Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)

8/13/2019 Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)

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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

30 of 32 DOCUE!"S

MICHAEL JAMES BERGER, a single man also known as Magic Mike,

Plaintiff-Appellee, ! CI"# $% SEA""LE& 'IRGI(IA A()ERS$(,)i*ecto* of Seattle Cente*& MICHAEL A()ERS$(, Eme*genc+ Se*ice

Manage* fo* Seattle Cente*& "E( (($.(

EMPL$#EES/$%%ICERS, of t0e Seattle Cente* an1 t0e Cit+ of Seattle,

all in 2ot0 t0ei* in1ii13al an1 official capacities, )efen1ants-

Appellants!

(o! 45-65758

(I"E) S"A"ES C$R" $% APPEALS %$R "HE (I("H CIRCI"

59: %!61 ;48:& 844: !S! App! LE, 844:, %ile1

SBSE?E(" HIS"$R#@ Co#$# a%d fee# p&o'eed(%g a$, )e+e#$ g&a%$ed e&ge& -. C($ of Sea$$/e, 50

F.3d 91, 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 199 9$4 C(&. a#4., Sep$. 2, 2009

PRI$R HIS"$R#@ ;

Appea/ f&o7 $4e U%($ed S$a$e# D(#$&('$ Co+&$ fo& $4e e#$e&% D(#$&('$ of a#4(%g$o%. D.C. !o. C803

0323:L). :a7e# L. )oa&$, D(#$&('$ :+dge, P&e#(d(%g.

e&ge& -. C($ of Sea$$/e, 512 F.3d 52, 200 U.S. App. LEXIS 331 9$4 C(&. a#4., 200

)ISP$SI"I$(@AFFI)ED I! PA)" a%d )EA!DED I! PA)".

CASE SMMAR#@

PR$CE)RAL P$S"RE@ Fo//o


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(%$e&e#$.

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Constitutional Law > Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > General "verview

Constitutional Law > Bill of Rights > State Application

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&ime' Place ! (anner

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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

Constitutional Law > Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > Freedom of Speech > Scope of

Freedom

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Prior Restraint

Governments > Local Governments > Licenses

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B!12 A %a&&o#


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

/eg($(7a$e (%$e&e#$#, $4e e?(#$e%'e of o-(o+#, /e## +&de%#o7e a/$e&%a$(-e# (# a &e/e-a%$ 'o%#(de&a$(o% (%

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Prior Restraint

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Constitutional Law > &he %udiciar > Case or Controvers > Constitutionalit of Legislation > General

"verview

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Evidence > Procedural Considerations > Burdens of Proof > Allocation

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(%$e%ded a+d(e%'e.

Constitutional Law > Bill of Rights > Fundamental Freedoms > Freedom of Speech > Commercial

Speech > General "verview


General "verview


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

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a%d $4e C($ #e$$/ed 4(# a#app/(ed '4a//e%ge#. "4e C($ %o< $(7e/ appea/# $4e #+77a& @+dg7e%$.

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B!3 e &e-(e< a d(#$&('$ 'o+&$># /ega/ de$e&7(%a$(o%#, (%'/+d(%g 'o%#$($+$(o%a/ &+/(%g#, de novo. See

Berry v. Dep't of Soc. Servs., F.3d 62, 6 9$4 C(&. 2006. A d(#$&('$ 'o+&$># de$e&7(%a$(o%# o% 7(?ed

+e#$(o%# of /a< a%d fa'$ $4a$ (7p/('a$e 'o%#$($+$(o%a/ &(g4$# a&e a/#o &e-(e# &(g4$ $o /(7($e?p&e##(-e a'$(-($ B(# #4a&p/ '(&'+7#'&(ed.Perry Educ. Ass'n, 60 U.S. a$ 5. A7o%g $&ad($(o%a/ p+/('

fo&a, p+/(' pa&=# #+'4 a# $4e Sea$$/e Ce%$e& a&e e#pe'(a// (7po&$a%$ /o'a/e# fo& 'o77+%('a$(o% a7o%g $4e

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4a-e ee% +#ed fo& p+&po#e# of a##e7/, 'o77+%('a$(%g $4o+g4$# e$# de$e&7(%a$(o% $4a$ $4e Sea$$/e Ce%$e& (# a $&ad($(o%a/ p+/(' fo&+7. "4e &e'o&d #+ppo&$# $4(#

'4a&a'$e&(a$(o%, a# :+dge S7($4 a/ de7o%#$&a$e# (% 4(# #epa&a$e op(%(o%.

B! De#p($e $4e &oad F($ A7e%d7e%$ p&o$e'$(o% a''o&ded e?p&e##(-e a'$(-($ (% p+/(' pa&=#, 'e&$a(%

&e#$&('$(o%# o% #pee'4 (% $4e p+/(' pa&=# a&e -a/(d. Spe'(f('a//, a 7+%('(pa/($ 7a (##+e &ea#o%a/e

&eg+/a$(o%# go-e&%(%g $4e $(7e, p/a'e o& 7a%%e& of #pee'4. &rossan, 33 F.3d a$ 1205;see also Clar% v.

