeHHOCTb YsaCTKa, STOm 6 ~ s a e r T O ~ H O MU nospex&eHnn (pabrpymuefi nosepx HOCTH.

nanblue B nopony, sosnefineyk Ha crpj.wryp W C T H U FAHHU. ~ a x ~ n n m a x c ~ l s nnacre. n o o n v ~ ~ u ~ l n u n a n a r m u ~ -4 . -, -- ---, - --" , pnncb, susuealor nemeHHe XWKOCTH sepes @lmt.rp B nopony ( p n q 75, e), a Ha srane cxnonusaeen nepepacmnpnsmeroca nvauor (one., -- 1 75, 2) - ~3 nnacra B cwaxHHy. T a ~ o e neperaenm no n a n p a ~ e n n d ABHXeHHe XAI(KOCTR C I I O W ~ C T B V ~ ~ VdaneHRIO C IIOBeDXHMU h~nhti. .. . . . . - -. -. - - pa ocanKa H. TO ne menee najirrro; Hapytuennm crpylcrypu 3arpno- IieH~fi B IIJlaCTe C BOCCTaHOMeHHeM IIOABHXHOCTH BHeCeHHHX TYA1 sacrnu. Ecnn cpasy h m e sapusa nposenn orxawm, TU ~acapnm. UHe sBCTHUU ~ Y A Y T BUHeCeHU, OqHCTKO ~ P R ( ~ R J I ~ T P O B O ~ ~ 30HH Ildar cra 6yner &nee rny&~ofi. H ~ & H T cKsaxnau noapacrw. Ecnn ae OTKaPKY 3aLIePMaTb, TO CIPYKT)'Pa OCallKa HaqHeI MKICTaHBMHBaTb- cn H PadO~a uomm OKasarbcn 6ecnone3~oA. B ~ D H B nosnonnef COKO~.

r --a --------- C T ~ ~a npenenu HasanbnoL nowe npo~einwn 's3pua~ux p a & ~ B cwaxneax, nnnsenbnoe apeun slrcnnyarnposasmnxcn H c ~ n ~ n a t u m n&nr. 1

~ P R ~ R H O ~ ~ CHRXeHHH lle6H~a CKBBXIIH, HBXOAIIUHXCII B SKCnJIya- TaUHH, UOXw 6Urb 3aCOpeHHe (PIi~bfpa H l lp~@~nbtp0~0f i 30HU ocan~am. sunanamwun HJ nonu npn naHxeHHH ee ~3 nnacra.

Ocan~ou uoryr 6 m ~apdOsaw KanbuHn a marnnn (CaCO1. MgCOs), cwrnennn tpexsanenreom xene3a H np. Ocanox s m a - naw a pwynbrare Hapylueiinn yrneurcnornom paenoeemn npn JlBXXeHHW XHJlKOCTH H 3 IIAaCTa, OKHCneHHX BByXBaneHTHOrO XMf!3a s rpexsaneernoe c n3ueHeHneu pacrsopeumn 06p~oeastunxcn C O ~ ~ R H ~ H R $ A name XH3HWenTWIbHOCTH 6a~wpnfi. Ha npoueccu

cHnbHO BIlHRlOT peXUUU SKClUYaTa411R CKBaXPHU. 06paaosawe ocanKa ~a N b r p e no pnny no~aaareneft axanorusno dpamsannr, HaKHnH s nafinn~e, HO TonbKo B nocnenneu cnpae @ampou, onpe- nennnwu em 06paaonanne, cnyxas rennosue npoueccu. Tamu 06pa30u, a n a m n e nonu u n m ~ a n b w n . uarnnn R xenesa. H CKsaxnna cmanJra ne6nr, m ecrb O C R O B ~ H R ~ npennonaram, sm cxnxenne cmnsano c sacopenneu @mbrpa. Toqnne nannue o conep- manna npnuecea uoryr 6 m noapenu 83 ananuson mnu, npnseu yno6aee scem m n nx sunannennn npnBnerasb na&pampnn can- s n ~ n e u n a ~ w 8 .

Y m 6 ~ He cnyrats n n s ~ n l nednr s~cnnyampyeuol CxnaxnHu. csn3annufi co cnHxenneu nnacmnom namenun n ucmqenseu mono- Hoca, c H H ~ K H M neflnmu n3-3a 3acapeHnn @nnbrpa II np~@anblp~- BOB 30HU, HYXHO H M e T b llaHHUe 0 IIOBWeHRR CKBaXHHU 6 XORe 3KClIJIYaTBUHH, XHMHSeCKOM COWaBe BOnU H H3UeHeHRH CTaTRYeCKOPO yposnn XR~KOCTH SO speuenn. Xenarenbno s a m e pacnonarats MaTepHaJIaMH no 3KCMyaTaUHH COCWHHX CKBaXHH. KOTOPUC MOVT c y u w ~ s e ~ ~ o AononHnrb aapmny. ' I a c r ~ csene~wfi moxer n He 6 u q . Ho naxe npn o r p ~ q a m b ~ u x no~a3amnx. nanpnuep CHJI~HOM yMeHbmennn crarnsecmm yposnn. cnnnetenberayr,meu d nczorse- HHH xvaonoca, npnnnuan pemenne O T H O C H T ~ ~ ~ H O ~ U ) & ~ ~ S H O E T R

nposenennn pa60~. cnenyer ~ O U H H T ~ , s m seponrHOCrb mm. sm cKBaxHHa rsaonnnacb B sKcnnyaraunm c 3aHHXeHHHM nednmu ~ s - s a nenocramsnoB ~ ~ W J I I I H H ~ ~ ~ H H , WnKa. Yc'crpa~nn s m r ynaeTcn ysennssrb ee ne6nr, ~ecumpn Ha cenmenne BOp.006IIJIb- HoCTH lWPH30HTO.

Opraen3aunn p a h r no yeenHsenHm n e 6 ~ t a C K D ~ X H H H npenno- naran, s m cpasy n m e wpuaa Ha ne8 6ynm nponenena o m a q ~ a c uwbm ynanennn ocanlca H3 c r m a H nnacra. I l o s m p ~ u e ~ j p u s n HYXHO ~ P O B O . ~ W T ~ c dOIlbmoa ocmpoxHocnm. Ae@puaun~ sneuen- ros K O H C T ~ ~ K I W H @nnbtpa ewannnsamrcn, nanpnuep ne@puaunn nocne nmmpnoro sepusa sapnna R 3 o ~ H O I L HRTKU mnypa h ~ 3 m no s~snsanenly nefinsnn K ~ e @ p u a u n n ~ n m e OnmspeuenHom aspuaa nsyx H W ~ K mnypa. nospexnemn cerm npn wpuae, ecnn 3m nporcxonnr, n u e m xapaKrep npocenrtn, sepes ~ m p y p u o a m nocynats necor. A o I I ~ c K ~ T ~ nx ~ e n a ~ n . B palonax, r e sacopenne @~nbrpa ocanlcou, sunsnammnu H3 X A ~ K O E T R , nponCxOan~ 311 Kopmlroe npeun. qenecoo6paano npxvtnnn npn crpomenserat CKBPXHHU IIPOPAbie @JIbtp~, MHOI'OKpaTHO BhlllePXABaY)We T a m peicouennaqnm nonesno narb o p r a ~ n 3 a ~ m u . W~yuulu 6ype- HHe I I O ~ ~ H ~ I X CKBaIKRH.

ORHHM H 3 HeAOCTaTKOB OnRCaHHOPO BblUIe 89pUBHOIO M10na II) nneTcn olrymmne ~ H W H ~ H O C T H BWR~$CTBHR na OCS%WTW CllBaXnHY. Kpoue mro, naxe sapnn ns onno$ HHTKH AUlB npn luplrse OKasu- Ban ROCTBTOPHO cnnb~Ioe sosneficrsne ~a o 6 8 e ~ m C K D ~ X H H U H, eCnH B KOHC~P ~KIWH ectb o c n a h e ~ ~ u e u m , uomn nusunam nospexnennn.

nanb~elhuee pa3snme u m a a nomno no nHHRH xcdanbsoma~nn B CKBaXHHaX W e e .UnlTCHXB H UAMHsecKHX npOUWCOB-MelCrpO-

unlrnwccvae ms,qdicmnn 6 y w mnpom npnuennrt.cn s texnnKe s ~ 0 6 u n a noaepaw ncnonaeuur

Top- as neronnpymqem mnypa naxonnr npsuenenne H Ann pensnesnn nebma c n a x ~ n na n@tb. B nepsym Oqepenb pens unet 0 c n a m n u , rne uorao 6utb aawpenue nep@paunonnux u n a - nos o c u u u n , s u n ~ ~ q ~ ~ u ~ as nnacsosw xnnuxmB. Kan n o u - sana n p a m u npnueseann rime WPUBa Yl[.mn

PmpWm nysupn. Xaparrep ysenlrnrra n a ~ ncxon~uB neb= HaM)YHHaeT CMlRPCIiHOC 6ansrmrnctsa no~o6nux cxnaxan MM. adcMwrnuB npapoet n PUB^ sapana r o ~ e t ~ e s o b u n o n o n i i n t a b ~ ~ ~ o b u ~ 0 8 ne@m neanann~enen. Ho, y n ~ u n a n BB. Ho W U o J n r o r r a ycta npoclory n A W I W 3 H y pa6oru. sosuox~ocrs wsuemennn ee c npy- aoxHOCM C tpancnoptnpo rnua o m p a u u n ~ ~ , sunannneuuvn B cKl)aXEHe, npo8ep.eHne .8pUD. *nePrnH I, MHy pcurnsaunn ue HOB OPHCTKJI m u m x capanx onpasnano. B otnanae or p a h t na ~ ~ s r n n muporovy npsuene BOW cmalua~ax HO H- rne @mbrpou a y x n r nep@pnpoBan-

