Bharat summer internship project report

8/19/2019 Bharat summer internship project report

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

• To do the comparative study between the WHIRLPOOLand SAMSU! Washin" machine#

• To $now the response o% the consumer about their services#

• To $now the potentia& "rowth opportunity in the mar$et#

• To $now about the reasons o% usin" these Washin" machine#

• To $now about the customer perception towards the services o% Washin" machine#

• To determine customer pre%erences whi&e se&ectin" WHIRLPOOLand SAMSU! Washin"

machine#

• To study the customers attitude towards WHIRLPOOLand SAMSU! Washin" machine#

• To study the psycho&o"ica& needs o% customers towards WHIRLPOOL and SAMSU!

Washin" machine#

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1. This pro'ect wi&& he&p company to $now to $now the mar$et potentia& that wi&& he&p the

company in introducin" products with more acceptabi&ity#2. The &earnin" "ained durin" the pro'ect can be uti&i(ed in desi"nin" new strate"ies %or

improvin" customer)s satis%action#3. The pro'ect su""ests how ma*imum satis%action can be achieved throu"h minimum prices#4. The company $nows about the best %eatures o% their Washin" machine#

5. The pro'ect wi&& he&p us in $nowin" the basic %acts that shou&d be $nown to a customer be%ore

buyin" Washin" machine#

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Methodo&o"y in the app&ied sense re%ers to various methods used by the researcher ri"ht %rom

data co&&ection and various techni+ues used %or the same %or interpretation and in%erence#

Methods and techni+ues are o%ten used synonymous&y in research &iterature# Research

methodo&o"y is what must be done, how it wi&& be done, what data wi&& be needed, what data

"atherin" wi&& be emp&oyed, how sources o% data wi&& be se&ected and how the data wi&& be

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ana&y(ed and conc&usions reached# When we ta&$ o% research methodo&o"y we not on&y ta&$ o%

the research methods but a&so consider the &o"ic behind the methods we use in the conte*t o% our

research study and e*p&ain why we are usin" a particu&ar method or techni+ue and why we are

not usin" others so that research resu&ts are capab&e o% bein" eva&uated either by the researcher

himse&% or by others#

TYPES OF RESEARCH

The basic type o% research is as %o&&ows-

• .escriptive Research

• Ana&ytica& Research

• /asic or pure Research

• App&ied Research

• Prob&em oriented Research

•Prob&em so&vin" Research

• 0uantitative Research

• 1onceptua& Research

Descriptie Rese!rc"#

.escriptive research inc&udes surveys and %act 2%indin" en+uires o% di%%erent $inds# .escriptive

research studies are those studies which are concerned with describin" the characteristics o%

particu&ar individua&, or o% a "roup# In a descriptive study the %irst step is to speci%y the ob'ectives

with su%%icient precision to ensure that the data co&&ected are re&evant#

#

A$!%&tic!% Rese!rc"#

I a&so have co&&ected data %rom a&ready avai&ab&e in%ormation# I "ot the in%ormation %rom the

newspapers with the he&p o% that in%ormation 3phone no#4 I used to ta$e appointment with the

concerned person and# In this research corre&ation techni+ue is used to ana&y(e the data#

B!sic 'r P(re Rese!rc"#

5isitin" to the society to society I have "ot many peop&e who are not satis%ied with the services

o% Washin" machine# This enhance my abi&ity o% dea&in" with the peop&e and ma$e them

satis%ied#

App%ie) Rese!rc"#

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The research which has immediate commercia& potentia& is ca&&ed app&ied research# App&ied

research can %urther be c&assi%ied as prob&em oriented and prob&em so&vin" research#

Pr'*%e+ Orie$te) Rese!rc"#

.urin" the research I have met with many peop&e who are havin" many prob&ems re"ardin" the

Washin" machine, poor %eatures, poor services and many other prob&ems# That ma$es the

satis%action &eve& o% the customers down#

Pr'*%e+ s'%i$, Rese!rc"-

.urin" the research I have met with many peop&e who are havin" many prob&ems re"ardin" the

Washin" machine services &i$e dry, c&eanness o% c&oth and other poor services and many other

prob&ems o% the customers so that ma$es the satis%action &eve& o% the customers down#

(!$tit!tie Rese!rc"#

I have visited more peop&e %rom society to society and I have "ot di%%erent resu&t %rom them 678

o% the peop&e &isted to me, 978 o% the peop&e did not &isten me, sa&es resu&t were very &ow#

DATA SOURCES#

Pri+!r& )!t!

0uestionnaire- A +uestionnaire was desi"ned and administered to the trainin" in

char"e pro%essiona&s , and emp&oyees drawn %rom various &eve&s and various

departments in the or"ani(ation#

Interna& 2 In%ormation re"ardin" the trainin" po&icies and procedures was a&so obtained throu"h

persona& discussions with trainers, senior mana"ers and assistant mana"ers#

Sec'$)!r& )!t!

In sec'$)!r& s'(rce data is co&&ected %rom broacher and pamph&ets and %rom ma"a(ines,

research desi"n, samp&in" etc#

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT#

:or doin" the survey research, structured +uestionnaire with open;ended and c&osed 2ended

+uestions was used# #

MODE OF RESEARCH#

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The mode o% survey was persona& interview with the respondent durin" the %i&&in" up o% the

+uestionnaires#

SAMPLING#

The samp&in" used %or this study was probabi&ity samp&in"# Since the study is on&y meant %or

certain speci%ic cate"ories within the tota& popu&ation 3washin" machine users4,a strati%ied

random samp&e was used#

SAMPLE SI.E#

A s!+p%e si/e '0 2 resp'$)e$ts is (se) 0'r t"e st()&3

SAMPLING UNIT#

This study was basica&&y an opinion survey o% the residents o% :aridabad who are washin"

machine users, about the service providers#

PLACE OF STUDY#

:aridabad#

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CHAPTER-4

REVIE5 OF LITERATURE

C'$s(+er Pre0ere$ces

De0i$iti'$

Many consumers choose to buy white cars instead o% red or b&ue no matter what brand the car is,

where it was bui&t or how many cup ho&ders it has# This is a consumer pre%erence# Why is white

the most popu&ar car co&or< Some peop&e say it is because it si"ni%ies purity or even techno&o"y#

The co&or o% a car has nothin" to do with how the car %unctions, so &o"ic wou&d say that a&& co&ors

wou&d se&& the same amount or car manu%acturers wou&d on&y produce one co&or# However, this is

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not the case# Those manu%acturers produce many co&ors, inc&udin" twice as many in white, or

whichever co&or is trendy or popu&ar at the time#

Di00ere$ce '0 Opi$i'$

Sometimes, consumer pre%erences may &ead to ne"ative resu&ts# Shampoo companies %ound that

their customers associate suds with c&ean&iness, &eadin" them to add studdin" a"ents to their

products even thou"h the amount o% suds has nothin" to do with how we&& the shampoos c&ean

hair# The %irst company to add more suds to their %ormu&a was ab&e to use it as a mar$etin" and

promotiona& advanta"e# Other companies %o&&owed suit, &eadin" to a business competition#

Un%ortunate&y, the more sudsy the &ather, the worse the shampoo wi&& c&ean# This is true %or two

reasons# Accordin" to the :o* Avenue Sa&on website, =:irst, the e*treme&y sudsy shampoo ta$es

much &on"er to rinse out o% your hair, resu&tin" in e*cessive use o% water# Second&y, with so many

suds the hair doesn>t seem to "et as c&ean#= So, instead o% manu%acturers educatin" customers on

how shampoo wor$s, they add chemica&s to ad'ust their products to the consumer pre%erence#

H'6 C'+p!$ies Fi$) C'$s(+er Pre0ere$ces

1ompanies routine&y test the mar$et to %ind out what customers &i$e and dis&i$e about their

products and competitors> products# This is usua&&y done by an interna& mar$etin" department or

outsourced to a mar$et research %irm# Phone interviews, paper surveys, e&ectronic surveys, %ocus

"roups and consumer samp&in"s are common methods %or "atherin" in%ormation#

M!r7et Rese!rc" E8!+p%e

Here is a popu&ar e*amp&e o% mar$et research- A customer has %inished shoppin" and payin" %or

merchandise at a &oca& "rocery store# /e%ore handin" the receipt to her, the cashier points to and

e*p&ains that she has been invited to participate in a short survey about her visit# I% she chooses to

participate, she wi&& receive ?7 o%% her ne*t visit and a chance to win a &ar"e monetary "rand

pri(e#

H'6 C'+p!$ies Use T"is I$0'r+!ti'$

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A%ter "atherin" in%ormation, the ne*t step %or the company is to determine what it means#