Cty. for Creative $on*+iolence, 6 U.S. 2, 293, 10 S. C$. 3065, 2 L. Ed. 2d 221 19. "o pa##

'o%#$($+$(o%a/ 7+#$e&, a $(7e, p/a'e, o& 7a%%e& &e#$&('$(o% 7+#$ 7ee$ $4&ee '&($e&(aG 1 ($ 7+#$ e 'o%$e%$

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a&$ o& $4e p/a(%g of a% 7+#('a/ (%#$&+7e%$, #(%g(%g o& -o'a/((%g, # app/('a$(o% (# $&+e, $4e app/('a%$ 4a# e?e'+$ed a #$a$e7e%$ #$a$(%g $4a$ 4e o& #4e

#a-ed> o&

>&e#e&-ed.> )+/e F..

)+/e F.2 #e$# fo&$4 $4e $e&7# a%d 'o%d($(o%# go-e&%(%g $4e pe&7($#, (%'/+d(%g ;4$4e g&o+%d# fo& $4e(&

&e-o'a$(o%. A/$4o+g4 $4e C($ &ep&e#e%$# $4a$ $4e )+/e# p&o-(de $4e D(&e'$o& 4ea- p&e#+7p$(o%>

aga(%#$ ($# 'o%#$($+$(o%a/($. See "orsyt# County v. $ationalist -oveent, 505 U.S. 123, 130, 112 S. C$.

2395, 120 L. Ed. 2d 101 1992 +o$(%gBanta Boo%s (nc. v. Sullivan, 32 U.S. 5, 0, 3 S. C$. 631, 9

L. Ed. 2d 5 1963. A# $4e Co+&$ e?p/a(%ed (% ,atc#tower Bible ! /ract Society of $ew 0or% (nc. v.

+illage of Stratton, 536 U.S. 150, 122 S. C$. 200, 153 L. Ed. 2d 205 2002,

B($ ;;(# offe%#(-e %o$ o%/ $o $4e -a/+e# p&o$e'$ed $4e F($ A7e%d7e%$, +$ $o $4e -e& %o$(o% of a f&ee

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#pea= $o 4e& %e(g4o a%d $4e% o$a(% a pe&7($ $o do #o.

(d. a$ 16566;see also id. a$ 166 E-e% (f $4e (##+a%'e of pe&7($# $4e 7ao&># off('e (# a 7(%(#$e&(a/ $a#=

$4a$ (# pe&fo&7ed p&o7p$/ a%d a$ %o 'o#$ $o $4e app/('a%$, a /a< &e+(&(%g a pe&7($ $o e%gage (% #+'4#pee'4 'o%#$($+$e# a d&a7a$(' depa&$+&e f&o7 o+& %a$(o%a/ 4e&($age a%d 'o%#$($+$(o%a/ $&ad($(o%..

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a


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

po$e%$(a/ #pea=e e/(7(%a$(%g $4e po##((/($ of a%o%7o+# #pee'4. See ,atc#tower Bible, 536 U.S. a$

166;see also -c(ntyre v. )#io Elections Co'n, 51 U.S. 33, 312, 115 S. C$. 1511, 131 L. Ed. 2d

26 1995 BA #pea=e&># ;8de'(#(o% (% fa-o& of a%o%7($ 7a e 7o$(-a$ed fea& of e'o%o7(' o&off('(a/ &e$a/(a$(o%, 'o%'e&% ao+$ #o'(a/ o#$&a'(#7, o& 7e&e/ a de#(&e $o p&e#e&-e a# 7+'4 of o%e>#

p&(-a' a# po##(/e.. A%d, '&($('a//, ad-a%'e %o$(f('a$(o% &e+(&e7e%$# e/(7(%a$e #po%$a%eo+# #pee'4.See ,atc#tower Bible, 536 U.S. a$ 16;see also &rossan, 33 F.3d a$ 1206 %o$(%g $4a$ e'a+#e of $4e

de/a 'a+#ed 'o7p/(%g # ($%e##e# go(%g #(%g/ f&o7 4o+#e $o

4o+#e fo& $4e p+&po#e of &e/(g(o+# #o/('($a$(o%; Sc#neider v. State of $.2., 30 U.S. 1, 1636, 60 S. C$.

16, L. Ed. 155 1939 #$&(=(%g do# a##e&$ed (%$e&e#$#,see e.g. ,atc#tower Bible, 536 U.S. a$ 1669 %o$(%g $4a$ a

pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$ (# +%/(=e/ . . . B$o p&e'/+de '&(7(%a/# f&o7 =%o'=(%g o% doo ;>a%de%gag(%g (% 'o%-ea$(o%# B# 4o/d(%g (% ,atc#tower Bible. "4(&d, $4e&e (# %o &ea#o%

$o e/(e-e $4a$ #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e a&e /e## (%$e&e#$ed (% 7a(%$a(%(%g $4e(& a%o%7($ f&o7 $4e go-e&%7e%$ $4a% doo&$odoo&

'a%-a##e o& o$4e& p+&-eo of po$e%$(a// +%pop+/a& (dea#. See ,atc#tower Bible, 536 U.S. a$ 166 "4e fa'$ $4a$'(&'+/a$o &e-ea/ed $4e(& p4#('a/ (de%$($(e# d(d %o$ fo&e'/o#e o+& 'o%#(de&a$(o% of $4e '(&'+/a$o> (%$e&e#$ (% 7a(%$a(%(%g $4e(&

a%o%7($ B(%Buc%ley v. Aerican Constitutional Law "oundation (nc., 525 U.S. 12, 119 S. C$. 636, 12 L. Ed. 2d 599

1999. I% $4e 8(//age, #$&a%ge $o $4e &e#(de%$ 'e&$a(%/ 7a(%$a(% $4e(& a%o%7($, a%d $4e o&d(%a%'e 7a p&e'/+de #+'4

peo%# f&o7 'a%-a##(%g fo& +%pop+/a& 'a+#e#.. Fo+&$4, a# %o$ed, $4e o&d(%a%'e app/(e#