76' np.uqlmuuu urn. ~ c l o ~ ~ , xom m o x n m b n u e an KO~OHHB A neponrnoc~b I I O B ~ ~ ~ ~ C I I H I C K B I I m t H U MeHbme, AonYc- oue'u'rnmror oua xe I u o u m K*uepn -a (a) (6) rn aynbtatu em onp060-XU 0 npo am ycluewe sapnna no necsonb~nx n a m ~ neronnpym~em

mnctrnnnux y~nosrurx n m n u . mnypa. 3~aqmenbno ~ ~ K T H B H ~ B oxmanocb scnonssonanne Ann on,

U M R B ~ ~ O n a cxamm ra3a s sone nnacta, ocyqectsnneuom C n W ~ ~ b m f i ~ a u e p u . npnnmnuanbnan CXCYO ee nOKaaaHa I. BUEOP PAUHOHM~HO~O u~~llnaeuc~ PAW Pnc. 76. B nMoCtb 1 KaMepU, BUXOn ns ~oropok saxput lulanamu no ~ c ~ p U T H l 0 MACTA H HHT~HCH+HMUHH IIPHTO*A no U a n V ~ J J I C O K O ~ AaMeHsn 3 c seunoB noeepxnoctn nonal.cn a a t u f i ras npn AZIMWHHX no 10-20 Mna. rips p e s m ~ O T K ~ U ~ rnassan sanaqa dypensn 6anbmnnctsa c n a x n n na n@tb H ra3- ~ a n a ~ a ( m n c t ~ ~ u u w n n cxeuu em cpa6a~umsnn YOY 6bml nanyesne npnmros xnncoctu MH rasa us ncnpu~aeuux mpn30n- pasnnqnu) Msnyx su6pacusaerca s o~pyxamqym xnn- ms. Kar npamno, y ~ 2 l o s ~ n 3KCMyaTaUHA TPeb~m, q t 0 6 ~ ctBWl -4 mustasan MHY AaMeHHn n RsnxeHse XHAKOCTII m r a u e p ~ 6un o6caxen tpy6au11, a npc8crpanerno UW tp~hfi n *P~OB

OKPY-Iqa nPOCtPanffn0, s m u nnme ~ e p & @nnbtp B nnact. BO nsduKame d u a e n n n ucrcny nnactaun saueuemposaRo. ~ H ~ P ~ H S e A m i H l l H o n , mwzeBcrsnn E 011pen~1nmn no @puyne C w r s e m s e n w oanana nepwasrrn @Pu~daPYmn a e n Y m a U

E = pVIO.4, o6pasou: cosnatb nananu nepep nperpaAu, pasnennmrwe nnact a c t m , o6ecnennnamqne nanexnoe nanxenne @nmnna. Onnam na

r e P - ~ a ~ e n ~ e ; V- obseu su6pacusseuom wsnyXa. n p a m ~ e ne x u n a na~ecrso nep@paum decneqn-er HYxHYm PA nuxnone uakcnuans~oe naanenue IJ m n e H ~ M H W H H X ~ npowtHBHocrb C K D O ~ R H U . 320 name acem C B W ~ H O c Tern, qm

qeu .3Pu= AmHnpyI)uaM mnypa, a napactanue n a ~ e n w n ne nepssqnoe a c x p m e mama npn 6ypemn C o n p o ~ J M ~ ~ Cnnb- H u m t a m K P P M @ponta. nose suxnona manan a a ~ p u s a m , HUM sawpenue~. a nmenymuan nempaunn. K KmPOfi 0 amu H HaqHHamn HofJ~fi UHM c nompnuu aanannenseu ma.. c r r y s u npcnsnsnnrn nosumennue rpebosannn, orasuracb ne n co- n~ .03fiY~ou. I<.K H nps napus+ npn swnone rueet u e m ny- cmnnm nun- npconMrra WHY sa~pnsnennn ~ n e d a ~ n . cwan r a w m nysupn, wnpomxnamuaancn em ncnnusanneu s w x b o x - B C H ~ U T I I ~ uoxet obsncnmcn u Y m s n w no nepeuelsan muepy snonb mama, ocy~q-nn UHOIP- C ~ B n a p s ~iyxnom obopynomnnn MI n c r p m n nnacta nnn spatsue ~ n e f i c t m n na HUO. npomnn cpasy n o a e sasepmet~nn Hcscpnuu ~u60pou u m n a n nnotmm nep0opauus. reo@nsn~ o 6 p . m orKa.l~y XUAKOCTR H.3 CKBIXHHU C YAlLIleHAeY BUHWeH- A M x e R ~3dcraTb o U I H ~ K C f l a u m ~ m d l a q a m n HaXo- H O ~ B ctm ocaAK0, MOXHO noctnrnyrs s u c o ~ o m y p o s ~ a onucnte - n p a u u a u e pemensn noctamennoIb an(.na, armsno naanuo- ewbtprl n nnacta. Ycnexy saenpennn urrom cnoco6crwsano a m, n c t m y n npm m u c sausnnmu. ¶to em q u a - m e ne tpe6yet opm~nsauun a y x 6 u napu~nux npncrgna~a(cyy K nep@paan~ ~ y x m nounm npnwenemn san- pador nnn npnmenennn m n sunonne~un c n e u n ~ n s n p o s a ~ n w o ae$ctnsn ~ p u a a n mnapatyp4 6 KmOpO* on naWm% oprann~auni. Padollr npn nannqnn c o o r s ~ y a q ~ annaparypu ~ M L B O O S n a m ~ c ~ ~ O ~ O I O - T U W S ~ C K I I M ~ m s l l ~ u ~ e m - onasanncs nocrynnuun nroduu w ~ o x o s n ~ ~ e n ~ u ~ o p r a m 3 a u n ~ 1 raesl, ~ ~ f i e r u u u nopoa xaparrcpnesnd paapesa. HeaSxolls~o npruene~ne verona nepcne~tusno H nnn npyrnx uure&. nanpnuep snam mauerp & ~ J x ~ o R mqnonnu, ~ ~ o r a , KoropuU w.punUCn s npenaxahx n nnux CKMXEH~X. cmaxsnax na H- e c ~ ~ n mbm npelly.ransu8 n~mpn+, m a a t a m lusepnoucrpns, Pa-.ram nosnonnet ax rny6nna. s ctponteabcme. Moxm npennanarass, qm aanruua THC. e m e m n u n o rny6nne cna.ranu, ~~~ Pat-

tnapa. reunepaype, s m cpas nun nep@opampu. nenpnronn parypy, nano nounnrq sm sapnnu. rannux na npnuenenne npn s w o m x rearnep &anaIeT Ue~blutil npo6~snoil c ~ o c O ~ H O ~ ~ rUC, cnenya nonursrsca onpenenarb rny6nq pacrwpa n sarpnsnnmurero ocanKa B nnacT. B Ka TUHY U O V ilOn(U1HHTb AlHHble 0 PeXHaraX 6y 6ypenne B 30He .IIPOIIYYTHBHOID HHTtpBUna CO TO YOIKHO oxnnan 6051- mydoaom npon oeanna B nnam 6nsmnapn @ J ~ c H ~ O B ~ H H U M nun odopynosannn 6ypowft. Bce CKa3aHHOe cosna~nn ~ a n w a , nanexno c ~ n s u ~ a w ~ q e r o nna nesnsamureru 6ecnpensrcraen~oe nsnxenn

Kpoare odecnevenwn HanexnoR csnsn nna pnn nonannn.rcnbnux rpe6osannR K nep@opaunn, Kompue WIXTByIOUHX ycnosnax uoryr cram onpenennwuulrm npn uerona H 06opyno~annn. Osenh saxnu npn sudope nponseo HOCTb, noRUOCTb H ~ W O ~ ~ C H O C T ~ p.60~. K HeraTHBHUM, HO nnbno yunrusaeuuu t#ia~ropar ornocn conpoBoxnamIqeecr nosp

H H e OCTBTKilUH O~OXOPIM H c z u m u , sm x p u e rnydnnu nyxno HY nos, 06pasyeuux s nopone npn pasnu Qnnq naJwrne ~ p ~ s f f n B nopone BoKpyr Kanana. msuo nepeKpurnn em necmu, sacopense pansopoar, nocrynawnulw s e p a rranan npn nep@opawn Ha~oneu, nonxna 6Utb paCCM pa6ar no a n r e ~ c ~ i $ n ~ a w n npnrora, Koropue aroryr s x o n m s KO aeKc no murannn , HAH oceoennm CKsaxnn, He msopn 06 HX I I M b W B 8 H H H B CKBaXHHaX, yXe HaXOAnUHXCn B SKC~yaTaUHll, yaenwennn nebnra. Tamu obpasor, nubop u m n a BCK~UTH ncnura~nn c ~ n a x n n u c nenbm nonys nmnerca aoarme~c~nrv sonpocou. rpe6ym1qnu snannn up nosno-sspusnoR annapaypu, oco6e~nocrefi aspuea n yvera nun Ha nep@opausm ycaosnR, me sunonnrmn p a h a .

n p n l ~ n e u npnvepu sudopa nep@opa~opa. I. C H ~ P M ~ OIlp24~FIU ~ J ~ Y ~ H H Y KaHaJIa, KOTOPUR AOJIXeH 6UTb

