APPENDIX 2 BI-LINGUAL GLOSSARY OF CLIMATE CHANGE TE RMS

KIRIBATI ADAPTATION PROGAMME (Phase II)

DRAFT

BI-LINGUAL GLOSSARY

OF CLIMATE CHANGE TERMS

Original translations by Dr Temakei Tebano & Etita Teiabauri

Coordinated by Dr Christine Hogan Adviser on Participation and Awareness Processes

(KAP II Component 1.2.4)

27 October 2008

BI-LINGUAL GLOSSARY OF CLIMATE CHANGE TERMS The purpose of this bi-lingual glossary of terms is to:

• build a common understanding of key terms related to climate change and the environment in I-Kiribati and English

• enhance understanding between:

o government staff in different ministries from different disciplines o government staff and the peoples of Kiribati when discussing strategies

to adapt to climate change. • ensure consistency in the usage of terminology relating to climate change.

The glossary is intended to be an appendix to the “Operational Manual on Public Consultation in Kiribati”. In February 2008, terms will be added on public consultation and facilitation. The glossary has been formatted in a word table so that it may be easily sorted alphabetically in English and another version formatted alphabetically in I-Kiribati. It is envisaged that all government staff will be provided with an electronic version of this glossary for their computer desk tops to assist in:

• reading and understanding climate change documents • preparation of talks.

Hard copies could also be distributed to Chief Counsellors, Ministry of Education, the Teacher Training College, schools etc. Hard copies could be used as awards and gifts at presentations and gatherings on Climate Change. Acknowledgements My thanks to the following people and their Ministries for their contributions, patience, ideas and feedback.

MPWU Tierata Metio, Martin Mataio MISA Erimeta Barako, Marion Namina MELAD Makin Binataake, Nakibae Teuatabo, Riibeta Abeta, Tarsi Taati MFMRD Tion Uriam, Titeem Auatabu KAP II, OB Dr Temakei Tebano, Marella Rebgetz MHMS Marutaake Karawaiti PSO Jane Curran USP Dr Ueantabo Mackenzie

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ENGLISH I-KIRIBATI

Adaptation Adaptation means doing something new or different to what you, your family, or the community did in the past in order to adapt to climate change. Adaptation refers to efforts to protect against climate change impacts. (World Bank 2000) Doing things to reduce the potential impacts of climate change, climate variability, extreme events and sea level rise and risks of CC.

Karaoan te waaki ae boou (kangaraoi) Karaoan te bwai ae boou ke ae kaokoro ma are ko bon tataneiai ni karaoia ke te botannaomata n taai aika a kan nako ni kaangaraoi ko ma bibitakin kanoan boong. E katuruturuaki riki te kaangaraoi aei nakon bibitakin kanoan boong. (Bangken te Aonnaaba.) Karaoan waaki ibukin kauareerekean aananga ni kabuanibwai man bibitakin kanoan boong, bibitakin te kabuebue, kangaanga aika korakora ao rikiraken iabutin taari.

Aggregate mining The mining of sand, stones and coral from the land, beach or reef.

Kenakin /Anaakin te tano Kenakin /anaakin te tano ke taian atiibu man te aba,te bike ke te rakai.

Fill in a cement bag sea wall The fill in a cement bag is a mixture of reef mud, sand and stone used behind the cement bags of a wall to prevent erosion.

Kanoan te bono kanoaakin nanon te bono man taian rakai,te tano ao atiibu ao a kateaki i akuun te timanti ni baeki bwa e aonga n totokoa te kanaki nako.

Backfill inside the cement bag walls The backfill is the inner part of a sea wall behind the cement bags. It is made of 1 part cement and 5 parts sand and it solidifies when it is placed in sea water.

Kanoan te bono Kanoaan nanon te bono mai taian baeki n timanti.e karaoaki 1 te timanti ao 5 te baeki n tano ao e na bon bwanin ke ni matoatoa ngkana e bo ma taari.

Backwash Backwash is the water flowing down a beach after the swash (foreword wave) has stopped and before the next swash wave breaks.

Okin te nao mai i eta Taari are iaon kawaina n oki nako taari imwin okina mai eta ke man te bike ao ni manga tauraoi nakon te aira are e na roko.

Base of the beach Tianeia Tokin te bike mai taari.

Baseline climatic factors This is past climate history (eg rainfall, temperature, thickness of water lens). To see if these itemsparameters are being affected by climate change we need some idea of what they were like in the past. The problem in Kiribati is that there is not a long history of such measurements. A long baseline is required for climatic variables because of the high variability that occurs naturally.

Tauan kanoan te bong ngkoa N taai ake ngkoa ao e nooraki mwaitin te karau,te ran ao e na kona noraki iai te bitaki ke akea. N taraan bwaai aikai ao e kona ni katerea iai te iango bwa aekakira te kaokoro ma taai akekei ma te kanganga bwa akea tauan mwin kanoan te bong n taai ake ngkoa.

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Baseline survey A baseline survey is a description (using both quantitative and qualitative data) of the current status of a particular situation eg public knowledge of and attitudes towards climate change issues and challenges in Kiribati in 2008 (KAP II). Future surveys using the same questions may then be used to measure change (or lack of change).

Te moan kakae Te moan kakae ae kakabwarabwaraki ikai bonganan ao mwaitin am kakae iaon te kanganga n aron aia atatai aomata ma aroia nakon kakaewenako nakonkakaewenako nakon bibitakin kanoan te bong iaon Kiribati n 2008. kakaeKakae aika a na roko e na kabonganaaki naba titiraki ake mai maina bwa e aonga n oota te bitaki ke akean te bitaki.

Berm The berm first ridge of land on a coastline

Mangeen te aba Te aba ae riki iaon te bike

Biodiversity Biodiversity is the variation of life forms within an ecosystem. The biodiversity found on Earth today consists of many millions of distinct biological species. Many species are now under threat because of climate change.

Reita ni maeu Te reita ni maeu inanon te otabwaninman maeu aika a kakaokoro inanon te bota ni maeu. Te reita ni maeu e kuneaki n te aonnaba n taai aikai ni mwaitin kanoana aiika mirion maan aika auarereke aika a riki e kaania 3.5 birion te ririki. Mwaitin maan aika a uarereke a karika te kanganga man bitakin kanoan te bong.

Brackish water Brackish refers to water that is a mixture of freshwater and seawater and has low salinity.

Te ran ae tarika Te ran ae tarika aio e bon kananonaaki ikai ikotakin te ran ae mam ao taari are e na kona n reke iai uarereken taoron taari.

Breakwater A breakwater is an artificial structure that is built into the ocean to protect the shore from erosion and long shore drift (see long shore drift).

Uruan korakoran te ran Bwaai aika a karaoaki bwa a na kauarerekea korakoran te ran ao te aekaki ni bwai aio e bon karaoaki ao e kateaki i taari bwa e na totokoa ana urubwai nakon te bike man te kanakinako.

Buffer zone along the shore The buffer zone is the land between high and low water level that needs to be protected and not built on.

Te iaontia n aba Te iaontia n aba imarenan tian te ran ae ieta ao te ran ae inano ao te tabo aio e riai ni kawakinaki raoi ao akea nab ate kateitei iai.

Climate Climate refers to the average temperatures, humidity, rainfall and winds in a region over long periods of time. The climate of a place is affected by its latitude, terrain, altitude, persistent ice or snow cover, as well as nearby oceans and their currents. See “weather”

Kanoan te bong Tauan mwin kanoan te bong teuana ma teuana ni irekereke ma bwakan te karau, kabuebuen te aonnaba,te mwaitorotoro ao n aba ake itinanikun Kiribati ni ikotaki ma taabo ake a kabuebue ao ake a mwaitorotoro ni ikotaki ma butin te aira bwa e biri nakea. “Tauan kanoan te bong”

Climate change Climate change is the change to the earth’s climate that is occuring as a result of global

Bibitakin kanoan te bong Riirikiraken kabuebuen te aonnaba n te aro ae karaurau are riki man kanakoan taian kaeti ake a

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warming. Climate change is the gradual warming of the earth’s atmosphere caused by emissions of heat-absorbing greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane. The term is generally used to reflect longer-term changes, such as higher air and sea temperatures, possibly a greater variability in the climate (eg more droughts and floods), and changes to rainfall amounts and a rising sea level. The term climate change incorporates global warming. (WB 2000).

taua te kabuebrakan te kabuebue, n aron te mane-n-ang man te ikeike ao te kaeti man nakotaari ao mkan maangee e nooraki naba bitakina man rakan te kabuebue tee ea ao taari ao baika a raka n riki (n aron te mautakataka ao te ieka E kabonganaaki te taeka aio ni kaoti bitaki ake a kaoti inanon te tai ae maan, n aron keeraken kabuebuen te ootabwanin ma taari ao keeraken iabutin taarii.( Bangken te Aonnaaba 2000.)

Climate change impact The consequences of CC to things (infrastructure) people and places.

Kanganga man bibitakin kanoan te bong Baika a kona n riki mai imwin te kanganga nakon bwaai (ke rabwata aika a bubura) ao nakoia aomata ma taabo.

Climate change scenarios Climate change scenarios are estimates of the future impacts of climate change eg temperature increase, sea level rise etc. They include the worst case scenario and the best case scenario by certain future dates. These scnearios provide estimates of potentail risk and damage and may be used to guide government and community planning.

Climate risk Climate risk is the combination of the chance that a particular amount of climate change will occur and the impact of that change.

Kanganga man kanoan te bong Baika a kona n reke n aron te kanganga ake a kona n riki man bitakin kanoan boong ao aron ana urubwai.

Climate variability Climate variability reflects natural variation in weather and climate events. These can occur over a variety of time scales ranging from the short term (monthly differences), through to:

• inter-annual variations (eg as a result of ENSO events) and

• interdecadal events (eg as a result of variations in the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation).

• shorter-term extreme weather events, such as tropical cyclones and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). While there is some evidence that climate variability will increase as a result of climate change, however many uncertainties remain. (World Bank 2000)

Bitakin tein kanoan te bong E kaeineti ma bibitakin angin ma kanoan boong aika karina ma bitaki ake korakora ma ni karina

• n aron angibuaka ao te Aumaiaki are bon tain te mautakataka.

