ABSTRACTS : A Mahakali dam, a fresh water reservoir situated within the Wardha District of Maharashtra State (India). Water from this lake is utilized for irrigation purpose and up to certain extent for drinking purpose. The present study reveals the Physico chemical parameters of these reservoir and distribution of planktonic population in them, that was evaluated by standard procedures, and by culture media. In order to identify the biodiversity of this reservoirs, the micro image projection system were used. In the present investigation, total 37- number of algal species which belonging to Chlorophyceae, they were Oedogonium sp., Mougeotia sp., Chlorela regularis, Cosmarium reniforme, Cosmarium contractum, Cosmarium depressum, Cosmarium supergranatum, Cosmarium turpinii,Cosmarium subcucumis, Cosmarium botrytis, Closterium moniliforme, Closterium galeria, Closterium acutum, Closterium pronum, Hydrodictyon reticulatum, Pediastrum biradiatum, Pediastrum boryanum, Pediastrum simplex, Pithophora sp., Volvox sp., Eudorina sp., Spirogyra sp., Scenedesmus obliquus, Scenedesmus bijuga, Scenedesmus acuminate, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Scenedesmus opoliensis, Coleochaete sp., Staurastrum natator, Staurastrum gracile, Staurastrum orbiculare, , Pseudostaurastrum lobulatum, Planktosphaeria gelatinosa, Quadrigula closterioides, Crucigenia tetrapedia, and Euastrum ampullaceum. 24-number of species which belongs to Bacillariophyceae and they were Navicula radiosa, Navicula gregaria, Navicula cryptocephala, Navicula rhyncocephala, Pinnularia nobilis, Pinnularia major, Pinnularia acrosphaeri, Pinnularia interrupta, Pinnularia trevelyana, Pinnularia actinosphaerium, Actinosphaerium sp. (Pinnularia), Amphiplura pellucida, Stauroneis anceps, Epithemia zebra, Hantzschia amphioxys, Gyrosigma sp., Tabellariafenestrata sp., Melosira variance, Synedra sp. , Amphora ovalis, Fragilaria construens, Gomphonema affine, Coconeis,and Cyclotella meneghiniana. 01 species of Xanthophyceae i.e. Chlorobotrys regularis and 01 species of Euglenophyceae, and 09-species of Cyanophyceae were identified and they were Anabaena cylindrica, Nostoc commune, Spirulina subtilissima, Spirulina laxissima forma major. f. n. (orig.), Phormidium sp.,Merismopedia punctata, Gloeocapsa puctata, Gloeothece samoensis,Scytonema sp. The species of Pediastrum and Scenedesmus were most frequent among Chlorophyceae. The Bacillariophyceae members were dominated by Pinnularia and Navicula. Among Cyanophyceae Nostoc, Anabena, Oscillatoria were abundant. Desmids were represented by a large Number of Cosmarium and Closterium sp. Since this reservoir are rich in various algal species, it should be protected as a natural wealth. It can be done by through the application of protective measures through regular removal of algal blooms which are of no use, aquatic weeds of which are of succession habit and of no use and regular algicide applications, that will facilitates the growth of other algae too and helps in maintaining the reservoir.

Key Words : Bio-diversity, Fresh Water Algae, Reservoirs, Wardha, India

INTRODUCTION:

BIO-DIVERSITY OF FRESH WATER ALGAE OF MAHAKALI WATER RESERVIOR OF WARDHA DISTRICT OF MAHARASHTRA STATE, INDIA.

L. P. DALAL, NISAL R. S. AND DHABARDE P. F.Department of Botany, Jankidevi Bajaj College of Science, Wardha-442001.

Email-:lalchanddalal57@gmail.com

Algae are the important part in the food web and provide shelter to other organisms. Thus they are the major part in aquatic ecosystem. Algae grow in different habitat and in different location but it is generally cosmopolitan in distribution and grow almost everywhere in the World. They play a crucial role in the aquatic ecosystem to absorb nutrients, toxic material, heavy metals and convert it into simplest form. There is no easy definition of an alga. Algae are generally single celled to multi-cellular microscopic organism, and it is thought to be simple aquatic plants, which do not have roots, stems, or leaves and have primitive methods of reproduction. They fix the carbon dioxide from air and release valuable oxygen for the living organism. However, some algae display primitive animal features such as motility, while blue green algae differ markedly from plants and all other algae, in that they have a cellular structure and function, that is more common to bacteria called cyano-bacteria in the plant kingdom.

