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BIOPLASTICS FROM FISH SCALES
Alvin M. SuarezJulie Ann C. Batarlo
Regine Mae F. AfableKristian Robert S. CubosAdriel John R. De Leon
Mark Lois Anthony P. EyoAira Louella M. Manalad
A Research ProposalSubmitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements
For the Subject Research IIn the
Faculty of Department of ScienceFebruary 2009
APPROVAL SHEET
The research proposal attached hereto entitled, "BIOPLASTIC FROM
TILAPIA SCALES" prepared and submitted by ALVIN M. SUAREZ, JULIE ANN C.
BATARLO, REGINE MAE F. AFABLE, KRISTIAN ROBERT S. CUBOS, ADRIEL
JOHN R. DE LEON, MARK LOIS ANTHONY P. EYO, and AIRA LOUELLA M.
MANALAD, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Research I is
hereby accepted.
WAJAVINA N. CATACUTANAdviser
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Subject Research I.
NENITA C. MANALASTASOIC-Science
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTSPage
TITLE PAGE................................................................................................................ i
APPROVAL SHEET.................................................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................. iii
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study............................................................................ 1
.......................................................................................................................................
Statement of the Problem............................................................................ 2
Significance of the Study............................................................................ 2
Scope and Delimitations............................................................................. 3
Definition of Terms..................................................................................... 3
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Tilapia ........................................................................................................ 4
Bioplastics................................................................................................... 5
METHODOLOGY
Flowchart.................................................................................................... 7
Collection/ Gathering of Fish Scales.......................................................... 8
Accumulation of Biopolymer from Fish Scales.......................................... 8
Purification of Biopolymer......................................................................... 8
Production of Bioplastic............................................................................. 9
Statistical tool..............................................................................................
BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................... 10
iii
CURRICULUM VITAE............................................................................................... 11
iv
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Plastic is the most convenient material man ever discovered due to its relatively
cheapness, ease of manufacture, versatility, and imperviousness to water. Plastics are
used from paper clips to spaceships, and displaced materials such as wood, metal, bones
and horns, stone, leather, paper, even ceramics in most of their former uses.
But plastic seemed to create a drastic effect. Because it is composed of chemicals
(petroleum-based), takes too long to degrade (considerably non-biodegradable), improper
disposal has lead to waste problems and pollution, destructing our environment. A
solution was achieved— the bioplastic.
Bioplastic is just like plastics, but instead of non-renewable petroleum as source,
it uses organic sources like plant sources (corn starch, soybean oil, hemp oil, etc.) and
microbial sources. They can be made by using plant sugar conversion, fermentation and
cultivation. Unlike petroplastics they are biodegradable when disposed properly, reducing
waste production.
Scales are simply fish’s protection and substantially useless for people. A waste
indeed, but if this can be a source of bioplastics, there will be a help for waste reduction
at the same time with fossil fuel consumption, environment conservation and a cheaper
alternative from the usual plastic.
Statement of the Problem
The study aims to produce bioplastic products from scales of Blue Tilapia
(Oreochromis aureus) and Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis nilocitus nilocitus) indifferent or
better than the first bioplastic products using fermentation process.
This study is concerned in finding answers to following questions:
1. Is fermentation a possible way to produce bioplastic from the scales of the 2 tilapia
varieties?
2. How much plastic can be obtained from a unit of mass (kg) of fish scales?
3. Is there a significant difference between an ordinary bioplastic product and the
produced plastic in terms of :
a. Physical Properties
b. Biodegradability
c. Durability
Significance of the Study
Plastic changed our lives for many years, yet not our environment. Even plastic is
the best material for almost everything, it has also its negative side. Plastic contributed
much on waste production. It worsened pollution, and is also consuming petroleum which
reached its critical level these days.
Conducting this study can therefore promote and help the alternative for plastic—
the bioplastic. If tilapia scales can be a source of bioplastic, then it will be an aid for
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cutting off fossil fuel usage. Pollution may decline as waste reduction progresses since
these polymers are from waste and will decompose.
Scope and Delimitations
The study will be operated to determine the possibility to produce bioplastic from
two (2) different varieties of tilapia– the Oreochromis aureus (Blue Tilapia) and
Oreochromis nilocitus nilocitus (Nile Tilapia). This study includes microbial
fermentation as a process to produce plastic from melted scales of tilapia varieties. This
study limits itself to the determination of the possibility fish scales as source of bioplastic
and does not intend to seek for its effect and further processing for a specific usage.
