Binoy Presentation Final

8/2/2019 Binoy Presentation Final

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SEWAGE SLUDGE ASH AS A

MATERIAL FOR LIGHTWEIGHTCONCRETE

GUIDED BY :

ASST. PROF. MRS ANISHA

THOMAS

DEPT.OF CIVIL ENGG

MARIAN ENGG COLLEGE

PRESENTED BY:BINOY CYRIAC

ROLL NO: 8621

S 7, CIVIL ENGG

MARIAN ENGG. COLLEGE


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INTRODUCTION

Sewage sludge

Current management options

Need for recycling sewage sludge

Scope of use in lightweight concrete

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Contd

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Fig : Emission of sewage sludge from factory outlet

Source : (www.worstedwitch.com)


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LITERATURE REVIEW

K.J Mun A study on using expanded clay and organic

sludge for manufacturing of super lightweight

aggregate, Korea, May 2002.

Fang-Chih Changa, Shang-Lien Loa - Research Center

for Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control

Technology, Graduate Institute of Environmental

Engineering,National Taiwan University, Taiwan, ROC,

30 November 2006

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MATERIAL DESCRIPTION

Sewage sludge ash is the by-product produced during

the combustion of dewatered sewage sludge in an

incinerator.

It is primarily a silty material with some sand-size

particles.

Specific size range and properties depend on the typeof incineration system and the chemical additives.

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Contd

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Fig : Sewage sludge

Source : (www.qmsciencefrench.wordpress.com)


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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

It is a silty-sandy material.

Up to 90 percent particles are less than 0.075 mm (No.

200 sieve) in size.

Relatively low organic and moisture content.

Permeability and bulk specific gravity properties aresimilar to those of a natural inorganic silt.

Non-plastic material.

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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Element Oxide Elemental Concentration

(%)

Oxide

concentration (%)

Silicon (Si) (SiO2) 5.6 - 25.7 14.4 - 57.7

Calcium (Ca) (CaO) 1.4 - 42.9 8.9 - 36.9

Iron (Fe) (Fe2O3) 1.0 - 16.4 2.6 - 24.4

Aluminum (Al) (Al2O3) 1.1 - 8.5 4.6 - 22.1

Magnesium

(Mg)(MgO) 0.6 - 1.9 0.8 - 2.2

Sodium (Na) (Na2O) 0.1 - 0.8 0.1 - 0.7

Potassium (K) (K2O) 0.3 - 1.6 0.07 - 0.7

Phosphorus (P2O5) 1.2 - 4.4 3.9 - 15.4

Sulfur (S) (SO3) 0.3 - 1.2 0.01 - 3.4

Carbon (C) - 0.6 - 2.2 -

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Contd

Trace metal concentrations (e.g., lead, cadmium, zinc,

copper) are typically higher than concentrations found

in natural fillers or aggregate.

This has resulted in some reluctance to use this

material.

Recent investigations (leaching tests) suggest thatthese trace metal concentrations are not excessive

and do not pose any measurable leaching problem.

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PREPARATION OF SEWAGE

SLUDGE ASH(SSA) Manfactured by the incineration of dewatered sewage

sludge ash.

At present, two major incineration systems are

employed :

1. Multiple hearth

2. Fluidized bed

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Contd

Figure : Simplified sludge incinerator flow diagram.

Source : ( www.wikipedia.com)

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SSA IN LIGHTWEIGHT

CONCRETE Manufacture of lightweight aggregate

Fig : Flow chart of the manufacturing process for lightweight aggregate.

Source : (Construction and building materials journal)

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QUALITY TESTS OF

LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE Five types of lightweight aggregate(LWA) manufacturedon trial and a commercial lightweight aggregate for

nonstructural concrete were tested for comparison.

Abrasion loss - Los Angeles abrasion

Crushing value - static crushing loading

Impact value - and impact loading

Their respective loss of mass was determined. Some samples selected were observed by scanning

electron microscopy (SEM).

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Contd

Fig : Composite made of water treatment sludge

Source : (Construction and building materials journal)14


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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

. Qualities of lightweight aggregate manufactured on trial -

Type of

raw

materi

al

Wa

ter

co

nte

nt

(%

)

Orga

nic

com

poun

d

cont

ent

(%)

Inorg

anic

com

poun

d

cont

ent

(%)

Calo

rific

valu

e

(kJ/k

g)

Chemical compositions (%)

Sio2 Al2O3 TiO2 Fe2O3 MgO CaO Na2O K2O MnO P2O5

Sewag

e

sludge

83.

08

10.17 6.75 13.80

8

52 20.94 0.94 8.98 2.21 4.06 1.30 3.11 0.12 5.31

Clay - 7.13 92.87 - 66.7 19.28 0.98 6.63 1.63 0.43 0.95 3.13 0.13 0.11

Table : Physical properties and chemical compositions of raw materials

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Contd

Heavy metal content (mg/kg)

Ti Cr Mn Co Ni Cu Zn As Mo Cd Pb

1204.3 83.6 1094.02 15.68 88.62 710.53 1648.02 71.21 113.46 5.92 126.82

Table : Heavy metal contents of sewage sludge

Density of the lightweight aggregate decreases with the increase in sewage

sludge content.

Decrease in density is attributed to the internal sintering due to the

calorification and combustion of organic materials and the accelerated

expansion due to gas generation.

LWA with clay: sewage sludge ratios of 100:300 to 100:500 have a similar

density to the commercial lightweight aggregate.

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Contd

The water absorption of the LWA tends to graduallydecrease with the increase in the sewage sludge

content and with the decrease in the density.