UOJlyQtR. nyCTb Ha UyTH K B.qna. noaxen npollm sepu o HOR I0 MU n cnoll qeuenra 80 renennn a cnaxnne ~opnyc ncnonwmannn nK103A. llpnueu, sm no namennm R wuneparype s sone nep@pasnn n nnauerpy cnsaxnnu on npnrwen. 3apm nK103A u P O ~ H M ~ B CTMR KaHaJl rny6nnoil 80 MU. Torna, m- o o n s s o r ~ ~ ~ ~ c b @puynol (6.1 I). naUncu, sm Kanan. 06pa30sannn~ crpyel ymyhnercn ra npenenu ueueirrnom lranbua II nopony na -50 u u (npo6rrrae II nopoae H ueuwre npnuepm m 1.8 pasa

6onblUe, seM 0 f f l m ~ ) '. HO Sm 6 y ~ e ~ KOHUeBan %CTb KaIIana, HMemqaa ~onnsefKym @opuy n nedanbluoll nnauerp, K muy x e ona ~ o x w 6utb nepeKpura n e m u . Ann pemennn nonpoca o qeneco- 06pasnocm ncnonwosannn nKI03.j.t npnMeseu nonannsnnbnue Aannue. ljypenne nenocb Ha paersopax nenuco~oft n n m n . n no- 9rory Her ocnosanttR o x u a r b sarpasnennn noponu. nnacr &a- paw xopomeR nponnsaeuomm, nm ynpolsaer irsnxenne mnnxonn H 3 nnacra B muon. Moqnocrb n p o n y ~ ~ ~ ~ n o m mama nent~~nm, n He norpe6yercn unomxparnux cnyclcoe nep@pampos m n Bewpuran 6ceR npo8y~rnenoR mnm. Kpoare m, nocwbry nK103A- nep@opamp ~opnycnoil unoroKpatnom ncnonmsanaa, ero ipyrac- Hoe ~ekc'plte Ha O ~ W K T H CKBaXHHU UHHHMMbHO. npll HaIIIIPYn 6nns~nx nonolusermux spn nnn 06wnennn npOAYm(BHux macml coxpannocn qeuenrnoro Kanbqa - onno HS ~CJIOBHR ycnelunoR om- nnyaraunn CKsaxnnu. HO rear He uenee rny6nirliy s e r p m n nensar npnsnan xopomeil, Bee npyrHe ryrynnrnsnue nep@pampu r a m x e nnauetpa - K ~ K Kopnycnue onnolcpaTnom npsuenennn, ralr n 6ee~opnyc~ue o6ecnesnsam bdnbmym rny6nny npobItTU~. npn pasencme nosonos sa n n p m s sonpoc a m a npamlcoft. Bc~pusaercn nnacr c ncnanwsanneu nKI onpenennercn no nebny cwaaxnnu *err nep@opawn, H ecnn on nenmamsen. TO m n nosropnom nepsctpma npnuennercn nep@opamp, nceywL bonbwue sapsllh~. HBIIPUYep nK0.

2. npn noncswe sanacos uecmpoxnennn npnnnT no nannuv ncnusannR cpennnB ne6nr C K B ~ X H H U 50 T H~IPTII s c ~ . Mecm- poxaenne &anan BUCOKHW M~CTOBUM nannenneu. ~ e r n e p a j p ~ Ha s a h e ne npenunnalor 100°C. nopona- necsannKs xopolneft npo- nnuaeuocnl, rny6nna cwaaxvnu 3 xu. npn ucwpun(n npnuennncl KyuynnrnsnuR ~opnycnuL nep@pamp onno~par~oro ncnoassosannr I'IKO. n o nannnu nccneno~nnB npeananaranoeh s m m6n1 6yner coune~a~bcn s m'leetac ~ c ~ p u r n n II eCJtH na. TO sm UOXHO npcunpnHnn m n ysenaqrnn ne6nra?

Ymsnnu c~ryamm. B m y BhlcoKom nnacmnom naanenns acrpurne maera npn 6ypenna ocyareetmenoeb na m x t a u x mu-

s a c ~ p c l r n ~ npnsr- obecmnmaa mas-

cnuanbnym - ra6apnt8, n p o ~ ) .

nuns npa nerepuamnou ynse m meolmu n a w m m a r sldoh rar .as cyqeeTWMna onacno~rr mCp~f010 ~ m m p a m r up. o m s 6 ~ e m sudope p a m p a . Ee c~ap.amcb msduarr. sawma IUIOTRocra plersopa. B ptpyilbTO+c K V F WdO U m

HI peupecc~m. IIO nouontxy npn nlpOoprlrn na mpo craznsee~oe firmenme n p e w m m aamoroe. m cpuy uouw npoerpcna w p u o b p a 5 0 ~ sananu ranlucsufi p-p

nocrynan B nopony, cnocodcrsyn sacopennm vananon H nnana Torna sos~nKaer Bonpoc, He vorno nu sacopeune npH nempaqiln 6bl~b ~ P H W ~ H O ~ HHBKOPO A&HT~. O C H O B ~ H H ~ 3tOR) mpXAeHHS ecrb, nmmuy MOXHO percovernosarb nepecrpu csnamne na nenpec-, cnn. ncnontayu, mnpnuep, nepwpamp, cnycraevul Ha rracocllo- KovnpeccopHux Tpy6ax (nHKT). npi! em npnueHeunn, novnvo ram sm nonynaercn HYXHHB t e ~ ~ o n o r n n e ~ ~ l l *em, coKpawenr npevn ncnurannn cusarrmsu, a nnacr c sucomv nannennev nony- naer B ~ ~ M O X H O C T ~ nponnnn~b ce6x cpasy. B 3aBHCAYOCTH or p-ynb- ramn nepecrpena uomn 6 u ~ b paccuorpeno npnvenenne e craaxnee m u n ~ ~ e n c n @ n ~ a q a a npHroKa nopoxonux retrepampon naanermn2

3. Mecropoxnenne Haxonnrcn Ha noweanax sranax swcnnyara- ~ H H c ynanurau nnacmsuu nannennev c danbmnu nncnov 0 6 ~ - HHBLUHXCU CKBBXHH. ECTBCTB~HHO, XWaHHe SKCllnYaTaUHOHHHI(OB YBWH'IHTb 8e6111 CKBaXHH H 0 6 p a U e ~ ~ e K ~ H B H K ~ ~ 38 nOUOmbm racro c mronuun npemomeHxnmn no oponweHnm pa&r- He pen- KHR cnyraR. P~CCMOTPHY HeKompue ns npejwomemR H qenemod P83HOCTb W OCYUeCTBlleHHU B KOHKPeTHblX YWIOBHXX.

Bapna~r nepauk. Ban HHT~HCII@PK~UHH npxToKa Ha uecmpox- neirnlr npanaraercx wcnonbaonarb 6anburae aspunu. Hx ~ a s ~ a s e - Hue, 06 STOM mnopnnocb ~uure,-msna~ne mctevu r p w a B nopone M X 06nerseHHx ABHXeHllX XliAKOMI B CTBOJI. ~ P O A Y K T H B H H ~ nnacru B cmaxnHax npencrannenu n p o n ~ h i ~ ~ H ~ B ~ C T H U K ~ M H n o6came~u KonoHHarH c u p p e n m u nnauerpolc 130 uu. B ramx noponax rpeuulnu cosnam~cn. O r p a ~ H n e ~ ~ l no reunepaype H naa- nennm HW. HO CmaxHHa obcamera, s s m snarrr, nm Tyna nens~n cnycTHrb 6onburoA no anauerpy sapan. Kpove m, npn wpune KonoHHa 6yner nonnocrbm paspyure~a H K ~ C K H MeTanna svecre c, noponol cnenalor enox~ok Upopa60~Ky HHrepBana mpneanpoaa- HHU, a oTcyrcreHe Ha cxnaxnne 6ypomro o&pynona~~n, H ~ O ~ X O A H - . mom nnn ycranonm ~ ~ U H T H N X m h ~ H npgpa&m n~tepBana n3puea. YMHHHT H ynoponc~r p a w . Onpenene~tlue rpynsocrn nusoner npno6pere~ne sapmon, ~spusarenek H ncnouorarenbmm obopy~0BaIiH~. nO3TUMy Hw ~ C H O B ~ H H ~ ~ PeKOUeWOBaTb TOpll~HpO- BaHne ~ ~ W H M H sapunam~ B ~ T H X YWOBIIRX. B nairuom a w a e nna . -- H H T ~ ~ ~ @ H K ~ ~ H H n HmKa nynure ucnonasonarb nopoxosue resepa- mpu nanne~wu IV 1 6R H ~ e c ~ o n h ~ o x v x e AIlC --.---- ---.

