BIO 201 Chapter 1, Part 2 Lecture

8/14/2019 BIO 201 Chapter 1, Part 2 Lecture

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Basic AnatomicalTerminolo

Common language referring to bodystructures and their functions

Anatomists use standard anatomicalposition and special vocabulary inrelating body parts


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Body Positions

Descriptions of thehuman body assume aspecific stanceAnatomical position

Body uprightStanding erect facing theobserverHead and eyes facingforwardFeet are flat on the floorand forwardUpper limbs to the sidesPalms turned forward


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Anatomical position

Body is upright Terms for a reclining body

Prone positionBody is lying face downSupine position

Body is lying face up


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Regional Names

Several major regionsidentified

Most principal regionsHead

Skull and faceNeck

Supports the head andattaches to trunk

TrunkChest, abdomen, andpelvis

Upper limbsAttaches to trunk(shoulder, armpit, andarm

Lower limbsAttaches to trunk(buttock, thigh, leg,


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Directional Terms

Describe the position of one bodypart relative to another

Group in pairs with opposite meaningAnterior (front) and posterior (back)Only make sense when used to describea position of one structure relative toanother

The esophagus is posterior to the tracheaKnee is superior to the ankle


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Directional Terms


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Common Directional Terms

AnteriorNearer to the frontof the body

PosteriorNearer to the backof the body

Superior Toward the headInferiorAway from thehead


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Common Directional Terms

ProximalNearer to theattachment of a limb

to the trunkDistalFarther from theattachment of a limbto the trunk

LateralFarther from themidline

MedialNearer to the midline


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Planes and Sections

Imaginary flatsurfaces that passthrough the bodyparts

Sagittal plane A vertical plane thatdivides the body intoright and left sides

Midsagittal plane divides body into equalright and left sides

Parasagittal plane


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Planes and Sections

Frontal or coronalplane

Divides the body or anorgan into anterior (front)and posterior (back)portions

Transverse plane Divides the body or anorgan into superior(upper) and inferior(lower) portions


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Planes and Sections

Oblique planePasses through thebody or an organ at

an angleBetween transverseand sagittal planeBetween transverseand frontal plane

SectionsCut of the bodymade along a plane


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Body Cavities

Spaces within the body that helpprotect, separate, and supportinternal organs

Cranial cavityThoracic cavityAbdominopelvic cavity


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Body Cavities


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Cranial Cavity and VertebralCanal

Cranial cavityFormed by the cranial bonesProtects the brain

Vertebral canalFormed by bones of vertebralcolumnContains the spinal cord

MeningesLayers of protective tissuethat line the cranial cavity andvertebral canal


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Thoracic Cavity

Also called the chestcavityFormed by

RibsMuscles of the chestSternum (breastbone)

Vertebral column(thoracic portion)


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Thoracic Cavity

Within the thoraciccavity

Pericardial cavityFluid-filled space thatsurround the heart

Pleural cavity Two fluid-filled spacesthat that surround eachlung


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Thoracic Cavity

MediastinumCentral part of thethoracic cavity

Between lungsExtending from thesternum to thevertebral columnFirst rib to the

diaphragmDiaphragm Dome shapedmuscleSeparates thethoracic cavity fromthe abdominopelvic


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Abdominopelvic Cavity

Extends from the diaphragm to thegroinEncircled by the abdominal wall andbones and muscles of the pelvisDivided into two portions:

Abdominal cavity

Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small andlarge intestinesPelvic cavity

Urinary bladder, internal organs of reproductive system, and portions of the large


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Thoracic and AbdominalCavity Membranes

VisceraOrgans of the thoracicand abdominal pelviccavities

Serous membrane isa thin slipperymembrane that coversthe visceraParts of the serousmembrane:

Parietal layerLines the wall of thecavities

Visceral layerCovers the viscera


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PleuraSerous membrane of the pleural cavities

Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs

Parietal pleura lines the chest wallPericardiumSerous membrane of the pericardial cavity

Visceral pericardium covers the heartParietal pericardium lines the chest wall

PeritoneumSerous membrane of the abdominal cavityVisceral peritoneum covers the abdominal cavityParietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall


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Other Cavities

Oral (mouth) cavity Tongue and teeth

Nasal cavity

noseOrbital cavities

eyeballMiddle ear cavities

Small bones of the middle earSynovial cavities Joints


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Abdominopelvic Regions

Abdominopelvic RegionsUsed to describe the locationof abdominal and pelvicorgans

Tic-Tac-Toe grid Two horizontal and twovertical lines partition thecavity

Subcostal line (top horizontal)

inferior to rib cage Transtubercular line (bottomhorizontal)

inferior to top of the hipbone

Midclavicular lines (twovertical lines)


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Nine AbdominopelvicRegions

Right and lefthypochondriac

Epigastric andHypogastric (pubic)Right and left lumbarRight and left inguinal(iliac)Right and left inguinal(iliac)


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Quadrants

Vertical andhorizontal lines passthrough theumbilicus

Right upper quadrant(RUQ)

Left upper quadrant(LUQ)Right lower quadrant


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End of Chapter 1, Part 2

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BIO 201 Chapter 1, Part 2 Lecture