Biochemistry ReviewIf you learned anything from this unit, you should have learned…..

All living matter… CHONPS Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphate Sulfur

Ionic bonding

Transfer of electrons

Bonds Covalent bonds: strong

Polar nonpolar

Bonds Hydrogen

Between polar molecules Accounts for water

properties Weak

Properties of Water Solvent High heat capacity Ice floats (density anamoly) Cohesion Surface tension adhesion

Organic Molecules Macromolecules Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds Functional groups 4 classes

Monosaccharides Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Determine bonding characteristics of organic molecules

Reactions of life Dehydration

Releases water Synthesis: builds

organic polymers Anabolic:

endergonic

Hydrolysis Uses water Digestion

Breaks covalent bonds

Catabolic: exergonic

Carbohydrates C6H12O6 Fructose, Glucose, Galactose (isomers)

Disaccharides Glycosidic linkage Sucrose=glucose & fructose Lactose= glucose & galactose Glucose= glucose & glucose

Polysaccharides Starch=energy storage in plants Glycogen=energy storage in animals Cellulose=walls of plant cells Chitin=walls of fungus and exoskeleton of

arthropods

Lipids Insoluble in water Nonpolar 3 major groups

Triglycerides Saturated Unsaturated (mono or poly)

Phospholipids Steroids (ring shaped)

Proteins Amino acid monomer Peptide bond (polypeptides) Wide variety of functions

Structural Storage Transport Defensive Enzymes

Protein structure

Primary structure Determines all else Determined by nucleotide sequence in DNA

Tertiary structure (between R groups) Hydrogen bonding Ionic bonding Hydrophobic effect Disulfide bridges Covalent bonding

Nucleic Acids

DNA vs. RNA RNA

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil

Single helix Ribose Located in

nucleus and cytoplasm

DNA Adenine,

Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine

Double helix Deoxyribose Located in

nucleus

Enzyme Activity Lowers activation energy Reusable Reaction specific

Enzyme activity

Proteins and/or RNA Induced fit Cofactors ATP: energy for reaction activation

Activation & Inhibition Cooperativity: Allosteric sites: different from active site

Inhibition: negative feedback Activitor: positive feedback

Competitive inhibition