Bellwork Tuesday 3/11/14 1. Using the map, what were the major products of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain? 2. What is the correlation between

Bellwork Tuesday Bellwork Tuesday 3/11/143/11/14

1. Using the map, what were the major products of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain?

2. What is the correlation between the location of natural resources and the location of the products?

3. Why do you think the mapmaker included major canals and railroads on this map?

25.1 The Beginnings of 25.1 The Beginnings of IndustrializationIndustrialization

The Industrial Revolution starts in England and soon spreads to other countries.

Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to Charles Dickens: From Poorhouse to MansionMansion

English author Charles Dickens (1812-1870)


Original cover of The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (commonly known as The Pickwick Papers), the first novel by Charles Dickens.


First edition front piece of A Christmas Carol (1843)


Front piece of the first edition of Oliver Twist (1838).


First Edition cover of David Copperfield (1850)

Gads Hill Place: Country Home Gads Hill Place: Country Home of Charles Dickensof Charles Dickens

Dickens family on their porch at Gads Hill Place

Industrial Revolution Begins in Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainBritain

New Ways of Working◦Industrial Revolution—greatly increases

output of machine-made goods.◦Revolution begins in England in the middle

1700s.


The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way◦Enclosures—large farm fields enclosed by

fences or hedges◦Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once

owned by village farmers.◦Enclosures allowed experimentation with new

agricultural methods


Rotating Crops◦Crop rotation—

switching crops each year to avoid depleting soil

◦Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve food supply.

Satellite image of rotated crops in Kansas in June 2001

Industrial Revolution Begins in Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainBritainWhy the Industrial

Revolution Began in England◦ Industrialization—

move to machine production of goods

◦Britain has natural resources—coal, iron, rivers, harbors

◦Expanding economy in Britain encourages investment

◦Britain has all needed factors of production—land, labor, capital

Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur IndustrializationChanges in the

Textile Industry◦ Weavers work

faster with flying shuttles and spinning jennies

◦ Water frame uses water power to drive spinning wheels

Spinning Jenny

“Carding” is a mechanical process that breaks up locks and unorganized clumps of fiber and then aligns the individual fibers so that they are more or less parallel with each other. This enabled them to be more easily spun into thread. The old method was done by hand, using these tools.

carding machine-replaces the hand process of combing out the fibers before they can be spun into yarn or thread.

Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization

◦Power loom, and spinning mule speed up production, improve quality.

Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur IndustrializationFactories—buildings

that contain machinery for manufacturing

Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization

◦Cotton Gin boosts American cotton production to meet British demand

"The First Cotton Gin" - An engraving from Harper's Magazine, 1869. This carving depicts a roller gin, which preceded Whitney's invention.

Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation

Watt’s Steam Engine◦ Need for cheap,

convenient power spurs development of steam engine

◦ James Watt improves steam engine, financed by Matthew Boulton

◦ Boulton—an entrepreneur—organizes, manages, takes business risks.

James Watt

Matthew Boulton

Steam engine designed by Boulton & Watt. Engraving of a 1784 engine.

Reproduction of James Watt's steam engine


Water Transportation◦Robert Fulton builds first

steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807

◦England’s water transport improved by system of canals

Fulton’s North River Steamboat as it appeared in 1807, later named Clermont


Road Transportation◦British roads are improved; companies operate them as toll roads. These were called “turnpike trusts”.

The A4 is a historic major road in England, portions of which are known as the Great West Road and Bath Road.


◦ By the early Victorian period toll gates were perceived as an impediment to free trade. The multitude of small trusts were frequently charged with being inefficient in use of resources and potentially suffered from petty corruption.

◦ The railway era spelt disaster for most turnpike trusts.

The Round House (Old Toll House) at Stanton Drew

The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins

Steam-Driven Locomotives◦In 1804, Richard Trevithick

builds first steam-driven locomotive

Trevithick's No. 14 engine, built by Hazledine and Co., Bridgnorth, about 1804, and illustrated after being rescued circa 1885; from Scientific American Supplement, Vol. XIX, No. 470, January 3, 1885.

The Coalbrookdale company then built a rail locomotive for him, but little is known about it, including whether or not it actually ran.

Trevithick's 1804 locomotive. This full-scale replica of steam-powered railway locomotive is in the National Waterfront Museum, Swansea

The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins◦In 1825, George

Stephenson builds worlds first railroad line.

◦He is called the “Father of Railways”.

◦His rail gauge of 4 feet 8½ inches (1,435 mm), sometimes called "Stephenson gauge", is the world's standard gauge.

The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins

Liverpool-Manchester Railroad◦Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to Manchester

The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins◦Stephenson’s Rocket acknowledged as the best

locomotive (1829)

A cutaway view of the cylinder and steam valve of the replica Rocket

Rocket replica

The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age BeginsRailroads Revolutionize Life in Britain

◦Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobs◦Cheaper transportation boosts many industries;

people move to cities

Documents

Bellwork Tuesday 3/11/14 1. Using the map, what were the major products of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain? 2. What is the correlation between