• A bon mwaiti naba nano kokoraki ibukin bibitakin kanoan boong aika karina e ngae ngke a mwaiti koaua ake a tia n tataekinaki irouia taan rabakau. (Bangken te Aonnabaaba 2000).

Coastal deposition Coastal deposition is the long term gain of land and is a natural process that has been occurring

Te aba ae riki Rikin te aba bon te bwai ae riiriki n aban nako te aonnaaba ni kabuta ni ikotaki ma aaba aika

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throughout the history of most small island nations

uarereke.

Coastal erosion Coastal erosion is the long-term loss of land and is a natural process that has been occurring throughout the history of most small island nations (Kench and Cowell, 2002).

Kanakinakoan mataniwin te aba Kanakin te aba bon buan te aba ae abwaabwaki man kakamwakurin te bike ao e bon riiriki naba n aaba aika uarereke (Kench ao Cowell, 2002).

Coastal processes Coastal processes involve the natural transportation of sediments through erosion and accretion as a result of waves, currents, winds, tides and storms. These processes are impacted by human activities and climate change and sea level rise.

Ingingin mataniwin te aba Te tano ma te atama ake i mataniwin te aba aki toki ni mwamwae. E reke te mwamwae aei man korakoran/bibirin te nao ao te aira. Aron kabwarabwaran mwamwaen te bike are i mataniwin te aba e aranaki bwa te coastal processes.

Coral bleaching or whitening Coral bleaching or whitening refers to the loss of color of corals caused by stress which can be induced by:

• increased water temperatures • over fishing • changes in water chemistry (in particular

ocean acidification) • pollution.

Te ane ae mainaina E kaotaki man mainainan te ane ke te eenga bwa iai te kangaanga ae riki nako iia n aron aikai:

• rikiraken kabuebuen taari • te akawa n aki katautau (abunaba) • bitakin aron kanoan te ran (bwa e a

rikirake ni kakang ranin taian marawa) • baarekarekan ke kabaarekaan

(kamaangeangean) te ran. •

Disaster management Disaster management means having a plan to deal with and minimise the impact of natural disasters eg flooding, drought, tsunami. The purpose of the plan is to coordinate the actions of the government, local leaders and the people to:

• prepare in advance • know what to do during a disaster • manage the situation after a disaster.

Kakatauraoi imwain te kanganga Kakatauraoi imwain te kangakanga e nanonaki ikai babaire ake a na katauraoira n te aro bwa e na uarereke ana urubwai te angbuaka ika n aron te ieka, mautakataka ao aika a ririeta. Oin te iango ni babaire aikai bwa e aonga te tautaeka,taan kairiri n te kaawa ao bon aomata:

• moantaai ni kakatauroi • a na ataia bwa tera ae ana karaoia n taian te

kanganga • baikara bwaai aika a kona ni karaoaki

imwin te kanganga anne. Ecosystem An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms in an area which interact together with all of the non-living or physical elements of the environment. If you change one part of an ecosystem, it will set up changes in other parts of the ecosystem.

Boota-ni-maiu Boota ni maeun aroka,maan, maan aika uarereke ao a bane ni irekereke aron maeuia ni kabane ma baika a maeu ke aki maeu inanon te otabwanin.ngkana e bitaki maeun teuana ao nikirana a bane naba ni bitaki.

El NIÑO Te Aumaiaki

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El Niño is the name given to warmer than normal ocean temperatures across the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. This leads to weaker than normal easterly trade winds. These phenomena generate rain bearing clouds and higher rainfall for Kiribati. El Nino events normally last for 6 months to 2 years, and occur every 2 to 7 years. The most recent occurrence of El Niño started in September 2006 and lasted until early 2007.

Bon taai ni kabuebue ake a aanaki n airan marawa ake a bubura kaei. Aio e kona ni uarerekea te ang ao bwaai aika riki akanne a kona ni karika te karau ae korakora iaon Kiribati. Te aumaiaki e kona ni maan nakon 6 te namwakaina ke 2te ririki.Taint te kabuebue ae ngkai naba e bon namakinaki man Tebetemba 2006 ni karokoa moan 2007 ao a karika reken te karau ma naang ni karau ao keeraken kabuebuen marawa.

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) Environmental impact assessment EIA is a process to determine the effects a development project will have on the natural and human environment. The goal of EIA is to predict how a development project would affect the environment and to make recommendations to minimise those effects.

Kakaaean Aananga n Roota te Ootabwanin KARO bon te waaki ni kakaai aananga ake a na kona n rootaki iai aomata ao te Ootabwanin man ‘karikirake’ ake a iangoaki. Ana tia te KARO bon moantaaian katarataraan rootaki ma kangaanga ake a na kona n riki nakon te ootabwanin ao ni katanoatai naba ma angaia ni kauareerekeaki.

Extreme event Weather conditions that are rare for a particular place and/or time of year eg an intense storm, drought, heat wave, severe storms.

Angibuaka Angibuaka aika aki bati n roroko n taabo n tabeua n taai ao n ririki aika a bati n aron te angibuaka ae korakora,te mwautakataka ao te nao ae kabuebue.

Food chain Food chains (also called, food networks) describe the feeding relationships between different species of life within an ecosystem. If you make a change to one species of life then it will impact on many others life forms.

Te reitaki rinanon te Amwarake Te reitaki n amwarake(e aranaki naba bwa amwarake aika iai irekerekeia ) e kamatataki ikai kakaokoron te maeu nte reita ni maeu.ngkana e bitaki maeun teuana ao e na kona ni karekea te kanganga nakon maeun ake tabeua.

Footing of the sea wall The footing of the sea wall should be 4 layers of cement bags below the sea level. The purpose of the footing is to protect the back fill from erosion.

Rangan te bono Rangan te bono e na riai aua tokan te timanti mai inano itaari, bukina bwa e aonga ni totokoa ke kaibeibea ao ni kona ni kaaitara ana urubwai te nao.

Fresh water lens Because the density of fresh water is less than that of salt water, fresh water floats on top of sea water, forming a fresh water lens. See Figure 1 below.

Matentenin te ran Ibukin uarereken mwaitin te ran ae mam nakon taari ngaia are ea karika betin te ran ae mam iaon taari ao ngaia are ea karika ran ae kiraati.

Gallery pumping Gallery pumping is the pumping of water horizontally underground through polyurethane pipes within the water lens.

Autin te bum Te bwam aio are bwamwiia te ran are mai inano rinanon bwaibu ake a tiki mwiia nakon te ran mai inano.

Geographic information systems (GIS) Geographic information systems is a way of describing layers of information about the landscape, topography, soils, vegetation, crops,

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Te rabakau are e kabonganaki burokuramin te kombiuta (computer program) ibukin kakaean rongorongon/taekan te aba. Bwai aika a

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water lens, buildings and government infrastructure. The result is very detailed data base of natural and human resources. It has many practical uses eg coastal monitoring (erosions and accretion), disaster management planning, projects on various islands. Even island visits by various ministries. GIS is used to study change over time.

kainanoaki n te rabaku aei bon tamnein te aba aika a kona n raweaki mai ieta ke karawa, n ai aron te wanikiba (aerial photographs) ke mai itinanikun te aonnaba man taian satellites (satellite images). Man taian tamnei aikai ao a kona ni kabonganaki ibukin korean taian mwabe, ike a kona iai ni kakaokoroaki rongorongon taabo ake a maekanaki, ake a kanakinako ao ake a rootaki n te iabuti ao a mwaiti riki. E rangi ni bongana ibukin kaotan te tia n te aba, barongan te kateitei n te aba (land management), rietan te aba ao a bon mwaiti riki. E kona naba ni kabonganaki ibukin nooran te bitaki n te aba inanon te tai teuana ma teuana.

Global warming Global warming was first used to describe the rising surface temperature of this planet, although it did not take due account of all the effects that are likely to result from this warming, such as storms, floods, droughts and heat waves (Larsen, 2006). It refers to the increase in temperature of the earth’s lower atmosphere caused by burning fossil fuels and cutting down trees. This resulted in emissions of heat-absorbing greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane. The term “climate change” has a wider meaning and refers to global warming as well as all the consequences of this warming.

Rikiraken te Kabuebue ae tieuataake E moan kaboonganaaki rikiraken te kabuebue ae tieuataake ibukin kabwarabwaraan rikiraken kabuebuen te aonnaaba aei,, e ngae ngke e aki buatii ao aio e riki man korakoran te korokai ao korokai kabongankin kaeti aika a biotin ao a ni kabane aanga n rootaki man itera aika kakaokoro aika irekereke ma te aro aei, n aron ieka ma angibuaka, mwautakataka ma te kabuebue ae korakora (Larsen, 2006). E bubura nanon te taeka ae ‘bibitakin kanoan boong’ bwa e rabwata rikiraken te aonnaaba ae tieuataake n ikotaki naba ma kabuanibwai ake a kona n reke mai iai.

Greenhouse effect The greenhouse effect is produced as greenhouse gases allow incoming solar radiation to pass through the Earth's atmosphere, but prevent most of the outgoing infra-red radiation from the surface and lower atmosphere from escaping into outer space. This process occurs naturally and has kept the Earth's temperature about 59 degrees F warmer than it would otherwise be. Current life on Earth could not be sustained without the natural greenhouse effect. (EPA) http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/ glossary/letter_g.html

Greenhouse Gas Greenhouse gas is any gas that absorbs infra-red radiation in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO<2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), halogenated fluorocarbons (HCFCs), ozone (O3), perfluorinated carbons (PFCs), and

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hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). (EPA) http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/ glossary/letter_g.html Grey water Grey water is water that has been used to wash dishes, clothes or for bathing. It does not include water that has been used to flush toilets. Greywater can be reused in gardens. Best to check with a sample patch first.

Te ran ae man toa Te ran ae man toa bon te ran ae kabonganaaki ibukin te ire bwain amwarake,te uaati ao te tebotebo ao kabonganaki ibukin te ununiki

High water mark The highest level of the water/the high tide.

Iabuti ke ooniia Rietatan iabutin taari ao aio e kona n noraki n tain te oniia are e a kona n rin rake taari iai.

Incline (slope) of sea walls The incline/slope of sea walls should be about 40 degrees. This slope helps to dissipate the energy of waves and the wall will last longer.