Algae live in a wide range of aquatic environments and are a natural component of the most aquatic ecosystems. They occures in the lentic (standing water) as well as lotic water (running water), many of them terrestrial which lives in soil and snow or in association with other organisms, plants( cycas, anthoceros), especially fungi (as lichens) and animals. Aquatic algae are found in both fresh and marine waters, their range from large size (kelp) to those visible only under a microscope. Some algae have an economic importance

because they are a source of carotene, glycerol, and alginates and can be converted into a food source for aquaculture. They vary considerably in sizes, shapes, and growth forms. They can be single celled, either colonial or as filamentous cells.

They prefers the habitat like free floating in the water column (Planktonic). These comprises the microscopic uni-cellular, colonial and filamentous forms known as “Phytoplankton”. Growing as a films on rocks at the bottom (benthic). These may be single celled or small, colonial and filamentous species growing out into the water column but attached to a substrate at one point. These comprise the larger filamentous algae and macro algae (e.g. seaweeds). The main groups of algae found in freshwater are green algae, diatoms, desmids, euglenoids, Cyanophycean members like Gloeocapsa, Microcystis, Nostoc, Anabena, Spirulina, Rivularia, Gloeotrichia, Lingbya, Oscillatoria, Scytonema, Stigonema. Chlorophycean members, like Chlamydomonas, Pandorina, Eudorina, Pledorina, Volvox, Chlorella, Pediastrum, Hydrodictyon, Ulothrix, Enteromorpha, Zygnema, Spirogyra, Mougeotia, Closterium, and Cosmarium, and Bacillariophycean members present like Pinnularia, Navicula, and Amphiplura etc. These have been connected directly or indirectly with human beings as a source of food, fodder and manure. Other countries of the world are actively engaged in exploring ways to exploit algae as a potent source of food to combat the problems of rapidly growing world population and also as a possible source of food in space flight.

Antibiotics like chlorellin are extracted from Chlorella. Chlorellin is a crystalline substance which

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BIONANO FRONTIER VOL. 5 (2 - II) NOV. 2012ISSN 0974-0678203

Odecomposed by heating at 120 C. From its chemical composition it is seem to be a mixture of fatty acids. Chlorellin is active against Staphylococcus aureus, a common organism which causes the infections to wounds and particularly useful in the purification of sewage effluent. The presence of specific nutrients, heavy metals toxic effluents on which specific type of algae grows. Plants hormone like the Auxins (IAA) have been found in the filtrate from the culture of chlorella. In our locality a fresh water body called the Mahakali dam, which is located 30 Km away from Wardha city. The water of dam is mainly used for agriculture and in some extent for drinking purposes of Wild animals and Human beings. Such water body of great importance if we study, the algal flora of this reservoir can be known, the algal bio-diversity can be known to the peoples and may be the heritage of future generation. Hence, it is a need of hour to know each and every thing of this plant world. For this cause, we have undertaken this investigation for our research study. Different authors reported the freshwater algae from different regions of India. Anilkumar, S.(2000) reported the “Fresh water Algae of Hassan District, Karnataka state”. Bais, V.S., N.C. Agarwal, and Arasta Tazeen, (1995), studied the, “Comparative study on seasonal changes in phytoplankton community in the Sagar lake and Military Engineering lake. Bharathi, S.G., and S.P. Hosmani, (1973), reported the Hydrobiological Studies in ponds and lakes of Dharwar (yemmekeri Pond). Chaturvedi, U.K. and Iqbal Habib, (1995) reported the algal flora of Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttar Pradesh, U.P. Deb, P., (2005) reported the Investigation on the epilithic algae of temporary stream at Dargakona, Cachar district, Assam. Desikachary, T.V. (1969), Cyanophyta, ICAR, New Delhi. Devi, D. (2006), studied the distribution and diversity of algal community growing in Barambaba Temple pond, Dwivedi, B.K. and G.C. Pandey., (2002), studied the Physico- chemical factors and algal diversity of two ponds in Faizabad. Guruswamy, K. and V. Ramadass.,( 2000) studied the Seasonal variation of Chlorophyll and phytoplankton productivity in man made pond. Hosmani, S.P., L. Vasanthakumar, and S. Partha, (1999), studied the Ecological significance of biochemical parameters in certain fresh water lakes of Mysore. Jena, M., Ratha, S. K., and Adhikar i , S . P. , (2006) repor ted the Diatoms (Baccilariophyceae) from Orissa state and neighbouring regions. Johnson, M.E.C. reported the Algal flora of Banjara and Nadimi lakes. Kopoczynska E.E, (1980), studied the Seasonal variation in phytoplankton in the grand river mouth area of lake Michigan. Mahadev, J. and S.P. Hosmani, (2002), studied the Langlier's index and relation to phytoplankton in two lakes of Mysore city. Mahadev, J. and Hosamani, S.P., (2005), studied the algae for bio-monitoring of organic pollution in two lakes of Mysore city. Mahadev, J. and Hosamani, S.P., (2010), reported the Statistical Multivariate Analysis of Lakes and Water Quality Parameters in Mysore, Karnataka, India. Munawar, M., (1974) performs the Limnological studies on fresh water ponds of Hyderabad, India. Nazneen, S., (1980), reported the Influence of hydrological factor on seasonal abundance of phytoplankton in Kinjhar Lake, Pakistan. Nygaard, G., (1949), performs the Hydrobiological studies on some Danish pond and lakes II.

