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Before we study the

digestion system, we

need to know a littlemore about the food

that we put intoit.

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Why is food necessary?

-every living thing requires a constant supply of energy andmolecules

-The 200 000 chemical reactions that take place in the cells of

your body is called metabolism

Catabolic(catabolism)

large chemicals

broken down intosmaller

Anabolic (anabolism)-

complex chemicals

built from smaller onesWhat does this sound

like???

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Food supplies us with:

Macronutrients: carbohydrates, fats(lipids),proteins

Micronutrients: vitamins and minerals

Special Nutrient Water: involved in most

chemical reactions in the body

We will concentrate on the macronutrients!!

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What do we use macronutrients for?

make new cells

replace old and/or damaged cells

help tissues to grow

supply energy to the cells for cellular processes,this includes the physical and mental activities ofthe body (this is why we eat breakfast before anexam)

Note: All the macronutrients are organic compounds(contain the element carbon)

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MACRONUTRIENTS

CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS FATS

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CARBOHYDRATES (pages 242-245)

means carbon water basically sugars in the ratio of

1 carbon: 2 hydrogens: 1 oxygen

formula of a hexose sugar ______________ A. Monosaccharides the simplest sugars that are thebuilding blocks for all the other sugars

Examples are

glucose, most important sugar in the body

fructose, fruit sugar

galactose, makes up milk sugar

All are isomers of each other

Same formula, different structures

What is similarabout these

words?

Lets see glucose! http://

cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/

http://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.html

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B. Disaccharides

These are made up of two monosaccharides

Examples are

Sucrose table sugar

Lactose milk sugar

Maltose seeds of germinating plants

Formed by the process of dehydrolysis synthesis

Taking away a water molecule to join two molecules together

What is the formula for a disaccharide?

________________________________

Did you know that someone who is lactose intolerant does not

have the ability the break lactose down into themonosaccharides glucose and galactose?

The build up of lactose causes discomfort!

http://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.html

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C. Polysaccharides

Many monosaccharides joined together

Some examples Cellulose component of plant cell walls that is impossible for

humans to digest

Starch plants store energy as starch, which is easy to digest (up

to 4 hours) Glycogen animals store this form in liver and muscles, when

the body needs glucose the liver breaks down glycogen and

releases glucose into the blood (*this is not found in plants*)

http://cheminf.cmbi.ru.nl/wetche/organic/gluc/glucindex.htmlhttp://niko.unl.edu/bs101/pix/glycogen.gifhttp://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/chemtutor/polysac2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/chemtutor/carbs.htm&h=397&w=547&sz=103&tbnid=qOgtHAYUhB0J:&tbnh=94&tbnw=129&start=30&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstarch%26start%3D20%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN

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http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp

http://

science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.html

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13104http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13104

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MACRONUTRIENTS

CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS FATS

http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.html

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PROTEINS (page 249-251) Why do we need them?

Structural components of ourcells (especially nerves,

muscles, skin and hair)

Used to make antibodies andenzymes

Can provide us with energy

(not the main function)

Our bodys arrangement of

proteins determines who we

are

http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.html

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We digest protein into the smaller amino acids

which are absorbed and stored in our cells untilthey are needed

These amino acids are then directed by the DNAto form proteins the body needs

All amino acids must be present, or the protein isdismantled

What happens when we eat protein?

http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.html

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What do they look like?

They are chains (8 thousands) of amino acids

There are 20 amino acids 8 of which are

essential because we cannot make them

Lets see!!

http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week2/2webi

two amino acids join together in the process ofdehydration synthesis

http://

www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/a

Two amino acids are called a dipeptide

Many amino acids are called a polypeptide

http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week2/2webimages/ch5-amino-acids.jpghttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/amino.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/amino.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/amino.htmhttp://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbioac/biochem/amino.htmhttp://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week2/2webimages/ch5-amino-acids.jpg

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What can happen to proteins?

Denaturation small changes that occur due to heatand pH, but can be reversed

Coagulation permanent damage to the protein

FYI sickle cell anemia is an error in the assembly of

2 of the 600 amino acids that make up a red blood

cell, causing it to be abnormally shaped

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304

http://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.johnkyrk.com/aminoacid.htmlhttp://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304

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MACRONUTRIENTS

CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINSFATS

(LIPIDS)

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304

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FATS (LIPIDS) Page 246-247

What are lipids?

Class of organic compounds that are non-polar

so they are insoluble in waterYou need to be familiar with 3 types:

Triglycerides

Phospholipids

Waxes

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304

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Why do we need lipids?

Important for storage of energy

100 g of fat = 3870 kJ of energy 100 g of carbos = 1680 kJ of energy

Key components in cell membranes

Cushions organsNeeded for fat soluble vitamins

Used to make hormones

Used to maintain body temperature

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304

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Types of lipids?

1. Triglycerides

Made up of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

What do you think a diglyceride or monoglyceridelooks like?

http://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htm

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13304http://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htm

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There are two types of unsaturated lipids:

Monounsaturated only one double bond

Polyunsaturated 2 or more double bonds

http://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htm

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Made up of glycerol and 2 fatty acids and aphophate/choline group

This molecule has a polar and non polar end (just like

the cell membrane)

2.___________________________

http://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htm

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3. WaxesFatty acids attached to carbon rings

Very stable insoluble moleculesUsed for waterproofing leaves or animal fur

and/or feathers

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?

=AP13204

Review:http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html

http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.html

http://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/lipids.htmhttp://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13204http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13204http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.htmlhttp://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13204http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP13204

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MICRONUTRIENTS

Used in small quantities Cannot be used for energy

1. Vitamins

Organic compounds that act as co-enzymes (activatean enzyme)

Fat soluble vitamins A,D,E,K stored in fat tissues and are

not excreted

Toxic in large doses

Water soluble vitamins B and C are not stored in body

and excreted in the urine

Large doses put strain on kidneys

http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.html

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2. Minerals

Inorganic chemical elements

Major minerals Required in higher doses

Ca (bones), Mg, P (bones, ATP, DNA), K and Na

Trace minerals

Needed in minute amounts Includes Fe, Fl, Cu, Zn and more

ALL DONE!!!!!

http://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.htmlhttp://science.nhmccd.edu/biol/macmole.html