Boono aika a batete/raabe. E bon riai ni kateaki te bono ae batetei ke e raabena e nakon 40 te tikurii,ao e kona ni buoka ni kauarerekea korakoran te nao are e na orea iai te bono.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific body whose task is to evaluate the risk of climate change caused by human activity. The panel was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), two organizations of the United Nations.

The IPCC bases its assessment mainly on peer reviewed and published scientific literature. A main activity of the IPCC is publishing special reports on topics relevant to the implementation of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

The UNFCCC is an international treaty that acknowledges the possibility of harmful climate change and implementation of the UNFCCC led eventually to the Kyoto Protocol.

IPCC reports are widely cited in almost any debate related to climate change. National and international responses to climate change generally regard the UN climate panel as authoritative.

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Island councils (IC) Island Councils are composed of the Chief Councilor and Vice Chief Councilor and local government Councilors elected by various wards every 3 years (though this may be extended soon to 4 years). The Council Clerk acts as adviser.

Kauntira Kauntira bon te nakoa are e nako naba iai te tiibi kauntira ao te kauoman tiibi kauntira.kauntira a reke mai mwin te rinerine ae karaoaki n aia kaawa aika a kakaokoro n aia abwamakoro ni katoa 3 te ririki ma ngkai ao ea manga kabwabwakaki riki taina nakon 4 te ririki, ao a bane ni mena iaan ana tararua te kiraka

Island development committee (IDC) Island Development Committees are composed of the Chief Councilor or Vice Chief Councilor, elected representatives from community groups, welfare groups, and churches. The Council Clerk acts as adviser; the Island Project Officer acts as secretary and proposal writer and “go between” or link between the IDC and MISA.

Komete ni karikirake Komete ni karikirake e kaainaki iroun te tiibi kauntira ao ana kauoman, taan tei man botaki aika a kakaokoro n aron te kamweraoi ao taian aro. Te kiraka e riki ba te tia tararua te botaki anne te IPO e taui mwin miniti ao e kona n ibuobuoki imarenan te komete ao te MISA.

La Niña La Niña is the opposite of El Nino. It is the name of naturally occurring cold episodes of ocean currents in the central and eastern Pacific. This is associated with stronger than normal easterly trade winds across the Pacific.. During La Nina episodes, there is generally below-average rainfall in Kiribati. There was a strong La Niña episode during 1988-1989. La Niña also formed in 1995, and in 1999-2000. The last La Niña was a minor one, and occurred 2000-2001. Currently, in Kiribati, there is a moderate La Niña, which began developing in mid-2007.

Te Aumeang Bon tain taian aira ake a mwaitoro.bon kaaitaran te aumaiaki. Ngkana e mwaitoro ranin marawa ao e karako te buanerake n te ran are karikii taian nanga ni karau n taabo ake a rootaki n aira aika mwaitoro aikai. Te aumeang e bon korakora riki mwaitorona nakon are e bon ririki n Tebetebeke ao 1988-1989 e rangi namakinaki korakoran te kabuebue ke aki babakan te karau Iai tain akean te karau n 1995, ao n 1999-2000. E riki ae uarereke n 2000-2002. Iai ae bubura ae mena ngkai inanona Kiribati ae riki man nuukan 2007.

Long shore drift Long shore drift is the transportation of sediment along the beach caused by waves breaking at an angle to the beach.

Mwamwaen te bike Mwamwaen te bike are e riki man korakoran te aira ni bwaro iaon te bike ngaia are e karika bitakin te tein te bike

Low water mark Low tide or the lowest level of the sea water or the ground water.

Te ora/te iaraa Te ora ke tian taari inano ke nimwanibwa n ran.

Mitigation Mitigation refers to efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. WB 2000 Mitigation refers to efforts and policies to reduce greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere eg:

• reducing use of fossil fuels eg coal, oil, gas, petrol

• reducing deforestation ie cutting down

Te Totoko E kananonaaki ikai bwa te kawai n totoko ao kauareerekean mwaitin kaeti ake a tauau ate kabuebue. Bangken te Aonnaaba n aron:

• kauarerekean kabonganaan taian bwaa n aron oera,kaeti ao te bentin

• kauarerekean te korokai n aron ereakin taian aroka ao kauraaia

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large forests and burning off • geo-sequestration of greenhouse gases by

storing underground • sequestration of greenhouse gases by

planting trees.

• tauan te kabuebue iaan tare • tauan taian kaeti man taia kai.

Monitor To check, supervise, observe measure the progress of an activity or a phenomenaphenomenon (eg. salinity of the water lens) on a regular basis in order to identify change in performance.

Te tutuo Tuoan ke taraakin raoi baika a riki n te aro bwa e na ataaki raoi bwa ai mwaitira ae a tia n bitaki n aron tarikan te ran bwa e aonga n teretere raoi te bitaki.

Monitoring boreline These are small diameter holes drilled from the surface into the transition zone of the water lens. They have tubes extending to different depths, so that the salinity of the water can be measured at a number of depths.

Bwain tuoan te tarika Taian bwangabwanga aika uoua aika a kona n rinnako iaan tano nakon are nnen te ran. Ao mironron akanne iai tabona ae kanga taraan te kai ao tabona aikanne e kona ni kabwabwakaki riki nakon te nano are a na kona karekea iai te ran ae tarika n te aro are ataia bwa iraua te nano ae a kona n reke iai te ran ae tarika.

National Disaster Fund Money held in the OB for people who have suffered as a result of a major natural, national disaster and is administered by the Secretary (OB). Payment may be requested with attached:

• written reports on damage & names of those people affected

• photos of damage (if possible) • measurements • impact on people effected by a disaster

This information is lodged with the Island Council and then forwarded to both MISA and MELAD.

Mwaane ni kabuanibwai Mwaane ake a mena iaan ana aobiti te beretitenti ibukiia aomata ake a rootaki n te kanganga are a rootaki ao e tararuaki iroun te tia koroboki n ana aobiti te beretitenti. Kabwakan tem wane e irekereke ma aikai:

• Korean te riiboti iaon te uruaki,araia naake a rootaki

• Tamnein baika a uruaki (ngkana arona) • Mwaitra • Ana urubwai nakoia aomata.

Rongorongon baikai e kona n taui te kauntira ao e kanakoi nakon te MISA ke MELAD.

Overtopping Overtopping occurs when storms drive sea water over the land and salty sea water going into the fresh water lens and uncovered wells. It by sea water during storm events salinates the water lens and often kills some trees eg breadfruits.

Tokan taari Rinraken taari ieta ke n te aba are e kona ni karika te tarika n te ran ae mam nakon mwaniba aika akea mataia.e kona naba n tiringi aroka n aron ao e kona n tiringii aroka n aron te mai

Participation Participation implies the exercise of political rights (including voting and standing for election) and active citizenship, through consultation, influencing decisions, collaborating in decision-

Kaainakin bootaki ma waaki E kananonaaki ikai inaomatan temanna (n aron te karebwaoki n inerine, te kan rineaki ibukin te tia tei) ao kaain te aba ae bekutata ma ni kaain bootaki aika mwaiti, ri-nanon te marooroo,

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making or collective action.

kakauiango, ibuoka ni iango ni karaoan aia mwakuri.

Peri-urban Areas and villages adjoining towns ie the rest of S Tawara not including Betio, Bairiki and Bikenibeu.

Kaawa aika a uarereke Taabo ke kaawa aika uarereke are e reiti ke e tomai kaawa aika abwabwaki. Aon S/Tarawa ni kabane n aki warekaki Betio,Bairiki ao Bikenibeu.

Potable water This is the water that is suitable for humans to drink (i.e. the level of pathogens, chemicals salts etc are not harmful to humans). In Kiribati, well water is generally not potable.

Te ran ae raoiroi ibukin te mooi Te ran aei e raoiroi te nimaki irouia aomata (manin aoraki ma taoro aika kemikoro aki karika te kanganga nakoia aomat.) ranin te manibwa i Kiribati e aki raoiroi n te nimaki.

Priority project proposals Priority project proposals are the most important project proposals which are sent to MISA who send them to donors for funding.

Karikirake aika a moanibwai Karikirake aika a moanibwaiaki karaoaia bwa e rangi ni kainnanoaki katiakina ao e anganaki te MISA bwa e na rinanoi ao mai ikanne are e a tauraoi nab ani kakaeaki bwa antai ae na mwanenna.

Recharge of water lens When it rains only about 35% of rainfall goes into the water lens and 65% is absorbed by trees, roof leaves, water tanks.

Reken te ran ae boou Ngkana e bwaka te karau ao te 35% te karau ae nakon te nnen te ran 65% a kabonganaa taian kai ma aroka ao n taian tangke.

Reef flat A reef flat is a platform of coral fragments and sand that is often exposed at low tide.

Rakai aika a uarereke Rakai aika a rinano ke bike aika uarereke ake a kona n oti ngkana e ora ke e iaraa taari

Reef slope Reef slope is the steep slope where the reef wall meets the deep ocean

Batetein te rakai Batetein te rakai are e kaitiboo ma taari are e nano ke e katati iaan taari

Remote sensing Remote sensing is a way of gathering information about the land, vegetation and human activities through satellite imagery. Remote sensing is used to study change over time.

Remote Sensing Aron karekean rongorongon te aba man tamnei ake a raweaki mai ieta/karawa, n ai aron te wanikiba ke te naan satellite ake a itinanikun te aonnaba. Te rabakau aei e bon nang irekereke ma te GIS.

Resiliance The elements of an individual, family, community, society or ecosystem that makes them less vulnerable to climate change.

Neneaki-n-tatauraoi Te katauraoi nakoia aomata n ike tatabemaniia,utu,rabwata ao botaki ake a na kona ni kauarerekea te rotaki man bibitakin kanoan te bong.

Risk The chance of something happening that will have a negative or positive impact on goals See “climate risk”

Kanganga Baika a kona n riki imwiin ana mwakuri te angbuaka n te aro are e kona n iai ana urubwai ke akeaBaika aika a kona n riki ae kona n iai ana urubai nakon baai ke akea. “Kanganga man kanoan te bong”

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Risk assessment The technical steps to determine the amount of climate change risk. For example, mapping areas of potential risk of flooding from the ocean. This includes things people and places eg villagers, houses, maneabas government buildings and installations, water supplies and groundwater, vegetable gardens and trees. Their relative importance is then ranked according to different criteria eg social, cultural, economic and environmental importance.