Ana&ysis o% the in%ormation may &ead the company to chan"e the %ormu&a, pac$a"in", co&or, si(e

or some other %eature o% the product# In the case o% the suds in the shampoo, the manu%acturers

may %ind that customers are continuin" to pre%er and associate the %oamy &ather with hi"h +ua&ity

c&ean&iness, &eadin" them to $eep the same %ormu&a or decide to add even more o% the scuddin"

a"ent#

F!ct'rs A00ecti$, C'$s(+er Pre0ere$ces

1onsumer pre%erences describe the reasons %or the choices peop&e ma$e when se&ectin" products

and services# Ana&y(in" the %actors that determine consumer pre%erences he&ps businesses tar"et

their products towards speci%ic consumer "roups, deve&op new products and identi%y why some

products are more success%u& than others#

A)ertisi$,

Advertisin" p&ays an important ro&e in consumer pre%erence, especia&&y %or non;durab&e "oods

such as %ood or ma"a(ines# Advertisin" in%orms consumers o% avai&ab&e "oods and services and

a&so shapes their impressions o% these products# Advertisin" can a&so create demand@ %or

e*amp&e, a consumer may not have wanted a new ce&& phone unti& he saw %&ashy new phones on

T5#

S'ci!% I$stit(ti'$s

Socia& institutions, inc&udin" parents, %riends, schoo&s, re&i"ion and te&evision show a&so

in%&uence consumers> pre%erences# :or e*amp&e, $ids mi"ht want to have the same toys their

schoo&mates have, whi&e youn" adu&ts may purchase the same products their parents used to buy#

C'st

1onsumers usua&&y choose to purchase more o% a "ood i% the price %a&&s# :or e*amp&e, a sa&e or

reduced prices may increase consumption o% a "ood# On the other hand, an increase in price may

cause reduced consumption, especia&&y i% the "ood has avai&ab&e substitutes#

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C'$s(+er I$c'+e

1onsumers o%ten desire more e*pensive "oods and services when their income increases# I% they

su%%er a decrease in income, they are more &i$e&y to choose &ess e*pensive "oods and services#

:or e*amp&e, business se&&in" &u*ury "oods, such as 'ewe&ry, wi&& probab&y be more success%u& in

a hi"h;income area than a &ow;income area#

A!i%!*%e S(*stit(tes

I% a product has severa& substitutes ;; a&ternative products that consumers may choose instead a

particu&ar brand o% product ;; consumers wi&& be more sensitive to chan"es in price# However, i%

consumers do not perceive simi&ar products to be e%%ective substitutes ;; %or e*amp&e, consumers

who do not thin$ 1o$e and Pepsi are e+ua&&y de&icious ;; they wi&& be &ess &i$e&y to switch to a

substitute based on price# This concept is ca&&ed the price e&asticity o% demand#

1onsumer society, the choice o% thin"s to consume is vast# In their own economic interests,

producers o% commodities underta$e in;depth research on consumer psycho&o"y in order to

determine what causes peop&e to buy what they do# The consumer;product inter%ace is the resu&t

o% a e*tensive array o% in%&uences, ran"in" %rom the consumer>s past history, needs, and

pre%erences to the +ua&ities o% the product to the nature o% the surroundin" environment#

T"e Mi$) '0 t"e C'$s(+er

A&thou"h the mind o% the consumer is by de%inition an interna& rather than an e*terna& construct,

it is %ormed in &ar"e part by previous e*terna& in%&uences# A person>s attitude toward consumption,desire %or this or that ob'ect, wi&&in"ness to spend various amounts o% money, and e*pectations

%or the consumer e*perience are a&& in%&uenced by upbrin"in" and previous e*periences, and wi&&

a&& a%%ect what that individua& chooses to buy or not to buy# More time;speci%ic aspects, such as

mood, %ee&in"s o% re&a*ation or bein" rushed, and sense o% persona& %inancia& security wi&& a&so

a%%ect consumption choices#

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C'+petiti'$

The avai&abi&ity o% competin" products has an e%%ect on consumer choices# I% a consumer re+uires

an ob'ect, and there is on&y one avai&ab&e, there is a very hi"h probabi&ity that that consumer wi&&

purchase that ob'ect# The hi"her the &eve& o% competition, the more uncertain any particu&ar

purchase is# This e+uation is %urther comp&icated by the inc&usion o% varyin" %actors such as

+ua&ity, sty&e, price and trendiness o% an ob'ect# A&& o% these %actors interact to create vast arrays

o% choices %rom which consumers must se&ect the one most appropriate %or themse&ves#

De+',r!p"ics

This is a %ie&d that advertisers and mar$eters put a "reat dea& o% time into studyin"# A person>s

a"e, race, socioeconomic status, &ocation, po&itica& views and cu&tura& tastes wi&& a&& a%%ect what is

bou"ht# /y understandin" what products appea& to what demo"raphics, mar$eters can more

accurate&y pinpoint their advertisin" e%%orts and increase their pro%it mar"ins# Most demo"raphic

+ua&ities are thin"s beyond an individua&>s contro&, yet tastes and consumption choices are

a%%ected by these +ua&ities, o%ten without the consumer>s conscious awareness#

H!*it

Many peop&e wi&& simp&y do what they have done be%ore, because it is easy and re+uires &itt&e

thou"ht# 1onsumption habits can even span "enerations@ individua&s may pre%er a certain brand

because it>s what their parents used# This phenomenon is o%ten ca&&ed =brand &oya&ty= by

mar$eters, but it may have as much to do with inertia as &oya&ty to any particu&ar company#

CONSUMER DURABLE# URBAN 9 RURAL INDIA

# In the top 7 mi&&ion househo&ds, in a%%&uence terms, B6 percent o% househo&ds have co&or

te&evisions, CD percent own washin" machines, and EE percent own washin" machines#

D# In the ne*t F mi&&ion househo&ds, penetration o% co&or T5s is 6B percent, 7C percent %or

washin" machines, and B percent %or washin" machines#

9# In the ne*t tier o% a%%&uent househo&ds ; numberin" appro*imate&y D mi&&ion ; 7G percent

own co&or T5s, 97 percent own washin" machines, and C percent own washin" machines#

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Rura& India too is set to see an increase in the number o% hi"h;income househo&ds# An additiona&

E#6 mi&&ion hi"h;income househo&ds and 9 mi&&ion midd&e;income househo&ds by DGG6 to DGGF

wi&& ta$e the number o% rura& househo&ds %rom DD#C mi&&ion to 9B mi&&ion# This constitutes a

hu"e opportunity %or mar$eters ; 6G mi&&ion househo&ds or 9GG mi&&ion consumers with the

capacity to buy consumer app&iances and other products is an attractive mar$et %or any "&oba&

p&ayer# And it seems that "&oba& app&iance p&ayers who have estab&ished brands in the Indian

mar$et are &i$e&y to bene%it %rom this "reat bi" push towards consumerism

SUCCESS FACTOR FOR CONSUMER DURABLE INDUSTRY

Indian consumer durab&es industry is "oin" throu"h a conso&idation phase with M1 companies

"oin" in %or strate"ies to increase mar$et share# 1ertain success %actors %or this industry are

identi%ied as %o&&ows-

13 Tec"$'%', Risin" competition has resu&ted in ma'or competitors introducin"

techno&o"ica&&y superior products at competitive prices# This means the techno&o"y input is

"ainin" more and more importance# In this re"ard, the &ar"e M1 p&ayers score over their Indian

counterparts as they can a&ways source techno&o"y %rom their parents# On the other hand, Indian

companies re&y on the outside sources %or their techno&o"y re+uirements#

43 :$'6%e),e '0 t"e %'c!% +!r7et# Indian consumer durab&es mar$et is di%%erent %rom other

mar$ets# Hence understandin" these pecu&iarities is important %or the &on";term surviva :or

e*amp&e, Samsun" &aunched the >Super Horn= brand a%ter it discovered that Indian consumers

pre%er &oud noise# Indian companies are better p&aced in this re"ard as they $now the mar$et

pretty we&

;3 Str'$, )istri*(ti'$ $et6'r7# Tou"h competition means that a proper mindshare o% the

consumer has to be maintained and the product has to be made visib&e# 5o&umes in this business

are narrow and pro%itabi&ity comes %rom vo&umes# To achieve vo&umes, deep penetration o% the

mar$et is necessary# Indian companies score a point here as bein" in the mar$et %or a &on"er time@

they have deve&oped stron" distribution channe&s#

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E# G'') *r!$) i+!,e# Perception o% a particu&ar brand p&ays an important ro&e in purchase

decision# A typica& Indian consumer &oo$s %or va&ue %or money when he ma$es purchase o% white