Definition of Terms
a. Bioplastic
-Bioplastics are plastic resins developed from renewable agricultural feedstocks
or organic sources, such as corn sugar, hemp oil and soy bean oil.
b. Tilapia
-common name for nearly a hundred species of cichlid fishes from the tilapiine
cichlid tribe.
c. Scales
-small flat bony or horny overlapping plates that cover the bodies of fish.
d. Fermentation
-breakdown of carbohydrates by the use of microorganisms.
3
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Tilapia
Tilapia has become the third most important fish in aquaculture after carps and
salmonids, with production reaching 1,505,804 metric tons in 2002. Because of their
large size, rapid growth, and palatability, a number of tilapiine cichlids are at the focus of
major aquaculture efforts, specifically various species of Oreochromis, Sarotherodon, and
Tilapia, collectively known colloquially as tilapias. Like other large fish, they are a good
source of protein and a popular target for artisanal and commercial fisheries. Originally,
the majority of such fisheries were in Africa, but accidental and deliberate introductions
of tilapia into freshwater lakes in Asia have led to outdoor aquaculturing projects in
countries with a tropical climate such as Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and
Indonesia. In temperate zone localities, tilapiine farming operations require energy to
warm the water to the tropical temperatures these fish require. One method involves
warming the water using waste heat from factories and power stations.
Cycloid scales are found in the majority of bony fishes like tilapia. The anterior
part of each scale is usually overlapped by the posterior portion of the scale in front. This
arrangement of imbricate scales gives the fish greater flexibility than those in species
with cosmoid and ganoid scales.
Cycloid scales consist of two main regions, a surface “bony” layer composed of
an organic framework impregnated largely with calcium based salts, and a deeper fibrous
layer composed mainly of collagen, a member of biopolymer family, under proteins.
4
Bioplastics
Bioplastics are special types of biomaterials. Plastics derived from plant sources-
soybean oil, hemp oil, corn starch etc.-or microbial sources, rather than traditional
petrochemical-derived plastics are called bioplastics.
Microbial bioplastics are polyesters that are produced by a range of
microorganisms cultivated under various growth and nutrient conditions. These
polymers, usually lipids, accumulate as storage materials (as mobile, amorphous, liquid
granules) meant for microbial survival under stressful conditions. Bioplastics are made
from a compound called polyhydroxyalkanoate, or PHA. Bacteria accumulate PHA in the
presence of excess carbon source, similar to how humans accumulate fat deposits on their
bodies after consuming excess food. Thus microbial PHA accumulators are
microorganismal versions of Sumo wrestlers, accumulating storage biopolymers after
consuming excess nutrients. Poly 3-hydroxy butyric acid (PHB) is the most common
microbial PHA.
Bioplastics are regarded as an environmentally responsible alternative to
petroleum-based plastics. They rely less on fossil fuels, a non-renewable resource. They
also are biodegradable when disposed of properly, reducing waste. Bioplastic products
also result in a net reduction of greenhouse gas emissions because the plants used to
produce the bioplastic material absorb the same amount of carbon they started with, thus
displacing that carbon from being emitted into the atmosphere.
5
Bioplastics are synthetic materials and are sometimes criticized because their
manufacturing and processing can result in environmental impacts. Any manufacturing
process can be energy intensive, increasing GHG emissions if power is derived from
fossil fuels. Other environmental impacts may include water used to irrigate crops,
fertilizers and pesticides applied to grow agricultural feedstocks, and pollutants emitted
from the transportation of crops and products to manufacturing facilities.
6
METHODOLOGY
Collection/Gathering of Fish Scales
Accumulation of biopolymer from fish
scales
Purification of biopolymer
Production of Bioplastic
Cell Disruption Washing and Centrifugation
Drying
molding
Physical properties
Biodegradability
Durability
7
Collection/Gathering of Fish Scales
Scales from the two varieties of tilapia will be collected together in Gapan wet
market, San Lorenzo, Gapan city. Collected samples will be washed then dried under the
sun until they are fully dried out. The samples will be melted with 250 milliliters (mL) of
water using an LPG stove. Temperature will be kept at 100°C. This process will be
replicated by using different levels of water-500mL, 750mL, 1L.