Aanga n tutuo Taian kawai ake a n kona ni moantaai ni kaota te kanganga imwain rikina n aron makenakin taabo ae e na kona n roko iai te iabuti man taari,aio n ikotaki ma aomata ao tabo n aron te kaawa, auti, maneaba , autin te tautaeka, nnen taian ran ao ran mai iaan tare, aroka ma kaai.bonganaia aika a kakaokokoro ni kaineti ma kainnanoakiia aika a mwaiti n.

Risk management Risk management involves doing conscious, planned activities to address climate risk

Babaire ni kakatauraoi Babaire aika a kakatauraoaki imwain kanganga aika a kona na riki ni irekereke ma bibitakin kanoan te bong.

Risk treatment This is another term for “adaptation”.

Totokoan te kanganga Te taeka ae ti tebo naba nanona ma “adaptation”.

Rock debris Rock debris are lumps of rock that sit on the surface of the reef.

Taribiribin taian rakai Maangen ke taribiribin taian bwaa ake a mena iaon tain rakai.

Saline intrusion Saline intrusion is contamination of the fresh water lens by the saline water underneath.

Rikin te ran ae tarika Rikin te ran ae tarika e bon riki man taari are e mena inano are ngaia e karika te ran ae tarika.

Salinity This is how salty the water is. It is usually measured in terms of electrical conductivity (EC). In Kiribati, freshwater is defined as water with an EC of less than 2500 µS/cm s/cm.

Te tarika n te ran Aio kabwarabwaran te ran ae tarika, ao e kona n tauaki mwaitin tarikana n te Conductivity Electricity (EC).Te ran ae mam i Kiribati e kabwarabwaraki bwa e kee iaan 2500s/cm/s/cm.

Sea level rise measurement (I think this is off the wharf and conducted by the KMS) ask MELAD please

ASK MELAD RIIBETA or TARSI

Sea walls Sea walls are built to:

• prevent the land from being eroded • reclaim new land

All walls should be build at a 40 degree slope to dissipate (reduce) the strength of the waves. Vertical walls are easily eroded at the base. There are different constructions of sea walls:

Te bono Bukin katean taian bono:

• E totokoa kanakinakoan te aba • E a manga karika te aba

Taian bono a na bane n riai ni kateaki 40 te tikurii raabeia bwa e aonga ni kauarerekea korakoran te nao. Taian bono ake a bon kaineti naba ni waerake e rangi kai rootaki are mai iaaia Iai tabeua taian bono e kakaokoro kateakiia:

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• tetrapods at Beso harbour which protect the harbour wall

• double bag cement walls which are the most effective. They are made of 1 part cement and 5 parts of sand. Preparation for building should include excavation of bedrock down to a depth of 4 bags below the surface to prevent scouring of the waves

• aggregate walls made of lumps of reef • traditional walls of coconut fronds and

assorted debris. These are easily destroyed during large storms.

• te kateitei are itabon te uaabu iBetio

• timanti aika a kataboroaki ao a rangi ni matoatoa

• te bono are e kateaki man taian atiibu aika aanaki mai itaari.

• te oo ae kateaki man te banni ao aio e rangi ni kauruaki.

Social capital Social capital is a collective term for the processes between people which establish networks, ways of doing things together which develop trust, co-ordination and co-operation for mutual benefit (Cox 1995:15).

Ikarekebai Te taeka aio irekereke ma te reitaki irouia aomata n te aro are a uaia ni mwakuri ao e reke iai te reitaki ae tamaroa te kaai ni ibuobuoki.

Stakeholders Those people and organisations who may affect, be affected by, or perceive themselves to be affected by a decision, activity or risk.

Botaki aika a irekereke Aomata ke botaki ake a na rotaki n te aro ae a bon ataia ae a na bon rotaki man kanganga ke kabuanibwai aika a na rikiki.

Storm surges Storm surges are unexpected, sudden, higher than normal waves. They are caused by strong winds associated with big storms and may last for an hour or up to a whole day

Te nao Te nao ae aki kantaningaaki ke karina n roko, ao e rietata riki nakon are tataneiai te aba.naao akanne a riki man te ang ae korakora ao te angibuaka ae kona n roko n te maan ae iraua te aoa ke e bon tebongina ana bong.

Strategic planning See where we are and where we want to go taking into account our strong points and weak points, and our resources. , and identify the steps required to get to where we want to go. (2nd National Consultation KAP I Nov 2003)

Te Babaaire Tirobaaia bwa ti mena iaa ngkai ao ti kan mena iaa n taai aika na rook; noori konabwaira ao kabwakara, ao aara (kaubwaira). Mai ikanne are ti a kona ngkanne n rinea kawaira nakon te tabo are ti tangiria ni kan nako iai.

Sustainability Sustainability has been expressed as meeting the needs of the present generations without compromisingcompromise the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In a general sense, it the capacity to maintain a certain process or a state indefinitely. It may be applied to living organisms and systems.

Tiatianakin kaubwain te aba Tiatianakin kaubwain te aba n te aro bwa e aki bakataeaki ma e na bon titianaki arona n te aro bwa e na teimatoa n ooia te roro ae ngkai.

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Swash Swash is the seawater or waves that break on the shore (see backwash).

Te nao Te nao are e roko ieta ke e bwaro iaon te bike

Tetrapods Tetrapods are large concrete blocks which are used to break the impact of the waves and protect the wall behind. This has been used to protect Betio harbour. The idea originated in Japan.

Timanti aika a matoatoa Bwaai aika a matoatoa ao e kabongaanaki ibukin kauarerekean ana urubwai te nao ao e tuuka korakoran te nao nakon te bono.bwaai aikai a kabongaanaki itabon te uaabu i Betio. Te iango aio e bon rio mai Tiaban.

Thickness of water lens This is the distance between the top of the water lens and the start of the transition zone, at which point we say the water is no longer fresh enough to drink (ie it is too salty) (see Figure 1 below).

Matentenin te ran Aio e mena imarenan te ran ae mam ao te ran ae tarika ao ti tabo aei are ti a kona n aranna bwa e rangi n tarika ao e aki tau n te nimaki.

Transition of water lens This is the distance between the top of the water lens and the underlying seawater.

Marangan te ran Aio bon te maranga imaren te ran ae mam ao taari are iaan tano.

Transition zone The name of the region of brackish water that occurs between a freshwater lens and the underlying seawater (see Figure 1 below).

Te tabo are e reke iai Aran te tabo ae are e reke iai te ran ae tarika ao te tabo aei e mena imarenan te ran ae mama ao taari.

Vulnerability The extent to which an ecosystem or organisation can cope with the negative impacts of climate change, variability and extremes. Vulnerability includes:

• The degree to which you are exposed to the impacts of climate change

• How much you are affected, directly or indirectly; negatively or positively by these climate change impacts

• Your potential to cope with climate change impacts, recovery and adjustments

(Emma L. Tompkins et al 2005)

Te kai rotaki E uakoraa ana konabwai te botannaomata ni kaaitarai korakoran aananga ni kabuanibwai ake a riki man bibitakin kanoan te bong. Te kai rotaki:

• Mwaitira are ko kona rotaki iai man te kanganga are e irekereke ma bibitakin kanoan te bonga

• Aekakira aron te rotaki are ko rotaki iai e korakora iai ana urubwai iai ke e bon tau

• arom ni kaaitara te kanganga

Water lens The water lens is the layer of water under the ground. It is composed of fresh water on top and salty water underneath. It is thicker on the lagoon side and thinner on the ocean side of an island.

Matentenin te ran Matentenin te ran are iaan tano ao e riki aio man te ran mam are e beti iaon taari nano. E matenten n te nama ma itanrake e mmanii.

Weather Weather is the daily changes in the atmosphere eg

Tauan kanoan te bong Tauan kanoan te bong ni katoa bong n aron te

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wind, rain, sunshine, humidity where as “Climate” refers to the average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time.

ang,te karau,te riringa,ao te aomwaitoro.

Wells Water wells are a vital source of fresh water from the underground water lens. There are two types of wells:

• ground level wells that should have a small wall to keep out animals & children and a cover to stop evaporation and to keep the water clean and free of dust. Water is collected in a tin on a rope

• base wells built up on a solid concrete platform. Water is pumped up by hand

Wells should:

• not be dug too deep (ie not more than 2-3 metres in depth) as you will reach the salt water layer

• always be covered to keep them clean from leaves, litter and animals.

Manibwa Manibwa n ran bon te ran ae boou ae nako mai iaan tano ao iai 2 aekakina:

• Te mwainbwaa ae oaaki n te buriki nako eta bwa e aonga n aki kai roko iai maan ke ataei, ao e rabunaki bwa e aonga n aki buanerake ao n teimatoa itiakina man te bubu ao ranna e itiiaki nte tiin ae kabaeaki n te roobu.

• Te mwanibwa e ooaki n taian atiibu ao ko kona n itiia man baim

Manibwa a riai:

• N aki kenaki n ae rangi nano(aki rakai iaon 2-3 metre)

• E bon riai n rabunaki bwa e aonga n teimatoa itiakina man te maange ke nakotaria maan

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Figure 1 Freshwater lens

Figure 1 Cross-section of a coral atoll showing the main features of a freshwater lens (vertical

scale exaggerated). Also shown is an example of an infiltration gallery.

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REFERENCES California Climate Change Glossary http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/glossary/letter_g.html Cox, E. 1995, A truly civil society. Boyer lectures., Australian Broadcasting

Corporation, Sydney, Australia. Emma L. Tompkins et al 2005, Surviving climate change in small islands: A

guidebook, University of East Anglia, Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Norwich.

WEBSITES WITH GLOSSARIES California Climate Change Glossary http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/glossary/letter_g.html IPCC http://www.ipcc.ch/glossary/index.htm http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/glossary/tar-ipcc-terms-en.pdf http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/glossary/ipcc-glossary.pdf In many languages, but 1995 so some terms, meanings and usage may have changed a little as the CC field develops http://www.ageis.greenhouse.gov.au/Help/Tutorial/PublicTutorialGlossary.asp http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/518.htm

APPENDIX 3 GLOSSARY: CONSULTATION & PARTICIPATION TERMS

Blockages to participation On the government’s side, blockages may include:

• paternalistic top down approach to decision making • resistance to power redistribution • lack of capacity in participatory techniques • lack of required resources to engage with citizens.

