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Beads from excavations at Paviken in 196971 and 2013 In archaeological terms beads can give us a small glimpse of Viking Age daily life, as jewellery for the women and men alike were worn and the different style and ornamentation can be signs of taste and style at the time (GrahamCampbell 2001). They can also be important indicators of trade networks reaching far off lands, as well as telling the archaeologist about the Vikings knowledge of production techniques and level of skill on those matters. Something so small can in the right context provide information otherwise overlooked. In this paper I will comment upon the topic of beads in regards to Paviken. The data used in the paper is taken from Per Lundström’s finds database and the findings from the current project, but as the methods of excavation has changed a lot since the 1970’s (time of Lundström’s excavation) I have chosen to at times separate the evidence (noticeably for the dispersal maps). This is done as I partook in the current project and can therefore reduce the chance of human errors in the data by having direct knowledge of the excavation, whereas there is a higher chance of error in Lundström’s data, as I have no direct way of confirming what’s written down. Raw material If familiar with other finds from the island of Gotland, some might jump to the assumptions that there would be largely silver beads found at the site of Paviken. The high numbers of silver hoards, counting more than hundred thousand silver coins and several thousand silver objects including some silver jewellery might be the reason for that assumption, but Lundström’s excavation found only one single silver bead (find nr. 33184, found in square 35:86). There was found 125 coins, the majority of which are presumed to be silver/silver covered. However, considering that the Spillings Hoard contained 67 kg of silver, 125 coins are not a considerable amount. Although the bigger finds are few and far between, does the lack of silver, combined with the lack of work tools support the theory that Paviken was abandoned in favour of a different settlement site (Vastergarn being the biggest contender)? It is likely that a shift in settlements would see its settlers keeping their tools and material as both things are considered of value. When considering that the current excavation project revealed fairly scattered material remaining, one might draw the conclusion that these findings were dropped, forgotten or lost when the change of settlement happened. As these are mere musings, further investigations of both Paviken and possible nearby settlement sites would have to be undertaken in order to get a better understanding.

Beads… ·  · 2013-10-25The!ornamentation!on!the!beads!found!in!the!most!recent!excavationaretypical! patterns,!many!of!which!can!be!seen!in!the!evidence!fromRibe!and!Fröjel,!as!well!

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Beads  from  excavations  at  Paviken  in  1969-­‐71  and  2013      In  archaeological  terms  beads  can  give  us  a  small  glimpse  of  Viking  Age  daily  life,  as  jewellery  for  the  women  and  men  alike  were  worn  and  the  different  style  and  ornamentation  can  be  signs  of  taste  and  style  at  the  time  (Graham-­‐Campbell  2001).  They  can  also  be  important  indicators  of  trade  networks  reaching  far  off  lands,  as  well  as  telling  the  archaeologist  about  the  Vikings  knowledge  of  production  techniques  and  level  of  skill  on  those  matters.  Something  so  small  can  in  the  right  context  provide  information  otherwise  overlooked.    In  this  paper  I  will  comment  upon  the  topic  of  beads  in  regards  to  Paviken.    The  data  used  in  the  paper  is  taken  from  Per  Lundström’s  finds  database  and  the  findings  from  the  current  project,  but  as  the  methods  of  excavation  has  changed  a  lot  since  the  1970’s  (time  of  Lundström’s  excavation)  I  have  chosen  to  at  times  separate  the  evidence  (noticeably  for  the  dispersal  maps).  This  is  done  as  I  partook  in  the  current  project  and  can  therefore  reduce  the  chance  of  human  errors  in  the  data  by  having  direct  knowledge  of  the  excavation,  whereas  there  is  a  higher  chance  of  error  in  Lundström’s  data,  as  I  have  no  direct  way  of  confirming  what’s  written  down.        Raw  material    If  familiar  with  other  finds  from  the  island  of  Gotland,  some  might  jump  to  the  assumptions  that  there  would  be  largely  silver  beads  found  at  the  site  of  Paviken.  The  high  numbers  of  silver  hoards,  counting  more  than  hundred  thousand  silver  coins  and  several  thousand  silver  objects  including  some  silver  jewellery  might  be  the  reason  for  that  assumption,  but  Lundström’s  excavation  found  only  one  single  silver  bead  (find  nr.  33184,  found  in  square  35:86).    There  was  found  125  coins,  the  majority  of  which  are  presumed  to  be  silver/silver  covered.  However,  considering  that  the  Spillings  Hoard  contained  67  kg  of  silver,  125  coins  are  not  a  considerable  amount.    Although  the  bigger  finds  are  few  and  far  between,  does  the  lack  of  silver,  combined  with  the  lack  of  work  tools  support  the  theory  that  Paviken  was  abandoned  in  favour  of  a  different  settlement  site  (Vastergarn  being  the  biggest  contender)?  It  is  likely  that  a  shift  in  settlements  would  see  its  settlers  keeping  their  tools  and  material  as  both  things  are  considered  of  value.  When  considering  that  the  current  excavation  project  revealed  fairly  scattered  material  remaining,  one  might  draw  the  conclusion  that  these  findings  were  dropped,  forgotten  or  lost  when  the  change  of  settlement  happened.  As  these  are  mere  musings,  further  investigations  of  both  Paviken  and  possible  nearby  settlement  sites  would  have  to  be  undertaken  in  order  to  get  a  better  understanding.      