B a p a a ~ r smpok B p a l o ~ e e c ~ b nma uecmpoxneann H@TH Ha ray6urre 2 n 4,5 KM. ~ ~ ~ O A Y K T H B H ~ ~ nnacru B CxnancHnax npennan- neHY YWlKOCnOHCThlMH rJlHHH3HPOBaHHblUH neC9aHRKaMH He6Ollblll0k YOUHOCM. n n a c ~ ~ b l e AaMeHRU H8BtXOMle, BCKPUTHe npll ~ Y P ~ R R H eunonHnnoCs ~a pacrope nnmnwbm 1,2 rIcu4 nep@opaqiln npo- g w n a c b c ncnon630ea~weu 6ecaopnycnux n e ~ b ~ a m w s ITKC. I . - . npoubICJI0Bn~H C'IHTalOT A ~ ~ A T U C K B ~ X ~ I H H ~ P O C I ~ T O P H H M ~ . ECTb an BOSYOXHOCT~ y ~ e n ~ s n r b nx. ncnontavn reoduisnneelorn envr6v? . ~-~~ - - - - ~ , .- --, ----, . ,

Paccumpnu w v o x n u e npnsnnn - saHnmeHnom ne6ma csna- XHH. q m Kacaercn ray6npu npo6nmn. m sapnnu nKC naior Kana ~akcnranb~of l m y 6 n ~ u , n npliue~eune npyrux nep@opampos m b r o nompwr nocrnrnyrym rny6n~y npdnmn. noc~onbxy nna-

n o r u e ~annennn H ~ ~ ~ J I H K B I , sacopewne o6pasyrou~nxcn KaHanos npn nep@opaunn uanonepoxrlco, H ~ e r W H O B ~ H H ~ ~ Hamansarb Ha npnue- HeHm nep@opampa nHK. Ho crpylcrypa nnacra, npencrannennon, B AaHHOY BaPWaHTe YWIKOCJIOHCTHMH rJIHHH3APOBaHHblYH IIeCqaHR- UYH, TaKOpE, P1D M U OdeCneqeHllll ABHXeHHU H ~ T A B CTbOJl 83 Kaxnom nponnacrxa HYIKHO. smdu nep@opaunon~uR ranan coenn- Hnncn c HRYH. sevy npennrcrnym ~ p o c n ~ f i ~ ~ r n n ~ n 3 n p o s a ~ ~ o l

Em Kanan no rny6~ne c o r s u e p ~ ~ c Kananou npn K Y M Y ~ U T H B R O ~ nepwpaqnn.

kisnecr~o, nm B nono6~ux reonornnecxnx ycno~nnx npH npaue- HeHnH nep@opampa nBH nnorna n m r a n o e b onrnuanbnoe Kane- CTBO B C K P U ~ X nnacTa. Em HenocraroK - HesucoKau nponseonn- renbnoc~b-B .naHHou ulygae tie cnnmKow cyurecrsea, MOUHOCT~

nnacra neeearnr. Ho c p m o u nannennn y nynesux nepaopampos rny6nns npo6mnn ywenburaercn cnnbseft, seu y ~yuynnr~anux , H B rny60mx C K B ~ ~ R R R ~ X y HRX bynet ueubme wancon Ha ycnex.

asro, npnnxe pelueHHe o nepecrpene nnacros neplpopa- H, sunonrnrb padory B nsa srana: snanane nposepnrb

s t$@e~~ns~ocrs petiouesnaunn B donee v u r ~ o l (2 KM) CKBancnne R nHWb IIOCJIC C y.lelVU nOJly'leHHUX pe3yilbTaTOB,-B mybo~ofi.

OCTa~onnucn Ha Bonpoce nonbopa wpuB~Om 060pynoBaHHn MU npmpenonno-wpussw pa* B crsamnsax, pasueqerra~x B OTAa- neniiov paloae. n o m a e ~ a em ryna aarpyanena H o6bts~o npnypo- snsaewn K pegcau napoxonon nnn npyrnx TpaucnopTHux CpenCTB. ~ Y O J K H U n cnewnanbntae aBnapelcu, no OHR obxonurcn n o p m

H He Kerfla PeMbHU no TeXHHUeCKRY IlpHqHHIM. qtobb~ 6ype~ne II RCllblT8HRe CKBBXHH IIpOTeKanO be3 ocnonc~ennl. XeAaTeJIbHO sadnamnpeue~~o 3ane3m B paft0~ npocrpenosno-sspu~~oe obopy- nnnnllYe I4 3aIBRnU K HeUV B KOnHqeCTBe, nOCT1mqHOM AJIR BMnOn-

~a r n y b ~ e 3 xu a 6nnxaRlueR cKeaxlrHe 80% Her WHOBaHHn %nnwaraTt, sm B 3mu PafiOHe Ha TOB x e rny6n~e ona 6ynm 8um l#)qC. Crano 6urb, UOXHO He npenxnmnrb nosumennue no WuMaponoftlroem r p e d o s a ~ ~ n K npocrpenon~o-s3pu~~oR annaparype. qm ynponran sanasy. n p n s e n e ~ ~ u e sume H, no-sann~ouy, CMLHO 3asumeHHue oxnnaeuue nasneHHn H reunepatypa B .cKBa- XHsax He OrpaHRqPBa@m npnueHeHne a HHX npamsecm ace$ c y r ~ e m y 0 ~ e h Ha BM)PYXeHHH ~ C ~ @ W ~ H K O ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ U I O P H O - B ~ ~ U B H ~ ~ annapa pm. Bu6npars ee cnenyer, Hcxonn ~3 ycno~nR nonysennn npa ne&paunH trananos ~axcnuanb~oL r n y 6 ~ ~ u c ncmwoaanneu onr~uanb~oft rumnoraw scrpumn H npnueHeHHeu m a ouenm ~Om(UHada CKBaXHHY O~OPYAOB(~HHR, nPWHS3HaYeHHOpO M H HHTIH- c ~ n n a u n n npwmlta. npnueu, sm B K ~ X A O ~ cuaaxnnle 6ynyr Hcnu- Tusarbcn nnrb obserma co cpenseft uour~oclbm r a m o m 8 u.

Ann odecneve~nn pador no scwpurnm nnacra saKaxew nep@o- Pamp KOP~YCHUA onnopa~muR (nK089). O n csoero nnauerpa OH decneswaaer 06pasosaHre uartcxuanbHoro no rny6rrue KaHana. n p ~ nnrnHocrH npocrpunr 6 6-10 orsepcrnnJ~, ~ompym 06eCnes~sam nepbpamp, nrnpe6ymcn s a s w r ~ , c HeKompuu aanacou. 1000 3a- pnnos c coomsnc~symur~u iconrsecrsor nemnwpymuem mitypa H m p u s ~ u x narponoa. Uenecood asno aa6poc~rb B p a b n nemropoe K O J I H Y ~ ~ ~ B O nep@pampos ~ H & T . sm6u ~ a ~ d a n e e sawuue &K- ru u o x ~ o 6uno sclcpurb Ha nenpeccnn. n p ~ u e u , s m swcno Camx Obne~ros cocrasnner 1/3 or xcnuryeuux. Twna nononmrenbno K nepMpampau nKOT sosbueu nnrb KounneKms nep@opampos nHKT c c o ~ ~ w r c t s y m m u ~a6opou napuasarux uarepnanos. npnuesealre nHKT 6ynm 3aBHCab or y c n o ~ ~ n , rompue nctpernlrn B CKBPXHHC

b n pa-&we~nn nnacms w3bueu He wenee 12-15 ~ P U B H Y X na~epos B n suecre c x e n o ~ ~ o R m a n0CKOJIbKy r p a ~ ~ u u n p ~ u e ~ e ~ a n HX no naane~aw ~ec~onblro H H X ~ npn~nrux ~ a u ~ ua~cwuans~ux nameenfi, scusueu rpn-na~a mnnn- COBUX naKepOB, ~ e p ~ 0 6 a p ~ 8 K o c l b . ~ K O ~ p U X BUWe. ~ A H O B P ~ M ~ H H O aawaxeu nopoxoaue aapnnu m a narepos a cpencrsa socnnauene- HHn m n nx cpa6arusan~n. , - -

Haroneu. M R H H ~ ~ H C I I @ H K ~ I I R H npIImU1 nMaHO B3RTb 3apnnu nrA6K100. npwueu. sm no q a f t ~ e f t uepe Ha o n ~ o u &me Kax- no# C K M X H H u 6ynm nposenca paspus Macra. Ha 3m Hspacxonyeu s a p m u 3x7121 (no cub Ha rcrnmylo cmallceny) c o6urefi uaccofi mpoxa 210 c ~ o o r e m y m u u r u tconnseervou naponatponos r nycKo~ux =n.mueaRnneft. Ha capaft ncrpe~n B cusarrm~e renlto- cn011crblx TIIHHHSR ~ H R U X nopon aaxsamu m a nynemux n e m - pampa IlBH R & munnuroa nynb n sapnaos K ~ewy. AOIWHHB s ~ u n a e m obopypn~arrneu M a nHmumu11a asapwft, rpynmnocauu, o6ecnevns em noer.uy a xpasetrne, u o x w csnrarq sm m n m - sectran ~11ync6a n o m m n a c b K n-emm n p ~ w a o - ~ ) p u s - nux pa& s obcnyxwnaeuou paitone.