On the citizens’ side, blockages may include:

• inadequacies in the local government infrastructure • lack of capacity to engage with confidence in participatory techniques • fear of making mistakes, being ridiculed and shame • difficulties of organising a representative and accountable citizens' group/s.

Consultation Citizens are consulted and interact with an agency (government department, INGO, NGO) which can then take account of their ideas and feedback. The agency then needs to give the people feedback at a later date about their decisions and actions (Chambers 2005:104) Empowerment The idea of empowerment is not new. Lao Tse writing in China in the 6th century BC said that a characteristic of great leaders is that when the task is done people will say:

"we did it ourselves". (Lao Tse cited by Wally 1934 p 101).

Hopson and Scally (1981) define self empowerment as:

…a process by which one increasingly takes greater charge of oneself and one's life. By our definition it is not an end-state. One cannot become a “self-empowered person”. It is a process of becoming in which one behaves in a more or less empowered way. (p. 57).

This definition above may also be used to define group or community empowerment. Hamelink (1995) takes the empowerment theme more widely:

...a process in which people (and communities) achieve the capacity to control decisions affecting their lives. Empowerment enables people to define themselves and to construct their own identities. Empowerment can be the outcome of an intentional strategy which is either initiated externally by empowering agents or solicited by disempowered people (p 132-133).

In the context of good governance, empowerment is the opposite of manipulation.

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Evaluation Measuring the value or worth of anything: a person, a place, a thing eg a learning programme, study tour, workshop, venue, handouts or a person eg the facilitator or process. It may be “formative” ie during a workshop; summative ie at the end of a workshop; “long term” ie two to three months after a workshop. It includes feedback from participants, organisers, facilitators (self evaluation), assessment of participants etc. It is important to list success factors that will be evaluated in the planning process. “When the cook tastes the soup, that’s formative; when the guests taste the soup, that’s summative.” Facilitator A facilitator is a person who works in collaboration with groups to help them work together effectively by identifying, clarifying and solving their own problems, resolve conflict, developing plans. He/she may use a wide variety of processes designed, selected or modified to suit the particular needs of the client, participants and cultural context. Power Power is the ability of the different people or groups of people to achieve what they want. Power is neither good nor bad. It is not finite and it permeates everything we do. There are different types of power:

• power within: personal power & inner strength to get things done • power with others: networks, alliances, trust, collaboration sharing, solidarity, • power over: to control or dominate others • power to enhance empowerment of others: the ability to bring out the strength

in others and then to step back. Stakeholders Those people and organisations who may affect, be affected by, or perceive themselves to be affected by a decision, activity or risk eg the local community/ies, local leaders, government departments, INGOs, NGOs, companies. Each of the groups mentioned contains many sub-groups according to status, ethnicity, wealth and influence. (Blackman 2003)

Trainer A trainer is a person who teaches participants a body of facts and skills preferably using interactive activities and processes. A teacher/lecturer, however additionally communicates the underpinning theory, understanding and research. Wall minutes All ideas from participants written on a flip chart so they can be checked by everyone. Ideas may be abbreviated by the scribe but the meaning must not be changed. Wall minutes are an alternative to minutes written privately by one person which may be changed or manipulated. Workshop A workshop involves a group of people usually with a facilitator who engages them actively in learning, discussing their own issues and collaboratively planning and/or creatively solving problems.

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APPENDIX 4 MANAGING TRANSITIONS CAUSED BY CC & SLR

MANAGING TRANSITIONS, CHANGE, GRIEF AND LOSS CAUSED BY CLIMATE CHANGE & SEA LEVEL RISE

Dr Christine Hogan Adviser on Participation and Awareness Processes

Kiribati Adaptation Programme October 2008

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to enable people to empathise with the feelings and thoughts of others during the times of change brought about by sea level rise and to work together to find suitable solutions in the short and long term. The article is based on experiences of the author whilst working on the Kiribati Adaptation Programme “KAP” Stage II in the Tarawa, the capital of the islands of Kiribati (previously called the Gilbert and Ellice Islands) in the central Pacific. The article is based on the ideas and feelings expressed by participants from the outer Islands at the KAP National Consultation, Tarawa, Kiribati, December 2007 and subsequent interviews with government officials and elders (2008). At first the author hesitated in using a “western model” but when it was shown to some elders in Kiribati, many agreed that they had experienced many of the stages described by Dr Elizabeth Kübler-Ross. Suggested adaptation and mitigation measures and initiatives to combat the impact of climate change will not occur unless we understand the feelings and cultural values that underpin behavioural change (Hogan 2007). This is a necessary part of change management and conflict prevention. The model has practical implications for use in other cultures where people need to support mitigation measures and adapt and lower their energy usage and break out of the comfort cocoon. Unless there is impact on the feelings level change will not occur. Introduction At the time of writing (2008) approaches in the field of climate change focus on two main strategies:

1. Adaptation ie doing something new or different to what you or your community did in the past in order to adapt to lesson the impact of climate change.

2. Mitigation ie efforts and policies to reduce greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere eg • reducing use of fossil fuels eg coal, oil, gas, petrol • reducing deforestation ie cutting down large forests and burning off • geo-sequestration of greenhouse gases by storing underground • sequestration of greenhouse gases by planting trees.

There is increasing awareness of the need to focus on a third area ie feelings management as individuals learn to cope with and adapt to the short and long term changes ahead.

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Managing grief Grief is a normal and natural response to loss. We have all experienced grief and loss at some stage of our lives. It is part of being human. We experience grief and loss in different ways. Grief, like so many other things in our complex lives, cannot be reduced to neat definitions, stages, timelines, goals, actions and completion dates. The feelings we experience will be different from individual to individual. We could experience conflicting emotions at the same time. For example, when we are with a loved one who is terminally ill we could feel confused and not know whether to be optimistic or realistic. Models to help us understand transitions A 'model' is something that represents ideas in a simplified form to help us to make sense of the world. Models exist both in our minds as mental models and externally in different forms eg written texts, stories, graphs, diagrams, pictures, videos, spreadsheets, equations, computer-simulations etc.

“All models are wrong. Some models are useful.” George Box Citation from http://www.anecdote.com.au/archives/2006/01/all_models_are.html

For criteria to judge a “good” model see: http://www.idiagram.com/ideas/models.html The grief & loss model Dr Elizabeth Kübler-Ross was a psychiatrist born in Zurich, Switzerland (1926-2004). She originally applied the stages in the grief model below to any form of significant personal loss eg loss of a job, friend, income, freedom, divorce or death of a loved one (Kübler-Ross 1970). The news about the impact of global warming on communities dwelling on atolls in the Pacific may also cause similar grief reactions. The grief model (see figure below) indicates the ups and downs of activity and passivity as a person or group deals with grief and loss. People might go through some though not all of these different stages (and not always in this sequence) in an effort to understand, avoid and ultimately to deal with changes ahead. Some may go straight to the acceptance stage. Others might go in and out of these feelings around grief on a frequent basis. And others could possibly remain in one stage. The important thing to remember is that there is a wide range of emotions that could be experienced. This is normal human behaviour. We therefore need to show empathy and understanding for those who experience grief differently to ourselves.

Grief, like so many other things in our complex lives, cannot be reduced to neat definitions, stages, timelines, goals, actions and completion dates. (Kevin Kettle 2008)

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Figure 1 Stages of grief and loss

(After Kübler-Ross 1970)

When people hear devastating news eg global warming is affecting Kiribati and that in the long term that the islands will become uninhabitable, they initially and understandably are likely to feel shocked. Some (though not all) of the following stages may be experienced (not necessarily in this sequence):

• Immobilisation/shock stage: Some could experience initial paralysis or shock at hearing bad news. “What!” Numbness is a normal reaction to an immediate loss and should not be confused with “lack of caring”.

• Denial stage: Some may refuse to accept that climate change and sea level rise is happening. In this way some try to avoid even thinking about it. “It can’t be happening to us”, “According to the Bible, God said to Moses ‘there will be no second flood’.” “God is loving, so he won’t let us come to harm”.

• Anger stage: Frustrated outpouring or emotions are bottled-up inside. People

experience anger and feel resentful towards the polluting countries, God, themselves, life in general, or anybody perceived, rightly or wrongly, as “responsible”. They may feel resentment at the injustice as they did not cause the problem. They may even take out their frustration on others around them. “Why me/us? It’s not fair!” “What are these consultants doing?” “Why haven’t the scientists got an answer?” “Why is God punishing us?” “We need justice”.

• Bargaining stage: Some seek in vain for a way out by trying to make a deal with life,

the universe and/or God. “Just let me live to see my children graduate school here.” “If I am good, perhaps I and my family will be spared”

• Depression stage: Finally, realisation of the inevitable may lead to depression. Some

may feel helpless and that everything is futile. “I'm so sad, why bother with anything?” “I don’t care about anything anymore”. “What is the point of planting trees if we might not be here to enjoy them?” “If we have to leave, we will lose our dignity and our songs and dances will sink beneath the waves”. “I will turn off the radio and TV as I can’t bear to keep hearing all the awful things that are happening”.

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• Testing stage: Seeking realistic solutions and choices. “In how many different ways can we adapt to sea level rise in the short term?” “Perhaps, at the same time we could make enquiries about longer term solutions?” “How can we get everyone in our village, our island, in Kiribati to cooperate to adapt to climate change?”

• Acceptance stage: Finally, after many of the former responses have been exhausted

there is a readiness to accept that changes are occurring and that there is a need to find ways forward to adapt. Government leaders and ministries, Church leaders, village leaders, elders, men, women and children work with foreign aid agencies on strategies for adaptation in Kiribati. There is resignation to the reality of the situation and the instinct for survival takes over leading to collaborative efforts to adapt. The I Kiribati peoples have already illustrated wonderful powers of collaboration between large numbers of people eg in building huge maneabas (meeting houses), swift sailing vessels and creating outstanding dancing, singing and drumming cultural festivities.

“We must plan for the long as well as for the short term together”, “In the Bible, it says ‘We must look after God’s garden, so we must all do what we can for the environment”, “What power bases or choices do we have to make things happen (Hogan 2000)?” “Maybe we have to migrate in the long term, but Kiribati people throughout history have always migrated. Our ancestors have proved already that we are skilled at adapting”. “We can take our culture with us, we can keep singing and keep dancing; nothing can take that from us.” “There is always hope; we have family and friends in other countries who have made interesting lives for themselves and they took their singing and dancing and some of our customs with them.”