Accumulation of Biopolymer from Fish Scales
The melted fish scales will be fermented in glass container(s), for three (3)
months at a room temperature between 26-38°C. As fermentation takes place, growth of
bacteria on the scales will occur, the same with the accumulation of polymer. After
fermentation process, the fermented scales will undergo cell disruption, washing,
centrifugation and drying to purify the biopolymer.
Purification of Biopolymer
A. Cell Disruption
The accumulated polymer will undergo cell disruption for one (1) day,
specifically chemical permeabilization process in the DOST laboratory at CLSU.
B. Washing and Centrifugation
The disrupted samples will be subjected to washing process using a Liter (1L) of
sterilized deionized water and will then undergo centrifugation process.
8
C. Drying
After washing and centrifugation, scales will be dried through the use of a
desiccator at the DOST laboratory in Juan R. Liwag Memorial High School. Sodium
Hydroxide will be used as the main desiccating agent in the process. (Amount (g) of the
desiccating agent will be determined after the mass (g) of biopolymer extracted from the
fish scales.)
Production and Molding of Bioplastic
The collected biopolymer will be brought at UBC Plastic Factory., Mendoza,
Malabon, Manila and will be subjected to injection molding process to produce a
bioplastic product. The produced bioplastic will be compared to commercial bioplastics
which also undergone to injection molding in terms of:
a. Physical Properties
a. Color
b. Odor
c. texture
b. Biodegrdability
c. Durability
Statistical Tool
This study involves Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) as the research
design. The study will use Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) as statistical tool.
9
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Internet sites
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioplastic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapia#Etymology
http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk1/1993/9313/9313.PDF
http://www.fishbase.org
http://www.austmus.gov.au/fishes/what/scales/cyccten.htm
http://www.millipore.com/sustainability/eco3/bioplastics
http://www.physicventures.com/news/making-plastic-out-pollution
http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=kshow&kid=1266
http://www.bioautocouncil.com/News/File.aspx?6567b330-6901-4f38-9b8d-
0be2f5da5f28
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiccation
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CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Alvin Mondido Suarez
Address: Bayanihan, Gapan City, Nueva Ecija
Birthday: August 29, 1994
Birthplace: Gapan City, Nueva Ecija
Name of Father: Ariel R. Suarez
Name of Mother: Rosemarie M. Suarez
Name of Sisters/Brothers: Leira Mae M. Suarez
Liliane M. Suarez
Ken M. Suarez
Educational Background:
a. Pre-Elementary:Gapan South Central School (Kindergarten)
San Vicente, Gapan CityS.Y. 2000-2001
b. Elementary:Gapan South Central School
San Vicente, Gapan CityS.Y. 2001-2007
c. High School:Juan R. Liwag Memorial High School
Bayanihan, Gapan CityS.Y. 2007-2009
Favorite Subjects: English, Algebra
Ambition: To be a good Agriculturist in the future
Philosophy in Life: “It maybe difficult, but possible”
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CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Julie Ann Calison Batarlo
Address: Freedom Park, San Vicente, Gapan City
Birthday: August 27, 1994
Birthplace: Gapan City, Nueva Ecija
Name of Father: Jovito Batarlo
Name of Mother: Lailanie Batarlo
Name of Sisters: Jean Mirasol Batarlo
Educational Background:
a. Pre-Elementary:San Lorenzo Day Care Center
San Lorenzo, Gapan CityS.Y. 1999-2000
Dela Cruz KindergartenDela Cruz, Gapan City
S.Y. 2000-2001
b. Elementary:Gapan North Central School
San Vicente, Gapan CityS.Y. 2001-2007
c. High School:Juan R. Liwag Memorial High School
Bayanihan, Gapan CityS.Y. 2007-2009
Favorite Subjects: Filipino
Ambition: To be a successful writer someday
Philosophy in Life: “Education is the best foundation”
