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Biodiversity & Conservation Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwanof Cetaceans in Taiwan
Lien-Siang ChouLien-Siang Chou
Professor, Institute of Ecology & Professor, Institute of Ecology & EvolutionaryEvolutionary
Biology, National Taiwan Biology, National Taiwan UniversityUniversity
Founder, Taiwan Cetacean SocietyFounder, Taiwan Cetacean SocietyUnless noted, the course materials are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Taiwan (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)
NTU Lien Siang Chou
What are cetaceans?What are cetaceans?CetaceansCetaceans= whales + dolphins (porpoise)= whales + dolphins (porpoise)– Difference between whales & dolphins?Difference between whales & dolphins?
Difference from Fish?Difference from Fish?– Morphology…Morphology…– Physiology…Physiology…– Reproduction…Reproduction…
22
Hector’s Dolphin
Human
Orca
Blue Whale
Humpback
Sperm Whale
33
Wiki Chris huh
44
What are Cetaceans? What are Cetaceans?
Order CetaceaOrder Cetacea 鯨目鯨目Suborder Mysticeti, Suborder Mysticeti, – Baleen whales Baleen whales 鬚鯨亞目鬚鯨亞目 ,,15 spp 15 spp
Suborder Odontoceti, Suborder Odontoceti, – Toothed whales Toothed whales 齒鯨亞目齒鯨亞目 ,, 70 spp 70 spp
Order CetaceaOrder Cetacea
鬚鯨亞目鬚鯨亞目(Suborder Mysticeti )(Suborder Mysticeti )
Foraging tool: baleenForaging tool: baleen
齒鯨亞目齒鯨亞目(Suborder Odontoceti)(Suborder Odontoceti)
Foraging tool: teethForaging tool: teeth
Flickr Patrick Keogh
Flickr TooFarNorth
Diet trace of tooth whalesDiet trace of tooth whales
Academia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih
Academia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih
Fish ear bones under microscopeFish ear bones under microscope
Species identificationSpecies identification
Body length estimationBody length estimation
Foraging water depthForaging water depthAcademia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih
Academia Sinica Wang, Ming-ChihAcademia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih
Baleen whale has two blow holes
Toothed whale has one blow hole
Flickr zorankovacevic
Flickr toniluca
How cetaceans understand their world ?By eyes?By sound?
Bottlenose dolphin Flickr Stacy Lynn Baum
Echolocation pathways
Wiki Emoscopes
Types of cetacean sound( 糙齒海豚 ) Rough toothed dolphin Pulsed type
( 糙齒海豚 ) Rough toothed dolphin Whistle, Unpulsed type
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 s
10
kHz NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 s
5
10
15
20
kHz
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
Spectrum- axis Y =Freqeuncy of sound (kHz) ; axis X= Length of sound (second) .
Song structure of Humpback Song structure of Humpback whale’s soundwhale’s sound
No. 4No. 4 No. 5No. 5 No. 6No. 6
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120
Seconds
Song session (Hours)
Theme (~2 min)
Song (~12 min)
Subphrase
Phrase
NTU Lien-Siang Chour. Redraw by NTU 王有禎 based on the data from Peter G. H. Evans. 1987. The Natural History of Whales & Dolphins. Facts On File Publications.
How intelligent are cetaceansHow intelligent are cetaceans ??IndicatorsIndicators
Brain structuresBrain structures
Learning/communication behaviorsLearning/communication behaviors
Brain and Body Weight Brain and Body Weight Animal Brain Weight
(grams)Body Weight(tonnes)
Brain Weight / Body Weight
Human (Homo) 1500 0.07 2.1%
Asiatic elephant (Elephas) 7500 5.00 0.15%
Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops) 1600 0.17 0.94%
Common dolphin (Delphinus) 840 0.11 0.76%
Pilot whale (Globicephala) 2670 3.50 0.076%
Orca (Orcinus) 5620 6.00 0.094%
Cow (Bos) 500 0.6 0.08%
Sperm whale (Physeter) 7820 37.00 0.021%
Fin whale (Balaenoptera) 6930 90.00 0.008%
Source: by Mark Carwardine, 1999. Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, 2nd edn. Checkmark Books.