Professor Steve Running, one of the Nobel Peace Prize Winners for his work for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in a speech at his University in Montana in the USA described the “Acceptance Stage” in the following terms:

Let’s get to work...we can do it...we have to... we need courageous political leadership that will be honest about climate change, energy consumption and solutions and as individuals we will have to make some uncomfortable big choices (Running 2007).

See the website in the references below (Running 2007) to view Professor Steve Running’s very powerful talk and slides. Discussion of the Kübler Ross model The Kübler Ross model as depicted in Figure 1 appears simple and linear. But human feelings and thought processes are neither simple nor linear. In some ways she implied that the first five stages were somehow less worthy than the last stage (Carpenter 1979). However, the “denial stage” may help people get through the day, plant crops and get on with their lives in the short term. The “anger stage”, if channelled correctly may generate energy eventually to “do something” either locally, regionally or internationally. Figure 2 on the next page attempts to show a person in the middle and the arrows show that a person may experience complex and sometimes contradictory feelings all at the same time. I have also added stage 8, 9 and 10. There is often talk in popular literature about “closure” as if one can close a door and totally walk away. Life is rarely as simple as this. The enormity of losing one’s cultural home, physical home and place in the world will have ramifications for millions of people for generations to come.

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Figure 2 Model of transitional stages of managing climate change The numbers do not suggest a distinct sequence ie individuals may move in and out of one or more of these stages over time or may experience more than one at the same time.

1. Immobiliation/shock stage “What!” “Oh no!”

2. Denial stage: “It can’t be happening to us”

10. Celebration: “ I/we need to celebrate each short & long term adaptation achievement by...”

9. Commitment to new challenges: “I feel satisfied & energised with my/our new plans” “We need to support one another”

8. Letting go of the past: “Things will never be the same, but I/we/my family need to move on, to live somewhere else”

3. Anger stage: “Why haven’t the scientists got an answer?” “Why is God punishing us?” “Australia should sort it out”

5. Depression stage “If we have to leave, we will lose our dignity and our songs and dances will sink beneath the waves”. “Nothing I do alone will make a difference”

7. Acceptance stage “We must look after God’s garden” “In how many different ways can we cooperate to adapt to sea level rise in the short term?”

6. Testing stage “In how many different ways can we adapt to sea level rise in the short term?”

4. Bargaining stage “Just let me live to see my children graduate school here.”

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Getting stuck It is normal for some people to get stuck in one phase. For example, a person may become stuck in denial, never moving on from the position of not accepting the inevitable future. When it happens, they still keep on denying it, eg such a person may continue to deny that climate change is happening.

Likewise, a person may be stuck in permanent anger or repeated bargaining. Others may get stuck in depression. Others may move forward and backwards.

The important thing is to listen with empathy to help others move through if possible, to the acceptance stage. We can do this by helping them develop adaptation strategies in the short and long term. This may take time and patience. And we must respect the rights of individuals to choose how they feel and what to do. Additionally, in I-Kiribati culture, long term planning is difficult for many. People often tend to be fatalistic eg

Why should we plan for the future? Anything could happen…we don’t know what will happen.

This may be because lives in Kiribati are impacted by so many unpredictable human and environmental disasters. Regarding the Old Testament and God’s promise to Noah that there would be no second flood, the Reverend Dr Kambati Uriam, representing the Protestant church of Kiribati gave a talk entitled “Ecologising our faith” (2007). In this talk he strongly emphasised “We must look after God’s garden ...when God made humans He gave us a beautiful garden ie the earth in which to live, work and he gave us the responsibility to look after His creation. In other words, human beings are the tenants and the Lord is the landlord”. So it is important that the message by all church leaders is that we must all be proactive and not complacent in looking after the earth. There may be a danger that people think they must get to stage of acceptance stage as quickly as possible. This is not so; grief takes a long time to work through and sometimes energy comes from being angry or frustrated or bargaining (and channelling that energy is positive ways). And there are relapses. We can become overwhelmed by the enormity of the task ahead. Joanna Macy (1991) commented that it is not that people are not worried about the earth they are, but as individuals we sometimes feel a deep sense of despair and powerless. But together we can make a difference. Survey of public awareness of & attitudes towards climate change (2008) Between February to April 2008 “A baseline survey of public awareness of & attitudes towards climate change issues & challenges” was conducted in the islands of Tamana, Makin, Kuria, North Tarawa and South Tarawa. Over 800 people were interviewed (Hogan & Kaiteie 2008). The major feelings reported were fear and sadness.

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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Fearful, afraid Disbelief Confused Angry Powerless Hopeful Sad Don't know Other

% Total Responses

Over a third of those interviewed were reported feeling fearful about climate change with the greatest fear in Tamana (56%). The “other” category on the right below is surprisingly large. In this category, the words “worried” ie “raraoma” and “concerned” ie “tabeaianga” predominated. Figure 3 Feelings about climate change

The peoples of Kiribati are justifiably very proud of their country and culture and over a quarter of those interviewed understandably reported feeling sadness at the thought of losing their islands and culture. It is interesting to note that only 7% of those interviewed reported feeling powerless with regards to the impact of climate change. This may be because many are unaware as yet of the widespread potential problems in store. Behaviour modification and adaptation programmes will need to acknowledge and take into account the feelings of people. Enhancing the empowerment of others Empowerment is about generating and evaluating “choices” or responses to complex problems and situations. We cannot empower others (that is a top-down approach). We can only enhance the empowerment of others by:

• encouraging and supporting them through their ways of dealing with grief and loss

• opening up choices and ideas for coping and adapting to change • opening ways of mitigating against further global warming.

Moving on: adaptation and mitigation stage Once people become aware of the global warming issues they have choice to:

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• adapt ie make efforts to protect against climate change impacts in the short term

• mitigate ie make efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (where appropriate)

• make long term plans. The people of Kiribati understandably may want:

• more and regular updates and information from the President, government ministries, KAP II, local leaders, church leaders

• to take action themselves to adapt in their own islands • their government to help them to take actions, develop public works on their

own islands • their government to take a stronger stance in overseas political and conference

arenas to gain compensation to pay for adaptation measures; greater and targeted mitigation measures; new and greater numbers of migration options.

At the KAP II, First National Consultation held in Tarawa in December 2007 there were small group discussions and feedback presentations. One group focused on the topic, “When you can’t do anything more, then what?” (Implying what would you do if the islands became uninhabitable?). They solemnly and slowly said to the whole conference with :

“Well if we are forced to leave our islands because of climate change we will say ‘Good bye Kiribati, thank you for looking after us and good luck”.

A unimwane (male elder in Kiribati) later commented:

“We must not give up hope, but we must explore all avenues as a nation and as individuals”.

Conclusion No matter what the people of Kiribati do to adapt to climate change in Kiribati

No matter what aid is given to support adaptation measures in Kiribati No matter what carbon emissions cuts are made in Australia and elsewhere

...the fact remains, according to current forecasts, the peoples and islands of Kiribati are doomed. Not only by climate change, but in the shorter term by the impact of severe water shortages, salination of the water lens, water borne diseases (diarrhoea is the major killer) and the pressures of overpopulation. The peoples of Kiribati currently have no choice but to adapt as best they can. If there is a crisis, currently there is nowhere to go, nowhere to retreat to. So the peoples and the Government of Kiribati need to work together with donors to work as quickly and effectively as possible

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So when are the governments of Australia, NZ, and the USA going to admit to their responsibilities and allow orderly and planned migration...? before it is too late?

References Changing Minds website http://changingminds.org/disciplines/change_management/kubler_ross/kubler_ross.htm Carpenter, J. C. 1979, 'Review: Accepting death: A critique of Kubler-Ross', Hastings

Center Report, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 42-43 Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stables/3561519.

Hogan, C. & Kaiteie, T. 2008, Baseline Study Report: Survey of public awareness of

& attitudes towards climate change issues & challenges in Kiribati. , Kiribati Adaptation Programme (Phase II). Tarawa, September.

Hogan, C. F. 2000, Facilitating empowerment: A handbook for facilitators, trainers

and individuals, Kogan Page, London, England. Hogan, C. F. 2007, Facilitating multicultural groups: A practical guide, Kogan Page,

London. Kübler-Ross, E. 1970, On death and dying, Tavistock Publications, London, England. Macy, J. 1991, World as lover, world as self, Parallax Press, Berkeley, USA. Running, S. W. 2007, 'Speech: Five stages of climate grief: Celebrating the IPCC

Nobel Peace Prize 2007', In University of Montana Lecture, Missoula, Montana. November 26, 2007. , http://www.forestry.umt.edu/personnel/faculty/swr/Presentation/SupportingFiles/ViewerWM64Lite.html.

Uriam, K. 2007, 'Ecologizing our faith ', In First National Consultation for Kiribati

Adaptation Programme Stage II Otintaai Hotel, South Tarawa, Kiribati. December.

APPENDIX 5 I-KIRIBATI CULTURAL VALUES & BEHAVIOURS

Introduction This summary was produced using a “Cultural values card pack” with I-Kiribati citizens to gain an understanding of culture from their perspective (Hogan 2007). There are 5 headings and individuals were asked to discuss each card and to place them under the headings below. Cultures change so the headings are designed to help to highlight changes as perceived by those who engaged in this process.

1. Cultural values & behaviours that ARE part of the culture

2. Cultural values & behaviours that ARE part of the culture but DECREASING

3. Cultural values & behaviours that ARE NOT part of the culture but ARE INCREASING

4. Cultural values & behaviours that ARE NOT part of the culture

5. Cultural values & behaviours that ARE NOT discussed openly

Collectivism “we” family grouping very important “kainga”= extended family Collaboration, consensus with huge numbers:

• build maneabas • discuss ideas, problem solving • food preparation, feasting, dancing, singing

There is much interaction between age groups Younger generation making own way with music and clothes. High levels of collaboration between family members. Keep knowledge and skills within family as an advantage for future.

Individualism elitism is suspect Name cards…who do you think you are big noting yourself? Do you think you are trying to be a consultant? Wearing a hat “Are you trying to be an I-Matang?

