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BELLWORK1. What was the role of religion in the colonies? How did it differ
between Spanish and British colonies? (pg.20)
2. Describe Portugal’s motives for exploration.
3. How was Portuguese rule different than Spanish rule?
4. How did the Portuguese treat the indigenous populations in the regions they conquered?
5. Why was the New World named after a Portuguese explorer and not Columbus (Spain)?
6. THINKER: Why was Portugal an early leader in exploration? If they were so advanced, why didn’t they have more colonies in the Americas?
Portuguese map of division: 1502
Portuguese Colonization• Why was Portugal the early leader of exploration? If
they were so powerful, why did they have less colonies in comparison to England and Spain?
• Joao Fernandes Lavrador visited the North Atlantic coast to establish fishing grounds
• Claimed Newfoundland and Labrador for Portugal – unsuccessful in maintaining control so they abandoned their
land to focus on South America
• Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal
Portuguese Exploration
Red – actual possessions
Orange – areas of influence; trade
Olive/Blue – areas of exploration
Green – trading posts
Pink – places of rule w/ self-government
Portuguese map of Brazil: 1519
Portuguese Control• Once established, the Portuguese
government divided their territory into Captaincy colonies
• These individual colonies were autonomous, and each was owned and run by a Captain-major
• Unlike other colonies, Portuguese rule was relatively relaxed
• Instead of focusing on control, Portugal aimed to provide a steady income for the Empire…….. mercantile colonies
• Ruled by race• After conquering indigenous populations,
they decided to align with the natives in sugar production
Portuguese Empire
Ruled with a thalassocracy: a state with primarily maritime realms—an empire at sea; naval strength
French Control of the Americas• In 1524, under the rule of King
Francis I, Italian-born Giovanni da Verrazano explored the region between Florida and Newfoundland– Route to the Pacific Ocean– Wealth from resources (fur, lumber,
fish)• In 1534, Francis sent Jacques
Cartier on three voyages to explore the Eastern coast of Canada
• Established colonies in Eastern Canada, central U.S. and the Caribbean
French Control• Originally, King Francis maintained strict
control of the colonies (taxes & trade)• New France had a rather small population
– emphasis on fur trade NOT agricultural settlements
• Slave ownership by the French was high, especially in the Caribbean (racial division)
• Since the majority of slaves worked on sugar plantations in the Caribbean, a lot of uprisings started here– French colonies, like Haiti, gained
independence through slave revolts• Relied heavily on friendly relations with
First Nations
– Needed their supply of fur and control of trade posts
• Under pressure from religious orders to convert to Christianity
French Control • New France was far behind the
British North American colonies in both population and economic development
• By 1763, France had lost most of their territory to England in a series of six colonial wars (French-Indian War & Seven Years War)
• Continued resentment amongst the British/French colonists and governments
DISCUSSIONWith regards to European colonial powers…..
• Who ruled with the strictest/harshest policies?
• Who had the most oppressive societal divisions?
• Who was most interested in resources/wealth?
• Who was most interested in establishing habitable land?
• Who would YOU rather be under the control of?
Review Game• Colonial control!!!
Review: European control• We are going to play a short review game over the European
powers and their control of the colonies. • FOUR CORNERS: Each corner is labeled with one of the four
European powers.• A question will appear on the board and you have 20 seconds
to move to the corner that corresponds with the answer.• If you get it right….yay! You’re still in the game. If you get it
wrong…..yikes! You’re out!• If everyone picks the same answer, you must then chose RED
or BLACK, and your fate will be decided by luck of the draw!
1
• Which European power based society off of class?
• Wealth = POWER!
2
• Which European power did NOT have claims in Canada?
3
• Passed the Navigation Acts to restrict trade within their colonies
4
• Cartier and Verrazano were the main explorers for which European power?
5
• Had a specific racial hierarchy that divided their colonies
6
• Cabral explored the eastern part of South America and claimed territory for ___________?
7
• This European power was mostly motivated by rumors of gold and silver in the Americas, but also wanted to find a faster trade route to the Indies.
8
• Ruled the Americas through captaincy colonies
9
• Originally had the most territory in the Americas, but lost most of it after a series of wars.
10
• William Penn and Henry Hudson helped establish colonies for this European power
11• Under the Habsburg monarchy, the King kept strict control of the colonies and allowed little freedom
12
• Comparatively to the other three European powers, which country was the most relaxed with their rule?
13
• Explorers motivated by resources; like fur, lumber, fishing grounds
14
• Explorers of this European country were motivated by fertile farm land and the availability of water for trade/travel
15
• Which European power did NOT use the Natives for economic benefit?
Historical analysis: evaluating OPVL• When reading a historical source, it would be helpful if you were to think of
yourself as being in the position of the investigators, defense, prosecution, jury and judge in a criminal trial. That is, you should be concerned with the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.
• To achieve this, you will need to be as rigorous, as precise, and as logical in your examination and evaluation of evidence as the participants in any trial.
• While reading a source, you should always determine:– O: origin– P: purpose– V: value– L: limitation
OPVL Guidelines• Summarize and provide an example of
each component!!!
Four Views on the Discovery of America
• For this activity, the class will be divided into four groups.• Each group will start at a different station and rotate through
all four.• At each station, there is a reading regarding the discovery of
the Americas.• Each reading has a different point of view and purpose.• It is your responsibility to evaluate the source! Think about
O.P.V.L.
Historical analysis: evaluating OPVL• For each source, you will do five things:
1. Summarize the main points/messages of the document.
2. Evaluate the origin of the document
3. Evaluate the purpose
4. Assess the value of the document
5. Assess any biases or limitations of the document
CLOSURE• For closure, write a two paragraph summary of the
different documents. Include:– In your opinion, which source was the most valuable? The
least? Why?– Are there similarities and differences between the
sources?– Which author’s viewpoint do you agree with the most?
Why?– Is there another viewpoint you think would be more
reliable?
Effects of Exploration - Columbian Exchange• Columbian Exchange: Exchange of animals,
plants, cultures, slaves, and diseases between the New World and the Old World.
• Started after the exploration of America• Traded crops and livestock• Diseases, especially smallpox, killed 50-90% of
Native populations.• First appearance of African slaves
Old World Native Plants• Citrus, apple, banana, mango, rice, wheat, coffee,
and onion.
New World Native Plants• Corn, tomato, potato, vanilla, rubber, cocoa,
and tobacco.
Smallpox
Colombian Exchange Reading1. Interactions between Columbus’ crew and the Taino2. Which Old World animals/plants created problems for
the New World? 3. Why did Europeans start using Africans as slaves
instead of natives?4. What do you think was the best Old World contribution
to the New World and vice versa?5. Do you think the “Colombian Exchange” was more of a
positive or negative development in world history? Explain!
Columbus’ Discovery• From the History of Latin America textbook, read the “Voyages
of Columbus” (pgs. 56-58) and discuss the following: 1. What were the Spaniards motives for colonization of the
Americas? 2. What was considered Columbus’ “obsession?” Why was this
goal important?3. Who finally agreed to fund Columbus’ voyage? What would he
receive in return?4. Where did Columbus finally land? How is this different than his
original plan?5. Explain the encounter between the Natives & Columbus and
his crew. How did Columbus attempt to appease the rebels?