The BrainThe Brain
Human
Bottlenose Dolphin
Cow
Cerebral Hemisphere
Cerebellum
Brain StemNTU Lien-Siang Chou. Redraw by NTU 王有禎 based on the data from Mark
Carwardine. 1999. Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, 2nd edn. Checkmark Books.
Learning types of dolphinsLearning types of dolphinsCommunicationCommunication
ImitationImitation
LanguageLanguage
Tool usingTool using
Creation (planned, innovative Creation (planned, innovative behavior)behavior)
Flickr Scott the Hobo Flickr Bill Strong
Flickr Gunrou
Learning in Language structureLearning in Language structure
L. M. Herman L. M. Herman great learning great learning
research!! research!!
University of Hawaii University of Hawaii
(movie)(movie)Video links:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jz3sQsTE5tA&hd=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kH68iL5SL3g&feature=related&hd=1
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
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Uniqueness of cetaceansUniqueness of cetaceans
Extremely low fertilityExtremely low fertility How many offspring can a female cetacean How many offspring can a female cetacean
leave for her whole life?leave for her whole life?
High intelligenceHigh intelligence
High cognitive abilityHigh cognitive ability
1919
05
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1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
鯨 豚 種 名 編 號
雌性
ㄧ生
子代
數目
Species name (by number)
No. of O
ffspring per fem
ale
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
2020
How many Cetacean species in How many Cetacean species in Taiwan ? Taiwan ?
Order Cetacea Order Cetacea 鯨目鯨目30 species recorded in Taiwan30 species recorded in Taiwan– Baleen whales (7)Baleen whales (7)– Toothed whales (23)Toothed whales (23)
2121This work is licensed by Forestry Bureau,Council of Agriculture Execultive Yuan, Taiwan for the use of “Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only.
Order CetaceaOrder Cetacea 鯨目鯨目Suborder MysticetiSuborder Mysticeti 鬚鯨亞目鬚鯨亞目
Family BalaenidaeFamily Balaenidae 露脊鯨科 露脊鯨科 0 sp0 sp
Family NeobalaenidaeFamily Neobalaenidae 小露脊鯨科 小露脊鯨科 0 sp0 sp
Family EschrichtiidaeFamily Eschrichtiidae 灰鯨科 灰鯨科 0 sp0 sp
Family BalaenopteridaeFamily Balaenopteridae 鬚鯨科鬚鯨科 8 sp8 sp
Suborder OdontocetiSuborder OdontocetiToothed whales Toothed whales 齒鯨亞目 齒鯨亞目 (23 sp)(23 sp)
Family PhyseterideaFamily Physeteridea 抹香鯨科 抹香鯨科 1 sp1 sp
Family KogiidaeFamily Kogiidae 小抹香鯨科 小抹香鯨科 2 sp2 sp
Family Ziphiidae Family Ziphiidae 喙鯨科 喙鯨科 4 sp 4 sp
Family PhocoenidaeFamily Phocoenidae 鼠海豚科 鼠海豚科 1 sp1 sp
Family DelphinidaeFamily Delphinidae 海豚科 海豚科 15 sp15 sp
Family MonodontidaeFamily Monodontidae 一角鯨科 一角鯨科 0 sp0 sp
Superfamily Superfamily PlatanistoideaPlatanistoidea 淡水豚超科淡水豚超科 0 sp0 sp
2424
Common species in eastern waters瑞氏 ( 花紋 ) 海豚 Risso’s dolphin
熱帶斑海豚Pantropical spotted dolphin
弗氏海豚 Fraser’s dolphin
飛旋海豚 Spinner dolphin
NTU Lien-Siang Chou LabNTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
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虎鯨
抹香鯨
大翅鯨 Humpback whale
Killer whale
Sperm whale
Famous whales in eastern waters
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
Updated cetacean species Updated cetacean species diversity in Taiwandiversity in Taiwan
Boat survey: confirmed 23 spBoat survey: confirmed 23 sp
Stranding record: confirmed 27 sp.Stranding record: confirmed 27 sp.
in total, in total, 31 species 31 species confirmed!confirmed!36% 36% of the world cetacean speciesof the world cetacean species
2626
江豚(露脊鼠海豚) Finless porpoise
中華白海豚 Chinese white dolphin
The treasures in the Taiwan Strait !