“Tapu” witch craft... black magic still practised. Fear: use to intimidate others eg judges police

Crafts, highly skilled: Maneaba: Built by collective effort, centre of life, ideas, news, conflict resolution, justice & consensus decision making. Unity: Must meet together to solve problems as

Women and youth speaking in maneabas

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ancestors did. Teaches oratory skills (argue & shake hands) Church maneabas Sailing canoes: wonderful construction, fast Secrecy: re family skills in building, fishing Sleeping mats: women intricate patterns with meaning Parliament is called “Maneaba ni maungatabu” is the biggest maneaba. Young leaders increasing People listen in to Parliament via radio at work Kinship systems very important. Links to other islands via marriage. Close marriage prohibited. Marriage encouraged across different islands. Leads to widened loyalties

Sharing “bubuti” material goods. “I need to bubuti your watch”. Originally barter but now relatives and friends. One lady commented that she cannot say “no”, but she would say something like: “I’ll think about it”, “I’ll ask my husband”.

Knowledge/skills = asset to be shared only with family OR with others in exchange for $ or goods. Some die with traditional crafts/ knowledge kept secret. Theme of National Consultation in Dec: “Adapt or perish let us work together to survive”. Require a “sitting allowance” or fee to be part of a committee. Difficult to say “I don’t know”, better to give an answer that they think a person will want to hear Difficulty in estimating numbers…big eg plumbers and estimates of litres Direction: lagoon side, ocean side (less N,S,E,W) Knowledge systems Specialised knowledge cannot be thought of apart from its

Youth losing traditional skills especially in S Tarawa

Voice of youth. 50% of popn under 15

“ tauanibai” No co-operation between families to teach each other skills which may give them a competitive advantage later

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owner. For this reason, each specialised knowledge has its ‘boto,’ who is acknowledged to be its chief expert, by virtue of the strength of his claims to the source or original owner of the knowledge. The ‘boto’ is usually the direct descendent of the original owner of the knowledge, and is the person that is sought if one wants to learn the knowledge or validate a similar knowledge but from a different source. His blessing and support is always required if that specialised knowledge is to be taught, without that blessing and support whatever is being taught is not valid. (Ueantabo Mackenzie) Relationship oriented Important as everyone knows everyone

Task oriented Do not use business cards not needed

Hospitality especially to strangers: island to island & to strangers kakairuaa (ka kaii ru aa)

Respect rules of behaviour & protocol in home, maneaba, village. There are numerous rituals and protocols to show respect and strengthen relationships Get off cycle & walk past maneaba if meeting in session. Remove hat if passing a maneaba in session Eating: Hosts eat after guests. Women eat after men (but they said they snack whilst cooking). Children eat after women Space: space between people speaking needs to be respected in street or in maneaba. “Boti” is sitting position of each family & individual in the maneaba Excuse me = “Matauninga” (mata oo ni na). As you pass lower body as sign of respect

Control over environment: mine aggregate, build walls, reclaim land. assertive?? not sure

Self promotion Big noting Don’t use business cards

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Politeness: Acknowledge everyone in street Mauri/nod/raise eyebrows=agreement

Egalitarian system Equality: Economic and social. Cannot tell others what to do, not to do. Don’t say “I marurung” ie “I’m really well” but “yam teu tana “I am less well than you”.

Hierarchy and respect for elders Elected “council of elders” senior males, less power now Levels: Senior men 60s up Elder men 50-60s Older men 30-40s Young men 18-30 Women and children Egalitarian culture makes leadership difficult ie to tell others to do things or to correct others. Tall poppies get cut down.

Hierarchy power of unimwane decreasing in some areas

Increase in “casual politeness” and impolite amongst youth

Showing off ie wealth or difference

Gender Women vocal; gutsy; feisty. Deputy president is female. Less able to speak in maneaba system as could be seen as criticising ideas of the older men

Increase in number of women in politics

Verbal society: values oratory especially in maneaba. Sometimes a lot of talk & little action. Value connectivity via radio

Increase in voice of youth Reading not so important. Shortage of locally written books, poems etc. Library well stocked, but no people in it

Visual society: love of drama, street theatre, DVDs Story telling & orators & story tellers valued highly

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Indirect Communication “No” subtle alternatives. Need to please others. “Yes” might mean “no”. Patterns woven into mats all have meaning

Direct communication increasing especially with youth. Seen as rude by elders

Direct communication

Messengers: send out word to come to the maneaba called “Waen te maneaba” or feet of the maneaba

Maneaba: centre of village life: power, decision making, entertainment, shelter, security. Consensus: 3 claps altogether

Parliament: giant maneaba everyone listens in by radio when parliament sits. Fear of government? ie one respondent in baseline questionnaire asked, “Will my answers get me into trouble with government?”

Power: Traditionally male decision making: Council of Elders: Male over 60 “Botaki ni unimwane” Older women: “Unaine” (guardians of the culture) Young people not seen as leaders, it is more the province of elders except in Tamana where you have “rorobuaka” young more educated male implementers

Power of unimwane decreasing Power of “rorobuaka” increasing

Power of women “AMAK” increasing???

Power: church leaders At moment RC and KPC cooperating on climate change. Have power to get families cooperating & giving voluntary labour

Dependency development External locus of control: When will the government do something? When will scientists come up with some answers?

Subsistence economy: Basic needs met by resources within the environment

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Lack of incentives for participation or looking outside the box Frank & open apologies regarding mistakes made in past or might make in future (ie put self down) made in writing or in public eg maneaba. Elder: smoothing… “thank you for attending please forget any upsets in the discussions” “thank you apologies if everything wasn't totally hundred per cent, we did do our best”

Humour: great sense of fun also used to deal with shock, panic, and sadness. Enjoy sexual innuendo, double entendre: “karariki” especially island of Abemana Enjoy teasing interviewers after about 15 minutes. Seems as if it may be best to interview people singly rather than in groups. Teasing: “kabinano”

Cooperation teamwork dancing, singing between own village & in large numbers. “ibuobuoki” cooperation between all for cleaning up maneaba, shoreline etc... Will share well water with other families in times of drought. Ministries do not cooperate because they want to guard resources Therefore KAP II put under President’s office, but still difficult to get coop.

Adaptability to inhospitable environment Great strength to adapt to inhospitable atoll environment

Self reliance “tee kan riki n toronibwai” independence & ability to meet own needs without depending on someone else. Development philosophy to build self-reliance.

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We are warriors, survivors Risk taking: face: will do anything to avoid losing face and feeling shame (slippery). Strength needed to survive fishing in high seas. No strategic risk management unit formed in government yet, no disaster management plan. Denial re climate change. Plus too many other problems to tackle day to day

Risk avoiding Avoiding facing need to do risk management. Avoid a situation which might bring shame

Casual dress not formal “island casual” is the norm. President wears shorts and thongs for work. “Tibuta” traditional blouse not allowed for women who work in government offices.

Trust: thieving is regarded as terrible; the worst offence worse than murder! Plus huge shame to the whole family. Word for thief is a rat: tekima (tikimoa) ie really insulting because open homes & no lock up. To take from the government is not seen as government eg walls from buildings, shovels, equipment To take from the community is not stealing eg taps from hospital To take from the church is not on, but from nuns quarters stealing is OK Borrowing without asking is not seen as stealing and things are not returned. Dogs for protection of people/property. Dogs in packs danger to others. High trust re car high, bills pay us later etc

Being oriented: content to relax Having Material goods, possessions

Time: flexible, OK to be late Time: punctual

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Time: Past & present oriented eg unimwane old men present “N na katia”: sell family land, buy a car, enjoy time left

increasing in some contexts. Punctual for formal events

Time future oriented Te okai: store food coconuts for future especially in the South. Some plan for children's education. Difficult to plan for the future when so many unpredictable hazards (health, weather etc)

Time future oriented Bills in ministries not paid eg phones cut off regularly. Power station didn’t pay its bill so major power cuts. Lack attention to maintenance. Until now sea & land used to provided every day needs so little need to plan for future. Little use of diaries, watches

Time: Cycles Rhythms of life & death; fishermen, sailors read ocean, sky, stars etc

Religious spiritual values 8 registered religions. Christian: Catholic 51% & Protestant 49%. Separate church built maneabas split villages. Taboos brought in re dress: must cover breasts, thighs; men must wear a sarong over shorts in church. Missionaries tried to stop use of “table drums” to accompany dancing. Christianity overlain over traditional beliefs Ambiguity of Judaeo-Christian faiths: 1. Originally taught “man” was created in the image of God and given authority to subdue everything ie plants and

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animals versus 2. Now teach “man” must work and take care of God’s Garden Issues: God said to Moses Noah: “there will be no second flood” A loving God will not let this ie CC happen to us” Lack of birth control, condoms: high BR & increasing HIV (though rates not as high as earlier estimates. Religion Denomination Numbers RC 51144 KPC 33044 Mormon 2910 Bahai 2034 Seventh Day Adventist 1755 Church of God 364 Assembly of God (AOG) 189 No religion 23 Other 1048 NS 22

Payment $70 a month to the church compulsory. Shame...to family, community, Kiribati Guilt (religious teaching)

Fate Multiculturalism accepting/adapt to others; accept foreigners who have intermarried & stay

Multilingualism

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I-Kiribati & English concern re decline in standards of English AND I-Kiribati Open Air, “kia kia” mobile open sitting room. need to adapt kit housing with louvers to ground level to allow air to circulate

Sea: Strong connection “the sea is our office”

Land: Strong connection Link to your island “my name is ... son/daughter of...from the island of ...

Laws: Made but not enforced by police fear of violence Food: pig feasts, big sharing, mass production, but storage problems in heat. A way of equalising wealth

Foreign food/ things: corned beef, disposable nappies

Lack of overt anger towards: -Japanese re war atrocities -countries causing global warming (so far) High levels of fear and sadness about CC

Death: live alongside it, graves in front of/beside homes. Widow sitting on a grave every morning. Kids playing in grave plus roof like a cubby house. New babies not celebrated til 1 year old because high death rate. People live in close proximity to their ancestors. “My Mum is over there” pointing to a grave a couple of metres away form a house”. Superstition about death

Environment Private space: Sweep up leaves every day. Houses spotless.

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Woven mats to sit on. Area surrounding homes clean. Public space: Beach toilets, disposable nappies etc. Lack of awareness of impact of: plastic etc on fragile marine environment. Littering. Drink cans are colleted and re-cycled. Filipino company have came and took away many of the car wrecks on beaches. Lack of understanding of cause & effect re environment Hygiene now boil water on S Tarawa, but shortage of wood for fuel. People swim & wash in evening. Dislike of composting toilets. In a maneaba pig nudged open lid of large kettle of tea stuck its head in and jumped out with squeal from the heat.

