Bilge Akdağ & M.Mert Kişman WELCOME TO OUR PRESENTATION

Bilge Akdağ & M.Mert Kişman

WELCOMEWELCOMETO OUR TO OUR

PRESENTATIOPRESENTATIONN


IntroductionIntroduction

This presentation is presented by:This presentation is presented by: BilgBilgee Akda Akdağğ M.Mert KişmanM.Mert Kişman

Get ready for the journey of IP Routing.Get ready for the journey of IP Routing. This presentation is supposed to last This presentation is supposed to last

around 70 minutes. (Hopefully around 70 minutes. (Hopefully ))


Topics of Discussion 1/2Topics of Discussion 1/2

IP AddressesIP Addresses IP VersionsIP Versions

IP Version 4 (Currently in use)IP Version 4 (Currently in use) IP Version 6 (Being developed for future needs)IP Version 6 (Being developed for future needs)

ExamplesExamples LimitsLimits Private IP AddressesPrivate IP Addresses Dynamic / Static IP AddressesDynamic / Static IP Addresses


Topics of Discussion 2/2Topics of Discussion 2/2 RoutingRouting

RoutersRouters Working principlesWorking principles Hardware RoutersHardware Routers Software RoutersSoftware Routers PronunciationPronunciation

Routing TablesRouting Tables TopologiesTopologies


IP (Internet Protocol) IP (Internet Protocol) AddressAddress

Unique number on a computer networkUnique number on a computer network Required for identification on a wide area Required for identification on a wide area

networknetwork Also required for communication on WANAlso required for communication on WAN


IP VersionsIP Versions

IP Version 4IP Version 4 Currently being usedCurrently being used

IP Version 6IP Version 6 Is being developed for the futureIs being developed for the future


IP Version 4IP Version 4

32 bit numbers32 bit numbers Ex: 139.179.40.5Ex: 139.179.40.5 _ _ _ . _ _ _ . _ _ _ . _ _ _ 4 x 8 bits each_ _ _ . _ _ _ . _ _ _ . _ _ _ 4 x 8 bits each 128128 64 64 3232 1616 88 44 22 11 Max=255Max=255 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^02^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0 Biggest IP number 255.255.255.255Biggest IP number 255.255.255.255 4.294.967.296 possible unique addresses4.294.967.296 possible unique addresses 18 Million for private networks18 Million for private networks


IP Version 6IP Version 6

IP Version 4 will not be enough in the near IP Version 4 will not be enough in the near future.future.

IP Version 6 is being developed to replace IP Version 6 is being developed to replace IP Version 4.IP Version 4.

Consists of 128bits numbers while IP4 is Consists of 128bits numbers while IP4 is 32bits32bits

Faster routing will be accomplished.Faster routing will be accomplished. Uses simpler header structure.Uses simpler header structure.


Private IP AddressesPrivate IP Addresses

Some IP Addresses are reserved to be used in Some IP Addresses are reserved to be used in private networks.private networks.

10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.25510.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 16777215 Numbers16777215 Numbers 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 1048576 Numbers172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 1048576 Numbers 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 65535 Numbers192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 65535 Numbers These ip ranges are for only Private networkingThese ip ranges are for only Private networking Not for the InternetNot for the Internet Last one is used mostly on routers.Last one is used mostly on routers.


Dynamic / Static IP’s Dynamic / Static IP’s

Two methods for assigning IP addressesTwo methods for assigning IP addresses DynamicDynamic

IP Address changes by time to timeIP Address changes by time to time Non-permanent devicesNon-permanent devices

Ex: Home usersEx: Home users Allocation requires a DHCP serverAllocation requires a DHCP server DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

Assigns addresses randomlyAssigns addresses randomly Assigns a “lease time” (How long that ip address is Assigns a “lease time” (How long that ip address is

valid for that machine)valid for that machine)


Dynamic / Static IP’s Dynamic / Static IP’s

StaticStatic IP Address given to a machine never changesIP Address given to a machine never changes Semi-permanent devicesSemi-permanent devices

Ex: ServersEx: Servers Mostly costs extraMostly costs extra


ROUTING ROUTING

Choosing the path to send the dataChoosing the path to send the data Passing of packets through “routers”Passing of packets through “routers” Routing is done by “routing tables” within Routing is done by “routing tables” within

the routers.the routers. Routing tables keep best routes to a group Routing tables keep best routes to a group

of addresses.of addresses. Routing occurs at “Routing occurs at “Network LayerNetwork Layer”.”.


ROUTERSROUTERS

A device to connect two or more networks A device to connect two or more networks to each other.to each other.

Forwards data packets from one network Forwards data packets from one network to another.to another.

Uses routing tables to accomplish the Uses routing tables to accomplish the routing job.routing job.


ROUTERS – How does it ROUTERS – How does it work?work?


