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Bogdana KoljeviNew School for Social ResearchNew York

For Whom the Bell Tolls?Notes for a Psychoanalytic Reading of Heideggers

Being-towards-Death

Summary: In this article the author analyses Heideggers account on being-towards-death as it is discussed in Being and Time. Beginning with comparison of the relation between reality and oblivion in Heidegger and Freud, the author investigates the way in which these conceptions demonstrate both Ptolomaic and Copernican moments. In the second part of the article, the focus is on Heideggers personalistic phenomenology of Dasein: the author argues that in order to comprehend the meaning of being-towards-death it must be taken together with analyes of thown projection and the sphere of Be ndlichekit. Th e author concludes that Levinass critique of Heideggers existential solipsism is strongly founded and also that it does not oppose, in its most signi cant aspects, a psyhoanalytic reading of Heideggers understanding of ownership and death. Key words: being-towards-death, Dasein, throwness, separation, otherness, existential solipsism.

Reality and Oblivion

Perhaps it is more then a matter of mere chance that for both Heidegger and Freud the question of reality comes up as a question of remembrance in the urgent situation in which all cows are black and we have forgotten even our own oblivion. Furthermore, it is not the case that only a few or many fall in this big sleep. We all fall. While in Heidegger this is described as the alert situation of forgetting of the forgetting of the question of Being and demonstrated as the constant turbulence between inauthentic and authentic existence of Dasein, in Freud it signi es the degree of presence of the neurotic/psychotic symptoms. What is at stake in both cases is the issue of the loss of reality, the disturbing fact of human amnesia, in contrast to which it appears as necessary to restore the earlier state of things, both in the context of recollection and of renewal of presence.

However, the question that should be put forward concerns the fol-lowing: are we dealing here with oblivion of reality or reality of oblivion i.e. is it

Arhe, IV, 8/2007UDK 111.12:233-186Originalni nauni rad

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not rather the case that both Heidegger and Freud undertake ambivalent and somewhat paradoxical projects which are simultaneously motivated by a desire to strongly a rm reality as presence, as a structure which can be re exively com-prehended, conceived as essentially xed, and, on the other side, remain highly aware of the limits and impossibility of such an undertaking? In Heidegger, the rst, Ptolemaic moment, is articulated through thinking of reality as authentic-ity, the act of ones decision and authority of the author, while the Copernican, and precisely a deconstructive turn, concerns the inauthentic mode of existence, in which Dasein exists for the most time and which in no manner should be un-derstood as a bad ontic state or a lower level of reality.1

From one aspect, therefore, the target of Heideggers phenomenologi-cal/ontological/ hermeneutical analysis is, similar to Freuds engagement, to ex-amine and interpret the condition of oblivion of Dasein and to enable its radi-cal awakening and remembrance - understood in a manner of heroically facing presence and taking up ones own destiny. Th is unfolds as the actual meaning of unconceling and letting that which shows itself be seen from itself. Furthermore, the question is, as in the psychoanalytic treatment, weather one wants to be or not to be himself. Th e issue, as in Freud, is that the oblivion refers to the fact that the one has lost himself, that a loss of reality (in this case Being), has taken place and that this is due to the prevalence of the actions of others upon the human be-ing. Th ese others are to a great extent unknown and enigmatic but still greatly determine the entire course of Daseins existence, while he, at the same time, remains mostly unaware of this process. In this respect one should keep in mind Heideggers statement that the existence of Dasein is characterized by throwness precisely because Dasein exists with others (Mitsein and Mitdasein).

On the other side, somewhat ironically and paradoxically, Heideggers de(con)structivism and the decisive break with the tradition consists exactly - together with the insight that philosophy is existentially motivated and, there-fore, begins in facticity - in this moment that the beginning contains two and not one and that this is the very reason why the human condition is described in terms of falling (Verfallen) and throwness (Geworfenheit). For Heidegger, how-ever, aside from the positive aspect of the groundless oating, this also means that in such a situation one is everything but a master of his own actions. He is

1 Th is way, both Freud and Heidegger break with the Cartesian cogito (Fichtes I think, Hegels Spirit and every form of identi cation of the subject with consciousness, self-consciousness and re ection) as well as with positivism understanding them exactly as forms of oblivion. Derridas analysis, convincingly demonstrates the presence of these irreconcilable tendencies in both au-thors: recognition of interrelatedness of rational and irrational factors, of knowledge as an open structure and of involvement of the entire human existence but also the moment of remaining within the framework of logocentrism. See Derrida, J., Writing and Difrerence, Th e University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1992. pp. 196-232.