Hogan, C. F. 2007, Facilitating multicultural groups: A practical guide, Kogan Page, London. www.hogans.id.au

APPENDIX 6 PRINCIPLES FOR ENGAGING CITIZENS IN POLI CY The following principles for engaging citizens in policy making are adapted from the report by Caddy and Vergez (2001). 1. Commitment Leadership and strong commitment to information, consultation and active participation in policy-making is needed at all levels ie from politicians, senior managers and public officials. 2. Rights The rights of citizens to:

• access information • gain feedback • be consulted and actively participate in policymaking must be firmly grounded

in law or policy. The Government is obliged to respond to citizens when they exercise their rights. Independent institutions are required to overview this process.

3. Clarity Objectives for, and limits to, information gathering, consultation and active participation during policy-making should be well defined from the outset. The respective roles and responsibilities of citizens (in providing input) and government (in making decisions for which they are accountable) must be clear to all. After consultations have occurred citizens need to be informed of decisions and if these decisions are contrary to the requests of the people, reasons for decisions need to be given. 4. Time Public consultation and active participation should be undertaken as early as possible to allow a greater range of policy solutions to emerge and to raise the chances of successful implementation. Adequate time must be available for consultation and participation to be effective. Information is needed at all stages of the policy making cycle. 5. Objectivity Information provided by government during policy-making should be objective, complete and accessible. All citizens should have equal treatment when exercising their rights of access to information and participation. 6. Resources Adequate financial, human and technical resources are needed if public information, consultation and active participation in policy-making are to be effective. Government officials must have access to appropriate skills, guidance and training in participatory techniques available for public consultation. An organisational culture that supports their efforts is highly important.

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7. Coordination Initiatives to inform, request feedback from and consult citizens should be coordinated across government departments to enhance knowledge management, ensure policy consistency, avoid duplication and reduce the risk of ‘consultation fatigue’ among citizens and civil society. 8. Accountability The Government has an obligation to account for the use it makes of citizens’ inputs received through feedback, public consultation and active participation. Measures to ensure that the policy-making process is open, transparent and available for external scrutiny and review are crucial to increasing government accountability overall. 9. Evaluation Government staff needs the capacity, tools, information to evaluate their performance in:

• providing information • consulting and engaging with citizens • writing reports

Evaluation of the value or worth of workshops/consultations visits may achieved through:

• self evaluation • evaluations between colleagues • feedback from participants

in order to adapt to new requirements and changing conditions for policy making. When reports are submitted to management staff and citizens (where appropriate) need feedback. 10. Active Citizenship The Government will benefit from active citizens and a dynamic civil society. It will be able to take concrete actions to:

• facilitate access to information and participation • raise awareness about issues like CC and SLR that are of public concern • strengthen citizens’ civic education and skills • support capacity building among civil society organisations.

APPENDIX 7 PREPARATION CHECKLIST FOR CONSULTATION

Questions to stimulate your thinking Your thoughts & ideas

1. What is it we are trying to achieve? Define the problem/ project carefully. Analyse the terms of reference in detail. If words are not clear, ask!

2. What are the specific objectives (ensure they are SMART ie • specific • measurable • achievable • realistic • timely

3. Is there understanding from all parties concerned of the scope and objectives of the consultation?

4. How will we know if we are successful? Ie what are the critical success factors?

5. Why is it necessary?

6. Is there organisational commitment to consultation and to outcomes derived?

7. Are we aware of support and opposition to this exercise?

8. What do we need to know already?

9. What do we need to know? (research) (see next section)

10. What cultural issues need to be taken into account? (see next section)

11. Is more information required to make informed decisions on strategies?

12. Does everyone involved have access to this information and do they understand it?

13. Have any other consultations been carried out on this or similar issues? Can learn from them and/or collaborate with them?

14. Have we identified the potential benefits of involving the public?

15. Do we understand the implications of not involving the public?

16. Has adequate time for consultation been built into the project timelines?

17. What are the constraints?

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18. How controversial is the issue?

19. Have we identified what level/s of participation are possible/available? (see ladder of participation)

20. Is there agreement from all stakeholders of what is negotiable and open to change and what is not?

21. Who should be involved &/or consulted? (Stakeholder analysis)

22. Who might disrupt and who might promote the consultation? 23. Should certain sectors of the population be consulted separately?

eg women, youth people with disabilities

24. Are the people concerned skilled appropriately to undertake the consultation? If not what needs to be done first?

25. Is there the ability to coordinate information and actions across the organisations involved?

26. Who is responsible, for what (& by when?)

27. What are the potential risk factors? What could go wrong? And how can these things be prevented &/or managed?

28. In how many different ways could you achieve the goals? Brainstorm different ways of doing things. Discuss the advantages, disadvantages of each, ie do a cost/benefit analysis) Choose between the different methods.

29. What should we not do?

30. What resources do we need (human, information, money, technical, equipment, networks, voluntary help)?

31. Are there adequate resources (human, information, money, technical, equipment, networks, and voluntary help)?

32. What is the timeline?

33. Are there open and accountable processes in place? ie funding and how it will be used?

34. Are there suitable strategies in place for monitoring the consultation process and the organisational flexibility to make changes if required?

35. Are suitable strategies in place to gain feedback from the consultation

36. Are suitable strategies in place to evaluate and learn from the feedback from the consultation

37. Is there adequate publicit y in place to ensure all potential stakeholders are aware of the consultation?

APPENDIX 8 EVALUATION: FOCUSSED DISCUSSION METHOD From heads, hearts to hands (from thinking and feeling to decisions and action) The “Focussed discussion method” or “Making good decisions after learning something new” is a very useful discussion process to use after a learning event. This process is simple and practical and you can use it on a one-to-one basis with family and friends. You can use it to:

• think about an event or shared experience eg -a talk by a guest speaker -a meeting -a workshop -a TV programme -an event at home or at work.

• discuss the experience and decide what to do as a result • listen to one another’s thoughts and feelings and as a result gain a broader and

deeper understanding of an experience. Size of group This process can be used in many different formats:

• by a facilitator and the whole group verbally • by participants in pairs, they interview each other • on your own.

Materials Handout on next page, flip chart and pens. Outcomes The group develop a shared understanding of the event and desired decisions and actions. Advantages

• Some individuals may jump to make decisions without considering all the elements (feelings, hunches as well as thoughts)

• This process stops meandering discussions that lead nowhere • Frequently individuals jump to conclusions eg “That was boring”, “I didn’t

like the look of him/her”, “That was terrific” • It enables participants to explore ideas rather than reach superficial

conclusions • Frequently emotional or intuitive responses are ignored, but they are useful. If

they are ignored, there may be no action. Disadvantages The disadvantages of the process are:

• it could feel awkward at first • may be time consuming (but if it results in better decisions it was time well

spent).

Figure 4 Four stages of questioning about the learning event

1. What HAPPENED?

2. What did you FEEL inside? (in your heart, stomach or wherever?

3. What did you LEARN?

4. What do you think the group/you should DECIDE to do (or not do)?

• What ideas or words do you

remember & why? • What did you see? • What people did you notice and

why? • What sounds do you recall? • What did you touch? (This may

not be relevant)

• Did you feel, when & why? (tick & give examples, reasons)

-excited................................... -surprised................................ -angered.................................. -guilty..................................... -curious................................... -confused................................ -sad ........................................ -worried.................................. -shame.................................... -jealous................................... -happy....................................

-bored.......................................

• What have you learnt from this

experience? • What was the most important

aspect of this activity for you?

• What will you do differently as a

result of the experience? • Has this experience changed your

thinking in any way? • What would you say to people

who were not there? • What action needs to be taken by:

-you -your department/ministry -the policy group -the planning group -KAP -other?

AHA!

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Variations The process can also be adapted whereby a large group is divided into four sub-groups. Each is assigned to a workstation that has flip chart paper and each of one of the four stages and key questions. All group members work concurrently adding ideas to their group’s flip chart paper for about five-ten minutes. At the end of that time, the facilitator requests each group to move collectively to the next workstation and they add their thoughts to the list and so on until each group has worked at each of the four work stations. The facilitator then draws the whole group together to summarize the main elements of learning. Figure 5 Four flip charts to be visited in turn For more detailed explanation of this process see Spencer (1989), Stanfield (1997).

What HAPPENED?

2. What did you FEEL?

3. What did you LEARN?

4. What DECISIONS are needed?

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APPENDIX 9 SAMPLE EVALUATION QUESTIONS The following questions may assist in designing protocols to evaluate the success of the consultation process. Adapted from Citizens and Civics Unit (2002) Some questions are more appropriately directed to participants, some to the consultation team. A. Planning

• Were the aims of the consultation made clear? • Did team members, local officials, participants have input into the design of

the consultation? • Was there a clear understanding of the expectations of all parties? • Were the consulters trained in the skills required for effective consultation? • Was financial assistance made available to enable citizens to participate? • Was the outcome determined beforehand? • Were other departments consulted/coordinated? • Was there agreement on the approach to be taken? • Were there enough opportunities to allow a full range of views to be

expressed? B. Process

• Were all stakeholders identified at the outset and involved in the consultation? • Were the stakeholders representative of the affected population? • How were roles and responsibilities made clear for all involved? • Was participation voluntary? • Were independent, skilled and neutral facilitators used? • Was information made accessible to all including special groups? • Were these views of citizens fully documented? • Was the process fully documented? • Did the process maintain objectivity and independence? • Was there an acceptance of the diverse values, interests and knowledge of all

participants? • Was there respect for the confidentiality of information shared? • How was flexibility integrated into the process? • Was enough time allocated for the project? • Did participants have the opportunity to provide feedback throughout the

process and was it acted upon? • Did team members reflect on processes and adapt where necessary?

C. Outcome

• Did the consultation produce reliable information? • Was the collected information objectively analysed by participants (where

appropriate) and/or skilled personnel? • Was there a sense of shared ownership of the process and outcome? • Was time allocated for action planning and for citizens to share action plans? • Was there a commitment to implement the outcome? • Was feedback provided to participants? • How did participants express their satisfaction or otherwise with the process?

49

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