"oods, as the price invo&ved is si"ni%icant and un&i$e deve&oped mar$ets, Indians do not have the

buy, use and throw mindset# Hence, consumer a&so &oo$s %or re&iabi&ity o% the product# A&& this is

conveyed throu"h stron" brand awareness#

C'$s(+er O(t%''7# T"e C"!$,e i$ C'$s(+er

India is a country in a hurry 2 chan"in" continuous&y and a&so tryin" hard to $eep pace with these

chan"es# The me too) syndrome is no &on"er va&id as consumers see$ customi(ed products# The

Indian consumer consumer)s evo&ution in the &ast decade has thrown up some interestin" trends-

# 1onsumer base becomin" youn"er# ear&y a third o% the country)s popu&ation is under the

a"e o% Eyears#

D# Jids "raduatin" %rom pester power to decision ma$ers#

9# Peop&e with buyin" power &ivin" &on"er and deve&opin" distinct hea&th needs#

E# Mu&ti;tas$in" consumers %i"htin" paucity o% time and new consumer trends#

7# Hu"e increase in Hi"h Income !roups and spend now;save &ater menta&ity &eadin" to hi"h

disposab&e income#

6# 1onsume wants to be treated as an individua& not as part o% a &ar"e physica& mass and the

consumer &oo$s %or a post buy) re&ationship to enhance the va&ue o% her brand decision ma$in"#

S5OT ANALYSIS# CONSUMER DURABLE INDUSTRY

STRENGTH 5EA:NESS

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o Accessory to ecessaryK Air;conditioners are no &on"er perceived to be

a item o% &u*ury#

o Advancement o% techno&o"y which "ivesthe companies abi&ity to introduce new products and new product %eatures#

o Hi"h !rowth# Jey drivers bein" Urbanand Rura

o !overnment Po&icies in %avour o%

Industry inc&udes in%rastructuredeve&opment, reduction in e*cise duty and

so on#

o Supp&y continues to outstrip .emand#.emand 1yc&ica& and seasona

o 5o&ati&e per%ormance o% the a"ricu&tura& sector have a ne"ative impact on demand# The sector>s per%ormance is hi"h&y dependent on monsoonand re%orms, which has %ai&ed o%ten#

OPPORTUNITY THREAT

o .iversi%ication# .eve&opin" new products %or new mar$ets#

o asy avai&abi&ity o% %inance hasstimu&ated consumers to buy durab&es#

;

o 1han"es in 1onsumer Out&oo$ %romspend now;save &ater menta&ity &eadin" tohi"h disposab&e income#

o .o(en companies operatin" in the white"oods se"ment# Prices wou&d continue toremain depressed and mar"ins wi&& be under

pressure#

• Threats o% cheaper imports %rom 1hina and

other South ast Asian countries

C'$s(+er S!tis0!cti'$

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Mar$etin" is about identi%yin" and satis%yin" consumer wants and needs# What we need to thin$

about more care%u&&y is, once we have produced a satis%ied consumer, wi&& it do us any "ood<

Wi&& that ma$e the consumer more &oya&, wi&& it comp&ete the hoped;%or pro"ression %rom

prospect throu"h consumer to advocate %or our products or services<

These are +uestions to which the answer is ; probab&y not# In spite o% the hu"e amounts o% money

spent on measurin" consumer satis%action by companies, mar$et research is %ai&in" to predict

consumer &oya&ty#

Many consumer satis%action surveys are transaction;%ocused but %ai& to e*amine commitment to

the brand and bondin"# Satis%ied consumers wi&& sti&& shop around, %or a&& sorts o% reasons most o%

which have &itt&e to do with the products or services that they have been provided with

e&sewhere# Some o% these may be to do with convenience, some to do with avai&abi&ity, others to

do with po&icy# We have come across instances where a consumer has a&most be""ed a company

to &ower its prices to match those o% its competitor# The consumer was e*treme&y satis%ied with

the service that the company had provided over the past year, in this case in %inancia& services#

The consumer was to&d that their pre%erred company cou&d not compete on price, as to do so was

outside po&icy &imits# It wou&d seem that not every company is even interested in retainin" its

satis%ied customers

A 5"ite ,'')s, ma'or app&iance or domestic app&iance is usua&&y de%ined as a &ar"e machine

which accomp&ishes some routine house$eepin" tas$, which inc&udes purposes such as coo$in",

%ood preservation, or c&eanin", whether in a househo&d, institutiona&, commercia& or industria&

settin"# An app&iance is di%%erentiated %rom a p&umbin" %i*ture because it uses an ener"y input %or

its operation other than water , "enera&&y usin" e&ectricity or natura& "asN propane# An ob'ect run by

a watermi&& wou&d a&so be considered an app&iance#

The term 6"ite ,'')s are a&so used %or these items, primari&y where /ritish n"&ish is spo$en,

a&thou"h de%initions %or the term =white "oods= can di%%er# In the United States, the term white

goods more common&y re%er to &inens rather than app&iances#

Ma'or app&iances are di%%erentiated %rom sma&& app&iances because they are &ar"e, di%%icu&t to

move, and "enera&&y %i*ed in p&ace to some e*tent# They are o%ten considered %i*tures and part o%

rea& estate and as such they are o%ten supp&ied to tenants as part o% otherwise un%urnished renta&

properties# Another %re+uent characteristic o% ma'or app&iances is that they may have substantia&

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_preservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing_fixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing_fixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_appliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_preservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleaninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing_fixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_appliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine


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e&ectricity re+uirements that necessitate specia& e&ectrica& wirin" to supp&y hi"her current than

standard e&ectrica& out&ets can de&iver# This &imits where they can be p&aced in a home#

Ma'or app&iances have become more technica&&y comp&e* %rom the contro& side recent&y with the

introduction o% the various ner"y Labe&in" ru&es across the wor&d# This has meant that the

app&iances have been %orced to become more and more e%%icient &eadin" to more accurate

contro&&ers in order to meet the re"u&ations#

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16/73

CHAPTER ;

COMPANY PROFILE

Hist'r&

Launderin" by hand invo&ves beatin" and scrubbin" dirty c&oth# It is hard wor$ even with

manu%actured aids &i$e washboards and soap to he&p#

1&othes washer techno&o"y deve&oped as a way to reduce the drud"ery o% this scrubbin" and

rubbin" process by providin" an open basin or sea&ed container with padd&es or %in"ers to

automatica&&y a"itate the c&othin"# The ear&iest machines were hand;operated# As e&ectricity was

16

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17/73

not common&y avai&ab&e unti& at &east B9G, some ear&y machines were operated by a &ow;speed

sin"&e;cy&inder hit and miss "aso&ine en"ine# /y the mid;C7Gs steam;driven commercia& &aundry

machinery was on sa&e in the USA and !reat /ritain#Techno&o"ica& advances in machinery %or

commercia& and institutiona& &aundries proceeded %aster than domestic washer desi"n %or severa&

decades, especia&&y in the UJ# In the US there was more emphasis on deve&opin" machines %or

washin" at home, as we&& as machines %or the commercia& &aundry services which were wide&y

used in the &ate Bth and ear&y DGth centuries#

/ecause water o%ten had to be carried, heated on a %ire %or washin", then poured into the tub, the

warm soapy water was precious and wou&d be reused over and over, %irst to wash the &east soi&ed

c&othin", then to wash pro"ressive&y dirtier &aundry# Whi&e the ear&iest machines were

constructed %rom wood, &ater machines made o% meta& permitted a %ire to burn be&ow thewashtub, to $eep the water warm throu"hout the day>s washin"#

Remova& o% soap and water %rom the c&othin" a%ter washin" was ori"ina&&y a separate process#

A%ter rinsin", the soa$in" wet c&othin" wou&d be %ormed into a ro&& and twisted by hand to e*tract

water# To he&p reduce this &abor, the wrin"erNman"&e was deve&oped, which uses two ro&&ers under

sprin" tension to s+uee(e water out o% c&othin" and househo&d &inen# ach item wou&d be %ed

throu"h the wrin"er separate&y# The %irst wrin"ers were hand;operated, but were eventua&&y

inc&uded as a powered attachment above the washer tub# The wrin"er wou&d be swun" over the

wash tub so that e*tracted wash water wou&d %a&& bac$ into the tub to be reused %or the ne*t wash

