Organic Compounds:

Biomolecules

aka: Carbon Compounds

All Organic Compounds (Biomolecules) contain the element Carbon!

The Chemistry of CarbonOrganic chemistry is the study of all compounds

that contain bonds between carbon atoms.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Macromolecules

Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization. Polymerization is the process of converting monomers into polymers.

Monomers – building blocks of more complex molecules

Polymers –many monomers

Four groups of organic compounds found in all living things are:

carbohydrates lipids nucleic acids proteins

Carbohydrates – C, H, O

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Source of Energy

Quick energy

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms is 2:1 (like water) H:O is 2:1

CarbohydratesDifferent sizes of carbohydrates:

*Monosaccharides – single sugars

ex. Glucose *the most common sugar C6H12O6

galactose and fructose

*Disaccharides – two single sugars joined

ex. Lactose & sucrose

*Polysaccharides – 3 or more single sugars joined

ex. Cellulose (in plant cells)

Starch

Glycogen (animal starch)

Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy.

Glucose

StarchExamples: Cellulose Starch Glycogen

Lipids – C, H, Omany more carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms compared to oxygen atoms

Lipids are generally not soluble in water.

The common categories of lipids are:fats

oils

waxes

Steroids

Cholesterol

Waterproof coverings

Cell membrane – lipid bilayer

LipidsFunction:

store energy

Long term energy storage

Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes (cell membrane) and waterproof coverings (cuticle on plants)

Monomers:

Fat – consist of glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Lipids

Proteins – C, H, O, Nsometimes S, P

Held by Peptide bonds Monomers of molecules called amino acids.

General formula for an amino acid

-NH2 is amino group

-COOH is carboxyl

Amino Acids: 20 common amino acids

Polymers of proteins Polypeptide – chains of amino acids joined

by peptide bonds

Some functions of proteins:

Enzymes- Control rate of reactions

Enzymes are biological catalyst

Used to form bones and muscles

Transport & Communication: moves small molecules into or out of cells

Help to fight disease (defense) – antibodies

Examples of Proteins: Amino Acids like alanine (end in –ine) Enzymes (end in –ase) Blood – hemoglobin Skin, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair,

muscle Antibodies

Dehydration Synthesis Removal of water when two simpler

substances join together

Hydrolysis Adding water to break apart a compound

Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, P

Nucleic AcidsNucleic acids are polymers assembled from

individual monomers known as nucleotides.

Nucleic Acids: Monomers

Nucleotides consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar

a phosphate group

a nitrogenous base

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. *Genetic Blueprint*

Examples and Polymers:

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)