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dependant, shaped and constituted by others. Even more, it is a situation of ab-sorbsion in and by the world where everyone is the other and no one is himself. A situation of alienation that calls upon decisive action.

From two to one: Heidegger vs Freud

Th is way Dasein in Heideggers personalistic phenomenology is in an important sense not only dispersed but radically split. It is driven by two forces which function like Freuds two principles: one of inertia, passivity, vulnerability, going with the ow, a determination by and through others and one of activity, decisiveness, break through projection of ones own possibilities and realization of selfh ood. Th e point is, however, in the fact that the life and the death drive function in a reverse manner in Heidegger and Freud. In other words, while Hei-deggers discourse on inauthenticity irresistibly reminds of what Freud would call a normal state of things (slightly neurotic, for it is the cost of civilization aft er all), a state of being-with-others, of business and occupation in the world, the desired condition of authentic existence and its major determinations from a psychoanalytic perspective arise as highly problematic. Vice versa as well: inau-thentic mode of existence for Heidegger in an important sense signi es a move-ment of giving up on life, of letting things be and withdrawing, a silent death drive, while the main feature and shift that is suppose to occur with being-to-wards-death is a rmation of ones own individual life.

One of the paradigmatic examples where Heidegger articulates the theme of human ambivalence is the statement that Dasein is a thrown projection, and as such, a being which always within itself carries two principles. Signi -cantly enough, this is rst of all realized in the sphere of Be ndlichekit2 which, needles to say, points exactly to the body3. To be and not to be exist, therefore, simultaneously, which means that the human being also always within itself carries the tendency toward non-being and this moment is directly linked to its past. To

2 Th e most common English translation of Be ndlihkeit is state-of-mind. Since in our opinion this misses perhaps the most signi cant aspect of this concept which moves between sensuality, sensitivity and a ectivity we will use the original German term. Th e speci city of Be ndlihkeit, also, is that it always means reaching being in a situation, pointing to a speci c situatedness that di ers from the merely subjective character of feelings precisely in the sense that it demonstrates the objective moment within it, and vice versa and the particular forms of Da-seins Da.3 In Heideggers polemic with Cassirer we read that what Heidegger calls Dasein is determined essentially not only by spirit but rather as the original unity and immanent structure of human capa-bility of relation, and that the human being is furthermore, in a certain way imprisoned in the body. Certainly, it remains a question why Heidegger did not, except partly in the Nietzsche lectures, fully discuss the problem of the body. Bofres answer that this is because to articulate the body and bring it to the level of speech is very hard remains more then insu cient.

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be thrown is to be determined by that which already has been. Also, it is throwness that most of all shows itself as determination by the body.

Awkwardly enough, it at rst appears that all of this has almost nothing to do with death. For the concept of death falls precisely in the other half , not connected to throwness but to projection, not to past but to future and primarily not to body at all. Death is that which exempli es the incompleteness of the rst division, of inauthenticity as the mode of Daseins being as well as the relation to the formal structure of interpretation: in the rst part we have not seen how it is possible to grasp Dasein as a whole.

First of all, it relates to the moment that Dasein can through projection throw away its own throwness in the name of the future and become something else. However, even when this attempt is made in a manner of a decision it always (already) remains a fact that Dasein can never fully coincide with itself. Th e only possibility for this is death, but even death can have (and usually has) an inau-thentic form. And it is precisely because of the radical determination by the hav-ing been that Dasein experiences the present as a delay, as a deferral that produces the desire to step outside and master the future course of events, becoming a being-towards-death. In Heideggers terminology, projection is, seemingly par-adoxically derived exactly from throwness, as the instinct to overcome its own determined condition, unfolding in that sense as the other of the same.

Certainly, an important break occurs with projection, for it refers to the action of Dasein taking over its own possibilities. Th is step to projection, signi -cantly, happens through anxiety (Angst), which Heidegger describes as a feeling of insigni cance of the world and, as such, the necessary state-of-mind through which the human being reaches its selfh ood that is, by its concept, a solus ipse.

Since this insigni cance refers to insigni cance of others in relation to which my own importance is build, almost in a manner of crossing out ev-erything but myself , in an act of canceling, revoking and refusing the outside reality and furthermore doing this in order to produce a new reality which is mine it must be noticed that, speaking in psychoanalytic terms, Heideggers existential solipsism irresistibly reminds of a psychotic straying where the distur-bance and disorder is exactly the one between the ego and the external world. For it represents exactly the rebellious desire to stand against and not be dic-tated by reality, the incapacity of adapting to it, of refusing it and a decision to remodel it - of disavow itself. For Freud such a movement gures as a par excel-lence example of detachment from reality, of withdrawing from a piece of reality and therefore possibly a good signal of psychosis4.

