Upload
steven-oneal
View
216
Download
1
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Biochemistry Part 2
Neutralization
• An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+) when it is dissolved in water.
• A base is a substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) when it is dissolved in water.
• A pH scale ranks the substances according to the relative concentrations of their hydrogen ions. Substances with pH of less than 7 are considered acids, and higher than 7 are considered bases.
• When acids and bases mix, they undergo a neutralization reaction that results in the formation of salt and water
• Normal human blood pH is 7.35-7.45.• Alkalosis is when a person’s pH levels go up (high
altitudes, anxious)• Acidosis is when the blood pH lowers to 7.1-7.3 and
can cause fatigue. Above 7.8 and below 6.8 can be fatal
• We need buffers that will maintain pH balance• A buffer system we have in our blood is the carbonic
acid and hydrogen carbonate ion.• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9dliAngF2k
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
• LEO says GER• Loss of elections: oxidation• Gain of elections: reduction• C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
Sugar is oxidized in a series of reactions to get energy.
Condensation Reactions• When you react two separate molecules to
join and a water molecule is released. Also called a dehydration reaction.
Hydrolysis Reaction
• When you breakdown macromolecules into its monomers using a water molecule.
Condensation and Hydrolysis
Enzymes
• A certain amount of energy is required to start any reaction. This is called the activation energy.
• There are several ways to lower the activation energy or speed up a reaction: increase temperature (not recommended in living things) or use a catalyst.
• A protein molecule can make biological catalysts called enzymes.
• Every different reaction that occurs in our body has a certain enzyme that will facilitate the reaction.
• Enzymes have specific 3D shapes with indentations on their surfaces called the active site where the substrate (reactants of the reaction) will bind.
• When the substrate and enzyme are bound together, it is called the enzyme-substrate complex
• The enzyme will then adjust its shape, allowing the reaction to happen easier
• Some enzymes need the help of other organic molecules… called coenzymes
• Some enzymes may need the presence of ions such as iron or zinc… called cofactors
• Enzymes are classified based on the type of reaction they catalyze. For example, enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions are called hydrolases.
• Enzymes are specific – i.e. lactase
• Enzyme activity can be affected by a change in condition that alters the enzyme’s shape (temperature and pH)
• Inhibitors are molecules that interact with an enzyme and reduce the activity of the enzyme and its ability to bind with a substrate– Competitive inhibition: inhibitors that interact with the
active site– Non-competitive inhibitors: bind to an allosteric site (not
the active site, but changes the shape of the active site)
• Activators: molecules that can also bind to an allosteric site, but change the shape of the active site to make it so the substrate CAN bind to the enzyme.