Building Cooling Heating & Power

Presented By – Nitin Pathakji

Broad USA Inc.

Onsite Generation, Distributed Generation, IES/CHP/CCHP

BCHP – Unbeatable EfficiencyTaking 30% Efficient Generators to 70% Efficient BCHP Systems

Reducing Building Fossil Energy Requirements by 50%

Peaker, Reliabilityand BCHP

Energy Management, future BCHP and Sell to Grid

Base-load, and Industrial Cooling, Heat and Power

Power Quality and BCHP

Grid Ancillary Services

Remote Power and BCHP

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Bulk Power

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A Distributed Energy Future

Triple-Effect Absorption Chiller

Thermally-Activated HVAC

Technologies

Distributed Generation Technologies

I.C. Engine

Double-Effect AbsorptionWater-Cooled Chiller

Micro-turbine

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

Commercial Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell

Single-Effect Absorption Chiller

Residential PEM Fuel Cell

Desiccant Technology

Recoverable Energy Quality (Temperature) and HVAC Technology Match

Gas-turbine

180ºF

360ºF

800ºF

600ºF

Thermally-Activated HVAC Technologies are Key to Improving Overall Efficiency of DG

CO-GEN CONCEPT

OTHER LOSSES 4.8%

INP

UT

100%

LOSSES25.8%

EXHAUSTLOSSES 21%

THERMALOUTPUT

44.5%

ELECTRICALOUTPUT 29.7%

USEFUL ENERGY74.2%

Generator Choices & Issues

Design Principle:

“A Generator is a 70% Efficient Boiler with Free Electricity”

Two Stage Hi-Temp Exhaust Fired

2-Stage Exhaust Fired Absorber Exhaust from the Gas turbine is taken directly in to the Absorber –

eliminates HRSG and increases capacity.

Concept combines the criteria for HRSG design and LiBr technology.

Major portion of the absorber is standard commercial product design.

Design, development and construction focused on High Stage

Generator and controls.

Primary control of Chiller is leaving Chilled water temperature.

Exhaust flow to the machine is controlled by damper or fan.

Safety Shut down incorporates an inlet damper.

All other machine safeties and control remain same as standard

machine.

Two Stage Exhaust Fired CT Based CHP P&ID

Gas Fired Simple Cycle CT BCHP

Generator Model: Taurus 60Exhaust:

Generator Out (C) 486Absorber Out (C) 200

Flow (kg/hr) 79,284Recovered Energy (kcal/hr) 6,054,126

HR Chiller:# Stages 2

Chiller COP 1.3Chiller Capacity % 100

Output (Tons) 2,603Elec Chiller kW/ton 0.6

Effective kW Generated 1562Generator:

Generator Output (kW) 5500Cost per kWh $0.07

BCHP System:Chiller Effective kW 1562

Total Effective kW 7062Effective Cost per kWh $0.05

Waste heat fired absorbers are used to displace electric chiller load.

Typically for multi-MW gas fired simple cycle turbines:

tonnage per MW of exhaust varies from 550 to 700 tons per MW.

• Burns and McDonnell (Kansas City) teamed with:

– Solar Turbines Inc (San Diego – turbine generator).

– Broad USA (New Jersey – absorption chiller).

• Design and construct a 5.2 MW CHP system.

– Electricity from a Taurus 5,200 kW turbine generator.

– Up to 2,500 refrigeration tons (RT) of free waste heat driven absorption cooling.

– Up to 17,000 RT of additional supplemental gas-fired cooling.

DOE/ORNLBCHP Program

• Honeywell Laboratories (Minneapolis)

• Developing and field testing a large CHP packaged system.

• A 5 MW turbine generator will be combined with a 1,000 RT absorption chiller.

• The prototype will be tested at Fort Bragg, N.C.

DOE/ORNLBCHP Program

IFA HSG

DFA HSG

Boiler plant(by others)

Generator

Turbine

Exhaust 1060 0F50,935 lbs/hr

Exhaust 374 0F50,935 lbs/hr

Exhaust

5 kW

Gas in

44/54 0F / 170/150 0F1000 tons / 9,500 MBH

Broad BCHP

Gas in

Exhaust

TRIPLE FUELED BCHP ABSORBER

DOE/ORNL BCHP Program

The absorber is fired with exhaust when the CT is operational and with natural gas or oil if the CT is off. Applications include peaker plants.

Chiller Performance

IAT (F) 50 70 90 110

Cooling Capacity (TR) 992

Exhaust Flow Available (Lb/hr) 172999 166919 158673 149102

Exhaust Temp (F) 955 966 981 1001 Exhaust flow Required For Chiller (lb/hr)

59485 58449 57049 55280

Estimated P “WC 7.2

Predicted performance only.