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;46: A/$4o+g4 $4e S+p&e7e Co+&$ 4a# %o$ add&e##ed $4e -a/(d($ of #(%g/e#pea=e& pe&7($$(%g

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A/$4o+g4 #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e do, of 'o+e, 4ope $o d&a< '&o# pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$ (7p/('a$e# @+#$ #+'4 (%$e&a'$(o%#. U%de& $4e '+&&e%$ &+/e#, ('4ae/ e&ge&


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **7+#$ o$a(% a pe&7($ # /eg($(7a$e (%$e&e#$#, ,ard, 91

U.S. a$ 9, $4e e?(#$e%'e of o-(o+#, /e## +&de%#o7e a/$e&%a$(-e# (# a &e/e-a%$ 88'o%#(de&a$(o% (%de$e&7(%(%g f($> e$# pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$ fa(/# $4e %a&&o< $a(/o&(%g $e#$ fo& $4&ee &ea#o%#. F($, $4e &e+(&e7e%$

o%/ 7a&g(%a//, (f a$ a//, p&o7o$e# $4e C($># a##e&$ed (%$e&e#$#, #+gge#$(%g $4a$ $4e go-e&%7e%$># (%$e&e#$#

#(%$e&e#$ (% 86p&o$e'$(%g $4e >#afe$ a%d 'o%-e%(e%'e> of peo%# +#(%g a p+/(' fo&+7 (# a##+&ed/ a

-a/(d go-e&%7e%$ o@e'$(-e.effron v. (nt'l Soc'y of 4ris#na Consciousness (nc., 52 U.S. 60, 650, 101

S. C$. 2559, 69 L. Ed. 2d 29 191;see also /#oas v. C#ic. Par% Dist., 53 U.S. 316, 323, 122 S. C$.

5, 151 L. Ed. 2d 3 2002 )eg+/a$(o%# of $4e +#e of a p+/(' fo&+7 $4a$ e%#+&e $4e #afe$ a%d

'o%-e%(e%'e of $4e peop/e a&e %o$ (%'o%#(#$e%$ # a##e&$ed &ea#o%# fo& e%a'$(%g $4e pe&7($$(%g &eg+/a$(o%# a&e $4+# #+#$a%$(a/ go-e&%7e%$a/

(%$e&e#$#. U%/(=e $4e &e#$&('$(o%# (% $4e 'a#e# @+#$ '($ed, 4o# pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$# do%o$ p&o7o$e $4o#e (%$e&e#$# (% a% #(g%(f('a%$ # pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$ a/#o ea %o appa&e%$ 'o%%e'$(o% $o $4e C($># #$a$ed (%$e&e#$ (%


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

&ed+'(%g 4o#$(/e ;4>8 pe&fo&7e& e4a-(o&. "4e C($ &ep&e#e%$# $4a$ $4e pe&7($# a&e f&ee/ (##+ed, a%d

$4a$ $4e&e (# /($$/e, (f a%, #'&ee%(%g p&o'e##. 9If #o, $4e% $4e&e (# %o &ea#o% #

'oo&d(%a$(o% #'4e7e.

"4e C4(ef :+dge (7p/(e# $4a$ o+& op(%(o% (# (% 'o%f/('$ 6 o$4 'a#e# p&e'eded $4e de-e/op7e%$ $4e S+p&e7e Co+&$ of #pe'(f(' $(7e, p/a'e a%d 7a%%e&

#$a%da&d#, a%d #o, a/$4o+g4 #$(// good /a# op(%(o%, $4e fa'$ $4a$ $4e C($># pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$ a//o# /eg($(7a$e (%$e&e#$ (% 'oo&d(%a$(%g 7+/$(p/e +#e# of a p+/(' #pa'e. I% o$4e&


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

F(%a//, $4e (7pe&fe'$ f($ e$# #$a$ed goa/# a%d $4e pe&7($ a%d adge &e+(&e7e%$# (#

e-(de%'ed $4e )+/e#> #(g%(f('a%$ +%de&(%'/+#(-e%e##. U%de& $4e )+/e#, a g&o+p of a# 7a% a# 99 peop/e

'a% ga$4e& # a##e&$ed (%$e&e#$# #(7p/ e'a+#e a pe&fo&7e&># fea& of /o#(%g 4(# o& 4e& pe&7($ >

ealt# Ctr. (nc., 512 U.S. 53, 6, 11 S. C$. 2516, 129 L. Ed. 2d 593 199. 1"4e&e (# /($$/e &ea#o% $o#+#pe'$ $4a$ a pe&fo&7e& # &e#po%#e, (f a%. "4e

C($ doe# %o$ e?p/a(%


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **7o&e d(ff('+/$ $4a% (de%$(f(%g a pe&fo&7e& # pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$

doe# %o$ &e+(&e o%/ %o%&+/e a(d(%g #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e $o (de%$(f $4e7#e/-e# $o $4e go-e&%7e%$. I$

&e+(&e# allpe&fo&7e $o f($ (%fo&7 $4e go-e&%7e%$ of B$4e(& de#(&e $o #pea= (% a p+/(' fo&+7,see

,atc#tower, 536 U.S. a$ 16566, a%d $4e&e fo&ego $4e(& a%o%7($. "4e pe&7($$(%g &+/e># de%(a/ of

a%o%7($ $o po$e%$(a/ #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e, a%d $4e de$e&&e%$ effe'$ $4a$ #+'4 a de%(a/ 4a# o% #o7e (%d(-(d+a/#>

e?e&'(#e of #pee'4 &(g4$#, # 'o%#$($+$(o%a/($, %o$ (% ($# fa-o&. See ,atc#tower, 536U.S. a$ 1666 %.1.