&oad#

The modern process o% water remova& by spinnin" did not come into use unti& e&ectric motors

were deve&oped# Spinnin" re+uires a constant hi"h;speed power source, and was ori"ina&&y done

in a separate device $nown as an e*tractor# A &oad o% washed c&othin" wou&d be trans%erred %rom

the wash tub to the e*tractor bas$et, and the water spun out# These ear&y e*tractors were o%ten

dan"erous to use since uneven&y distributed &oads wou&d cause the machine to sha$e vio&ent&y#

Many e%%orts have been made to counteract the sha$in" o% unstab&e &oads, %irst by mountin" the

spinnin" bas$et on a %ree;%&oatin" shoc$;absorbin" %rame to absorb minor imba&ances, and a

bump switch to detect severe movement and stop the machine so that the &oad can be manua&&y

17

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18/73

redistributed# Many modern machines are e+uipped with a sea&ed rin" o% &i+uid that wor$s to

counteract any imba&ances#

What is now re%erred to as an automatic washer was at one time re%erred to as a washerNe*tractor,

which combines the %eatures o% these two devices into a sin"&e machine, p&us the abi&ity to %i&&

and drain water by itse&%# It is possib&e to ta$e this a step %urther, to a&so mer"e the automatic

washin" machine and c&othes dryer into a sin"&e device, but this is "enera&&y uncommon because

the dryin" process tends to use much more ener"y than usin" two separate devices@ a combined

washerNdryer not on&y must dry the c&othin", but a&so need to dry out the wash chamber itse&%#

Mi%est'$es

Bth;century Metropo&itan washin" machine

A vinta"e !erman mode&

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19/73

The %irst n"&ish patent under the cate"ory o% Washin" and Wrin"in" Machines was issued in

6B# A drawin" o% an ear&y washin" machine appeared in the anuary F7D issue o% =The

!ent&emen>s Ma"a(ine,= a /ritish pub&ication# In !ermany, acob 1hristian Sch%%er >s washin"

machine desi"n was pub&ished in F6F In FCD Henry Sid"ier was issued a /ritish patent %or a

rotatin" drum washer, and in the FBGs dward /eetham so&d numerous =patent washin" mi&&s=

in n"&and# In C6D, a patented =compound rotary washin" machine, with ro&&ers %or wrin"in" or

man"&in"= was shown at the C6D London *hibition, done by Richard Lansda&e o% Pend&eton,

Manchester#

The %irst United States Patent tit&ed =1&othes Washin"= was "ranted to athanie& /ri""s o% ew

Hampshire in FBF# /ecause o% the "reat Patent O%%ice %ire, no description o% the device e*ists,

and it is not $nown what $ind o% washin" device /ri""s invented# A device that combined awashin" machine with a wrin"er mechanism did not appear unti& CE9, when ohn # Turnbu&& o%

Saint ohn, ew /runswic$ patented a =1&othes Washer with Wrin"er Ro&&s#=

&ectric washin" machines were advertised and discussed in newspapers as ear&y as BGE# A&va #

:isher has been incorrect&y credited with the invention o% the e&ectric washer# The US patent

o%%ice shows at &east one patent issued be%ore Mr# :isher>s US patent number B666FF 3e#"#

Woodrow>s US patent number BDB74# The =inventor= o% the e&ectric washin" machine remains

un$nown#

US e&ectric washin" machine sa&es reached B9,GGG units in BDC# However, hi"h unemp&oyment

rates in the .epression years hit sa&es@ by B9D the number o% units shipped was down to about

6GG,GGG#

The %irst &aundromat opened in :ort Worth, Te*as in B9E# It was run by Andrew 1&ein# Patrons

used coin;in;the;s&ot %aci&ities to rent washin" machines# The term &aundromat can be %ound in

newspapers as ear&y as CCE and they were widespread durin" the depression# It is a&most

impossib&e to determine who had the %irst &aundromat# n"&and estab&ished pub&ic wash rooms

%or &aundry a&on" with bath houses throu"hout the Bth century#

19

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wringerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Christian_Sch%C3%A4fferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862_International_Exhibitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_Office_1836_firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Turnbullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundromathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wringerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Christian_Sch%C3%A4fferhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862_International_Exhibitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_Office_1836_firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Turnbullhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depressionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundromathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas


20/73

Washer desi"n improved durin" the B9Gs# The mechanism was now enc&osed within a cabinet,

and more attention was paid to e&ectrica& sa%ety# Spin dryers were introduced to rep&ace the

dan"erous power wrin"ers o% the day#

ar&y automatic washin" machines were usua&&y connected to the water supp&y via temporary

s&ip;on connectors to the sin$ taps# Later, permanent connections to both the hot and co&d water

supp&ies became the norm# Most modern %ront;&oadin" uropean machines now on&y have a co&d

water connection 3i#e# co&d %i&&4 and re&y comp&ete&y on e&ectric heaters to raise the water

temperature#

/y BEG, 6G8 o% the D7,GGG,GGG wired homes in the United States had an e&ectric washin"

machine# Many o% these machines %eatured a power wrin"er, a&thou"h bui&t;in spin dryers were

not uncommon#

/endi* introduced the %irst automatic washin" machine in B9F havin" app&ied %or a patent in the

same year# In appearance and mechanica& detai&, this %irst machine is not un&i$e the %ront &oadin"

automatic washers produced today# A&thou"h it inc&uded many o% the today>s basic %eatures, the

machine &ac$ed any drum suspension and there%ore had to be anchored to the %&oor to prevent

=wa&$in"=#

BG advertisement

Many o% these ear&y automatic machines had coin;in;the;s&ot %aci&ities and were insta&&ed in the

basement &aundry rooms o% apartment houses# A%ter the attac$ on Pear& Harbor , US domestic

washer production had to be suspended %or the duration o% Wor&d War II# However, many US

app&iance manu%acturers were "iven permission to underta$e the research and deve&opment o%

20

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21/73

washers durin" the war years# Many too$ the opportunity to deve&op automatic machines,

rea&i(in" that these represented the %uture %or the industry#

An improved %ront &oadin" automatic mode&, the /endi* .e&u*e 3which retai&ed at ?DEB#7G4, was

introduced in BEF#

!enera& &ectric a&so introduced its %irst top &oadin" automatic mode& in BEF# This machine had

many o% the %eatures that are incorporated into modern machines#

A &ar"e number o% US manu%acturers introduced competin" automatic machines 3main&y o% the

top &oadin" type4 in the &ate BEGsNear&y B7Gs# Severa& manu%acturers even produced semi;

automatic machines, where the user had to intervene at one or two points in the wash cyc&e# A

common semi;automatic type 3avai&ab&e %rom Hoover in the UJ unti& at &east the BFGs4 inc&uded

D tubs- one with an a"itator or impe&&er %or washin" andNor rinsin"@ another, sma&&er, tub %or water

e*traction or centri%u"a& rinsin"#

One ear&y %orm o% automatic washin" machine manu%actured by Hoover used cartrid"es to

pro"ram di%%erent wash cyc&es# This system, ca&&ed the Jeymatic, used p&astic cartrid"es with

$ey;&i$e s&ots and rid"es around the ed"es# The cartrid"e was inserted into a s&ot on the machine

and a mechanica& reader operated the machine accordin"&y# The system did not commercia&&y

succeed because it o%%ered no rea& advanta"e over the more conventiona& pro"ram dia&, and the

cartrid"es were prone to "ettin" &ost# In hindsi"ht it can be seen as a mar$etin" "immic$ rather

than o%%erin" any rea&&y use%u& %unctiona&ity#

Since their introduction in the &ate B9GsNmid BEGs, automatic washin" machines have re&ied on

mechanica& timers to se+uence the washin" and e*traction process# Mechanica& timers consist o%

a series o% cams on a common sha%t# At the appropriate time in the wash cyc&e, each cam actuates

a switch to en"a"eNdisen"a"e a particu&ar part o% the machinery 3e#"# drain pump motor4# The

timer sha%t is driven by a sma&& e&ectric motor via a reduction "earbo*#

On the ear&y mechanica& timers the motor ran at a constant speed throu"hout the wash cyc&e,

a&thou"h it was possib&e %or the user to truncate parts o% the pro"ram by manua&&y advancin" the

contro& dia However, by the B7Gs demand %or "reater %&e*ibi&ity in the wash cyc&e &ed to the

21

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22/73

introduction o% e&ectronic timers to supp&ement the mechanica& timer# These e&ectronic timers

enab&e "reater variation in such %unctions as the wash time# With this arran"ement, the e&ectric

timer motor is periodica&&y switched o%% to permit the c&othin" to soa$, and is on&y re;ener"ised

'ust prior to a micro;switch bein" en"a"edNdisen"a"ed#

.espite the hi"h cost o% automatic washers, manu%acturers had di%%icu&ty in meetin" the demand#