4 Alternatively, one could say that it is perhaps more adequate if this movement is understood as the con ict between the ego and the superego to describe it in terms of narcissistic psycho-neuroses. In favor of the rst determination, however, it could also be added that what is distinc-

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If for the moment now we leave aside the extreme cases of proper sick-ness, it seems, paradoxically, even more signi cant and enigmatic how this pro-cess is actualized in the normal experiences and their relation to reality. Some-what contrary to the action of solus ipse, the regular and most common behavior of human beings is not the authoritative production of the real (with the excep-tion of dreams in which this psychotic dimension is released precisely because it is the condition where the ego is detached from the reality of the external world) in a manner of ex nihilo, but rather one of nding a way in the existing. However, it is as though every contact with the real and the real is represented through others - leaves the subject traumatized in a certain sense and, furthermore, that it is this latent traumatism that serves as a guarantee of the real.

In contrast to this, however, in Heideggers anxiety Dasein paradoxically attempts to jump over its own interrelational and intersubjective constitution and become a free solus ipse. Further analysis in Being and Time demonstrates that this anxiety is the rst impulse of authenticity because in this mood Dasein is concerned only about its own proper existence. Th at anxiety is conceived here merely as a condition of wondering about the world, its questionability (and as such a philosophical gesture), a state of bringing into question our own existence but rather exactly as a strong tendency toward a rmation of Jemeigenheit up to the point of radically excluding, canceling and annulling everything but ones own existence, becomes clear when contextually situated in the discourse on au-thenticity.

Authentic Dasein is at certain times in a mood of anxiety while in other times it is in a joyful mood: in both cases, however, and precisely in their inter-relation the psychotic structure (where there is nothing but me) is clearly dem-onstrated. Th en it just becomes a question weather I successfully accomplish to be become an authority or remain entirely frustrated if not. Now, it is exactly in such a way that anxiety actually signi es the proper attunement for becoming a being-towards-death.

In this respect Levinass critique of Heidegger (from Time and the Other up to 1975 lectures and La mort et le temps) appears as convincing and justi ed: the face-to-face relation in Heidegger is realized as a movement of the one toward himself, locked in a henological and monadological bias, without ever actually encountering the other. Th is is revealed in Heideggers description of the mood

tive about it is, as Heidegger underlines, the generation of anxiety. Also, importantly enough, for Freud, anxiety is always a sign that the process of remodeling is carried through against forces which oppose it violently. See Freud, S., Neuroses and Psychosis, p. 152 and Th e Loss of Reality in Neuroses and Psychoses, p. 186 in Collected Papers, vol.2. Th e Hogarth Press, 1948. In any case it remains a clear deformation of the ego, entirely or partly psychotic.

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of anxiety, where Dasein nds itself face to face with the nothing of the possible impossibility of its existence.5Th e term projection is also far more suitable for the described process then Heidegger could have ever imagined it is the action of creation, change of reality, self-proclaimed authorship for interpretation that corresponds to ones own possibilities. Furthermore, Heidegger writes that understanding as self-projection is the crucial way through which the event of Being takes place.6

At this occasion we cannot attempt to draw all the possible consequenc-es of such a statement if it is analyzed in the suggested direction. Still, it is evident that the act of solipsistic self-creation refers, therefore, not only to the attempt to a rm ones mineness by existing the world, but that this process is one of realization of Reality qua Being, of Sein as Da-Sein. On the other side, Dasein did not bring itself to its Da. It exists in possibilities which it has not given to itself and of which it is not the author. Th is is the reason why Dasein can never entirely have itself (let alone the world) and is not the master of Being. However, it still has, somewhat paradoxically, the possibility of self-ownership.

Ownership and Death

Th e way in which Heidegger set up the context for the analysis of be-ing-towards-death, demonstrates that it is precisely through this concept that the path to authentic existence, authentic life, opens up. But whos life? One that is exclusively mine and belongs only to me. Th is is the manner in which self-ownership, life and death converge. What enables Dasein to become a whole, a totality, is the possibility to stand up and existentially understand its own death in di erence to the death of others which for Heidegger appears merely as a remarkable phenomenon of change of entity, an event in which Dasein is trans-formed into something present-at-hand. 7

It is exactly concerning this issue that, thinking along Levinass lines about Heideggers treatment of the other becomes most plausible: the discourse on the death of others clearly demonstrates that my position is one of observer and not participant. And not because I am not the one experiencing it (for I can even less experience my own death in the strict sense), but because the actual meaning of being just there alongside by itself refers to distance and indi er-ence. For this reason death of others appears as objective and actually not very di erent from the way we speak of the moon. Furthermore, it is from my per-

5 Heidegger, M. Being and Time, Harper & Row, New York and Evanston, 1962. p.248. 6 Ibid., p.287.7 Heidegger, M. Being and Time, p. 238.