Wiki Alessio Marrucci
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
2828
Recent focus Recent focus - The endangered populationChinese white dolphin : Chinese white dolphin : Sousa chinensisSousa chinensis
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
Threats to Chinese white Threats to Chinese white dolphins in Taiwandolphins in Taiwan
• Habitat loss & degradationHabitat loss & degradation• Chemical pollutionChemical pollution• Fishery impactFishery impact• Noise/transportation Noise/transportation
impactimpact
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
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Life historyLife history
6 dev. stages6 dev. stages
Sexual mature at Sexual mature at
9-10 yr old9-10 yr old
Calving interval: Calving interval:
3-4yr3-4yr
Life span, 30-40 yrLife span, 30-40 yr
<8 mon
<18 mon
NTU Lien-Siang Chou
Status of Sousa Status of Sousa population in Taiwanpopulation in Taiwan
IUCN Red List
IUCN red list: Critically Endangered 2008.8.29
Not Evaluated (NE)
(Evaluated)
Data Deficient (DD)
(Adequate data)
Extinct (EX)
Extinct in the Wild (EW)
Critically Endangered (CR)
Endangered (EN)
Vulnerable (VU)
Near Threatened (NT)
Least Concern (LC)
WW: Near Threatened (NT)TW: Critically Endangered (CR)
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Home range:Home range:– North: MiaoliNorth: Miaoli– South: TainanSouth: Tainan
Water depth:Water depth: – Ave: 7.6 m (~32m)Ave: 7.6 m (~32m)– 95% < 15 m95% < 15 m
Distance from land:Distance from land:– ave1.4 km ave1.4 km (~ 6 Km)(~ 6 Km) – 95% < 395% < 3 kmkm
** Two hot area ** Two hot area NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
Population size of Population size of SousaSousa in Taiwan in TaiwanPhoto IdentificationPhoto Identification 82-88Ind 82-88IndCalf & Juvenile = about 10%Calf & Juvenile = about 10% Estimate 90-97 individualsEstimate 90-97 individuals
Side L R 2
No. adults
6 9 73
Range : 82 – 88 Individuals
Quasimodo
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
Marine protected areaMarine protected area7 MPA in China7 MPA in China
Taiwan75,000 ha
Xiamen33,088 ha
Hong Kong1,200 ha
PRE 46,000 ha
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
The change of Cetacean status The change of Cetacean status in Taiwanin Taiwan
A turning point-- Spring 1990A turning point-- Spring 1990
3535
3636
Whaling industry off coastal Taiwan during1913-1967, but offshore factory Whaling stopped in 1982.
The above three photos are licensed by Mr. Cheng-yu Yu , Taiwan for the use of “Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only.
3737
A Critical eventA Critical event
Spring 1990, Penghu Islands ( Pescadores Spring 1990, Penghu Islands ( Pescadores Is.)Is.)
““Earth Trust” NGO from USA filmed dolphin Earth Trust” NGO from USA filmed dolphin slaughtering, and released film in Hawaii.slaughtering, and released film in Hawaii.
International conservation pressure on Taiwan government
http://www.earthtrust.org/penghu.html
3838
Turning PointTurning Point
August 1990August 1990: cetaceans were added to : cetaceans were added to
the Protected Species List under the the Protected Species List under the
Wildlife Conservation ActWildlife Conservation Act
(passed in 1989). (passed in 1989).