Se'o%d, $4e C($ %eed %o$ &e/ o% a 6>p&e&eg(#$&a$(o% #'4e7e $o de$e&7(%e $4e (de%$($ ;4>5 a%d

add&e##e# of p&o/e7a$(' #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e. Sea$$/e Ce%$e& e7p/oee# 'a%, (%#$ead, a#= $4e offe%d(%g #$&ee$

pe&fo&7e& $o (de%$(f 4(7#e/f a%d p&o-(de a% add&e##, (f %e'e##a&. "4(# 7e$4od (# p&e#+7a/ $4e o%e

e7p/oed Sea$$/e po/('e off('e


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

a##e&$ed &ea#o%# fo& $4e pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$, $4e&e &+%%(%g afo+/ of $4e p&(%'(p/e $4a$ B!15 $4e

Bgo-e&%7e%$ 7a %o$ &eg+/a$e e?p&e##(o% (% #+'4 a 7a%%e& $4a$ a #+#$a%$(a/ po&$(o% of $4e +&de% o%

#pee'4 doe# %o$ #e&-e $o ad-a%'e ($# goa/#. ,ard, 91 U.S. a$ 99.

"4e pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$ (#, a''o&d(%g $o $4e C($, de#(g%ed (% pa&$ $o &ed+'e o#$&epe&o+# 'o%d+'$

#$&ee$ pe&fo&7e. Me$, $4e C($># o#

#(g%(f('a%$ (%$e&e#$ (% '&o


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

I% $4(# 'a#e, $4o+g4, e-e% (f 4(%f(&7, fo& $#

pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$.

Se'o%d, $4e C($># p&opo#ed /(7($a$(o% # '4o#e% pa&=(%g #pa'e, $4e a7o+%$ of $&aff(' pa##(%g $4e

'4o#e% pa&=(%g #po$, a%d $4e p4#('a/ '4a&a'$e&(#$('# of $4e #(g%.(d. a$ 6339. O+& 'o%'e&% # pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$ =


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

6! Concl3sion

O-e&a//, /(=e $4e (%-a/(d pe&7($$(%g #'4e7e (% &rossan, >>$4e C($># &eg+/a$(o%#, B&a$4e& $4a% e(%g

%a&&o# pe&7($$(%g&e+(&e7e%$ doe# %o$ 7ea%(%gf+// ad-a%'e $4e C($># a##e&$ed (%$e&e#$#. I%#$ead, ($ &e+(&e# #(%g/e

(%d(-(d+a/# $o (%fo&7 $4e go-e&%7e%$ of $4e(& (%$e%$ $o e%gage (% e?p&e##(-e a'$(-($ (% a p+/(' fo&+7, a

&e+(&e7e%$ $4a$ %e($4e& : City of Renton v. Playtie /#eatres (nc.., 5 U.S. 1, 5052,

106 S. C$. 925, 9 L. Ed. 2d 29 196. >98(e# e-(de%'e a/#o (%d('a$e# $4a$ #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e &eg+/a&/ e%gaged (% d(#&+p$(-e a%d-o/a$(/e $e&&($o&(a/ d(#p+$e#. 8(e# (%$e&e#$ (%&ed+'(%g $4e#e p&o/e7#. >7 de/(%ea$(%g p&e'(#e pe&fo&7a%'e /o'a$(o%#, $4e C($ 'a% a##+&e ($#e/f

a%d pa&= $e%a%$# $4a$ #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e a&e %o$ /o'=(%g e%$&a%'e#, e?($#, a%d pa$4


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

d(#p+$e# e/(7(%a$(%g +%'e&$a(%$ o-e& $4e pe&7(##(/e o+%da&(e# of a g(-e% pe&fo&7a%'e.

I% add($(o%, $4e pe&fo&7a%'e /o'a$(o% &+/e, +%/(=e $4e pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$, pa##(-e #o/('($a$(o%, a%d

captie a31ience&+/e#, (# %o$ o-e&&oad o% ($# fa'e. See Bd. of Airport Co'rs of t#e City of L.A. v. 2ews

for 2esus (nc., 2 U.S. 569, 55, 10 S. C$. 256, 96 L. Ed. 2d 500 19 #$&(=(%g do# a+d(e%'e, $4e do %o$ 'o7pe/ $4a$'o%'/+#(o% a# a 7a$$e& of /a# 'o%#$($+$(o%a/($ (# %o$

app&op&(a$e o% $4e '+&&e%$ &e'o&d.