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spective that the dying other is becoming a thing, it is me who objecti es and alienates him. For Heidegger death of others is irrelevant because it (at least for him) has nothing to do with my individuation. Th e already determined task is to nd a mode though which Dasein can reach itself and become the author of its existence. And it is exactly authentic being-towards-death that opens the path to an authentic Dasein itself. Which means, consequently, that it is the proper way of relating to Being. Originating from anxiety, this attitude of awareness about the possibility of my non-existence is a factor which, by itself, ought to provoke a di erent attunement to the world (or, rather, attunement of the world to me) in the forms of authentic selfh ood.

Again, however, the way of achieving this supposed individuation arises as highly problematic, since it rests on the presupposition that death is the paradigmatic example of self-ownership because it cannot be substituted. If Heidegger is to remain consequent, both in respect of analyzing death not in a biological and physiological manner, which he indisputably tends to avoid, and moreover, to see death not as an event but a way of existence, not being at an end but as ripened fruit - being toward an end, then it certainly must be admit-ted that I can die for the other and the other can die for me.8

Heidegger insists that to die for the other does not mean to dye in the place of the other. Most signi cant is the following: in order to demonstrate the phenomenon of death as a possibility which is exclusively mine, Heidegger must refute the possibility of substitution: to stand for the death of the other has to be declared as impossible for, indeed, his entire conception would collapse. Fur-thermore, he must refute not only the strong idea of possibility of dying for the other but even the much weaker and practically plausible standpoint that the death of the close other is not only something that causes extreme su ering but also indeed represents itself a strong experience of death.

Th e given argument that in such cases I am still (biologically) alive and still have to die my own death appears as not only unconvincing but precisely the type of argument that Heidegger wishes to avoid one that operates as a provisional conception. Moreover, this brings into question the entire issue about the distinction between the ontic and ontological, so crucially relevant for Heidegger. It appears as no longer clear can such a division be sustained at all.

Th e problem is, therefore, that phenomenologicaly this can be argued only when one has already presupposed a monadological standpoint i.e. Heidegger

8 In a certain sense this is the meaning of love, which always remains absent from Heideggers analysis. Love would appear as the par excellence example of inauthenticity. It would therefore go along with other examples of inauthentic being-towards-death of putting death into the hands of the other, which, in Heideggers view, equals something like surrendering.

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main concern, of founding an authentic solus ipse has already been determined. In the same manner it has already been assumed that individuation is a self-event (or, rather self-process) that in a strange way is suppose to arrive from nothing, from an internal nothingness and from/by/through others. Th at is also why death must be entirely internalized in order to overcome incompleteness and establish wholeness and the price for this is the exclusion of others.

Also, this is probably the reason why Heidegger excludes historical analy-sis of the phenomenon of death, since certain periods indisputably let us just remember 18 and 19 centaury - give priority precisely to death of the other and therefore cannot t into Heideggers conception. It seems that Heideggers phe-nomenological/ontological formal interpretation deliberately sets up a historical and cultural vacuum which enables him to rule out the issue of death of/for/with other and that for such a reason arises more as static and less as a genetic phenomenology of death. 9

Th at is why the analysis of anxiety, as the proper Stimmung for becoming a being-towards-death structurally had to precede the discussion on death. To exist towards death, for Heidegger and in the same manner of, now even more a rmed psychotic straying - means to realize the power of ones own being, for in such a standing all relations to others and to the world come to an end. Th at is the meaning of the claim that death stands before (Bevorstand) each Dasein as its ownmost, non-relational and uttermost possibility. And that is, for Heidegger, some-thing which one is really anxious about. It is the most proper possibility that rep-resents the deliverance of possibilities, opening them up to the force of decision. 10 Anxiety brings Dasein face-to-face with death in such a way that it realizes that its being-towards-death, its life is haunted by this (im)possibility and through it appropriates its life which suddenly appears is its own.