3939
Development of Development of Stranding Response ProgramStranding Response Program
1.1. Early stage: 1990~1993Early stage: 1990~1993• Ocean World, Taipei, Richard ChenOcean World, Taipei, Richard Chen
2.2. Stage:1994~1999Stage:1994~1999• NTU university, Chou’s teamNTU university, Chou’s team
3.3. Stage:1999~2007Stage:1999~2007• Taiwan Cetacean Society, coordinatingTaiwan Cetacean Society, coordinating
4. Stage: 2008~ 4. Stage: 2008~
County governments play more active roles.County governments play more active roles.
4040
Development of stranding Development of stranding responding programresponding program
Stage II:Stage II:
Many scholars and volunteers in diverse Many scholars and volunteers in diverse fields of study started joining fields of study started joining collaboration or conservation action. collaboration or conservation action.
TCSN TCSN ((Taiwan Cetacean Stranding Network Taiwan Cetacean Stranding Network ) ) was was formed in 1996. formed in 1996.
TCS TCS ((Taiwan Cetacean Society Taiwan Cetacean Society ) ) was founded was founded in 1998.in 1998.
4141
Taiwan Cetacean Stranding Network Taiwan Cetacean Stranding Network (TCSN) founded in Nov 1996. (TCSN) founded in Nov 1996.
SupervisionSupervisionCouncil of AgricultureCouncil of Agriculture
Local governmentsLocal governments
CoordinationCoordinationTaiwan Cetacean Taiwan Cetacean
SocietySociety
ExecutionExecution Event Event
responseresponse
AssistanceAssistance::Police, Coast GuardPolice, Coast Guard
DivisionsDivisions of Rescue, of Rescue, ReleaseRelease, , Research,Research,
Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation, Medical treatment, includingMedical treatment, including off off shore islandsshore islands
Source: TSCN website constructed by Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, Forest Bureau
4242
Development of stranding response Development of stranding response programprogram
Stage III:Stage III:Stranding project & coordination shifted Stranding project & coordination shifted to TCS (Taiwan cetacean society)to TCS (Taiwan cetacean society)
public education programs public education programs (many (many symposia, workshops)symposia, workshops) were held with were held with frequent media reportsfrequent media reports
the awareness of cetacean conservation the awareness of cetacean conservation in Taiwan has rapidly improved.in Taiwan has rapidly improved.
Taiwan Cetacean Stranding Network Taiwan Cetacean Stranding Network Central competent authority :
Council of Agriculture,
Executive Yuan
Local competent authority:
county or city government
Cetacean Stranding database
Rehabilitation Hospital•National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium•Taijiang rescure center(NCKU)• Institute of Animal and Plant Health.•Penghu Aquariu•Yehliu Ocean World
Rescue Team• Coast Guard Administration •Institute of Animal and Plant Health.
•Taiwan Cetacean Society•International Headquarters S.A.R ,Taiwan•Local Fire Department•Other NGOs
Research Team• National Taiwan U•National Cheng Kung U
•National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium•National Sun Yat-sen U•National Pingtung University of Science and Technology
Source: TSCN website constructed by Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, Forest Bureau
Reporting
Reporting
TCSNTCSN Cetacean stranding data bankCetacean stranding data bankhttp://tcsn.whale.org.tw/index.phphttp://tcsn.whale.org.tw/index.php
•1994至 2010年•共有 627 個擱淺事件 •至少包括 27種鯨豚•每年約 40 件
Source: TSCN website constructed by Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, Forest Bureau
TSCN website constructed by Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, Forest Bureau
4545
Typical stranding patternTypical stranding pattern
4646
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
Num
ber
Events Animals
NTU Lien-Shiang Chou Lab
Annual variation of cetacean stranding eventsAnnual variation of cetacean stranding events (n=473 reports) (n=473 reports)
TCSN founded
Rate= 10.4 rpt/yr
Rate= 44.4 rpt/yr
Total annual stranding rate=30/yr
4747
19/7-13/8, 200519/7-13/8, 2005
23 strandings 23 strandings
Is it atypicalIs it atypical ??
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
4848
– Comparison in stranding frequencyComparison in stranding frequency
– Comparison in species compositionComparison in species compositionAbout 90% are deep diving species !About 90% are deep diving species !
