BIO-FIBRE REINFORCED COMPOSITES

Tadeusz MajewskiDepartment of Industrial and

Mechanical Engineering

Every year end-of life vehicles in the Community generate between 8 and 9 million tonnes of waste, which must be managed correctly.

DERICITIVE 2000/53/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL

on end-of life vehicles

This Directive should cover vehicles and end-of live vehicles, including their components and materials, as well as spare and replacement parts, without prejudice to safe standards, air emission and noise control.

12. The recycling of all plastics from end-of life vehicles should be continuously improved. The Commission is currently examining the environmental impacts of PVC. The Commission will, on the basis of this work, make proposals as appropriate as to the use of PVC including considerations for vehicles.

The legislation provides for the creation of collection schemes where consumers return their used e-waste free of charge.

The objective of these schemes is to increase the recycling and/or re-use of such products.

It also requires heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and hexavalent chromium and flame retardants such as polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) or polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) to be substituted by safer alternatives.

Article 7 - 2000L0053-EN-01.07.2005

Reuse and recovery

2(a) no later than 1 January 2006, for all end-of life vehicles, the reuse and recovery shall be increased to a minimum of 85 % by an average weight per vehicle and year. Within the same time limit the reuse and recycling shall be increased to a minimum of 80 % by an average weight per vehicle and year;

for vehicles produced before 1 January 1980, Member States may lay down lower targets, but not lower than 75 % for reuse and recovery and not lower than 70 % for reuse and recycling.

2(b) no later than 1 January 2015, for all end-of life vehicles, the reuse and recovery shall be increased to a minimum of 95 % by an average weight per vehicle and year. Within the same time limit, the re-use and recycling shall be increased to a minimum of 85 % by an average weight per vehicle and year.

Publications Wood and Natural Fibre Composites(1996 – 2010 altogether > 60 publications)

*650 citations till 2010 (only in 2009: 121 citations, IF 16,818) Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibers Progress in Polymer Science 24 (1999) 2, 221- 274,

A.K. Bledzki, J. Gassan

*263 citations till 2010 (IF 1,187)Properties and modification methods for vegetable fibers for natural fiber composites

Journal of Applied Polymer Science 59 (1996) 1329-1336A.K. Bledzki, S. Reihmane, J. Gassan

*143 citations till 2010 (IF 1,951)The influence of fiber surface treatment on the mechanical properties

of jute-polypropylene-compositesComposites 28 A (1997) 1001-1005J. Gassan, A.K. Bledzki

Universität Kassel Institut für Werkstofftechnik Kunststoff- und RecyclingtechnikProf. Dr.-Ing. Andrzej K. Bledzki [kutech@gmx.de]

Raw materials as cellulose fibers (abaca, jute, hemp, sisal, kenaf, cotton), soft or hard wood fibers are widely used in an industry.

They have very interesting field of applications because of their promising properties.

These materials need further investigation to improve their properties and increase their applications. Some of their drawbacks can be improved in further research.

The parts from the composite materials are produced by injection moulding or extrusion.

Automotive industry is interested in new materials, because according to new regulations cars should be partially decomposable or recyclable.

Domestic application of WPC

Automotive applicationsMercedes-Benz Class S with environmental certificate

Components made from different bio fibre reinforced composites

Under floor protection trim of Mercedes A class made from banana fibre reinforced composites (Source: DaimlerChrysler Awarded for Banana Fibre Use in Mercedes A Class http://www.netcomposites.com/news.asp?2888)

Automotive interior components made from wood fibre reinforced composites (Source: Bledzki et al., Cars from Bio-Fibres, Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2006, 291, 449-457)

Automotive instrumental panel with integrated airbag flap made from bio-fibre reinforced composites (Source: Bledzki et al., Cars from Bio-Fibres, Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2006, 291, 449-457)

Front side

Back side with air bag sheet

•PROPERTIES OF PARTS MADE OF WPC:•Small weight,•Small use of energy during production,•Good mechanical properties,•Good acoustic isolation,•Renewable materials.