B xone 6ypenan m u o ~ l r s l mppunusr, Hanpauep, ecnn n a r a - rustlo reonpudsccml rpamenr o u x n c r nmxmu s o m m e u u e

Ha s a h reuneparypu npesucnr revnepatypy npHMeHeHHn aasesen- HOB annaperypu. Cnoespeue~~o, eure B xone bype~nn, ysrn ~ a u e ~ e - HHe ycnosnk, cnenas no3ansxy ~a coorserclsymqee o60pynosan~e. npnnns vepu no c ~ p e U e ~ ~ 0 f i nocraeae ~ o s u x sapnnos. T-H~H- secKan cnyx6a 6 y w mmsa npeononen B O ~ H H K ~ H ~ aa tpyn~e~sn .

n p ~ i t e n e n ~ u e npuuepu naneKo He ncsepnuealor roro usoroobpa- 3.n cnysaes, c r o r o p u u ~ MOXHO Bcrpernmn ~a npaKrHKe. Kpoue sudopa uemna H annapatypu nnn BCKPUTH~ nnacra, nlicrtyecrron- HUM, Hnii BO B C ~ K O M cnysae -rpe6ymq~u O ~ W H O B ~ H H I , romer 6 u n sonpoc audopa nnomocln nep@paww H noenenylolux pador Ha cKaaxnHe. n p ~ ~ n r u e pemeann qolecoo6pasno KoppeKrnponarb no oe3vnsrara~. n o n y s e ~ ~ u u ~a n p a m ~ e . H ~e 60nrbcn n p ~ ~eo6xo-

30rkuu I . BydpaTb 3lpnn nr6K W l S HH~HCllQHKlllllU IIPHIMII: a) A.U CKH~XHUY, DkaxemoR ~ p y 6 8 u u i u i a u e ~ p 0 ~ n MY. myaauon 2 xu.

sanmueuaok u @ m o . w u nnam n p n c r a w u rmssposauuuuw neesaUUuaWI n em wmnm la F

6 ) nnn arsaxuau, o b c a x e ~ u o l Tpy6aun mruerpau 148 uu, rny6sud 4 KU. sanormenuoR .onoR. Lena naacr u o l l l u o ~ ~ b ~ 12 u npencrasneu H3am"auUH.

2. naTh pKOUtUn8Ul!H n0 H H R H C ~ @ H K ~ ~ H R I IpmKa: .I I c m x n u e , r o s+#e~ntssoels wolenoseux, odpadoro~ nnacrr c m b ~ o I

r n a a a 8 I TEXHWKA 6E30nACHOCTH llPH IlPOCTPEJIO'lHO-B3PblBHblX PAGOTAX

) I. O6lUHE BOOPOCY SE30nACHOCfH

B ~ p u s ~ u e pa6oTu npenclasnnm nosumeHnym onacnocrs mn HC- non~nrenefi H yqacrsymunx E. RX nposeP.enHw no pony o6naa~nocreB HnH npocm npncym9ymwx s 3 o ~ e HX BunonneHHn. 0 n o c n a e u c s ~ n e r e n ~ a y e r TOT @am, qro sHasHrenbHaa sacrb nocrpaaasluax He npnnamexlrr II nepconany. ruemueuy oraomenne K sunon~neuo8 pa-. Onacwocls odpaqenaa csnsana co cnoftftsaur aspu@namx saqect8- cnoco6nWTba a3pusalbcn npn enysallnov ynapq TpeHnH. noJixeraHaia (sonpoeu reoprmseclcou mane paccuorpenu s rn. 1) H cneun@~mit nelkrsan mpusa, conposomalorrremcn pacnpoerpa- HeHseu a =He sapnna ynap~oft WJJIHY, pasnmu c danbmoR CKO- p o m b ~ ~ sneuenms O@MO~KII ~ s l l e n ~ n R npyrn~ npnqnn. nosrouy alorypa~moers a fincuunnma y n c n o n ~ m e i t o b ~ s a ~ ~ ~ b l l u .

197

O ~ W R ~ rpedosannn 6wonacnoc~n npa nposepennn wpusnux pa. 6or pernauenmpymn ~ E A B H U M H npasnnaun be30nacnwn npn senennn wpuenux pa6om. yrsepwennuun rocroprexaanaopou CCCP H o6nsarenbnuun nnn mnmcrepcrs n senovms crpanu. Opransr rocmprexnarwopa ocyurecswn~r ~0tl-b 3. WPHBHHMR paboraun. Onnam eAHHUe npaswa wacalmn n p e a u m m n n o npnnunnnmbnux nonoxenn8, nexallwx B ocnose odpaqennn c IUpHBqaTUMH uarepnanawn. n o n p o 6 ~ n cnewt$nna ncnonssosa- HHn PUB^ PaCcMOtpena H Wpunerur s sane nncrpy~wft , ,uno- ~ H S Otpauesux ctannaprns, nporpauu u npymx nopuamsnux noKyrenmn no npocrpenouno-e3pusnuu pa6Orau B cmaxnnu. Ha~oneu, npHMeHHTeAbH0 K KOHKPetHOMy HJA~JIYW nnn TUIHMOm- sec~ouy npoueccy sonpocu 6e30nacnocrn c u r ~ c n ~ m b n o A nrnlnb- H O C T ~ ~ nsnoxenu B T ~ X H H ~ ~ C K O M onncannn H npasnnax s~cnnyara- UHH H3/lWHn. B H H X HapXl l y C O ~ U U I M H YK83UBaY)lcI) CnellXOnbuU+ nnorna osenb nnnnsnnyanbme MepH 6 w n a c n m npn p a l h e , sureKawtqne n3 ocobennocrek K O H C T ~ ~ K U H W nnn yolosnR npawese- nnn nsnennn In~ouecce) - . B Slo8 CBn3H KOCHeMCn OTBe7CTBeHHocTH pa3pabo~¶nKol, HCnM- HHTeneR n PYKO~OAHTWefi pe6oT 3s 0 6 e ~ n e ~ e ~ ~ e bwonacnocra. K O H C T P Y K ~ ~ P H , Cwnawwne 060pynosanne, nnn ncolenosarenn -

I asrnpu HOBON) Mernna nnn rexnonornn otseuawr 38 6e30nacnocn

, CO3AaHHUX O ~ ~ P Y A O B ~ H H S n MwOAOB H X HCnaPb30BaHHn. 6uonac- nocrb 06opynosannn H npo~ecca osennsamn s~cneprnuun ramro- uennnun, ~ornpue namr nathparopnn (nncrnryrsl) no rexnnxe 6e30nacnocrn, cyuecrsymqne s orprcnn. Easosol nadopampnefi no 6e30nacnocrn npmpenosno-s3pu~nux pabOr B rny&~nx CKBaXHHaX nwnmcn na60pampns no TexnnKe 6eaonacaoc~n HHCTHTyTa BHWnWmpusreoCsn~a. nepen noera~os~o8 Ha cepnfinoe nponr- aoncrso otbpynoaanne npoxonnr U H K ~ ncnurannft, ammuan samro- snrenbnue npnerosnue ncnbrrannn, rne ewe pas osennsaercn em bwonacnocrb. npn nonoxnmbnux paynsrarax Marepman n p a crawnercn ~ocroprexnamopy. ~ompuR nsnaer xypnanbnoe nocTa- noanenue o nonycKe obopynosannn (nsnennn, Memna, BB) K cepnR- H O M Y n p o n s ~ o n ~ ~ ~ y H npnuenennw. Ecnn B xone sKcnnyaraUnn npo~30RDer aaapnn n pacolenoeanne yctanoenr, urn ona nsnnelcn olencrsneu n e e ~ r n s K O H C T P Y K U ~ H nnn npouecca, paspa60rsn~ no- necer, B BBHCHMOCTH or rnxecm cnyuan, orsercrsennocra no yro- rrosml a~n~wn~ tnbno . Korna asapnn sbnsbna napyloenneu nncv- p y w n no srcnnyaraunn nnn mnonomn npoqecca, noryrenrns, K ~ O P U M H AOnXeH pyaosonmnosarbcn ncnonnnrenb, sKnmuan cauo- MIIlbHOe snecenne r H H X % cornacosannocm c paspaboma~ou nsuenenn8, m crrse~~rsenmrb nanaer Ha HapymnreneR H H C T P ~ K - un8. ~pnuepaun napymenns voxer 6urb ncnonssosanne e ~ o n m - pymna mpnenu, me ~ o p c nsrorannneawcn as cnnasa anmwnnnn, ~opnyca as mansno8 rpy 7 u, T. e. aauena ueranna, ne namqero ncwpy npa ynape, na narown8, nosumamwan onacnms 06paqennn c nsnenneu. Hapymenneu rexnonornn 6 y ~ e ~ npesumenne c ~ o p o m CnycKa n nonseua nsnennn, Kmopoe rtoxeT conpomxnart.cn t h e e 188

CHnbHblMH YnapaMH WnWHn 0 HepOBHocTH B CTBOne C YBWHPeHHeM seponrnm nospexnennn n ca~ocpa6ar~nannn rapnna. TO npo- mlimue npauepn. C v r a snnanuenne uncrpyvuHn no SKCnAyaTa- unn 06~3aTtJIbn0 m n ' odccne~ennn 6anacnom senennn pador c asnenneu.

OAHOR a3 rapam8 6eaonacna?ll nsnnmn nanmne B pacnopn- XeHRR ll~Il01lII~lUle8 ncnpasn08. ns~exn08 B ~ ~ O T P & ~ H R R 0nn.a- --- - PavPn.