– Postmortem examinationPostmortem examinationSome of them with obvious bubble-lesion of Some of them with obvious bubble-lesion of internal organs.internal organs.
conclusion: Atypical stranding!conclusion: Atypical stranding! keeping long term work is crucial!keeping long term work is crucial!
4949
Live stranding & Live stranding & RehabilitationRehabilitation
5050
The percentage of live (n=208) and dead The percentage of live (n=208) and dead (n=265) stranding events in Taiwan, 1990~2005.(n=265) stranding events in Taiwan, 1990~2005.
NTU Lien-Shiang Chou Lab
5151
The first released dolphinThe first released dolphinA male Risso’s dolphin, A male Risso’s dolphin,
A male Risso’s dolphin stranded in June A male Risso’s dolphin stranded in June 2000, and rehabilitated for 64 days.2000, and rehabilitated for 64 days. (No. 16) (No. 16)
In September 2000, Taiwan Cetacean In September 2000, Taiwan Cetacean Society released this animal.Society released this animal.
5252
The first released dolphinThe first released dolphinA male Risso’s dolphin, A male Risso’s dolphin, Jun-Sep 2000Jun-Sep 2000
(No. 16)
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
Whale watching development Whale watching development in Taiwanin Taiwan
5353
5454
First whale-watching boat, Sea-Whale, started her cruises in the summer of 1997
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
5555
The growth of whale watching in The growth of whale watching in TaiwanTaiwan
19971997 ,, one boats at Shihti,Hualienone boats at Shihti,Hualien19981998 ,, >4 boats>4 boats19991999 ,, >12 boats>12 boats20002000 ,, >25 boats>25 boats20012001 ,, >33 boats>33 boats2003 , >32 boats2003 , >32 boats2006, ~ 26 boats2006, ~ 26 boats
5656
The numbers of whale-watching boats, the harbors and oceanic area
for whale-watching tourism in Taiwan (2003).
: Range for cruising routes
: Major oceanic area for whale watching
Hua-lien port: 7
Ao-di port: 2
Wu-shi port:10
Su-ao port: 5
Cheng-gong port:2
Shi-ti port: 4
Jia-lan port: 2
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
5757
The growth of whale watching in The growth of whale watching in TaiwanTaiwan
19971997 ,, one boats one boats At Shihti, HualienAt Shihti, Hualien
19981998 ,, >4 boats>4 boats19991999 ,, >12 boats>12 boats20002000 ,, >25 boats>25 boats20012001 ,, >33 boats>33 boats……Now, ~26 boatsNow, ~26 boats
One of the fastest growing enterprise in the world (IFAW) 2001
19961996 19981998 20020000
20020022
20020044
20020066
00
5050
100100
150150
200200
250250
300300
350350
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
Boat ticket priceBoat ticket price
1997: 1500 NT1997: 1500 NT
2000: ca 1000 NT2000: ca 1000 NT
2003: ca 800 NT2003: ca 800 NT
Present: ca 600 NTPresent: ca 600 NT
5858
The average expenditure of whale-watching cruises and of whole trips.(2003)
Expense of Expense of cruise ticket cruise ticket
Total cost for a Total cost for a trip trip
Wu-shi portWu-shi port 805805 39913991
Hua-lien portHua-lien port 870870 60476047
Shi-ti portShi-ti port 775775 39063906
Cheng-gong portCheng-gong port 774774 53045304
Jia-lan portJia-lan port 834834 85118511
Mean (US$)Mean (US$) 808 (24)808 (24) 4752 (142)4752 (142)
1500NT(1997) 1200 1000800600 NT
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
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賞鯨遊程總花費 賞鯨遊程總花費 (1997 to (1997 to 2003)2003)
2003年賞鯨遊客人數近 24萬人,引進相關收益高達 11億台幣。
19971997 19981998 19919999
20020000
20020011
20020022
00
66
99
1212
1515
20020033
33
20020044
20020055
20020066
20020077
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
Potential problem is growing!Potential problem is growing!
