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Location of Photosynthesis: Stomata of ChloroplastLocation of Respiration: Throughout the cytoplasm

Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. These stages are called the light reactions and the darkreactions. The light reactions take place in the presence of light. The dark reactions do notrequire direct light, however dark reactions in most plants occur during the day.

Light reactions occur mostly in the thylakoid stacks of the grana. Here, sunlight is convertedto chemical energy in the form of ATP (free energy containing molecule) and NADPH (highenergy electron carrying molecule). Chlorophyll absorbs light energy and starts a chain ofsteps that result in the production of ATP, NADPH, and oxygen (through the splitting ofwater). Oxygen is released through the stomata. Both ATP and NADPH are used in the darkreactions to produce sugar.

Dark reactions occur in the stroma. Carbon dioxide is converted to sugar using ATP andNADPH. This process is known as carbon fixation or the Calvin cycle. Carbon dioxide iscombined with a 5-carbon sugar creating a 6-carbon sugar. The 6-carbon sugar is eventuallybroken-down into two molecules, glucose and fructose. These two molecules make sucroseor sugar.

Vascular Plants

Xylem- The supporting and water-conducting tissue ofvascular plants, woody tissue.Phloem- The food-conducting tissue of vascular plants

Visible light is the spectrum of

light of wavelengths that is used

for the process of photosynthesis

Waste products of oxygen is given back to other organisms, such as animals, that needoxygen to live an survive

Lactic Acid causes arthritis and soreness throughout the body

Yeast needs to go through respiration so, that it expands and able to eaten. Yeast is one ofthe most used ingredients in the baking industry

Fermentation = Sugar (glucose or fructose) alcohol (ethanol) + carbon dioxide + energy(ATP)

Chapter 8&9The purpose among the type of organism is different.In single-celled organisms it issimply reproduction, basically an organism cloning itself. In multi-cellular it is forproliferation of cells, both to grow and to replace old or dead cells.

The graph shows the length o the cycle including mitosis an cytokinesis.

Interphase is longest phase in the cell cycle. Theshortest phase in telophase in mitosis.

Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis is the process

in which men get sperm and women get eggs.

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Cytokinesis is the process whereby the cytoplasm of a single cell is divided to spawn twodaughter cells. The process of change that take place during the division of a cell nucleus atmitosis is the process of karyokinesis.

2n=two sets of chromosomes and relate to body cells, each chromosome has a mate just likeit

Humans have 23 pairs chromosomes.

Sperm and Eggs are collectively sex cells

Spermatogenesis is the process to get sperm cells. Spermatogonium is process of getting 4

haploid sperm cells. Sperm is from the these two process.

Cellular differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a morespecialized cell type

Chapter 10Gregor Mendel is monk that discovered that each organism has genes

Sex determination is caused by the male. The sex is determined by the chromosomal makeupo the offspring.

Genotype- the genetic makeup of an organism thats not physically seen.

Phenotype-the visible characteristics that a organism shows

F1 is the first breed of offspring and F2 is the offsprings offspring.

Polygenic inheritance is a pattern responsible for many features that seem simple on thesurface. Many traits such as height, shape, weight, color, and metabolic rate are governedby the cumulative effects of many genes.

Punnet Squares- Left is one gene and the right is two gene square.

Pedigree

Genetic and Chromosomal Errors-

The precise arrangement (sequence) of A, C, G, and T bases on a DNA strand is the

recipe that encodes the exact sequence of a protein. If the recipes have extra bases or

misspelled bases or if some are deleted, the cell can make a wrong protein or too much ortoo little of the right one. These mistakes often result in disease. In some cases, a single

misplaced base is sufficient to cause a disease, such as sickle cell anemia.

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Miller and Ureys ExperimentTheMiller-Urey experiment (orUrey-Miller experiment) was an experiment thatsimulated hypothetical conditions present on the early Earth and tested for the occurrence ofchemical evolution.

Pasteurs ExperimentOne of the first to disprove spontaneous generation. A French scientist who proved thatmicro organisms was carried by dust not air. (French 1864)

Spontaneous generation is the hypothesis that some vital force contained in or given toorganic matter can create living organisms from inanimate objects.

Fossilization and Stratification in Rock LayersThe deeper in the ground you go the older the fossil get. So the highest level showsrecently died.

Homologous StructureA body part with the same basic structure and embryonic origin as that of anotherorganism, though not necessarily sharing the same function. Thus the bones of vertebrateforelimbs are homologous even though the limbs can function in widely different ways(e.g., for swimming, flying, running, or grasping). Darwinists interpret such similarities asdue to inheritance from a common ancestor.

Chapter 20 & 21All viruses have a capsid or head region that contains its genetic material. The capsid ismade of proteins and glycoproteins. Capsid contruction varies greatly among viruses, withmost being specialized for a particular virus's host organism. Some viruses, mostly of thetype infecting animals, have a membranous envelope surrounding their capsid. This allowsviruses to penetrate host cells through membrane fusion. The virus's genetical materialrests inside the capsid; that material can be either DNA, RNA, or even in some cases a

limited number of enzymes. The type of genetic material a virus contains is used inclassification, and is discussed in Virus Classification.In addition to the head region, some viruses, mostly those that infect bacteria, have a tailregion. The tail is an often elaborate protein structure. It aids in binding to the surface of

the host cell and in the introduction of virus genetic materialto the host cell.

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Mechanical DigestionThe large pieces of food that are ingested have to be broken into smaller particles that can beacted upon by various enzymes. This is mechanical digestion, which begins in the mouthwith chewing or mastication and continues with churning and mixing actions in the stomach.

High Fat Diet Contributing to CholesterolLipids are fats that are found throughout the body. Cholesterol, a type of lipid, is found in

foods from animal sources. This means that eggs, meats, and whole-fat dairy products(including milk, cheese, and ice cream) are loaded with cholesterol - and vegetables, fruits,and grains contain none. The liver produces about 1,000 milligrams of cholesterol a day, andyou probably consume about 150 to 250 milligrams in the foods you eat.Because cholesterol can't travel alone through the bloodstream, it has to combine withcertain proteins. These proteins act like trucks, picking up the cholesterol and transporting it

to different parts of the body. When this happens, the cholesterol and protein form a

lipoprotein together.The two most important types of lipoproteins are high-density lipoproteins (or HDL) andlow-density lipoproteins (or LDL). You've probably heard people call LDL cholesterol "badcholesterol" and HDL cholesterol "good cholesterol" because of their very different effectson the body. Most cholesterol is LDL cholesterol, and this is the kind that's most likely toclog the blood vessels, keeping blood from flowing through the body the way it should.About one third to one fourth of the total amount of cholesterol is HDL cholesterol. HDL

cholesterol carries cholesterol back to the liver, where it can be processed and sent out of thebody.

Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions,and problem solvingParietal Lobe- associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuliOccipital Lobe- associated with visual processingTemporal Lobe- associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory,

and speech

The Frontal Lobe is the largest lobeThe Occipital Lobe is the smallest lobe

Chapter 26 and 40-43The term biotic means living or having lived. Examples of biotic factors would include afrog, a leaf, a dead tree, or a piece of wood. The term abiotic means non-living, or neverhaving lived. Examples of abiotic factors would include gold, rock, bicycle, brick, and

cement.

Cycles

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