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Bespoke Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University of London [email protected]

Bespoke Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

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Page 1: Bespoke Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

 Bespoke Nationalism

How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together

Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University of [email protected]

Page 2: Bespoke Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Complexity

Page 3: Bespoke Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Complexity Theory

• Order from chaos• Higher level coordination emerges from uncoordinated lower-level actions

• Feedback loops• Small changes big effects and vice-versa, i.e. tipping points

• System adapts to new environments• Multiple equilibria• Examples: market, forest, city

Page 4: Bespoke Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Al Qaeda • Coordinated from Afghanistan or uncoordinated cells inspired by the brand?

• As Self-organizing network (Bousquet 2009)

• Feedback loop from symbolic attacks which inspire others

• Different interpretations • Adapts to local circumstance and information

• Hard to defeat• Gangs and crime syndicates similar (Klein and Maxson 2006; Williams 2001)

Page 5: Bespoke Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Complexity and Nationalism

Order from chaos/Higher level coordination emerges from uncoordinated lower-level actions

• State makes the nation from top down and centre out?

• Production only? Or do consumers shape the product• Gradual diffusion or sudden shifts?• At best, Hroch’s A-B-C trajectory plus some sense of Smith’s ‘popular resonance’ 

Page 6: Bespoke Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

What about market, associations, families?

• ‘Everyday nationalism’ (Deloye)• ‘banal nationalism’ (Billig) • popular nationalism (Sidel on Philippines; Kammen/O’Leary on USA)

• Role of locale: ‘Heimat’ version of nation (Confino, Applegate, Zimmer)

Page 7: Bespoke Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

What of the birds themselves?

• Lenses of nationhood (Kaufmann 2008; Zimmer 2003; Hutchinson 2005)

Page 8: Bespoke Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Other Aspects of CAS

• Feedbacks: State to public/market/associations, and back. Not a structure, a growth

• Network effects: some innovations pertaining to national identity can spread ‘virally’ from below, but with isolated pockets

• Response to environment, adaptation: individuals and groups, not just state. Local versions of the nation

Page 9: Bespoke Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Tipping Points in Nationalism 

Page 10: Bespoke Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Role of rumour and spontaneity in nationalist violence

Page 11: Bespoke Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Political Theory of Nationalism

• Multiculturalism (Kymlicka, Taylor, Modood)• Individualism (Rawls, Nozick)• Liberal Nationalism (Tamir, Miller)

Page 12: Bespoke Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Localism

• Idea of localism seen as an answer to the problems of complexity

• Notion of market / ‘wisdom of crowds’• Resource Mobilisation Theory: parties or social movements which are branch/constituency-based more adaptable

• Federalism, devolution, subsidiarity in policy

Page 13: Bespoke Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Multiculturalism as National Identity

• MC has symbolic, political, economic implications 

• MC in Europe – few political group rights, economic quotas

• Mainly a symbolic issue

Page 14: Bespoke Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Constructive Ambiguity

• Agreement wording is ambiguous

• Sold differently to each side

• Leaders allow each side to believe the deal favours them

Page 15: Bespoke Nationalism How complexity permits ethnic nationalists and multiculturalists to rub along together Eric Kaufmann, Birkbeck College, University

Bespoke Nationalism

• Current vogue for integrationist civic nationalism alienates multiculturalists, individualists, ethno-nationalists

• Can we placate all?• Tailor-made nationalism• Wide range of lenses on the nation tolerated and validated

• Ambiguity from leaders