A&thou"h there were materia& shorta"es durin" the Jorean War , by B79 automatic washin"

machine sa&es in the US e*ceeded those o% wrin"er;type e&ectric machines#

In the UJ and in most o% urope, e&ectric washin" machines did not become popu&ar unti& the

B7Gs# This was &ar"e&y because o% the economic impact o% Wor&d War II on the consumer mar$et

which did not proper&y recover unti& the &ate B7Gs# The ear&y e&ectric washers were sin"&e tub,

wrin"er;type machines, automatic washin" machines bein" e*treme&y e*pensive# .urin" the

B6Gs, twin tub machines brie%&y became very popu&ar, he&ped by the &ow price o% the Ro&&s

Ra(or washers# Automatic washin" machines did not become dominant in the UJ unti& we&& into

the BFGs and by then were a&most e*c&usive&y o% the %ront;&oader desi"n#

T&pes '0 App%i!$ces

App%i!$ces !re )ii)e) i$t' 6"ite ,'')s !$) *r'6$ ,'')s3

• Br'6$ ,'')s are typica&&y househo&d e&ectrica& entertainment app&iances such as-

o 1. and .5. p&ayers,

o te&evisions,

o camcorders

o Hi:i and Home cinema

• 5"ite ,'')s comprise ma'or househo&d e&ectrica& app&iances inc&udin"-

22

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23/73

o Washin" machine

o /read ma$er

o

.ishwasher

o .ryer

o :ree(er and washin" machine

o :urnace, a&so $nown as a centra& heatin" boi&er

o Stove, a&so $nown as ran"e, oven, coo$in" p&ate, or coo$ top

o 5acuum c&eaner#

o Water heater

o Washin" machine

/rown "oods were traditiona&&y %inished with wood, or &oo$ed &i$e wood, or /a$e&ite@ at &east

te&evisions and music systems were# This is now rather rare, but the name has stuc$, even %or

"oods that are un&i$e&y ever to have been provided in a wooden case 3e#"# camcorders4# White

"oods were typica&&y painted or ename&ed white, and many o% them sti&& are# The addition o% new

items to these cate"ories shows that the cate"ories sti&& serve a purpose in mar$etin" 3consumers

rare&y use the terms4, perhaps because they divide into traditiona& "ender ro&es in the house

su""estin" ="ad"etNnove&tyNpower= mar$etin" %or brown "oods and =practica&ityNre&iabi&ity=

mar$etin" %or white "oods#

This division is a&so noticeab&e in the service area o% this $ind o% products# /rown "oods usua&&y

re+uire hi"h technica& $now&ed"e and s$i&&s 3which "et more comp&e* with time, such as "oin"

%rom a so&derin" iron to a hot;air so&derin" station4, whi&e white "oods need more practica& s$i&&s

and =brute %orce= to manipu&ate the devices and heavy too&s re+uired to repair them#

23


24/73


25/73

consistin" o% %i*ed and movin" parts that modi%ies mechanica& ener"y and transmits it in a more

use%u& %orm

A B7Gs mode&

In ear&y automatic washin" machines, any chan"es in impe&&erNdrum speed were achieved by

mechanica& means or by a rheostat on the motor power supp&y# However, since the BFGs

e&ectronic contro& o% motor speed has become a common %eature on the more e*pensive mode&s#

ar&y %ront &oadin" machines, especia&&y those manu%actured in Mediterranean countries 3e#"#Ita&y4, had &ow spin speeds 3e#"# CGG rpm or &ess4# owadays, a spin speed o% DGG rpm is

common and a pea$ spin speed as hi"h as 6GG rpm is avai&ab&e on many machines# ow mode&s

in urope have speeds o% CGG rpm and a %ew uropean washin" machines have a spin speed o%

DGGG rpm# However, because they were not susceptib&e to "ravitationa& %orces, some ear&y top

&oadin" machines had spin speeds in e*cess o% GGG rpm, a&thou"h some were as &ow as 96G rpm#

Most US top;&oadin" washers have spin speeds &ess than GGG rpm#

In the ear&y BBGs, up mar$et machines incorporated microcontro&&ers %or the timin" process#

These proved re&iab&e, so many cheaper machines now incorporate microcontro&&ers, rather than

mechanica& timers# Washin" machines are a c&assic app&ication %or %u((y &o"icMie&e, %rom West

!ermany, was the top o% the &ine %ront &oad washer, and was introduced in Jananas$is, A&berta

by !&enn Isbister startin" a revo&ution in Laundry in 1anada#

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26/73

In BBE, Staber Industries re&eased the System DGGG washin" machine, which is the on&y top

&oadin", hori(onta&;a*is washer to be manu%actured in the United States# The he*a"ona& tub spins

&i$e a %ront &oadin" machine, on&y usin" about third o% the water as conventiona& top;&oaders#

This %actor has &ed to an ner"y Star ratin" %or its hi"h e%%iciency#

In BBC, ew Qea&and based company :isher Pay$e& introduced its Smart.rive washin"

machine &ine in the US# This washin" machine uses a computer;contro&&ed system to determine

certain %actors such as &oad si(e and automatica&&y ad'usts the wash cyc&e to match# It a&so used a

mi*ed system o% washin", %irst with the =co;Active= wash, usin" a &ow &eve& o% recircu&ated

water bein" sprayed on the &oad %o&&owed by a more traditiona& sty&e wash# Other variations

inc&ude the Intuitive co, which can sense the water &eve& and type o% %abric in the wash &oad,

and the a"itator&essA+uaSmart &ine#

In DGG, SAMSU! 1orporation introduced the 1a&ypso, the %irst vertica&;a*is hi"h e%%iciency

washin" machine to be top;&oadin"# A wash p&ate in the bottom o% the tub notated to bounce,

sha$e, and toss the &aundry around# As this happened, water containin" deter"ent was sprayed on

to the &aundry# The machine proved to be "ood at c&eanin" but "ained a bad reputation due to

%re+uent brea$downs and destruction o% &aundry and the washer was reca&&ed with a c&ass;action

&awsuitand pu&&ed o%% the mar$et#

In DGG9, Mayta" introduced their top;&oadin" eptune washer# Instead o% an a"itator, the

machine had two wash p&ates, perpendicu&ar to each other and at a E7 de"ree an"&e %rom the

bottom o% the tub# The machine wou&d %i&& with on&y a sma&& amount o% water and the two wash

p&ates wou&d tumb&e the &oad within it, mimic$in" the action o% a %ront;&oadin" washer in a

vertica& a*is desi"n#

In the ear&y %irst decade o% the Dst century, the /ritish inventorames .yson &aunched the 1ontra

Rotator , a type o% washin" machine with two cy&inders rotatin" in opposite directions@ which, it

is c&aimed, reduces the wash time and produces c&eaner resu&ts@ however, this machine is no

&on"er in production#

In DGGF, Sanyo introduced the %irst drum type washin" machine with Air Wash) %unction This

washin" machine uses on&y 7G& o% water in the recyc&e mode#

26

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27/73

In DGGC, the University o% Leeds created a concept washin" machine that uses on&y a cup 3&ess

than 9GGm&4 o% water to carry out a %u&& wash# The machine &eaves c&othes virtua&&y dry, and uses

&ess than D per cent o% the water and ener"y otherwise used by a conventiona& machine, but

re+uires DG $" o% re;usab&e p&astic chips in each &oad# As such, it cou&d save bi&&ions o% &iters o%

water each year#

:eatures avai&ab&e in most modern consumer washin" machines-

• Prede%ined pro"rams %or di%%erent &aundry types

• 5ariab&e temperatures inc&udin" co&d wash

•

Rotation speed settin"s

• .e&ayed e*ecution- a timer to de&ay the start o% the &aundry cyc&e

Additiona&&y some o% the modern machines %eature-

• 1hi&d &oc$

• Time remainin" indication

Ma'or "rowth is pro'ected to ta$e p&ace in %u&&y automatic se"ment, which accounts %or above D9

per cent o% the tota& mar$et to about 9G per cent#

There is a&so a trend %or purchasin" sma&&er machines in the ran"e o% 9 to E $"# 1apacity as

compared to &ar"er machines as there are more and more nuc&ear %ami&ies rather than 'oint

%ami&ies# In re"ard to emer"in" new techno&o"ies in the washin" machines sector mention may

be made o% aero power, trip&e cascade tornado wash, di"ita& inte&&i"ence, uni+ue optica& sensor

and other such innovations and adaptations which are "radua&&y bein" introduced by the

indi"enous manu%acturers# :u&&y automatic machines are "ainin" popu&arity with the chan"e in