Hardware Routers - Hardware Routers - WiredWired

8 ports for connecting computers8 ports for connecting computers EtherFast® EtherFast® (100Mbps)(100Mbps) Around 75 New LirasAround 75 New Liras


Hardware Routers - Hardware Routers - WiredWired

4 ports for connecting computers4 ports for connecting computers Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps)Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps) Around 200 New LirasAround 200 New Liras


Hardware Routers - Hardware Routers - WirelessWireless

4 ports for connecting via 4 ports for connecting via cablecable

Max. of 254 devices can Max. of 254 devices can be connectedbe connected

54Mbps Wireless-G 54Mbps Wireless-G (802.11g)(802.11g)

Around 110 New Around 110 New LirasLiras


Hardware Routers - Hardware Routers - WirelessWireless

State of art wireless routerState of art wireless router(“Kick Ass” router (“Kick Ass” router )) 4 ports for connecting via 4 ports for connecting via

cablecable 3 Wireless-G devices in one 3 Wireless-G devices in one

box.box. 3 times more range3 times more range 10 times faster than a regular 10 times faster than a regular

Wireless-G deviceWireless-G device Not yet available in TurkeyNot yet available in Turkey


Hardware RoutersHardware Routers

Routers sometimes combined withRouters sometimes combined with ADSL ModemsADSL Modems

Most of the routers on market in TurkeyMost of the routers on market in Turkey Cable ModemsCable Modems

Also used to connect more than one Also used to connect more than one computer to the internet with current computer to the internet with current ADSL/Cable modem combined versionsADSL/Cable modem combined versions


Software RoutersSoftware Routers

Routing can be done without any Routing can be done without any hardwarehardware

Software routing programs are availableSoftware routing programs are available Many Linux distributions contain IP Many Linux distributions contain IP

Routing software.Routing software. Instead of hardware routerInstead of hardware router

You can install routing software on your You can install routing software on your computercomputer

Or on a spare computerOr on a spare computer


Software RoutersSoftware Routers

Can be done using Microsoft Windows XPCan be done using Microsoft Windows XP Known as Internet Connection SharingKnown as Internet Connection Sharing

Already working without your knowledge!!Already working without your knowledge!! Check it out on task manager. “alg.exe”Check it out on task manager. “alg.exe” Stands for Application Layer GatewayStands for Application Layer Gateway

It is used to connect more than one It is used to connect more than one computers to the internet through the main computers to the internet through the main computer.computer.


PronunciationPronunciation

Many people pronounce it differently.Many people pronounce it differently. Everybody thinks their way is correct.Everybody thinks their way is correct. In reality:In reality:

British speakers pronounce British speakers pronounce itit as as ““RUTIRRUTIR”” American speakers tend to call itAmerican speakers tend to call it “ “RAUTIRRAUTIR””

American way sounds simply “Cooler”American way sounds simply “Cooler”


Routing TablesRouting Tables

A record of best routes to various A record of best routes to various networksnetworks

Placed within the routersPlaced within the routers Construction of routing tables very Construction of routing tables very

importantimportant



A general view of a routing tableA general view of a routing table


Routing TablesRouting Tables For Win2k/XP For Win2k/XP “route print” <Enter>“route print” <Enter>



Routing tables are set dynamically or Routing tables are set dynamically or statically.statically.

Static routing tables used in small Static routing tables used in small networksnetworks Requires little configuration on the routerRequires little configuration on the router

Complex networks use both static and Complex networks use both static and dynamic routing tables.dynamic routing tables.



Dynamic routing tablesDynamic routing tables Uses different “network topologies”.Uses different “network topologies”. Construction of dynamic routing tables Construction of dynamic routing tables

is a very complex job.is a very complex job. Not everyone has the knowledge of it’s Not everyone has the knowledge of it’s

complex algorithms.complex algorithms.


TopologiesTopologies

Pattern of links connecting pairs of nodes.Pattern of links connecting pairs of nodes. Each node has 1 or more links to other Each node has 1 or more links to other

nodes.nodes. Many different topologies can be Many different topologies can be

connected together (Hybrids) according to connected together (Hybrids) according to needs.needs.


TopologiesTopologies

Some of the main topologiesSome of the main topologies


ConclusionConclusion

Internet can not exist without Internet can not exist without routingrouting

Accessing outside of your LAN Accessing outside of your LAN requires routers.requires routers.

Routing occurs at Network Layer of Routing occurs at Network Layer of OSI layers.OSI layers.


RESOURCES RESOURCES (In MLA Format)(In MLA Format)

ÖzbilenÖzbilen, Alper. , Alper. Bilgisayar Bilgisayar Ağları ve Güvenliği. Ağları ve Güvenliği. İİstanbul: Pusula Yaystanbul: Pusula Yayıncılık ve İletişim San. ve ıncılık ve İletişim San. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.Tic. Ltd. Şti., 2005, 2005

Baycan, Tolga. Baycan, Tolga. CTP204 Class NotesCTP204 Class Notes. Bilkent . Bilkent University, Ankara. 2006University, Ankara. 2006

““Routing”. Wikipedia. 20Routing”. Wikipedia. 20thth April 2006. April 2006. Wikimedia Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Foundation, Inc. <<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing>>

Linksys. 20Linksys. 20thth April 2006. Cisco Systems. < April 2006. Cisco Systems. <http://www.linksys.comhttp://www.linksys.com>>


THANK YOUTHANK YOUFor Listening!For Listening!

Questions are welcomed…Questions are welcomed…

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Bilge Akdağ & M.Mert Kişman WELCOME TO OUR PRESENTATION