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CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Regine Mae Feliciano Afable
Address: Sto. Niño, Gapan City, Nueva Ecija
Birthday: January 12, 1995
Birthplace: Good Samaritan, Cabanatuan City
Name of Father: Regie C. Afable
Name of Mother: Fe F. Afable
Name of Sister: Rianna Mae F. Afable
Name of Brother: Ramon Miguel F. Afable
Educational Background:a. Pre-Elementary:
Divina Pastora College (Kindergarten)San Vicente, Gapan City
S.Y. 1999-2000
Divina Pastora College (Preparatory)San Vicente, Gapan City
S.Y. 2000-2001
b. Elementary:Divina Pastora College
San Vicente, Gapan CityS.Y. 2001-2007
c. High School:Juan R. Liwag Memorial High School
Bayanihan, Gapan CityS.Y. 2007-2009
Favorite Subjects: English & Filipino
Ambition: To be a successful lawyer someday
Philosophy in Life: “Sometimes words aren’t brave enough, so action does the work”
13
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Kristian Robert Soriano Cubos
Address: Pambuan, Gapan City, Nueva Ecija
Birthday: December 29, 1994
Birthplace: Gonzales General Hospital, San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija
Name of Father: Arturo T. Cubos
Name of Mother: Lucila S. Cubos
Name of Brother: Marion Ronald S. Cubos
Educational Background:
a. Pre-Elementary:Pambuan Elementary School (Kindergarten)
Pambuan, Gapan CityS.Y. 2000-2001
b. Elementary:Pambuan Elementary School
Pambuan, Gapan CityS.Y. 2001-2007
c. High School:Juan R. Liwag Memorial High School
Bayanihan, Gapan CityS.Y. 2007-2009
Favorite Subjects: Geometry
Ambition: To be a successful engineer
Philosophy in Life: “Your attitude, not your aptitude, will determine you altitude”
14
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Adriel John Reyes De Leon
Address: Poblacion San Isidro, Nueva Ecija
Birthday: October 23, 1994
Birthplace: Gonzales General Hospital, San Leonardo, Nueva Ecija
Name of Father: Johnny E. De Leon
Name of Mother: Analyn R. De Leon
Name of Sisters: Hannah Abigail R. De Leon
Leah Angelica R. De Leon
Educational Background:
a. Pre-Elementary:General De Jesus College
Poblacion San Isidro, Nueva EcijaS.Y. 2000-2001
b. Elementary:General De Jesus College
Poblacion San Isidro, Nueva Ecija S.Y. 2001-2007
c. High School:Juan R. Liwag Memorial High School
Bayanihan, Gapan CityS.Y. 2007-2009
Favorite Subjects: Research
Ambition: To be a successful engineer in the future
Philosophy in Life: “It’s better to light a candle than to curse the darkness”
15
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Mark Lois Anthony Polo Eyo
Address: Consuelo Subd., Bayanihan, Gapan City, Nueva Ecija
Birthday: March 22, 1995
Birthplace: Gapan City, Nueva Ecija
Name of Father: Antonio C. Eyo
Name of Mother: Lourdes P. Maribuhoc
Name of Brothers: Ylan Vhon Muie P. Eyo
Michael Lois Andreau P. Eyo
Educational Background:a. Pre-Elementary:
Village Montessori School (Kindergarten)Bayanihan, Gapan City
S.Y. 2000-2001
b. Elementary:Village Montessori School
Bayanihan, Gapan CityS.Y. 2001-2004
Gapan South Central SchoolSan Vicente, Gapan City
S.Y. 2004-2007
c. High School:Juan R. Liwag Memorial High School
Bayanihan, Gapan CityS.Y. 2007-2009
Favorite Subjects: Biology
Ambition: To be an engineer someday
Philosophy in Life: “Life is a journey”
16
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Aira Louella Manalo Manalad
Address: Sto. Cristo Norte, Gapan City, Nueva Ecija
Birthday: May 5, 1995
Birthplace: Good Samaritan, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Name of Father: Lorwin E. Manalad
Name of Mother: Arlyn M. Manalad
Name of Sisters: Laureen Anjelique M. Manalad
Lianna Aizel M. Manalad
Name of Brothers: Lorenz Anjelo M. Manalad
Lord Andrei M. Manalad
Educational Background:a. Pre-Elementary:
Gapan North Central School (Kindergarten)San Vicente, Gapan City
S.Y. 2000-2001
b. Elementary:Gapan North Central School
San Vicente, Gapan CityS.Y. 2001-2007
c. High School:Juan R. Liwag Memorial High School
Bayanihan, Gapan CityS.Y. 2007-2009
Favorite Subjects: Geometry, Algebra
Ambition: To be a successful nurse in the future
Philosophy in Life: “The best way out of a difficulty is through it.”
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