"o e '/ea&,


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

)+/e F.3.a #$a$e#G !o pe&fo&7e& #4a// a'$(-e/ #o/('($ do%a$(o%#, fo& e?a7p/e /(-e o& &e'o&ded # #+gge#$(o% $o $4e 'o%$&a& %o$d /(=e o+ $o g(-e 7e #o7e

7o%e (f o+ e%@oed 7 pe&fo&7a%'e. Pe&fo&7e a&e o$4e&


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

21 I% d(##e%$, :+dge Ho+/d 'o%f+#e# -(e# a##e&$ed (%$e&e#$ (% &ed+'(%g o%o?(o+# e4a-(o&

#$&ee$ pe&fo&7e 'o+/d e-e& e 'o%#(de&ed 'o7pe//(%g. See S.).C. (nc. v. County of Clar%, 152 F.3d 1136,

116 9$4 C(&. 199 %o$(%g $4a$, a/$4o+g4 $4e go-e&%7e%$ 7a 4a-e a #+#$a%$(a/ (%$e&e#$ (% p&e-e%$(%g

#o/('($o f&o7 4a&a##(%g pede#$&(a%# o% p+/(' #$&ee$# a%d #(de


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

ee% #+@e'$ed $o ;456 d(#'&(7(%a$(o%;see also Alas%a (ndependence Party v. Alas%a, 55 F.3d 113,

110 9$4 C(&. 200 e/(7(%a$(o% of f&a+d a%d 'o&&+p$(o% (% $4e #$a$e e/e'$(o% p&o'e##; Cal. Pro*Life

Council (nc. v. Randolp#, 50 F.3d 112, 119 %. 9$4 C(&. 200 5=d(#'/o#+&e of po/($('a/(%fo&7a$(o% $o $4e e/e'$o&a$e.

+$ e-e% (f &ed+'(%g agg&e##(-e #o/('($a$(o% +a/(f(e# a# a 'o7pe//(%g (%$e&e#$, $4e Ce%$e&># pa##(-e#o/('($a$(o% &+/e (# fa& f&o7 $4e /ea#$ &e#$&('$(-e 7ea%#


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

&ea#o%#,


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

&a$4e& $4a% 7o-(%g $o a d(ffe&e%$ /o'a$(o% $4a% $4o#e # p+&po&$ed (%$e&e#$ (% p&o$e'$(%g 'e&$a(% pa&=goe f&o7 'o77+%('a$(o%#

o$4e


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

a%d, (% $4e Co+&$># -(e# $4(&$foo$ +ffe& o%e ge%e&a$e# $4e #a7e +%p&ed('$a(/($ p&o/e7# 4e&e. A# $4e e%d of a /(%e

#4(f$#, o& a p('%(' $a/e (# o''+p(ed, $4e Ce%$e&># captie a31ience&+/e #%ap# o% $o a& #pee'4 # &+/e#, %o& 4a# ($ ee% p&opo+%ded $4e C($. I%#$ead, $4e pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$ app/(e#, o% ($# fa'e, $o a// 7e7e&B# of $4e ge%e&a/ p+/('

#

pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$ (# $4a$ ($ doe# not'o%#(de& $4e #(e of a #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e&># e?pe'$ed a+d(e%'e o& $4e


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

d(#&+p$(o% 4e 7a 'a+#e. I$ app/(e# $o e-e& 7e7e& of $4e ge%e&a/ p+/(' # pe&7($$(%g &e+(&e7e%$ (# %o$ /(7($ed $o 4+ge &a//(e# o& e-e%

#7a//, 4+%d&ed peo% o%e#.

o&eo-e&, o+& 'o%'/+#(o% $4a$ $4e Co%#$($+$(o% p&o4(($# $4e go-e&%7e%$ f&o7 (7p/e7e%$(%g a &eg(#$&a$(o%##$e7 $4a$ go-e&%# #pee'4 (% a p+/(' fo&+7 a%d app/(e# $o g&o+p# a# #7a// a# a #(%g/e (%d(-(d+a/

pe&fo&7(%g Douglas v. Brownell, F.3d 1511, 152 $4 C(&. 1996. "4e d(##e%$e

(g%o&e $4(# /o%g /(%e of a+$4o&($, 'o%'/+d(%g #(7p/ $4a$ a &(g(d %+7e&('a/ &+/e # effe'$ o% o$4e. o(%#=( D(##e%$ a$ 1. +$, a# # o$4e&, e+a// #(//,

e?a7p/e# appea& $o #+gge#$,seeo(%#=( D(##e%$ a$ 116, $4a$ $4e F($ A7e%d7e%$ e?e7p$# a//(%d(-(d+a/ #pea=e f&o7 &eg+/a$(o%. If MoMo a o& &. !e de'(ded +%(/a$e&a// $o o#$&+'$ -e4('/e $&aff(',

$4e go-e&%7e%$ 'a%, of 'o+e, p&e-e%$ 4(7 f&o7 do(%g #o e%fo&'(%g ($# -e4('+/a& 'ode#. S(7(/a&/,

Sea$$/e Ce%$e& off('(a/# 'a%, p++a%$ $o ($# e?(#$(%g &+/e#, &e7o-e a #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e&


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

'III! Concl3sion

F($ A7e%d7e%$ p&o$e'$(o%# a&e &o+#$, e$ a$ $4e #a7e $(7e f&ag(/e a%d p&e'(o+#. Of$e%, go-e&%7e%$

&e#$&('$(o%# o% #pee'4 77#ee7 pe&fe'$/ &ea#o%a/e a$ f($ g/a%'e, a%d $4e e%'&oa'47e%$ o%

e?p&e##(o% fo&g(-a/e (% p++($ of 'o%-e%(e%'e o& good 7a%%e. +$ #e-e%$ ea of /a< eg(%%(%g #


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **efo&e $4e pe&fo&7e& pe&7($ &+/e# $ e $4e&e a%dKo& $4a$ pe&fo&7e& (# do(%g