Fig : Effect of clay to sewage sludge ratios on density

and water absorption of LWA


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Contd

Type of LWA Clay: sewage ratio

(by mass)

Abrasion loss (%) Crushing value

(%)

Impact value (%)

Manufactured

lightweight

aggregate on trial

100:100 18.2 31.3 29.9

100:200 18.2 32.5 31.3

100:300 18.5 35.5 32.1

100:400 19.8 35.8 33.3

100:500 20.2 36.1 33.9

Commercial

lightweight

aggregate

- 19.6 35.1 33.0

Table : Abrasion loss, crushing value and impact value of lightweight aggregate

with various claysewage sludge ratios

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Contd

Fig : Microstructures of lightweight aggregate with various claysewage sludge ratios:

(a) Clay:sewage sludge = 100:100 ; (b) Clay: sewage sludge = 100:300;

(c) Clay:sewage sludge = 100:500; (d) Clay:sewage sludge = 100:100;

(e) Clay:sewage sludge = 100:300 and (f) Clay:sewage sludge = 100:500


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CONCRETE MADE OF

LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE Raw materials - LWA (coarse) with the ratios of clay: sewage sludge

ratio of 100:100%, 100:300%, and 100:500%, and a

commercial LWA for nonstructural concrete were usedas samples.

Fine aggregate river sand

Superplasticizer of a commercial melamine type to

prevent segregation.

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QUALITY TESTS FOR

LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE Cylindrical samples of 100 mm diameter and 200 mmheight

Prism samples of dimensions 60 x 60 x 240 mm, and

Plate samples of dimensions 140 x 160 x 40 mm were

made.

Tested for : - compressive and flexural strength,

density, water absorption, and thermal conductivity at

a curing age of 14 days.

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Contd

Fig : Concrete produced with SSA composite after testing to rupture

under axial compression.

Source : (Construction and building materials journal)22


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Series Type of lightweight

aggregate

Compressive

strength

(MPa)

Flexural

strength

(MPa)

Density

(kg/m2)

Water

absorption

(%)

Thermal

conductivity

(W/mK)

LWC-A 100:100

(Clay:Sludge)

17 3.6 1500 9.6 0.733

LWC-B 100:300

(Clay:Sludge)

16.4 3.3 1450 10.2 0.652

LWC-C 100:500

(Clay:Sludge)

15.9 3.3 1410 10.2 0.593

LWC-Co.

Commercial product. 15.4 3.1 1430 11.8 0.617

Table : Properties of concrete using lightweight aggregate

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DEDUCTIONS

When sewage sludge content increases up to 75%

density and water absorption of LWA is reduced.

LWA with optimum sewage sludge content is similar orsuperior in physical properties to the commercial LWA

for nonstructural concrete.

The compressive and flexural strengths of concretedecrease gradually, and the adiabatic effect becomes

more beneficial.

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LEACHABILITY OF METALS

FROM SLUDGE-BASED LWA

Element Total

concentrations

(mg/kg)

Leaching

concentrations

(mg/l)a

TCLP limits

(mg/l)

Lead (Pb) 2452 22 61.4 1.7 5.0

Cadmium (Cd) 275 15 7.4 0.3 1.0

Copper (Cu) 3050 41 96.0 2.5 15.0

Zinc (Zn) 118 9 BDLb No limit

Total Chromium(Cr) 2492 39 68.0 1.4 5.0

Chromium (Cr+6) 34 2 3.6 0.2 2.5

Arsenic (As) BDL BDL 5.0

Mercury (Hg) BDL BDL 0.2a - Extraction fluid #1: pH 4.930.05, b - BDL: below detection limit (


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EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Fig : Flowchart of sequential extraction procedure

(Source : Journal of hazardous materials)26


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Effect of sintering temperature on sludge-based LWA

Fig : Total metal concentrations at different sintering

temperatures.

Source: (Journal of hazardous materials)27


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ALTERNATIVE USES OF SSA

As a mineral additive in cement concrete

Mixing with nano-SiO2 in the manufacture of tiles

Use in the manufacture of bricks

Use for soft soil improvement

Use in asphaltic pavement construction, etc.

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CONCLUSION

Health hazard caused by sewage sludge

Problem of disposal

Solution by burning it, and using the ash productively

Feasible use in lightweight aggregate

Other possible uses

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REFERENCES

[1] Mun KJ. A study on using expanded clay and organic sludge for manufacturing of super lightweight aggregate (inKorean). Proceedings of the Conference of the Korea Society of Waste Management, Seoul, Korea. May 2002;p. 24346.

[2] Soh YS, Mun KJ. Manufacturing of sintered lightweight aggregate using paper mill sludge ash (in Korean). JKorean Concr Inst 1991;13(1):1149.

[3] Tay, J.H, Show, K.Y., Hong, S.Y., Potential Reuse of Wastewater Sludge for Innovative Aplications inConstruction Industry, Bulletin of the College of Engineering,N.T.U., n. 86 (Oct), pp. 103-112, 2002.

[4] A. Kilic, C.D. Atis, E. Yasar, F. Ozcan, High-strength lightweight concrete made with scoria aggregate containingmineral admixtures, Cem. Concr.

Res. 33 (10) (2003) 15951599.

[5] A. Short,W. Kinniburgh, Lightweight Concrete. Building Research Establishment, Garston Watford, UK, 1976.

[6] J.I. Bhatty, K.J. Reidt, Moderate strength concrete from lightweight sludge ash aggregate, Cem. Compos.Lightweight Concr. 11(3), 1989 Page 179187.

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Binoy Presentation Final