&i%esty&e o% consumers, increase in income, increase in number o% wor$in" coup&es, and due to

price competitiveness#

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28/73

INDIA V


29/73

by DD8 and va&ue by D78 #Here a"ain SAMSU!IL happens to be the undisputed &eader with

a 9G#F 8 mar$et share in :u&&y Automatic Washin" Machine and 99#F 8 mar$et share in Semi

Automatic Washin" Machine#

M!r7et s"!re

M!r7et T'p L'!)i$, 5!s"er Fr'$t L'!)i$, 5!s"er

uropean Mar$et Share G8 BG8

US Mar$et Share 678 978

I

ndian Mar$et Share

7G8 7G8

T'p-%'!)i$,

In a top;&oadin" washer, water circu&ates primari&y a&on" the po&oida& a*is durin" the wash cyc&e,

as indicated by the red arrow in this i&&ustration o% a torus#

The top;&oadin" desi"n or vertica&;a*is c&othes washer, most popu&ar in Austra&ia, ew Qea&and,

1anada, the United States and Latin America, p&aces the c&othes in a vertica&&y mounted

per%orated bas$et that is contained within a water;retainin" tub, with a %inned water;pumpin"

a"itator in the center o% the bottom o% the bas$et# 1&othes are &oaded throu"h the top o% the

machine, which is covered with a hin"ed door#

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.urin" the wash cyc&e, the outer tub is %i&&ed with water su%%icient to %u&&y immerse and suspend

the c&othin" %ree&y in the bas$et# The movement o% the a"itator pushes water outward between

the padd&es towards the ed"e o% the tub# The water then moves outward, up the sides o% the

bas$et, towards the center, and then down towards the a"itator to repeat the process, in a

circu&ation pattern simi&ar to the shape o% a torus# The a"itator direction is periodica&&y reversed,

because continuous motion in one direction wou&d 'ust &ead to the water spinnin" around the

bas$et with the a"itator rather than the water bein" pumped in the torus;shaped motion# Some

washers supp&ement the water;pumpin" action o% the a"itator with a &ar"e rotatin" screw on the

sha%t above the a"itator, to he&p move water downwards in the center o% the bas$et#

Top;&oaders are not we&&;suited to c&eanin" &ar"e ob'ects such as pi&&ows or s&eepin" ba"s due to

the tendency %or them to 'ust %&oat on the sur%ace o% the water without circu&atin", and thea""ressive a"itator action can dama"e de&icate %abrics#

In most top;&oadin" washers, i% the motor spins in one direction, the "earbo* drives the a"itator@

i% the motor spins the other way, the "earbo* &oc$s the a"itator and spins the bas$et and a"itator

to"ether# Simi&ar&y i% the pump motor rotates one way it reticu&ates the sudsy water@ in the other

direction it pumps water %rom the machine durin" the spin cyc&e# /ecause they usua&&y

incorporate a "earbo*, c&utch, cran$ , etc#, top;&oadin" washers are mechanica&&y more comp&e*

than %ront &oadin" machines but are "enera&&y &ower maintenance since there is no need %or a

door sea& 3described be&ow4# However, the e&ectromechanica& components in conventiona& top;

&oad washers have &ar"e&y reached maturity#

The top;&oader>s spin cyc&e between washin" and rinsin" a&&ows an e*treme&y simp&e %abric

so%tener dispenser, which operates passive&y throu"h centri%u"a& %orce and "ravity# The same

ob'ective must be accomp&ished by a so&enoid;operated va&ve on a %ront &oader# Another

advanta"e to the top &oadin" desi"n is the re&iance on "ravity to contain the water, rather than

potentia&&y troub&e;prone or short;&ived %ront door sea&s#

As with %ront;&oadin" washers, c&othin" shou&d not be pac$ed ti"ht&y into a top;&oadin" washer#

A&thou"h wet c&oth usua&&y %its into a sma&&er space than dry c&oth, a dense wad o% c&oth can

restrict water circu&ation, resu&tin" in poor soap distribution and incomp&ete rinsin"# *treme&y

30

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over&oaded top;&oadin" washers can either 'am the motion o% the a"itator and over&oad or dama"e

the motor or "earbo*, or tear %abrics# *treme over&oadin" can a&so push %abrics into the sma&&

"ap between the underside o% the a"itator and the bottom o% the wash bas$et, resu&tin" in %abrics

wrapped around the a"itator sha%t, possib&y re+uirin" a"itator remova& to un'am#

Arctic /DGGA is a %ront &oadin" bud"et mode& so&d in DGGC with 6 $" &oad, L1. indicator,

DGG RPM

Fr'$t-%'!)i$,

The %ront;&oadin" desi"n or hori(onta&;a*is c&othes washer, most popu&ar in urope and the

Midd&e ast, mounts the inner bas$et and outer tub hori(onta&&y, and &oadin" is throu"h a door at

the %ront o% the machine# The door o%ten but not a&ways contains a window# A"itation is supp&ied

by the bac$;and;%orth rotation o% the cy&inder and by "ravity# The c&othes are &i%ted up by padd&es

on the inside wa&& o% the drum and then dropped# This motion %&e*es the weave o% the %abric and

%orces water and deter"ent so&ution throu"h the c&othes &oad# /ecause the wash action does not

re+uire the c&othin" be %ree&y suspended in water, on&y enou"h water is needed to moisten the

%abric# /ecause &ess water is re+uired, %ront;&oaders typica&&y use &ess soap, and the a""ressive

droppin" and %o&din" action o% the tumb&in" can easi&y produce &ar"e amounts o% %oam#

:ront;&oaders contro& water usa"e throu"h the sur%ace tension o% water, and the capi&&ary wic$in"

action this creates in the %abric weave# A %ront;&oader washer a&ways %i&&s to the same &ow water

&eve&, but a &ar"e pi&e o% dry c&othin" standin" in water wi&& soa$ up the moisture, causin" the

water &eve& to drop# The washer then re%i&&s to maintain the ori"ina& water &eve /ecause it ta$es

time %or this water absorption to occur with a motion&ess pi&e o% %abric, near&y a&& %ront;&oaders

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be"in the washin" process by s&ow&y tumb&in" the c&othin" under the stream o% water enterin"

and %i&&in" the drum, to rapid&y saturate the c&othes with water#

:ront;&oadin" washers are mechanica&&y simp&e compared to top;&oaders, with the main motor

norma&&y bein" connected to the drum via a "rooved pu&&ey be&t and &ar"e pu&&ey whee&, without

the need %or a "earbo*, c&utch or cran$# /ut %ront;&oad washers su%%er %rom their own technica&

prob&ems, due to the drum &yin" sideways# :or e*amp&e, a top &oadin" washer $eeps water inside

the tub mere&y throu"h the %orce o% "ravity pu&&in" down on the water, whi&e a %ront;&oader must

ti"ht&y sea& the door shut with a "as$et to prevent water drippin" onto the %&oor durin" the wash

cyc&e# This access door is &oc$ed shut durin" the entire wash cyc&e, since openin" the door with

the machine in use cou&d resu&t in water "ushin" out onto the %&oor# :or %ront;&oaders without

viewin" windows on the door, it is possib&e to accidenta&&y pinch %abric between the door and thedrum, resu&tin" in tearin" and dama"e to the pinched c&othin" durin" tumb&in" and spinnin"#

ear&y a&& %ront;&oader washers %or the consumer mar$et must a&so use a %o&ded %&e*ib&e be&&ows

assemb&y around the door openin", to $eep c&othin" contained inside the bas$et durin" the

tumb&in" wash cyc&e#I% this be&&ows assemb&y were not used, sma&& artic&es o% c&othin" such as

soc$s cou&d s&ip out o% the wash bas$et near the door, and %a&& down the narrow s&ot between the

outer tub and bas$et, p&u""in" the drain and possib&y 'ammin" rotation o% the inner bas$et#

Retrievin" &ost items %rom between the outer tub and inner bas$et can re+uire comp&ete

disassemb&y o% the %ront o% the washer and pu&&in" out the entire inner wash bas$et# 1ommercia&

and industria& %ront;&oaders used by businesses 3described be&ow4 usua&&y do not use the be&&ows,

and instead re+uire a&& sma&& ob'ects to be p&aced in a mesh ba" to prevent &oss near the bas$et

openin"#

This be&&ows assemb&y around the door is the source o% prob&ems %or the consumer %ront;&oader#