Annapmypa Ann npocrpurovnw a B3pUBHUx pa* AOJIXHa ynowersopnrb rpedosannnu orpacne~ux mannapms no 6uonac- n m rpyna H 06nleeomnom cramapra FOCT 12.2.003.74, s nolo- pou c@opuynnposanu o6qae rpedasannn K d u o n a c n m CO3JiaBae- uom odopynosann~ nlodom nasnasennn. Ona nmxna rapanmpo- ~ 8 % 6aasapnAnocrb jann obUlyxnnamuem nepconana npn c thp~e, 'fpaHCnOpTHpOBKe, XpaHeHAA H npHMtHeHHH. YnOMeTBOpXTb C a I I H - rapno-rnrnennsecmu nopuau, neftcrsywwr~ s crpane. Wcnmssye- . uue s reA BM nonxnw 6urb nonyuenu K npnMenennm racmp- nxna&wpou. Koncrpywn npoc~penonno-mpud annapalypu nonxna 06ecnesnsarb ycranosq H npu neo6xona~om nsanesemne 13 Hee 3apnnOB H C p W C T B s3phlBaHHI 6- Y C R ~ ~ H ~ H HaTfiXeHHR nposonnnros, yno6crw osnnKH nepen cdop~oft a ynmennn ocrar- KO, BM nocne pa6orn, cm6onnnR auxon radon s cwaaxnny npn wpuse. Konc~pyuqnn nonxna nossonnrb yc~anaennsam npn cbap~e nocnennnm, a npn pa36op~e yn8nsTb nepsblwn 83QHBHHe naTPOtIbl H 83pUBaTenH. O ~ ~ P Y A O B ~ H H ~ IIMXHO UPORTH ACnUTBHHe na ynap, nnorna c6pacusanner H a nnnv. Ha r p w ~ y - Tpancnopr" pos~oA no rpynmsuv noporau H 06ecnwnaala xpanenne H3nWHR B HOpM8nbHHX C I L I l a f l C K H X YCnOBHfiX B TeYeHHe ~ ( ~ ~ B H + H R H O I Y ) CPOKa. Annaparypa nonxna raxxe conepxaTb rmnmpymnsnue sneuenrsl, noswnn~oune H ~ B J I ~ K ~ T ~ ee n3 CKsaxunhl B Myuse ocramennn.

nnn odecneuennn deaonacnmn nyxna ~0pbloan oprannsaann xpaneunn H yuma BM. Mx xnuenne, r epn nnn wcnonssosanne He no nasnasennm nenonycrnuu. Coqwanxe nanexnoE oxpann c xopolno nmaaemnuu yqemu fisnxenan BM npn npno6perenm, nocraare R UCnMb3088HHH - YCJIOBHS BblflMHeHHR rpe60sa~a8 ~ ~ S O ~ ~ C R O ~ T H . KOH onb na B C ~ X srsnax, MFTKan O ~ ~ H H S ~ L I H I I nena rapanTnpymf qm T$;n 6 y n r acnonamann mnbno no nasnanennlo.

l lo aonpocau XpllHeHHI n yuera nu~ercn pan pernauenrnpyro- Wmx nOolcyUeHloB. Onn ralute 6s3np W)TCR HI Ennnux nplBWn8X

Ell5 x xpanenar, II yre7y BM- e l 3 6esonacnm. Osna~ounucn c rp sannmn. npemnmneunnu

n o m m e m o n a c n m npa xpanennn H nepeMcrKe nee BM ncnnr na nnla rpynn. BM plrsnux rpynn, KaK nprsnno, IIMXHU xpa-

n nepenoanmn parneabno. Xpanenne BM ocyulecmnmn na crna,aax. mXAuA 113 KQIOpUx nonxen nuetb DaCnopT.

CKna!4u

mapasneinmcn na 6aancn~e n pacxonme. Wx y n p o C m BOnXHO ynomCr#)pnn H n m p y ~ ~ n n no yc~p- cuanos BM. Ha 6anc- mu, r e uoxn d u n nm6oe sacno xpsnnnna omepalvln ( K P ~ H H -

nony.lenaen n nepenaseB BM B ~ S B O J ~ C K O ~ n p e na pacxoanue 199

cgnanu, n aunana HX BspuaHHKav He npo~saon~l tn . Paenamam BM H npenenbeue evKoc7H xpaiiHnHu saaxcnr or rpynnu, K worn- poR no crenenn onacnocm BM npnnannemcat. Xpa~nnnqa uoryr 6urb nose XHOCTHHMH, nonyyrny6ne~~uun. y r n y 6 n e ~ ~ u u n H non- WUHUUH. trny6neH.e x p a m q yuenburaer onac~ue pacctonnnn no neficranro EO~AYUIHOR BOJIHH npH cnynaii~or iupuae, HO cnocob- CTBytr YBenHueHHD em c ~ ~ C M H ~ ~ ~ K O C O A ~ R C T B H ~ . H ~ X H O HMwb B BHAY. s m onacnue pawlonHHa no 803~yw~oR BOJIH~. KaK npasnno. npesumam paccmnHHn no celtcuesec~ouy neRess~ro aspuaa. B pacxonnux cnnaaax ocyuectannetcn almasa BM ~ s p u s r m ~ a u

H nOJY'IeHHe 01 HHX 0 6 ~ 8 ~ ~ 0 HeHCnMbJOllaHHHX BM. T ~ K x e KaK H 6 a s ~ c ~ u e . OHM uoryt 6u1b nosepxnocrHuuH, nonyyrny6ne~~uun, Y C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ H H H Y H H noA3eu~uu~. ~ ~ J I R T C R Ha nOeTORHHUe (CPOK CAYX- 6u 6onee rpex nw). BpeueHHHue (no tpex ner) a KpamBpeueHHue (no o n ~ o m m a ) . Llnn Kawcnom npenycumpens c m llopuar xpa- HeHnn BM. Cpov xpaHeHHn ncnrrwnercn c uoventa aasosa. K Kpar- KospereHHtau otnocamn cneunanbno 060pynoaa~~ue a s r o u o d ~ s ~ H HHue tpancnopmue cpencrsa, me pasveqarorcn BM nnn B~PUBHHX

pa6m. aunonHneuux Ha nporsxennux Tpaccax (aanpnuep, npn C ~ L C N H ~ ~ C K O R passenwe). Wx uapurpp nepenanxenna cornacyercn c opraaaun rwnnunn. Ha npam XpaHeHHn BM H ~ O ~ X O A H M O nuem paspewen~e opranos urtneunilu, Kyna pynoaon~renb OpraHHsauHH Ha- npannnet s a n a n e ~ ~ e c K O ~ H ~ R asra KOUHCCHH, s ~ m p y r o sxonnr npencrassms I'oeroprex~amo a, MHJIHIUIH, noxapnom Hansopa, o n p ~ e u ~ e cgnana. X p a ~ e ~ ~ e I! M B cefi@ax a H C W ~ A O B ~ T W ~ C K H X H y'Ie6HbIx OPraHHSPUHHX, pa3MellIaeMUX B ornenb~oR KOUHale, Orpa- HHseHo 10 KP BB n 500 nemnaropavn. X p a ~ e ~ e e t a m e rpe6yn ~ a e t c ~ ~ y r o r q n x paspewe~~R.

3 a m o a a n cluianirn BM paspewalcn nruau, Huerownu npaso PyKOBOACTBa B3PHBHHMH P ~ & T ~ M H HnH OKOH9HBmHY By3H H T C p H R ~ U U no CneuHanbHorm 7exnonorHn BB. Hun t a m e uoryr d u n m p y n ~ n r ~ , wuemulre npaso npoaseoncraa aspuanux pa& noure npaxoxnenwn cneu~anblcofi nonmoaKn R n(UIYmnsmne y m w p e - HHC Y C T ~ H O M ~ H H O ~ ~ (POPMY. 3 a ~ ~ 0 8 a f b ~ ~ P ~ ~ A H o R Uactepc~oR rCO- @H~HW.CKOCO npennpwnrnn, r e ocym-nncn nonmrnslra H sa- pnaua npoclpenon~o-mpue~ol annqarypu MU sunonnennff pabot s cwaxtnnax, paspewaercn nmrau, n reaunu Ennuylo K K ~ U R ~ sspusnmria - noKyuenr, odasarenbnutl ann -em lupusaw pabosar, npn crawre pa* s npouucnoeoll no@asm ne menee mna.

n o nnor xpairennn s ncnonasorama ,BM rro~span~pyerca opm- 5 Haul OfPOPtUtsarsopr n uannslra r o c r o p n x u m p oopenealcr runnnecrtya ~ c o b x o m u o o npoaeuetlnn ~ ~ U ~ H U X pa60~. O~OCRO- s a ~ m a n m ~ HI BM, s m u uncne n no ycnosanu. xpanennr ( c m a m o r n b u n nureupanen nnm neperpyluen), nponepna n u n - mne ncnmn.reneR, ax m a a m ~ n u s n m R a m m m m n e suuo.nnnemoll prbotc, eodrloleme pull xpatleam a eononme EM. Msanmn mmpannpycr xprwme r mpemwcy EM, o6ccnweune oxpanu n r m a a t s opm ncpuosm. B xone npoHpoa s a a m c a u m or CQ-

CTORHHn nen KoHtponHpymme o p r a ~ ~ s a q ~ n uoryr B U H O C H T ~ nm6ue pemennn, snnmb no salcpumn cwana n aanpemenns pa60~.