The quotient hypothesis and some new or little known phytoplankton organisms. Pearsall, W. H, (1932), studied the phytoplankton in the English lakes II. Philipose, M.T, (1960), reported the Fresh water phytoplankton of inland fisheries. Prasad, B.N., Mehrotra, R.K. and Singh, Y, (1978), studied the pH tolerance of some blue green algae. Prescott, G. W. A, (1951), reported the Algae of the Western Great lake area. Prescott, G.W,( 1954), reported the freshwater algae . Ratha, S.K., K. Naik, and S.B. Padhi, (2003), studied the epiphytic algal diversity associated with different aquatic macrophytes of fresh water ponds in and around Berhampur University Campus, Orissa, India. Robert, D.S., Robert, W.H, and Evereff, L.G, (1974), studied the Phytoplankton distribution and water quality indices of lake head (colorodo river). Saha,. L.C, and S. K. Choudhary, (1985), reported the phytoplankton diversity in relation to abiotic factors of a pond at Bagalpur, India. Samantaray, S.M., A.K. Malik, and S.B. Padhi,(2002), reported the periodicity of Oscillatoria bloom with relation to certain physico-chemical factors in Chilika lake. Sarode, P. T, and Kamat, N. D, (1979), repoeted the diatoms of Marathawada, Maharashtra. Sarode, P. T. and Kamat, N. D, (1983), reported the diatoms flora of Marathawada, Maharashtra III. Smith , G. W, (1950), reported the freshwater algae of the United State. Tas, Beyhan and Arif Gonulol, ((2007), reported An ecologic and taxonomic study on phytoplankton of a shallow lake, Turkey. Tarar, J. L, and Seema Bodkhe, (1998b), reported the Diatom flora of polluted water bodies of Nagpur. Tayelor, W. D., Hiatt, F. A., Hern, S. C., Hilgert, J. M., Lambou, V.W., Morris, F. A., Thomas, R.W., Morris, M. K, and Williams, L. R, (1977), studied the Distribution of phytoplankton in Florida lakes, U. S. EPA. Tiwari, Ashesh and S. V. S. Chauhan, (2006 a), reported the Seasonal phytoplanktonic diversity of Kitham lake, Agra. Trivedy R.K. and Goel P.K. (1986), reported the Chemical and Biological methods for water pollution studies. Vasconcellos, (1994), studied the Toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green, algae) in Portuguese fresh waters. Verma, J, and Mohanty, R.C, (1995), reported the phytoplankton and its correlation with certain physico-chemical parameters of Danmukundpur pond. Zafar, A.R, (1967), studied the ecology of algae in certain fish ponds of Hyderabad, India-III.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The experiment was conducted in the year 2011-12. For this study, we have under taken a water reservoirs- Mahakali dam of Wardha District, Maharastra, India. The analysis of samples were carried out at Deptt. Of Botany, J. B. College of Science, Wardha. Mahakali dam is comes under the dry tropical weather climate and average rainfall were 1100mm.