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

F.3d 1122, 1131 9$4 C(&. 2000 e% a%'. I%#$ead, =>$4e 7a@o&($ 7a=e# ($# o$ 4a-e '/ea& &+/e# ao+$ o$a(%(%g pe&7($# a%d %o$ $&app(%g captie a31iences, +$ ($

can=('= o+$ a% #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e& ($ dee7# agg&e##(-e

Fo&$+%a$e/ fo& 7 'o//eag+e#, t#eirp&opo#ed #o/+$(o%# =5do%>$ %eed $o pa## 'o%#$($+$(o%a/ 7+#$e&;

$4e 'a% @+#$ $o## $4e7 o+$ a# #+ppo#ed/ #+pe&(o& a/$e&%a$(-e#. +$ (f $4e '($ # &(g4$ $o pea'ef+/ e%@o7e%$ of

$4e pa&= a%d $4a$ of o$4e& pe&fo&7e $o a$$&a'$ a% a+d(e%'e Doe# $4e F($ A7e%d7e%$ &ea// 7ea% $4a$

'($(e%# $&(%g $o e%@o a '($ pa&= $4e(& $a? do//a pa fo& 7+#$ /e$ $4e7#e/-e# e &o


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

4po$4e$('a/


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

/o'a$(o% &+/e (# pa&$('+/a&/


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **d(#&ega&ded $4e a$$e7p$ed e?e&'(#e of #o7e '(-(/ &(g4$ # (%$e&e#$ (% 7a(%$a(%(%g $4e o&de&/ 7o-e7e%$ of $4e

'&o#

e#$(7a$e $4a$ a ga$4e&(%g of 7o&e $4a% 50 peop/e 'o+/d 'a+#e p&o/e7# a%d +p4e/d $4e pe&7($ &e+(&e7e%$.

U%/(=e $4e '(&'+($ op(%(o%# o% #pe'(f $4e da a%d 4o+&> $4a$ $4e p/a%%ed $o 4o/d $4e(& pa&ade o& p+/('

7ee$(%g. a@. a$ 60. e&e, a #(%g/e pe&7($ e%$($/e# $4e ;497 4o/de& $o pe&fo&7 a$ a% $(7e 4e


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

e%$(&e ea&. "4e 7a@o&($ #o7e4o< f(%d# $4a$ $4(# # (%$e&e#$ (% 'oo&d(%a$(%g 7+/$(p/e +#e# of /(7($ed p+/(' #pa'e.(d.

"4(# (# -e& #$&a%ge &ea#o%(%g. If $4e Ce%$e& e/(e-e# $4a$ ($ doe#%>$ %eed a 7o&e &e#$&('$(-e pe&7($ $o #e&-e($# e%d#, $ 7a$$e&, a# /o%g a# $4e Ce%$e& &ea#o%a/ e/(e-e# $4a$ o%soeda#, a$soe4o+, a

#+ff('(e%$/ /a&ge '&o# (%'o7e depe%d# o% $4e '&o


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

# $4+# %o$ '/ea& $4a$,


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

p&o'eed


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

&e+(&e7e%$ 4a# ee% effe'$(-e (% #o/-(%g a #e&(o+# p&o/e7 $4a$ 4a# ee% e&od(%g $4a$ good


37/54

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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

&ef+$e ($. "a=e $4e fo//o


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

# (%$e&e#$# a&e


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

e%& La%g, +#(' I! ES"E)! CI8ILIJA"IO! ?(? .. !o&$o% Co. 199 E-e& '(-(/(a$(o% (#

a #%$4e#(# of 7a%># 'o%+e#$ of /(fe. A&$ (# $4e +/$(7a$e #7o/ of $4(# 'o%+e#$, $4e +$7o#$ +%($ 7a% 'a%

a'4(e-e.. E-e% (f o+& #o'(e$ $oda doe# %o$ a/


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

)+/e F.5 (# 'o%#$($+$(o%a/. If ($ # a&g+7e%$ ao+$ a%

o-e&&oad a%d $4+# 'o%#$($+$(o%a// (%-a/(d def(%($(o% of #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e& #4o+/d %o$ e '&ed($ed.

Co%$&a& $o $4e 7a@o&($># -(e< $4a$ $4e&e a&e +%&e#o/-ed fa'$ (##+e# o% $4(# 7a$$e&, $4e C($ 4a# #4o


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

7a@o& pede#$&(a% $4o&o+g4fa&e# a%d a&e #($+a$ed %ea& a// of $4e 7o#$ pop+/a& Sea$$/e Ce%$e& a$$&a'$(o%#,

(%'/+d(%g $4e Spa'e !eed/e, e A&e%a, Pa'(f(' S'(e%'e Ce%$e&, a%d $4e E?pe&(e%'e +#(' P&o@e'$. I%

&e#po%#e, e&ge& 7a=e# $# 'o%'/+#o& a//ega$(o%# do %o$ '&ea$e a% 7a$e&(a/ fa'$

d(#p+$e $4a$ # a%a/#(# ;67p/a'e# ($ (% $e%#(o%, (f %o$ e?p/('($ 'o%f/('$,


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

S+p&e7e Co+&$ a+$4o&($, # pa##(-e #o/('($a$(o% &+/e (# 'o%$e%$#pe'(f(' # po##(/e

'ap$(-e #$a$e o% a fa'$#pe'(f(' a#(#. o&eo-e&, $4e 7a@o&($># app&oa'4 (# #(%g+/a&/ (%app&op&(a$e


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

Sea$$/e Ce%$e& (# a% +%+#+a/ p+/(' 'o7p/e? $4a$ 'o%$a(%# 7a% captie a31iences ;>;4po$4e$('a/> o& >(7ag(%a&> 'a#e#.. "4e 7a@o&($ &e/(e# o%Board of Airport Coissioners of t#e