Ann perncTpaunn nocrynnennfl H pacxona BM cyqecraymr enn- nble @pMu nOKyueHtoa. K H A C ~ )'sen! npHXOAa H pacxona BM YYR- rueset AsnmenHe BM na cwane, Knwra ysma aunasn H sosapara BM Ko~rpoRnpye~ pacxon BM 83phlBHHKaMH. J lony~e~mm MS nepenasa BB co cgnaaa na cgnan olyxnr ~ a p n n - ~ a ~ a n ~ a r , MS sblna.ur BSPHBRHI(Y ~apnn-nyteena. aopua nowyuetlrns cramnaprnan. 3annC~ a KHHraX WAy'l"3l ax parno, 6- nOATHP0K. paCXOA BM K nOACPKlWBaetcR eXeAHeBH0. 3PHBHHKaU. He OT'lHTaBLUHUCI 36 pacxonoaanne BM no npenunyqeft ~apnn-nyrea~e, aspsasatue varepwanu He aunamrcn. KancpsrR ssnasaeusfi rapnn H Cpencreo aspusa~nn tlueloT nonepa, sanncunaeuue npn ssnane H cnane ~snenrrfi 06psr~0, euui OHH He H ~ P ~ C X O ~ O B ~ H H . T a ~ a n cncreua yre- ra ueHbwaPr aosuoataocrs 6ecno~~ponb~oro ncnonmaannn BM.

hPH OPCaHA9.lUlH XPaHeHHR IIPHHHUaY)T UepU K tomy, ~ 0 6 s cnysaBnnil WPYB Ha cxnane ne conpoBoxnancn noapmnenneM wex en, ohemoa n oherron, pacnonoxennsx no cocencray. Ann stom npr npoempoaaHaw pacuemuu nytev onpenenam 6e30nac~sc paccmnnnn mexny xpanmnqaun no nepenaue neroaaunn H no nekrsnro wspym~oR H ceRcr~uec~oA Bonn Ha od%e~ru cKnana H COOpyXeRHll. Haxonnwtecn B panone ero pasueqen~n. AJIR pac- Vera paccrnnnna nepenasn neronaqnn or xpannnnqa c nmonaro- pavn (HX werAa 6 e p p sa aKmaws8 sapnn) K xpaHHnHuy BB npen- noxena @puyaa

r. = 0,o~tlL. (8.1)

I ..

rne 1,- p a m a w e B rerpax; n- qncno nwowopos. Ups pac- uerax panroanen nepenasn uexny xpannnnqaun c ~ P H ~ ~ H T H U Y H BB Kpue uamu yuameamr pasuep crennaxa m a ura6enn c BB. Paccrnnn~n no nepenase YOXHO yueHbmHm 06sanosaa xpaHmnqe. Eemnacnhte pWXlURHHn rD (6 M) npn A ~ ~ ~ C T B H A ~03~yUIH0fi WnHU

me G - ~ e c sapana ur, a K, n Kt- ~os@@nu~ewru nponopuno- HM~HOCTII, sasncnme m r a p a m p a nospexne~HR, ycnoakR pat- nonoxemsa H m m n m sapnna. @opuyna (8.3) acnonwyercn nnn sapmos uaccoll Wee 10 T, p a s w ~ e n n u x Ha sevnoft nonepxnocrn. npn ncpmB-rpcrrcl CteUeHnx 6 e m a a c n m n nnn sapnnoa Mac- cot 6ane 20 T, asrrnydeuaux na em10 suco~y, npn nepeok n sro- poll m e n e m baosllcsorm. Xapamp n o s p ~ e n n 8 , c o m m y a - u(nx rol ens raoll m c m r 6eWnacnoe78, anr o n p m x sapanol n p m e u s tabn. !El. npn mnoanemn pmcrna s @puyny mass t -ee snanemse K, lhn OCTM~RUX sapnrnms parreros 6emnacaux paccmarmn ncnonbs- 4mpuyr1 (8.2) c rn-nuaea-

~ P H su60pe CTeneHH 6esonacnoern HYXHO YqHTHBaTb U O~CTB. HOBlcy, B ~ m p o f i npOHCXOLUIT (MOXW 11p0~30fi~) 83pHB. B 06mnx cnysanx npn pacsere 6e3onacnux pacc~onnnfi OT clolanos no nace. nennux nynKms, asm- n mene3nonopoxn~x ~anicrpanefi H coopy- X ~ A H R mynapersexinon, stranenan npnnauamca r p m n , crenenb 6e30nacnocm. ~ T H U H me (POPUYUBMH MOXHO BOCnOJlbSOBaTbCII MU osenm yuepba, KOTOPHR cnoc06en nanecTn cnysalinu8 espus O ~ K . Tau, HaXOlVXUAMCU no COCWCTBY. ~ P H HanHsHA nperpan Maw sapnnou n 06'be~mv paccmanne yuenbmaexr, npn sspusax s ycnosnnx. npnpasnnsaeYux K nonnononau (nanpnu?p, s ylqenbe),- yeennsneaFn.

n p x pacsme 6esonac~xx paccmnnnfi no ceficumec~ouy nefin- snm espusa r. nnn snannfi n ~ 0 0 , p y X e ~ ~ f i nonbsymcn (Popvynofi

me K c - ~ o ~ u w l e n r , saencnmn~ or e e o k ~ ~ rpynra s oc~osannn oxpauneuon, coopyxelcan, ue~nlouulficn or 3 (cnanbnue mornue noponu) no 20 (nononacu~ennue rpynru - ~ u s y n u H TOP@II- ~KII) , nnn rmuncrux II necnanux rpynms Kd-819. Kos@@n- snenr a ysnmaaer paaweqenne sapnna o~nocnrurbno nonepxnocm a ueanmca or 1.2 npa uauy@auou sspsrse no 0.7 npn nonasarure ne8cmm sapurn n>3. K nmeaneury cnyliam meocnrcn H mpus odeanosannow xpaaanaqa. npa sspuse sapnna "ZZ ceficunsec~oe nefimmc ne ysarsrsawn. Pamyc rp. (Y) eow neAersnn no3nymaofi wnnu Ha nenoeeva onpenurnezca no @ P M Y ~ ~

me G-uacca BB, ur. eopuynu ncnonasym, norna neo6xonnuo o n e n m rarcnuanbnoe npndnuxe~ue K sapny. B O~YPRHX ycnosnnx paccsmannoe pacmnene ysenunnsam e 2-3 pass. nopaxce- nne uerannwecmun ocKonKaun o6ononra usnurnn npa nx p a s n m M O X e T UUl?Tb MW'NJ Ha 3HaWlTWlbHO 66nbm~x pWClUUIlUUX.

.&In odecnenennn Kasecrea H 6wonacnoc~u npocrpenosno-sspua- HHX pa601 nsnennx, conepxame BM, nonseprama ~onrpanm n ~cnurannnu npa nonynnennn na npennpnnme (sxonnofi ~on~ponb) . s xone xpanennn H no ncrmenun rapanmfinow cpoua xpanennn. 3ro n u e e ~ danb~noe snasenne, noeKonbKy asapnn v o w 6 U ~ b can- 3anu c ne@emavn BM. Cyqecrsyer Wncrpy~lran no nposeprre nane- nnB na sipussatblx uanpsanos~ MU wo@nspsecmx pabor. corna- cosannan c rocro~rex~ansooou CCCP. Dernarcenmpylouan nopnnoic KOHTPMU. B X O ~ H & K O A I P O ~ ~ ~ B M I O P ~ ~ ~ + O C M O T P H nlb~eplcy coxpan- HOCTH nsnennfi, qenocrnarrn nnou6 a rapu, nposeplcy conpornwe- HHn UenR y CpeACTB B3pHBaHHU, HanHsHU TPeUHH H CKOJlOB Y 3aPR- nos H np. B ornenbnux cnysarx npononnrcn HcnuraHnn BM Ha conepmanne warn, nepenasy nemnaltnn H 6e30r~asnocrb s3pusa-

t;nnfi n o@op;nnmrcn amom. Konrponb nanennfi i$ononimcn s s p m nnxara Hnn na60panraun non py~ononcrnou sasenylouero clolanou. Kax npasnno, npn sxonnou mnrpone ocuorpy nomeprawn ne3na- rnrenbnan nacrs nanennfi, no He uenee -50 n3 npo~epne~ofi naplnn (nncno onpenennmn nnnpyxqnefi).

rapa~~~pasaIiI iYfi c p o ~ xpanennn nsnennfi pasnnnen H uennercn

~ 0 ; $ 6 b I T b IlPOUeH H; Onnn-rPn I'Ona, dPH OTpHI&aTeJlbHHX- nsnann nonnexar ynnnmmennIo. npn sunomemu ouepamifi no Kon~pona nano 06 amarb snnuanne Ha CPOKH nsmsnennn. k Ynnnmxenne M npononn?, no nncbuennovy pacnopnmennm pyKosoncrsa npennpanmeu, s3puaanneu, cxnranneu n pacmpe- nneu. P a 6 0 1 ~ o@pvnnroren a m u . B ycnosnnx olteanos, rne cyme- crsyer rapanmn, s m BM He 6 y n y nonnnrH, paspemaercn ynnsr* xan nmnnennev.

Pameopennew namnjanpym BB, pannopnloqsecn s none MU nvewiqne s conane pamsopnuve Kounonemu. Meron ynmIxenum neynoben, npamnlcyercn penxo.