 So  if  not  silver,  what  material  was  the  majority  of  the  beads  made  of?  As  illustrated  by  figure  1,  there  is  a  clear  majority  of  glass  beads  in  comparison  to  the  other  materials  used.            

 As  for  the  beads  made  of  other  material,  figure  2  shows  that  as  with  silver,  only  a  single  rock  crystal  bead  was  found  (The  data  used  for  the  chart  does  not  differentiate  between  fragments  and  complete  beads  and  the  numbers  are  from  Lundström’s  project  only).  The  material  is  used  for  bead  making  and  the  famous  Visby  lenses.  These  have  been  found  in  Viking  graves  and  are  lens-­‐shaped,  manufactured  objects,  with  evidence  from  the  excavation  at  Fröjel  suggest  that  they  were  possibly  made  by  the  Vikings  themselves.  Further,  the  most  common  material  from  this  group  is  amber,  but  do  note  that  the  numbers  of  amber  beads  found  are  nowhere  near  the  number  of  those  made  of  glass.    In  addition  there  was  a  single  bead  presumed  made  from  fossil  found  in  the  excavation  from  the  current  project.            Dispersal  on  site    There  are  beads  found  across  the  site.  Interestingly,  when  assembling  the  data  for  finds  of  half-­‐precious  metal  and  glass  from  the  same  excavation,  there  is  a  correlation  between  where  the  beads  in  the  material  and  the  raw,  non-­‐processed  material  is  found  (see  maps  in  appendix).  Similar  to  the  beads,  there  were  a  number  of  glass  fragments,  mosaic  pieces  and  glass  splinters  found  including  some  pieces  of  glass  that  had  been  melted.  However,  the  glass  finds  are  easily  outnumbered  by  the  half-­‐precious  metals,  with  there  having  been  found  more  than  276  pieces  of  garnet  and  183  pieces  of  amber.    Amber  beads  are  commonly  found  on  Gotland,  with  large  quantities  of  both  beads  and  raw  material  found  at  Fröjel  Viking  Port  of  Trade.  Although  the  material  is  more  than  likely  imported,  there  is  some  naturally  occurring  on  the  island,  but  the  general  consensus  is  that  the  Vikings  sourced  it  from  the  Baltic  area.    In  the  current  excavation,  there  was  found  a  correlation  between  where  Lundström  found  the  most  garnit  and  amber  and  where  the  current  excavation  found  it.      

Amber!

Bronze!

Limestone!

Silver !

Bone!

Rock Crystal!