NomenclatureWPC- Woof Fiber CompositePP575 – PolypropylenPAN – PolyacrylnitrilPET - PolyethylenterephthalatW - SoftwoodCordenka – Man made cellulose fiber%wt –percentage weight of fiber

Wood Plastic Composites (WPC) is widely used in automotive and domestic industry. With addition of natural fibers the composite materials obtain better properties, they are cheaper and friendly for the environment.

Cellulose fibers - abaca, jute, hemp, sisal, kenaf, cotton, soft or hard wood fibers

The parts from the composite materials are produced by injection moulding or extrusion.

Natural fibers, thanks to their lightweight, the strength and the low cost may replace artificial/mineral (glass or coal) fillers in many parts.

Wood fibre mat with resin

Compression molding in a tempered mold,

demolding

Substrate ready forcovering process

Mat compression moulding:: Fibrowood (Johnson Controls)

Bast Fibres with Thermosetting Binder

Mat compression moulding:

NF-EP

Process steps In-Line covering of NF-mat with Epoxy Resin NF-mat is pressed in the final shape in a Hot pressing tool Part is cut in its final shape

Natural fibremat

Sliding of theEP resin

Mat with resin SubstrateCompression molding

Drying

Deflector Mixing pipe

Cutting

Bast Fibres with Thermosetting Binder

Carrier Carrier vacuum covered with Foam-Foil

Complete Door Panel

Functional safeguardUnder-floor cover A-Class

economy ecology

technology

Exterior Applications: 1st Exterior Natural Fibre ApplicationA-Class Under-floor (DaimlerChrysler/Rieter)

Extrusion

WPC Profiles

Mechanical properties

[GPa] 10)()]()3

)(6)(4)((

2

1

405

52[

30 62324

2234 f

h

lm

l

lellelelm

bE ab

200.0m 400.0m 600.0m 800.0m 1.0-1.0

-500.0m

0

500.0m

1.0

sec

Re

al,

V

X1 X: 0.5925 Y: 0.102534

%3E

E

Laboratory scale testing device for measuring E

PP PP+20%

PP+30%

PP+40%

PP+50%

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

E G

Pa

20 ° 50° 80° 110°0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

o%40%50%

Elastic modulus for WPC and its changing with temperature

40%PET

40%PAN40%W

20%W+2

0%PET

20%W+2

0%PAN

30% Cordonka

00.5

11.5

22.5

33.5

44.5

E GP

a

Elastic modulus for different specimens

WPC- Woof Fiber CompositePP575 – PolypropylenPAN – PolyacrylnitrilPET - PolyethylenterephthalatW - SoftwoodCordenka – Man made cellulose fiber%wt –percentage weight of fiber

1 2 3 40

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

E[GP

a]

PP40W PP40PAN PP20W20-PAN

PP30RC

Comparison E from different methodsFirst bar – tension,

second bar – bending, third bar – DMA (Dynamic Measurement Analyzer )

fourth bar –testing device

WPC- Woof Fiber CompositePAN – Polyacrylnitril

The difference between the results obtained from my laboratory scale testing device for the same type of material were no greater than 5 %

Shear modulus - GTesting device

1

2

3

4

My testing device:

The relative error of the storage modulus about 5%

Laboratory stands for measuring the shear modulus G

Development of Bioplastics Market

Thank you for your attention

Agradecemos su participación y asistencia

Danke schön

Tadeusz Majewski, UDLAP

Foro de Innovación 2011INNOVATIONFORUM11

EUROPEAN COMMISSIONwww.environ.ie/en/.../FileDownLoad,1434,en.pd... - Traducir esta páginaHas publicado que a ti también te gusta esto. DeshacerFormato de archivo: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - Vista rápidaadopted by the European Parliament and the Council on 18 September 2000, also ... The reuse, recovery and recycling of end-of-life vehicles is encouraged ... are allowed to transpose some of its soft-law provisions by means of agreements ...

The directive of European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 20007 organized