Ann ynnmxennn n n c n ~ ~ a n n n BM a ynanemrn or cKnana 060- pynym nnoqanlry, osnqennylo or w msnx uarepnanos. c p p u - meu mn pahamqux . n p a crtllranw B na MOmanKe pasveqam nopoxlravn R orpannsnsam c . m u csofim BelUecTsa nopqnw k cxnraeuow sa onny onepasam M. 3 n e ~ T p o n m ~ a m p u n B3pm- nue naTponu ynmmxarb m r a n n e u sanpweno. E ~ A H H ~ npaslma d e s o n a c n ~ l rpe6ym ynnsmxan nx sspumv a 3eune no a 3 6 e ~ ~ a - nne pas6pacusannn. n m e sasepmemn pa601 ayxno ydUulrau B mu, nm Ha MomanKe He octanocb BM. npn ynnnmxennu ax B paitone cmamnnw ocodoe snnvanne cnenyer ynennrb besonre-

aw

HocrH ~ 3 p u s a Ann onpyxammx: npenycuo~pab noramsaqsm pa* n a a ocnonms, npono~rpon~posarb ynaneaw nocmponnnx ~3 so- nonparsa H H C I U I ~ ~ H T ~ nonnnenne B neR cnysrltwux nmnel. npert- n 0 q l l T ~ b ~ e f i IIpOBOAHTb yHHW'OXeHHe BM, 370 nosaann~ot yurosnu p a h r u , He B paltone cxnamxsu, u Ha C T ~ ~ H O H ~ ~ H O ~ ~ n n a wnKe nnn YHnsmxeHHn BM, nvemqekn y reo@rcrrrsec~om nvwnvHnrHs.

n h p e a o s ~ BM ocyqecrsnnercn no xene3nolt nopore, amorpasc- noprou. Ha cynax, caronelax H npyr~x rpancnoprnux cpwcrsax. Moxm HX nepeno3nrb H p p ~ o R ruranbm. Bce nunonnnmcn npn Hannsnu pa3pemen~n MHJIHUHH n c co6nmneaneu npannn nepesomror cooTseTcrsymuHx mmicrepn . Banpeutaercn nepesosna BM p y n ~ o l manam B naccamnpcnux CaMonerax, np~ropon~ux noesnax, ompaa- na 6aramou B naccaxHocwax nwanar ...r -.....- .------ ".

n ~ u o , nepesosnuee BM, u o x a 6urb nnn s s p u s m ~ o u , HnH sa- senymuHM clulanou, HnH pynownnrwert BI~UBHUX pa6or. n p ~ aperenn nepenosv~, npesaruramuerr 12 s , ero nonxno COnpoBOXAaTb He Menee asyx renosen.

Aerorpancnop~tlue cpwcrsa, npaHasnaneHaue nnn nepenosn~ BM, o6nsa~u 6 b l ~ b HcnpaBHarvH. O ~ P Y A O B ~ H H ~ ~ M H H C I C ~ O ~ ~ C I I T ~ ~ H M H Ha myuunene, ~ u a b cpencrsa noxepoTymeHnn H npaynpwwrena- Hare ~ H ~ K H . l l p ~ nepesosne ecex BB, Kporte sropolt rpynnar, c~opoc~.a nsnmennn He nanmna nperulaarb 60 K M / ~ . Hcnpannom Mamniiu H ee npnronnocm m u nepemiui BM nonrne mnamrcn Mexaanltou a ~ m x o s n l c r ~ a san~cbm B nylesou nlrcre: a srouo6~nb nposepen 1 H npnmnen MII nepewsn~ BMm. npn nepemxe AOJIXHtJ 6 ~ r b 0 6 ~ - new. oxpana rpysa Ha ncex s~anax, sumran ' H ocrairosKH Ha Howla'.

& c ~ a B ~ a BM K ~ e m y p a h r u parpelaaacn 6e3 oxpaan, HO non ~06JdB3~eJmeu ~3pUBlllma c npHeneveHHev npoHHcrpymHposaHHnx pabon~x. C paspeme~nn rnasnoro wHxeHe a Hnn py-nwtenn m p u s ~ u x pa601 MOXHO nepeaoanm BB H C BMeCTe n p ~ yenoamn, 1 nm HX KOJIH~~CTBO HE npenarman onpmenerxym ~opuy.

q m 6 ~ 0 6 ~ ~ n e ~ l b 6e30IIa~HOCtb. 38PIUllIy npOCTpeJ109HO-B3phlB- eofi annapavpu ocy~lrccrnnnlos B cnuulanbxux sapnm~ux r a m p - ~iuix W n s w q e c ~ o m npcnnpmmn, n npncnoco6nen~ux ann 3mm Bouenlnrnu nnn nepemaxrux 38pnAHUX uacmpcmx. Pabosu BH- nMHnmcn Ha 6me H HenocpencrneHnO Ha c m a x u ~ e . Ha nocmnwe sapnmue UaCTepcKHe n p o u u u l o e o - m m n ~ ~ e e ~ ~ x npempauntl) eyurecrsyrr rnnosue npoenru. nplr ux ~ ~ T R p o B a R s R co6nunawn T edosaune Ell6 K UoueqeRHIIu, r e sunmnnwrcn p a h c BM. M e nomomnux, cyuemnymr n n p m u c p u p e a r u u C p K no v e x n a ) srpnnnue uampcme. TpeaO~alrnn K nou-e Hanu, me HX pasuemvr, nponrc. tpedosannn K 060pyno~a~810, putavy ~lcnayaransn ma%nawrca ~ e s ~ a s n r u b ~ o .

n e p ~ x n u e 30 mume uacrepcm (na6opasopan oep@parop no1 muo-rind n p a n u n n r u m n nqemxm r p m e n m t npocrpuron~o-mspusHol annaparypu H xedonbnpx urnanec~~ BM K w m n ~ e , a r o u e sap- annapBmB Henoepcpcmenno na u l ~ r ~ am

pa6oru. B Kasecree pasowm noueuleHnu mn sapennu voryr 6blTh HcnonmoaaHar K ~ J I ~ T ~ ~ A K ~ , c m a m a npyrne coopyxennu npn cwea- X H H ~ , a B rennoe speun-aasec, nanatra H T. n. c 06ff3aTenbHbI~ np~cnocodnenneu nx MH earnontienun onepauwlt. Cmna nxonsr osncrna or Mycopa, ycranosva scnoMOrarenbHoro o6OpynoBasen. ynaneHHe ~3 ~ O H H MU, He ysacrnymwx B nponon~uolt pa6me. B ornenb~ux cnysanx c6opna ~ s n e n ~ n aenewn HenocpenffseHHo na Mocrnax nna naxe B ctsane CnsaxnHu. nocnonbl~y p a s ~ e p u H KOH- ctpynq~n ~snennn ~ o r y r He nossomrb o c y q e e r ~ ~ m ee Hnase.

B uennx nomapnoii 6esonac~ocnr cmanar o6ecnesmsamwn cpw- crsarn noxaporymennn, roTgpue nonrn~ar conepxarhcn s non~oZ roronHoEtll B resenue ncem BpeMeHH HX s~cnnya~aqm. 6 o n b m ~ ~ - CTBO cmanos 06opynye~cn rpo3osam~mR, s m nossonnet ~ a 6 e x a r b cny.lalttioro B3pHBa or M O ~ H H H .

llocne paccuorpennn o6uwc sonpocos, onpenennmqnx nopnnon XpaHeHHn 11 06pauen~n C BM, KocHeMcn KOHKPetHUX nPH'IHH He- csacrnux cnysaen npH sbtnonHeHnn reo4~sn~ecxnx pa6or. 3HaqH- renbuan sacrb H 3 HHX He csn3ana co BSPHBOM. 310 pacnpoerpasea- Hue asapnn Ha Tpancnopre, xanaTeocTb, npeeenman. nanpnuep, K sauepsa~nm CorpynHHKa B ny$ry Hnx r ~ 6 e n s npH nepenpane nepw sonsym nperpany H 1. n. Orpaii l rs~~cn crrysanua, nponcmenmenfa nenocpencrsenno npH npompenos~o-s3pua~arx pa6max.

Tpasuaniau, c s n s a ~ ~ u l t c ncnwmsaHHeu BM, 06ars~o HOCHT rrxenult xapanrep H sacro 6arsaer rpynnosuu. l lona~nmmce donbmu~c~w asapelt BH3BaHo H Z C O ~ J I ~ ~ ~ ~ H H ~ M ~pe60~aHHfi E n s , a He ne+mau~ npnueunevoh annaparypu.

Hecracr~ue cnysiut npH ysasmxeHeH BM Ha ueme pa60ru saqe ncem nposcxonnr npn cxnranlln nocnwnnx, Korna onepanwm sarnonnnm bt3 npnnnmn ~OJIXHYX uep 6esonac~ocr~. He ysnTar- Ban s o s v o x ~ o c ~ s nepexona ropenun BB B nmHa~lrrm. @ p ~ y CXH- raeuom sapma. 6e3onac~ue paccmnnnn MU e.unanHnmmem owpa- umm. IH~WC-THU cnysan nonanaitms B cxwaeuoe BB cpencts ~ a p u - BaHHU. B PWynblBTe-TpaBUHpOBaHHe nmwl npH B3pYN ynapH0fi nonsot snrr pa3neTBloIIIPUHcn 3neuewtauH o6anoqrw sapnna, wnn KYCKIYH rpywa. 'lT06U rs6exarb 3TOlV, HYXHO CTPOlU BUnOnHUTb npasnna y ~ l m m x e ~ u n BM (npennos~nrenb~ee napunou) H, ecnn ycnosan p a h r u n amontine BM nossonnmT Tpancwpmposam nx. ocynreerrnnls ynltnmxetlse sa cneunanbno npxcmcobne~nux nno- qaiucax npil cmane. Bcrpesamn m y n u rpasuamsua npn cpa6.- THBaHHll n p o c ~ p e n o ~ ~ o - m p u ~ ~ o l t aIIRapPTypY OT HCT'AHKOB 10U,

n y aanonox MH name npnyofd nonarn mxa e. doeagro uena &u n-an 9mm. H a . 0 tuarabHo mH+POMpnnm cocrwnne snurpoobopynosa~nn Ha c ~ u u n c H ~ m s q e e m m 060py~40~- Hun, xawcrno s a s e u e ~ ~ n , nowrnamaTenbBOeSb U O R I M ~ m p m m 1 uens (a r p a n a n amtory m u ) nplr BmMHennn p a w C nenumueuneu wuennem rpebona~m Tame earsan pnn mxe- nux ~ecrlacrsbu cnynaem.

Kax yxe weonmxparxo nonrlepmnuocq pscno -4. na+p.qlsmnx npn cnpaiinux napusax. s H a s n T u I z s

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