Fig.  2:    Other  materials  

Figure  1  glass  beads  compared  to  other  material  

 Discussion    The  ornamentation  on  the  beads  found  in  the  most  recent  excavation  are  typical  patterns,  many  of  which  can  be  seen  in  the  evidence  from  Ribe  and  Fröjel,  as  well  as  other  Viking  trade  port  sites.  However,  when  combining  the  evidence  from  bead  dispersal  and  raw  material  found  on  site,  the  most  obvious  question  that  comes  to  mind  is  production.  The  known  Viking  trade  networks  were  extensive,  reaching  far  east  and  south,  but  did  they  also  produce  beads  as  part  of  their  settlement?    P.  Lundström  made  the  connection  between  bead  making  and  tesserae,  which  was  found  in  notable  quantities  at  Paviken  (Lundström,  1976:5),  the  same  notion  that  was  made  for  the  site  of  Ribe,  Denmark,  thought  to  have  been  a  production  site  (Sobe  2003).  The  sites  outside  of  Scandinavia  also  lack  tesserae,  perhaps  explained  by  difference  in  manufacturing  techniques.  There  are  also  non-­‐complete,  seemingly  melted  beads  found  from  the  current  excavation,  whose  presence  might  be  explained  by  their  unsuccessful  nature  having  caused  them  to  be  discarded.    Further  supporting  plausible  local  manufacturing  is  the  evidence  that  the  beads  found  in  Lundström’s  excavations  are  seemingly  quite  uniform  in  shape;  the  majority  seems  to  have  been  so-­‐called  barrel  shaped.  Perhaps  somewhat  far-­‐fetched,  one  theory  could  be  that  there  was  bead  production,  but  with  more  limited  knowledge  than  for  instance  in  the  site  of  Ribe,  where  there  is  a  greater  variation  in  shape  and  types  of  the  beads  found.  It  is  already  evident  that  the  current  project  found  most  of  the  beads  to  be  barrel  shaped,  and  research  from  Kaupang  claims  that  these  beads  were  mass-­‐produced  (Wiker,  2003),  making  it  plausible  that  Paviken  had  a  focus  on  mass-­‐production  rather  than  unique,  single  beads.  This  theory  does  rely  on  the  notes  of  Lundström  and  could  be  validated  by  using  the  evidence  from  the  current  project  for  comparison,  as  well  as  a  re-­‐evaluation  of  Per  Lundström’s  finds.    A  more  plausible  theory  is  that  since  there  are  other  shapes/types  present,  these  might  have  been  traded  rather  than  made  locally.    It  would  be  very  interesting  as  the  current  excavation  progresses  to  do  analysis  of  the  chemical  composition  of  the  glass  found;  both  the  possible  raw  material  and  the  beads,  to  see  if  the  composition  of  the  glass  match.  The  evidence  from  such  an  analysis  could  then  be  utilised  to  support  the  theory  of  local  glass  production  in  Paviken,  Gotland.      

Another  interesting  aspect  of  the  topic  of  beads  is  how  it  can  provide  information  about  its  surrounding  society.  Trade  routes  and  where  the  raw  material  is  sourced  are  obvious  questions,  but  when  zooming  in  on  the  actual  people  that  dealt  with  the  beads  originally  is  when  things  get  really  interesting.  By  contrast  and  compare  methods  one  can  see  how  trends  differ  in  the  numerous  Viking  settlements.  An  example  

Bead  from  current  excavation  

is  that  at  Kaupang,  the  far  most  common  colour  of  beads  is  blue,  followed  by  yellow  and  white  (Wiker,  2003),  which  is  very  similar  to  the  finds  of  Paviken.  From  the  current  exacavation,  the  majorirty  of  the  beads  have  decorations  or  ornamentation  of  some  sorts;  straigt,  curved,  patterned  lines  or  inlayed  elements.  Again,  this  is  similar  to  both  Ribe  and  Kaupang.      As  the  current  excavation  progress  it  will  be  very  interesting  to  follow  the  dispersal  of  beads  across  the  site,  and  perhaps  some  more  tools  connected  to  bead  making  will  be  unearthed.  Along  with  the  evidence  from  Lundström’s  excavation  and  further  analysis  I  will  be  surprised  if  it  turns  out  that  Paviken  did  not  have  its  own  workshop  for  making  beads.        Bibliography    Lundström,  A.  (1976).  Bead  Making  in  Scandinavia  in  the  Early  Middle  Ages.  K.  V.  H.  o.  A.  akademien.  Motala,  Borgströms  tryckeri  AB.    Graham-­‐Campbell,  J.  (2001)  The  Viking  World.  Frances  Lincoln  Ltd,  London  

Östergren,  M.  (1989).  Bosättningsmönstret  på  Gotland  under  stenåldern:  En  analys  av  fysisk  miljö,  ekonomi  och  social  struktur.  Stockholm:  Institute  of  Archaeology  at  the  University  of  Stockholm.    Sobe,  T.  (2003)  The  glass  bead  material  from  Ribe,  Denmark.  Viking  Heritage  Magazine.  3:  17-­‐20  Wiker,  G.  (2003)  Beads  from  an  Early  Urban  Settlement  at  Kaupang,  Vestfold,  in  Norway.  Viking  Heritage  Magazine  3:24-­‐27.    In  addition,  Per  Lundström’s  finds  database    and  notes  have  been  used.        

Bead  from  current  excavation