Th e issue is, therefore, not simply that death arises as the highest mani-festation of life, its spiritus movens, its existential condition of possibility that si-multaneously stimulates and frees Dasein, but that being-towards-death appears as a self-legitimizing, self-founding and self-productive action to a signi cant extent based on determination of private property - and a conception of life under-

9 Th is is further particularly problematic when considered together with the determination of being-towards-death as the bases of Daseins historicity i.e. as the actual beginning of history. Der-rida rightly argues that Heidegger in no manner addresses the question of the cultures of death and that the distinction between the existential-ontological and cultural analysis becomes hard to defend (without repeating the essential motifs of ontotheology). See Derrida, J., Th e Gift of Death. Th e University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1995. Levinas and Derrida, although in dif-ferent manners, both address the question of the cultures of death. 10 In this respect, it could be noted that Blachot, probably under the in uence of Levinas, turns around Heideggers being-towards-death: in his work death becomes the impossible of the pos-sible, the indetermination of every determination and the incertitude of every certitude.

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stood as appropriation of oneself in the name of realization of new and above all my reality qua an irreplaceable Dasein. Th e meaning of appropriation (Ereig-nis), which become one of the crucial concepts for Heidegger, is exactly coming to ones own as the proper place where one belongs and in this sense Daseins self-realization. Th is is the way in which Heideggers ontology unfolds on the terrain of exclusive selfh ood, in the original time which discovers the nothing-ness upon which it is based primarily meaning that it rests upon nothing other than itself.

Th is is why it is exactly in being-towards-death that Jemeinigkeit is con-stituted: the individual identity is given by death, but I cannot (or, rather, should not?) give anyone the gift of death. In this respect, therefore, we can justly turn around Derridas analysis and say that there is no gift of death for Heidegger. In Th e Gift of Death Derrida largely subordinates Levinas to Heidegger, even indicat-ing that Levinass juxtaposition of sacri ce to Heideggerian being-towards-death entirely misses the point i.e. that Heidegger paid constant attention to the funda-mental possibility of sacri ce. However, Derrida later implicitly admits that this has more to do with his own analysis then with Heidegger.11

Exactly because the character and inner structure of authentic being-towards-death reveals that even temporality is viewed as ones ownmost, it is supposed to be assured that there is something one gives to himself without involving the gift that comes from the other. But this means that what is actually at stake is more then giving death: it concerns the entire relation to the other, the way it is formed (as non-relational) in the authentic existence. To say that there is no gift of death means to say that there is no gift of the self. If anything at all life/death is my own: the bell tolls for me.

Facing life and death

Doubtlessly, for both Heidegger and Freud mortality arises as a funda-mental structure of human life and for such a reason the frequent common-sense view in which Eros and Th anatos appear as dichotomous and separate arguably does not function. However, the way that they are interconnected and even more, the existential, ethical and political consequences to be drawn from this, arise as di erent, almost reverse, when being-towards-death is conceived in relation to the death drive.

11 But in spite this Derrida still does not address the issue, which Heidegger certainly does not answer of the sacri ce for the other. Levinas renewed the philosophical signi cance of this mo-ment, insisting that the death of the other is a source not just of understanding of death but also of my responsibility and in such a way radically altered the meaning of singularity.

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In Heidegger it is precisely being-towards-death that establishes and en-sures the non-relational potential, which, from the subjective side points to a movement of egology and a certain gesture that highly resembles a psychotic straying, while, on the objective side, speaks of the way through which ontology is actualized as philosophy of power.

If Heideggers and Freuds undertakings appear as similar in the sense that they both recognize the sel shness of the ego and, consequently, the economy governed by satisfaction of needs that follows from it, Heideggers selfh ood that becomes through being-towards-death is constituted not only as autonomous but as autarchic: it becomes its own lawgiver for which the appropriation of its freedom, the possibility of its performance ex nihilo and therefore the realization of its own, proper, irreplaceable power becomes a higher value then justice.

Za kim zvona zvone?(Beleke za psihoanalitiko itanje Hajdegerovog bitka-prema-smrti)

Saetak: U ovom lanku autor analizira Hajdegerovo shvatanje bitka-prema-smrti u Bitku i Vremenu. Kree se od poreenja Hajdegerovog i Frojdovog odnosa izmeu zbilje i zaborava i naina na koji obe koncepcije izraavaju i ptolomejske i kopernikanske momente. U drugom delu lanka, akcenat je stavljen na Hajdegerovu personalistiku fenomenlogiju Dasein-a: autor argumentie da razumevanje bitka-prema-smrti zahteva analizu ideje o baenosti i projekciji i celokupne sfere Be ndlichkeit-a. Autor zakljuuje da je Levinasova kritika Hajdegerovog egzistencijalnog solipsizma vrlo utemeljena, kao i da ova vrsta analize u najznaajnijim aspektima nije u suprotnosti sa psihonanalitikim itanjem Hajdegerovog razumevanja posedovanja i smrti. Kljune rei: bitak-prema-smrti, Dasein, baenost, podeljenost, drugost, egzistencijalni solipsizam.