The be&&ows has a &ar"e number o% %&e*ib&e %o&ds to permit the tub to move separate&y %rom the

door durin" the hi"h speed e*traction cyc&e# On many machines, these %o&ds can co&&ect &int, dirt,

and moisture, resu&tin" in mo&d and mi&dew "rowth and a %ou& odor# Some %ront;&oadin" washer

operatin" instructions say the be&&ows shou&d be wiped down month&y with a stron" b&each

so&ution, whi&e others o%%er a specia& %reshenin" cyc&e where the machine is run empty with a

stron" dosin" o% b&each# In the past, su""ested remedies have inc&uded addin" vine"ar to the

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&aundry deter"ent, runnin" an empty cyc&e with b&each every %ew wee$s, wipin" the door "as$et

with a di&uted b&each so&ution every other wee$, and &eavin" the %ront;&oadin" washer door a'ar

between &oads#

Recent studies o% consumer;reviews posted across the internet show a trend %or U#S# %ront;

&oadin" washers to have bearin" %ai&ure prob&ems norma&&y within the %irst 6 years and repair cost

are c&ose to rep&acement cost, which is the wisest choice# The symptoms are &ouder noises whi&e

spin;rinsin" and then soi&ed c&othes short&y be%ore comp&ete %ai&ure, i% the bearin" "rease "ets

into the inner tube# So, the e*pected &i%e o% today>s washin" machine has decreased by about G

years compared to 9G years a"o# The under;&yin" cause bein" the choice o% U#S# consumers to "et

a washin";machine at the &owest;price;point has caused manu%acturers to drastica&&y &ower their

+ua&ity standards to the point where today>s machines have shorter &i%e;spans and on&y one year warranties are o%%ered# 1ompared to washin" machines o% BFGs that &asted about 7 years,

ad'usted %or in%&ation, the same +ua&ity machine wou&d cost about ?D9GG today# uropeans

"enera&&y spend two to three times more money %or better bui&t &aundry machines#As with top;

&oadin" washers, c&othin" shou&d not be pac$ed ti"ht&y into a %ront;&oadin" washer# A&thou"h wet

c&oth usua&&y %its into a sma&&er space than dry c&oth, a dense wad o% c&oth can restrict water

circu&ation, resu&tin" in poor soap distribution and incomp&ete rinsin" o% c&oth in the center o% the

bas$et# *treme over&oadin" o% %ront;&oadin" washers pushes %abrics towards the sma&& "ap

between the &oadin" door and the %ront o% the wash bas$et, potentia&&y resu&tin" in %abrics &ost

between the bas$et and outer tub, and in severe cases, tearin" o% c&othin" and 'ammin" the

motion o% the bas$et#

F(rt"er c'+p!ris'$s

There are many variations o% these two "enera& themes# Top;&oadin" machines in Asia use

impe&&ers instead o% a"itators# Impe&&ers are simi&ar to a"itators e*cept that they do not have the

center post e*tendin" up in the midd&e o% the wash tub bas$et# There is a&so a variant o% the

hori(onta& a*is desi"n that is &oaded %rom the top, throu"h a sma&& door in the circum%erence o%

the drum# These machines usua&&y have a shorter cy&inder and are there%ore sma&&er, but o%%er the

e%%iciency o% a %ront;&oader whi&e e&iminatin" the prob&ems o% the %&e*ib&e be&&ows# This $ind o%

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washin" machine is so&d and popu&ar in urope, especia&&y in sma&& househo&ds, because it o%%ers

the same drum system as %ront;&oaders, 'ust with a sma&&er %ootprint#

uropean top &oader %rom DGG with rotatin" drum

Many %ront &oadin" machines have e&ectrica& heatin" e&ements to heat the wash bath to near

boi&in"# 1hemica& action is supp&ied by the deter"ent and other &aundry chemica&s# :ront &oaders

use specia& deter"ents that are desi"ned to re&ease di%%erent chemica& in"redients at di%%erent

temperatures# This is so that di%%erent type o% stains and soi&s wi&& be c&eaned %rom the c&othes as

the wash water is heated up by the e&ectrica& heater# :ront &oaders a&so need to use &ow studdin"

deter"ents because the tumb&in" action o% the drum %o&ds air into the c&othes &oad that can cause

over;studdin"# .ue to the concentration o% water and deter"ent, thou"h, the studdin" issue o% %ront;&oaders can a&so be contro&&ed by simp&y usin" &ess deter"ent without &essenin" c&eanin"

action#

Tests comparin" %ront &oadin" and top &oadin" machines have shown that, in "enera&, %ront;

&oaders wash c&othes more thorou"h&y, cause &ess wear, and use &ess water and ener"y than top;

&oaders# As a resu&t o% usin" &ess water, they re+uire &ess deter"ent to be used, or converse&y, they

can use the same amount o% deter"ent with &ess water, which increases deter"ent concentration

and increases the amount o% chemica& action# They a&so a&&ow a dryer to be more easi&y mounted

direct&y above the washer#

Top;&oadin" washers do not su%%er %rom continued maintenance prob&ems and need no re"u&ar

%reshenin"# .urin" the spin cyc&e, a top;&oadin" tub is %ree to move about inside the cabinet o%

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the machine, usin" on&y a &ip around the top o% the inner bas$et and outer tub to $eep the

spinnin" water and c&othin" %rom sprayin" out over the ed"e#

• Water &ea$a"e- Top &oadin" machines are &ess prone to &ea$a"e# :ront &oadin" machines

re+uire a sea& on the %ront door, and simi&ar&y the %ront door must be &atched durin"

operation to prevent openin", &est &ar"e amounts o% water spi&& out# This sea& may &ea$ or

re+uire rep&acement# Many current %ront;&oaders, thou"h, can be stopped and added to or

removed %rom, by way o% $eepin" the water &eve& in the hori(onta& tub be&ow the door

&eve

• ner"y usa"e- :ront &oaders use &ess ener"y, water and deter"ent and c&ean more

e%%ective&y than the best top &oaders# =Hi"h %%iciency= washers use DG8 to 6G8 o% the

deter"ent, water ener"y o% =standard= washers# They usua&&y ta$e somewhat &on"er

3DG;G min#4 to wash a &oad, but are computer contro&&ed with additiona& sensors, to

adapt the wash cyc&e to the needs o% each &oad# As this techno&o"y improves, the human

inter%ace wi&& a&so improve#

• Water usa"e- :ront &oaders "enera&&y use &ess water than top;&oadin" residentia& c&othes

washers# stimates are %ront &oaders use anywhere %rom about one third to one ha&% as

much as top &oaders#

• 1ompactness- :ront &oadin" machines may be insta&&ed underneath counters# A %ront

&oadin" washin" machine, in a %u&&y %itted $itchen, may even be dis"uised as an ordinary

base cabinetNunit# They may a&so be convenient in homes with &imited %&oor area, since

the dryer may be insta&&ed direct&y above the washer#

• Spin;dry e%%ectiveness- :ront &oaders a&so o%%er much hi"her spin dryin" speeds o% up to

DGGG RPM, a&thou"h those mar$eted to consumers tend to be in the GG or DGG RPMran"e, but sti&& considerab&y hi"her than the 67G RPMs that are typica&&y %ound in top

&oaders# This ma$es it possib&e to dry c&othes very +uic$&y by han"in" them on washin"

&ines or airin" rac$s or can substantia&&y reduce the &en"th o% time re+uired in a tumb&e

dryer#

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• oise- :ront &oaders tend to operate more +uiet&y than top &oaders, because the door sea&

he&ps contain noise and because there is &ess o% a tendency to imba&ance#

• Accessibi&ity and r"onomics- :ront &oaders are more convenient %or &itt&e peop&e and

those with parap&e"ia, as the contro&s are %ront;mounted and the hori(onta& drum

e&iminates the need %or standin" andNor c&imbin"# :or peop&e who are su%%icient&y ta&& and

can stand, top;&oaders may be easier to &oad and un&oad, since reachin" into the tub does

not re+uire stoopin"# However, this issue can be miti"ated due to the o%%erin" o% risers

3usua&&y with stora"e drawers underneath4 to raise the %ront &oader door openin" c&oser to

the user>s &eve

5!s" c&c%es

Ri$si$,

Washin" machines per%orm severa& rinses a%ter the main wash to remove most o% the deter"ent#

Modern washin" machines use &ess water due to environmenta& concerns@ however, this has &ed

to the prob&em o% poor rinsin" on many washin" machines on the mar$et which can be a prob&em

to peop&e who are sensitive to deter"ents# The A&&er"y UJ website su""ests re;runnin" the rinse

cyc&e#

Spi$$i$,

At the end o% the cyc&e, washin" machines spin the &oad at a hi"h speed to remove most o% the

water and +uic$en and ease the dryin" process# ar&y machines wou&d spin at on&y 9GG RPM and,

because o% &ac$ o% any suspension, wou&d o%ten sha$e and vibrate# Today, machines can spin as

