Benchmark Review

May 22nd exam

Key Concepts

• Key Concept 1: Compounds contain carbon are called organic compounds.

• Key Concept 2: Many organic compounds often contain hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur, in addition to carbon.

• Key Concept 3: All living things are made up of organic compounds.

• Chemical change: when a new substance is formed.

• Evidence of a chemical change: Bubbles, Odor (generally evidence of a gas), Color change (not always reliable, but often), temperature change, evidence of burning

• Chemical digestion: the process of breaking food down into smaller molecules

• Physical change: changing the state or appearance of something

• Examples: breaking a pencil, melting an ice cube, freezing water

• Compare/contrast digestion:

• Physical- chewing food, stomach muscles churning or breaking up food

• Chemical – saliva in the mouth, stomach acids breaking down food molecules

Work: The product of force and distance when a force is used to move an object

• It is work to move a block up a ramp. The steeper the ramp, the more work. However, the more MASS added, even more work has to be done, more so than making the ramp steeper.

Gravity: the force that pushes against everything.• Unbalanced forces: in order for things to

move, one force has to be greater than the other-

Reading a graph:

• When is there “no change” on this graph?

Inertia

• the tendency of an object to keep doing what it’s doing- still, it stays still; moving, it keeps moving

Turgor pressure

•  the pressure exerted on a plant cell wall by water passing into the cell by osmosis

Pathogen

• any disease-producing agent, especially a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism.

Input Force

• The force exerted on a machine

Output force

• The force exerted on an object on a by a machine

Homeostasis

• The process by which an organism’s internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes in the external environment

What turgor pressure does for a plant

• Turgor pressure helps the plant maintain a constant size and shape as the water exerts a force against the cell wall

Response

• An action or change in behavior that occurs as the result of a stimulus

Stimulus

• A change in an organism’s surroundings that causes the organism to react

Cell Theory

• What are the three parts to the cell theory?

• All living things are made of cells

• All cells come from pre-existing cells

• Cells are the basic structure and function of living things.

• Evidence of cell theory?? Give examples

Survival• What is needed for survival?• *food *shelter *water• What is needed for life?• *energy (sun) *oxygen *carbon *hydrogen• Natural selection: when a trait is beneficial for

survival and is passed on to the next generation (no goal, an accident)

• Selective breeding: when a trait is selected, such as dog-breeding or horse-breeding for a particular attribute or characteristic (a goal desired)

• What is natural selection and how does it happen?

• “Survival of the fittest”, such as, if an organism’s environment changes, the characteristics that it has inherited help determine whether it can adapt to the changed environment. For example, if an organism has adapted a very specialized diet in which it can eat only one thing, then that organism will not adapt to change easily.

• What determines the speed of natural selection?

• The organisms reproduction rate.

• List a few organisms that have the ability to adapt very quickly (minutes to hours) versus some that take generations

• Bacteria, viruses, one-celled organisms,etc.

• Any multi-cellular organism, especially mammals

• What is a dichotomous key? How is it used? What types of traits are most useful when using a key?

• A dichotomous key is a series of paired statements or questions that lead to the identification of an organism.

• Observable characteristics are best for a dichotomous key.

• How are the bright colors of a coral snake, poison dart frog, or monarch butterfly an advantage when they do nothing to provide camouflage?

• Answers….• They provide a warning or our a

subterfuge (hide something- like the monarch butterfly)

Mimicry

• Monarch Butterfly • Viceroy Butterfly

• Sometimes, the adaption is as a warning to predators- Don’t mess with us! We’re poisonous!

Adaptations

• An adaptation is a trait that enables an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.– Examples: mimicry and camouflage

Trial and Error Learning

• Trial and error learning occurs when an animal, through repeated practice, learns to perform a behavior more and more skillfully.

What is the definition of adaptation?

• It is a trait that enables an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.

Reproductive Adaptations

Organisms have many adaptations that help ensure that reproduction will take place. For example, many flowers have brightly colored petals or strong scents that attract insects. The insects pick up pollen, which contains sperm cells and carry it to other flowers. This enables the sperm in the pollen to fertilize an egg in the second flower.

Adaptation and Environmental Change

• If an organism’s environment changes, the characteristics that it has inherited help determine whether it can adapt to the changed environment. For example, if an organism has adapted a very specialized diet in which it can eat only one thing, then that organism will not adapt to change easily.

• This is what has happened to the Giant Panda. The forests that grow bamboo, the panda’s only food, have partially been destroyed. Since their food supply

has been reduced the numbers of

Giant Panda have drastically decreased.

• 1. What three factors affect the biodiversity of an ecosystem?

• Area, climate, and niche diversity

• 2. What is one reason coral reefs are such diverse ecosystems?

• The provide many different niches for organisms, so more species can live there than in a more uniform environment.

• When is asexual reproduction more advantageous than sexual reproduction?

• Advantages of asexual: Large numbers of offspring are reproduced very quickly from only one parent when conditions are favorable, environments that are stable and experience very little change are the best places for organism that reproduce asexually. Large number of organisms mean that species may survive when conditions or predators are numerous

• Disadvantages of asexual: Unfavorable conditions such as extreme temperatures can wipe out entire colonies

• What drives biodiversity (what at the cellular level causes it?)

• The sustainability (the quality of not being harmful to the environment or depleting natural resources, and thereby supporting

long-term ecological balance of species) of a species in an ecosystem.

• Genetic code- DNA

• How are managed areas such as tree farms and fisheries different in regards to biodiversity than a comparable natural area?

• Is there greater biodiversity, less, or the same?

• View the pictures on the next slide and write your answer

Fish Farm Fish in a lake

Tree Farm Forest

• Identify three ways that biodiversity is important:

• Economic value: supply raw materials for many products, especially medicines

• Interconnectedness: “we are all in this together” idea- write an explanation of what that means to you and how it applies here.

• Gene pool diversity: species that lack diversity are less able to adapt to difficult situations.

• When is asexual reproduction more advantageous than sexual reproduction?

• Advantages of asexual: Large numbers of offspring are reproduced very quickly from only one parent when conditions are favorable, environments that are stable and experience very little change are the best places for organism that reproduce asexually. Large number of organisms mean that species may survive when conditions or predators are numerous

• Disadvantages of asexual: Unfavorable conditions such as extreme temperatures can wipe out entire colonies

Photosynthesis

• Radiant energy (sunlight/visible light) is trapped by chloroplast and converted by chlorophyll into chemical energy in the form of glucose (sugar)

Food Chain

• Identify the producers and first and second level consumers in this food chain

Energy in a Food Chain

• What happens to energy as it passes through a food chain?

Energy Pyramid

Food web review: What happens when you remove an organism from the web?

What do the lines in a food web show?

What are some of the limitations of this web:

• Review the levels of organization. What is the smallest example. (Remember that cells have special names when they have a special function, i.e., neuron

• Cells -> Tissue -> Organ -> Organ System -> Organism

• What is biodiversity? What are three factors that affect biodiversity?

• Biodiversity- the number of species in an area

• 3 factors that affect biodiversity include area, climate, and diversity of niche

• Niche- an organism’s particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living