City of Los Angeles v. 2ews for 2esus (nc., 2 U.S. 569, 55, 10 S. C$. 256, 96 L. Ed. 2d 500 19,$o #a $4a$ o-e&&oad &eg+/a$(o%# a&e +%'o%#$($+$(o%a/. +$ $4e&e $4e S+p&e7e Co+&$ (%-a/(da$ed $4e

o&d(%a%'e af$e& 'o%'/+d(%g $4a$ $4e&e >Fa'(a/ o-e&&ead$4 4a# %o$ ee% (%-o=ed


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

&+/e, $4e '($ &e'e(-ed # /eg($(7a$e (%$e&e#$ (%

$4e #afe$ a%d 'o%-e%(e%'e of Sea$$/e Ce%$e& pa$&o%#. I$ /ea-e# ope% a/$e&%a$(-e '4a%%e/# of'o77+%('a$(o%(% a de#(g%a$ed /o'a$(o% fo& #$&ee$ pe&fo&7e a%d a%# /eg($(7a$e (%$e&e#$ (% p&o$e'$(%g $4e #afe$ a%d de#(&a(/($ of Sea$$/e Ce%$e&

a# a 7a@o& $o+&(#$ d&a< a%d a # '($(e%#, a%d (f $4e )+/e# a&e fo//o# &e#(de%$# a%d -(#($o # &e7a%d o% $4e )+/e go-e&%(%g /o'a$(o% of pe&fo&7a%'e.

!.). SI", C(&'+($ :+dge, 'o%'+&&(%g (% pa&$ a%d d(##e%$(%g ;>7(% pa&$,


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

$o f+// 'o%#(de& $4e %a$+&e ;>:of $4e fo&+7 a$ $4e Sea$$/e Ce%$e&.

"4e&e (# %o 'o%$e%$(o% $4a$ $4e Sea$$/e Ce%$e& (# a %o%p+/(' fo&+7. 1"4e &e'o&d p/a(%/ #4o# &eg+/a$(o%#

# (%$e&e#$ (% 'o77e&'(a/ &e-e%+e#; 9 a% p+&po#e fo& # p4#('a/ '4a&a'$e&(#$('#, (%'/+d(%g ($# /o'a$(o% a%d $4e e?(#$e%'e of '/ea&


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Page 6

569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

o+%da&(e# de/(7($(%g $4e a&ea . . .; a%d 3 $&ad($(o%a/ o& 4(#$o&(' +#e of o$4 $4e p&ope&$ (% +e#$(o% a%d

o$4e& #(7(/a& p&ope&$(e#. . . .(d. a$ 110001 '($a$(o%# o7($$ed.

A &ea#o%a/e ;56app/('a$(o% of $4e#e fa'$o $o $4e fa'$# (% $4(# &e'o&d 'o%f(&7# $4e 7a@o&($>#

'4a&a'$e&(a$(o% of $4e Sea$$/e Ce%$e& a# a $&ad($(o%a/ p+/(' fo&+7. "4e &e'o&d #4o# p4#('a/ '4a&a'$e&(#$('# a%d /o'a$(o% a/#o #+ppo&$ ;5>$4e 'o%'/+#(o% $4a$ $4e Ce%$e& (# a

$&ad($(o%a/ p+/(' fo&+7. I$ (# p+/('/ o# 7(##(o% a%d 4(#$o& a# a ga$4e&(%g p/a'e fo& '+/$+&a/, #o'(a/,

po/($('a/, a%d a&$(#$(' e?p&e##(o%, pa$&o%# of $4e Ce%$e& 'o+/d &ea#o%a/ e?pe'$ $4a$ $4e(& #pee'4 # pe&7($$(%g #'4e7e (# %o$ a -a/(d $(7e, p/a'e, o& 7a%%e& &eg+/a$(o%, e'a+#e ($ +&de%B##+#$a%$(a// 7o&e #pee'4 $4a% (# %e'e##a& $o f+&$4e& $4e go-e&%7e%$># /eg($(7a$e (%$e&e#$#. ,ard v. Roc%

Against Racis, 91 U.S. 1, 99, 109 S. C$. 26, 105 L. Ed. 2d 661 199. "4e C($># goa/ (# $o

p&o7o$e $4e #afe$ a%d 'o%-e%(e%'e of $4e p+/(' &eg+/a$(%g $4e 'o%d+'$ a%d /o'a$(o% of $4o#e ;59


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Page

569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

City of Portland, 33 F.3d 1200, 1206 9$4 C(&. 199 $4e de/a 'a+#ed 'o7p/(%g # (%$e&e#$ (# #+ff('(e%$ $o @+#$(f $4e p&(o& &e#$&a(%$ of a #(%g/epe&fo&7e& (% $4(# p+/(' fo&+7. See