Turbine Inlet Air Cooling

Evaporative Cooling + 3.7 MW

With Inlet Air @ 50 0F Electric Centrifugal + 8.9 MW

Absorption + 11.4 - 11.6 MW

Industrial Turbine 83.5 MW @ Ambient 95 0F

Integration Schematic of a Microturbine and LiBr Absorption Chiller

127°C (260°F) Flue Gas

Cooling Tower

Absorption Chiller

Microturbine Exhaust Fan

Microturbine

288°C (550°F) Exhaust Gas

Single Stage Lo-Temp Exhaust Fired

Microturbine

SS Exhaust Fired Absorber

Single Stage Exhaust Fired MT Based CHP Layout

Single Stage Exhaust Fired MT Based CHP P&ID

BCHP Test Case Profile

University of Maryland

DOE/ORNL

Microturbine/Absorber/Desiccant

•Turbine efficiency 25.6 %, with chiller 63.5 %, and with desiccant 79.2%

•Single effect absorption chiller with COP of 0.7

67 kW Electric Power

MICRO TURBINE100 kW (340,000*) Exhaust Air@ 500 F

ABSORPTION CHILLER

70 kW (20 tons) Chilled Water

Solid Desiccant System40 kW

(140,000*) Exhaust Air @ 225 F

3000 CFMof Dry Air

* Btu/hr

262 kW(895,000*)

Natural Gas

Air to Zone 1

UMD BCHP System 2Single Stage Lo-Temp Exhaust

Fired

Equipment

MicroturbineAbsorberCooling Tower

Exhaust Fan

Desiccant on roof

Pumps, Filter, etc.

Single Skid

Absorption Chiller Data

Comparative Effects

30% Reduction

Not including input from

Microturbine

Natural Gas/Exhaust Co-Fired w/HEX

Installed IES with 60 kW Microturbine and 300 RT Co-fired Double Effect Absorption Chiller

60 kW microturbineExhaust gas duct

High stage generator of 300 RT co-fired double-effect absorption chiller

Natural gas train for co-firing

Flue gas exhaust

Exhaust gas recirculation for ultra low emissions

Exhaust Duct to hot water heat exchanger

Co-fired Burner Exhaust, FRG (return exhaust for LoNOx) and Fresh Air Intake

IC Engine BCHP30% Electrical Output, 44% Thermal (jacket & exhaust) HR, 21% Exhaust, 5% Other

OutputSimple HR

185 F

Boost w/ Exhaust

205 F

400 kW

IC Engine

20 Tons

(.05 Tons /kW)

120 Tons

(.30 Tons /kW)

Hot water fired single stage chiller w/ COP = .5 to .7

Dump radiator included

Cooling tower required

Boiler for back-up

Single Stage HW Absorber: Simple & Cost Effective

Two Stage Steam Absorber: Requires HRSG and high pressure steam system. High efficiency but expensive.

Reciprocating Engine with Jacket Water and Exhaust Recovery and Single-Effect Absorption Chiller

Hot Water “Fired” Single Effect Absorption Water Chiller

81.1 °C (178 °F)

95 °C (203 °F)

93 °C (200 °F)

82 °C (180 °F)

~ 593 °C (~1,100 °F)Exhaust Gas Temp

Exhaust Gas Recovery Heat Exchanger

Jacket Water Heat Recovery Heat Exchanger

86 °C (187 °F)

~ 150 °C (~300 °F)Exhaust Gas to Atmosphere

Hot Water System

Engine Jacket Water System

Engine Exhaust System

Single Stage HW Fired ICE Based CHP P&ID

Fuel Cell Characteristics

 Fuel Cell Type PAFC SOFC MCFC PEMFC

Commercially Available Yes No No No

Size Range 100-200 kW 1 kW - 10 MW 250 kW - 10 MW 3-250 kW

Efficiency, LHV 36% 45-60% 45-55% 30-40%

CHP Characteristics

(hot water)(hot

water/steam)(hot water,

steam)60°C (140°F)

water

Emissions

Nearly zero Nearly zero Nearly zero Nearly zero

Fuel Cell BCHP

New technology

High electrical efficiency

Environmentally friendly

Low heat recovery potential

Large footprint

High cost

Hi-Temp FC

0.16 Tons /kW

IESExhaust Fired or Hot Water Fired

Sites: 20 Ton SS Exhaust Fired w/ Microturbine

25 Ton 2S Exhaust Fired w/ Microturbine

330 Ton 2S Co-Fired w/ Microturbine

2,000 Ton 2S Exhaust Fired w/ Simple Cycle Gas Turbine

130 Ton SS Hot Water Fired w/ 375 kW IC Engine

BCHP Package > Total Components