%ast as D,GGG RPM and inc&ude bui&t;in suspension and shoc$ systems to reduce noises we&& as

sensors and so%tware to detect and correct a &oad that is spinnin" out o% ba&ance# :ront;&oadin"

washers can be si"ni%icant&y +uieter durin" spin than top &oaders because o% the &ac$ o% a noisy

"earbo* to drive the machine>s movin" parts#

M!i$te$!$ce 6!s"

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Most, i% not a&& consumer washin" machines, now use a p&astic outer she&& instead o% stain&ess

stee& to contain the water# Washin" machine manu%acturers are now advisin" users, due to the

p&astic>s adhesion properties with &aundry deter"ent and mo&d, to per%orm a re"u&ar maintenance

wash which c&eans the inside o% the washin" machine# A maintenance wash is per%ormed without

any &aundry on the hottest wash pro"rammed, usin" either one o% the %o&&owin"- white vine"ar, a

deter"ent with b&eachin" properties 3it is not advisab&e to put actua& b&each inside the washin"

machineor a proprietary washin" machine c&eaner# The purpose o% a maintenance wash is to

remove any mo&d, bacteria, o&d deter"ent residue and "run"e# I% usin" white vine"ar, it is

important to a&&ow the washin" machine to %i&& %or about 9G seconds be%ore addin" the vine"ar, as

the %irst bit o% water "oes into the sump#

St!$)!r)s

E(r'pe

The U re+uires washin" machines carry an e%%iciency &abe&

1apacity and cost are the main considerations when purchasin" a washin" machine# I% intended

%or use by a sma&& %ami&y, a capacity o% under 7 $" shou&d be su%%icient 3thus savin" ener"y and

runnin" costs4#

Washin" machines disp&ay an U ner"y Labe& with "rades %or ener"y e%%iciency, washin"

per%ormance and spin e%%iciency# !rades run %rom A to ! 3best to worst4, providin" a simp&e

method %or 'ud"in" runnin" costs and per%ormance# :or e*amp&e a =Trip&e A= 3AAA4 rated

machine indicates &owest ener"y consumption, best wash and best water e*traction 3i#e# spin4

per%ormance# This has had the desired e%%ect o% drivin" customers toward more e%%icient washin"

machines and away %rom &ess e%%icient ones#

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One important %actor that is missin" %rom the ener"y &abe&in" scheme is the washin" machine>s

rinsin" per%ormance, which can adverse&y a%%ect a&&er"y su%%erers and peop&e who are sensitive to

&aundry deter"ents and chemica&s# It is advisab&e to chec$ an independent consumer report on

how we&& a washin" machine can rinse be%ore purchasin", as newer washin" machines use a &ot

&ess water than o&der ones#

U$ite) St!tes

Top;&oadin" and %ront;&oadin" c&othes washers are covered by a sin"&e :edera& Standard

re"u&atin" ener"y consumption# The :edera& Standard e%%ective up unti& anuary , DG inc&udes

no restriction on water consumption# There%ore, washer manu%acturers %ace no &e"a& restriction

on how much unheated rinse water may be used, in washers manu%actured be%ore that date#

Many US;mar$et c&othes washers are more ener"y;e%%icient and water;e%%icient than re+uired by

the mandatory :edera& Standard, or even the more strin"ent ner"y Star standard# Manu%acturers

may be motivated to e*ceed &e"a&&y mandated standards by a pro"ram o% direct;to;manu%acturer

ta* credits# *cessive ener"y conservation in the &aunderin" process may &ead to &ess;than;

satis%actory c&eanin", and e*cessive water conservation may &ead to poor rinsin"#

C'++erci!% (se

1ommercia& washin" machines in a se&%;service Laundromat

A commercia& washin" machine is intended %or more %re+uent and &on";term usa"e than a

consumer washin" machine# /ecause %unction is more important than sty&e, most commercia&

washers have a sharp;ed"ed s+uare appearance, o%ten with stain&ess stee& e*teriors to minimi(e

rust and corrosion in a constant&y moist environment# They are bui&t with &ar"e easy;to;open

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service covers, and the washer mechanisms are interna&&y &aid out in a manner that does not

re+uire access to the underside o% the unit %or service# O%ten commercia& washers are insta&&ed in

&on" rows with a wide access passa"eway behind a&& the machines to a&&ow maintenance without

movin" the heavy machine#

Many commercia& washers are bui&t %or use by the "enera& pub&ic, and are insta&&ed in pub&ic&y

accessib&e Laundromats or &aunderettes, operated by money acceptin" devices or card readers#

The %eatures o% a commercia& Laundromat washer are more &imited than a consumer washer,

o%%erin" 'ust two or three basic wash types p&us an option to choose wash cyc&e temperatures#

The common %ront;&oadin" commercia& washin" machine a&so di%%ers %rom consumer mode&s in

its e*pu&sion o% wash and rinse water# Whi&e the consumer mode&s pump used water out a&&owin"

the waste &ine to be &ocated above the washer, %ront &oadin", commercia& machines "enera&&y use"ravity to e*pe& used water# A drain in the rear, at the bottom o% the machine opens at the

appointed time durin" the cyc&e and water %&ows out# This creates the need %or a trou"h behind

machines which &eads to a %i&ter and drain# The trou"h is usua&&y part o% a cement p&at%orm bui&t

%or the purpose o% raisin" the machines and can be seen behind washers at most &aundromats#

1ommercia& washers %or business 3sti&& o%ten re%erred to as a washer/extractor 4 can inc&ude e*tra

%eatures that are never seen in the consumer mar$et# Many commercia& washers o%%er an option

%or automatic chemica& in'ection o% %ive or more di%%erent chemica& types, so that the operator

does not have to dea& with constant&y measurin" out soap products and %abric so%teners %or each

&oad# Instead a precise meterin" system draws the deter"ents and wash additives direct&y %rom

&ar"e &i+uid;chemica& stora"e barre&s and in'ects them as needed into the various wash and rinse

cyc&es#Some computer;contro&&ed commercia& washers o%%er the operator comp&ete contro& over

the various wash and rinse cyc&es, a&&owin" the operator to pro"ram custom washin" cyc&es#

One specia& type o% continuous;processin" washer is $nown as the tunne& washer which does not

have separate, distinct wash or rinse cyc&es, but combines them a&& in se+uence inside a sin"&e

&on" &ar"e;diameter rotatin" tube#

39

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_washerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_washer


40/73

A BCGs /e"in SAMSU CG$" &oad industria& washer in a Hote& in /russe&s

A BCGs /e"in SAMSU BG$" &oad industria& washer

An industria& c&othes washer can be used to batch process up to CGG pounds 3EG $"4 o% te*ti&es

at once, and can be used %or e*treme&y machine;abusive washin" tas$s such as stone washin" or

%abric b&eachin" and dyein"#

An industria& washer can be mounted on heavy shoc$ absorbers and attached to a concrete %&oor

so that it can e*tract water %rom even the most severe&y out;o%;ba&ance and heavy wash &oads# It

may be mounted on hydrau&ic cy&inders, permittin" the entire washer to be &i%ted and ti&ted so

that %abrics can be automatica&&y dumped %rom the wash drum onto a conveyor be&t once the

cyc&e is comp&ete#

S'ci!% i+p!ct

The historica&&y &aborious process o% washin" c&othes has at times been &abe&&ed =woman>s wor$=

and women %rom a&& c&asses tried to %ind ways to "et re&ie% %rom doin" &aundry#

In DGGB, L>Osservatore Romano pub&ished an artic&e entit&ed =The Washin" Machine and the

Liberation o% Women= that was controversia&&y meant to demonstrate that the washin" machine

had done more %or the &iberation o% woman than the contraceptive pi&& and abortion ri"hts, which

are o%ten associated to Women>s .ay# The artic&e shoc$ed Ita&ian %eminists and provo$ed

criticism %rom Opposition MP Pao&a 1oncia A study %rom Universit de Montra& a&so presented

a simi&ar point o% view to that o% L>Osservatore#

Swedish statistician Hans Ros&in" has su""ested that the positive e%%ect the washin" machine had

on the &iberation o% women, ma$es it =the "reatest invention o% the industria& revo&ution=#

E$ir'$+e$t!% I+p!ct

40

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_washinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleachinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyeinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorbershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_cylindershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Osservatore_Romanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paola_Conciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paola_Conciahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9alhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Roslinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Roslinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_washinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleachinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyei

Documents

Bharat summer internship project report