&rossan, 33 F.3d a$ 1206 pe&7($ &e+(&e7e%$ # (%$e&e#$, e'a+#e pe&fo&7e

# 'o%'/+#(o% $4a$ $4e pe&7($&+/e doe# %o$ p&o7o$e o& 4a-e a% 'o%%e'$(o% $o $4e C($># (%$e&e#$ (g%o&e# $4e p+%($(-e a%d de$e&&e%$

e/e7e%$# of $4e pe&7($$(%g #'4e7e. A/$4o+g4 I ag&ee $4a$ $4e pe&7($$(%g #'4e7e (# %o$ %a&&o# (%$e&e#$ #(g%(f('a%$ e%o+g4 $o @+#$(f #+'4 a p&(o& &e#$&a(%$ o% (%d(-(d+a/ #pea=e, $4e #'4e7e

o$4e&


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Page

569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

a/$e&%a$(-e '4a%%e/# fo& 'o77+%('a$(o%, I d(#ag&ee reasonableoppo&$+%($> fo& 'o77+%('a$(o%.-enotti v. City of Seattle, 09 F.3d 1113, 111 9$4 C(&.2005 e7p4a#(# added '($(%g City of Renton v. Playtie /#eatres (nc., 5 U.S. 1, 5, 106 S. C$. 925,

9 L. Ed. 2d 29 196. "4e S+p&e7e Co+&$ 4a# (%#$&+'$ed $4a$ &ea#o%a/e $(7e, p/a'e, a%d 7a%%e&

&e#$&('$(o%# %eed %o$ p&e#e&-e $4e 7o#$ effe'$(-e 7ea%# of 'o77+%('a$(o%; &a$4e&, #+'4 &e#$&('$(o%# 7+#$

o%/ g+a&a%$ee $4a$ (%d(-(d+a/# &e$a(% $4e a(/($ $o 'o77+%('a$e effe'$(-e/.(d. a$ 113 %. '($(%g CityCouncil of City of Los Angeles v. /a3payers for +incent, 66 U.S. 9, 12, 10 S. C$. 211, 0 L. Ed. 2d

2 19;ill v. Colorado, 530 U.S. 03, 29, 120 S. C$. 20, 1 L. Ed. 2d 59, 2000 +p4o/d(%g a

/a< $4a$ p&o4(($ed (%d(-(d+a/# f&o7 4a-(%g a po#($(o% $4a$ 7a?(7(ed a''e##((/($ $o $4e $a&ge$ of $4e(&

#pee'4.

I%-enotti, #(7p/ e'a+#e $4e&e (# #o7e (7ag(%a/e a/$e&%a$(-e $4a$ 7(g4$ e /e## +&de%#o7e o%

#pee'4.>(d. '($(%g 6nited States v. Albertini, 2 U.S. 65, 69, 105 S. C$. 29, 6 L. Ed. 2d 536195. F+&$4e&, # e-(de%'e. e&ge&>#

de'/a&a$(o% a/#o doe# %o$4(%g $o %ega$e $4e o$4e& fa'$# e-(de%$ f&o7 $4e &e'o&d. Fo& (%#$a%'e, $4e &e'o&d

'o%f(&7# $4a$ $4e /o'a$(o% &+/e doe# %o$ e?'/+de pe&fo&7e f&o7 $4e Sea$$/e Ce%$e&, +$ /(7($# a''e## $o

#(?$ee% /o'a$(o%#


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Page 9

569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

$&aff(' a%d -e& %ea& p/a'e# #

fa7o+# a$$&a'$(o%#. "4e &e'o&d #4o# a##e&$(o% (#, a$ 7o#$, a%

e?p&e##(o% of 4(# #+@e'$(-e -(e< $4a$ $4e de#(g%a$ed /o'a$(o%# p&e-e%$ $4e 7o#$ effe'$(-e fo&7 of'o77+%('a$(o%. I$ doe# %o$ '&ea$e 'o%f/('$(%g e-(de%'e a# $o # 'o%'/+#(o% $4a$ $4e a'$(-e #o/('($a$(o% a% (# +%'o%#$($+$(o%a/ a# p&e#e%$/ # &eg+/a$(o%# pe&fo&7


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Page 50

569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

#o/('($a$(o% of -e4('/e# # (%$e&e#$ (% >p+/(' pea'e, 4ea/$4 a%d #afe$.>(d. a$ 1266.

"4e 7a@o&($ &e/(e# o% o+& de'(#(o% (%ACL6 of $evada v. City of Las +egas 8ACL6 ((9, 66 F.3d 9$4

C(&. 2006, fo& $4e p&opo#($(o% $4a$ a &eg+/a$(o% a%%(%g 'o%d+'$ a##o'(a$ed

(d. a$ 9 +o$(%g"orsyt# County &a. v. $ationalist -oveent, 505 U.S. 123, 13, 112 S. C$. 2395, 120

L. Ed. 2d 101 1992. I% o$4e&


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

6 A 'o77o% d('$(o%a& def(%e# #o/('($ a# $o app&oa'4 # "4(&d !e< I%$e&%a$(o%a/ D('$(o%a& 2169 ;761993.

Fo& e?a7p/e, $o de$e&7(%e # &e/(a%'e o%ACL6 (($o e 7(#p/a'ed.

"4e 7e&e fa'$ $4a$ a &eg+/a$(o% &e+(&e# a% e-a/+a$(o% of $4e 'o%$e%$ of a 'o77+%('a$(o% (# %o$

de$e&7(%a$(-e a# $o


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Page 52

569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

#pee'4. Po/($('a/ #pee'4, fo& e?a7p/e, (# a$ $4e 'o&e of F($ A7e%d7e%$ p&o$e'$(o% a%d a% &e#$&('$(o%#

p/a'ed +po% ($ 7+#$


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569 F.3d 1029, *; 2009 U.S. App. LEXIS 13609, **

'o%-e&$(%g $4e &+/e (%$o a% (7pe&7(##(/e 'o%$e%$a#ed &eg+/a$(o%.


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Documents

Berger v. City of Seattle (2009)