0Max temperature were 47.9 C and Min temperature were 010.2 C. Present study site is belongs to Wardha district which

is at an elevation of 234 meter (767 feet) and at the longitude of 0 0 78.61 East and latitude of 20.71 North (North eastern side of

the state). Wardha district is a typical seasonal mansoon. Where peoples are engaged in agriculture. Phytoplanktonic samples was collected from surface water samples of identified station of this reserviors at a depth of more than one feet by employing polythene cans of two liter capacity. Algal material were preserved in 3-4% formalin at the spots in

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bottles and small vials. Then the samples were washed with 2-3% Acetic acid in order to clear the algal material from organic matter, sand and silt particles. A common method of obtaining pure culture is serial dilution. Cultivators dilute a wild sample or a lab sample containing the desired algae with filtered water and introduce small growing containers contain a single cell of the desired species. Following a suitable period on a light table, cultivators again use the microscope to identify containers to start larger cultures. Same procedure was applied for this study. To identify the algal material it was stained with 1% iodine solution and examined under research microscope, the photography was made with the help of micro image projection system (MIPS) and identified by comparing with that of available literature like floras of different authors, The structure and reproduction of the algae F.E. Fritch., text book on algae J.S. Gupta., A text book on algae Kumar H.D. and H.N. Singh., A text book on algae N.D. Kamat., A text book on algae A.V.S.S. Sambamurty., Algae (Form and Function) G.S. Venkataraman, S.K. Goyal, B.D. Kaushik, Paromita Roychoudhury., Introduction to the algae Harold C. Bold, Michael J. Wynne., Cyanophyta T.V. Desikachary., The blue greens Arnold Heinemann., Fresh Water Algae of East India by William Barwell Turner. The Biology of the Algae F.E. Round., and Different Journals, research papers.

Observation table:-Physico chemical parameters of water samples of Mahakali Lake in Wardha city during the study period.Parameters

Table : 01. Table showing the total number of species in Mahakali dam.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

From table it was noticed that the pH = 6.54 and Temperature o21 Celcius.

From the above observation it was observed that the lake have a collection of so many algal genera of different classes. It was reported that genus Anabaena, Nostoc, Spirulina, Phormidium, Merismopedia and 2-species of Spirulina, namely Spirulina subtilissima, Spirulina laxissima forma major. f. n. (orig.), that belongs to the class Cyanophyta with 7- number of species. Genus Oedogonium, Mougeotia, Chlorela, Hydrodictyon , Pithophora Volvox, Eudorina Spirogyra, Coleochaete, Planktospaeria, Quadrigula, Crucigenia, 10-species of Cosmarium, 3 species of Pediastrum, 6-species of Scenedesmus, and 3 species of Staurastrum, that belongs to the class Chlorophyta with total 22 number of species. Genus Amphiplura, Stauroneis, Epithemia, Hantzschia, Gyrosigma, Tabellariafenestrata, Melosira, Synedra, Anphora, 4-species of Navicula,and 6-species of Pinnularia, that belong to class Bacillariophyta with total 14-number of species. A single genus Chlorobotrys that belong to class Xanthophyta, and single Euglena sp., which is a member of Euglenophyceae. The pond also show the presence of various algal blooms and various algal forms. These algal forms belong to the class chlorophyta. Such type of algal forms. These results were in conformity with Anilkumar S., “Fresh water Algae of Hassan

District, Karnataka state”, and Ratha, S.K., K.Naik and S.B. Padhi 2003, “Epiphytic algal diversity associated with different aquatic macrophytes of fresh water ponds in and around Barhampur University campus, Orissa, India”

CONCLUSION :

From the above results, it was concluded that the pond had a diversified algal flora in which 22-Chlorophycean members was more dominant in dam area followed by 14-members of Bacillariophyceae, 7-members of Cyanophyceae, and 01-members of Xanthophyceae and 01-members of Euglenophyceae.

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