Potential harassment to cetaceansPotential harassment to cetaceans
Severe business competitionSevere business competition
low price, low qualitylow price, low quality
6161
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W W regulations in TaiwanW W regulations in Taiwan
No Law to follow, could only be listed as No Law to follow, could only be listed as guidelines, or notificationsguidelines, or notifications
Enforcement is limited, almost none.Enforcement is limited, almost none.
6464
Facing great Challenging now!Facing great Challenging now!
Ticket price drop, economic recessionTicket price drop, economic recession
WW tour quality dropWW tour quality drop
Sustainable of cetacean populations?Sustainable of cetacean populations?
6565
Current strategiesCurrent strategies-- -- for help in for help in
the management and control of industry marketthe management and control of industry market
Eco-labelingEco-labeling
* * However, these However, these actions have also actions have also invited some invited some complains from the complains from the operatorsoperators
TEIA 黃苙詒
6666
Whale-watching AwardWhale-watching Award
2003, Among 33 boats, 8 boat owners have 2003, Among 33 boats, 8 boat owners have applied. applied. (application fee=US$ 1300)(application fee=US$ 1300)
4 boats passed assessment process4 boats passed assessment process– 2 Awards given in May 20042 Awards given in May 2004– 2 Awards given in June 20052 Awards given in June 2005– Re-application motivation is lowRe-application motivation is low
Now, there are 8 boats with Awards.Now, there are 8 boats with Awards.
http://whalewatching.org.tw/tw/http://whalewatching.org.tw/tw/
NASA World Wind JAVA SDK; Edited by 王有禎
Source: Taiwan Cetacean Society Whale Watching website
Cheng-gong portCheng-gong port
Shi-ti portShi-ti port
Hua-lien portHua-lien port
Wu-shi portWu-shi port
Major Whale-watching regions of the worldMajor Whale-watching regions of the world
Wiki Crates Edited by 王有禎
6969
Whale watching could play a pivotal Whale watching could play a pivotal role in transforming the relation role in transforming the relation
between the humans and the cetacean between the humans and the cetacean
from Consumptive Exploitation from Consumptive Exploitation to Co-existenceto Co-existence
This work is licensed by Mr. 游文志 for the use of “Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only.
7070
E N D !E N D !
CopyrightsCopyrightsWork License Author/Source
NTU Lien-Siang Chou
Wiki Chris huhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cetaceans.svg2011/9/27 visited
Flickr Patrick Keoghhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/patrick_keogh/3990016840/sizes/l/in/photostream/2011/9/28 visited
Flickr TooFarNorthhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/toofarnorth/5590138967/sizes/l/in/photostream/2011/9/28 visited
Academia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih
Academia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih
7272
Work License Author/Source
Academia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih
Academia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih
Academia Sinica Wang, Ming-Chih
Flickr tonilucahttp://www.flickr.com/photos/toniluca/2223507438/sizes/o/in/photostream/2011/9/27 visited
Flickr zorankovacevic http://www.flickr.com/photos/jantjesmit/287116990/sizes/l/in/photostream/2011/9/27 visited
CopyrightsCopyrights
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Work License Author/Source
Flickr Stacy Lynn Baumhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/stacylynn/3188843064/sizes/l/in/photostream/2011/9/28 visited
Wiki Emoscopeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toothed_whale_sound_production.png2011/9/28 visited
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
Pulse type sound NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
Whisle, unpulse type sound NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 s
10
kHz
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 s
5
10
15
20
kHz
CopyrightsCopyrights
7474
Work License Author/Source
NTU Lien-Siang Chou. Data from Peter G. H. Evans. 1987. The Natural History of Whales & Dolphins. Facts On File Publications.
NTU Lien-Siang Chou. Data from Mark Carwardine. 1999. Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, 2nd edn. Checkmark Books.
Flickr Gunrouhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/gnurou/3962386904/sizes/l/in/photostream/2011/10/20 visited
Flickr Scott the Hobohttp://www.flickr.com/photos/dapperscoo/166798613/sizes/l/in/photostream/2011/9/28 visited
Flickr Bill Stronghttp://www.flickr.com/photos/bstrong/150196541/sizes/o/in/photostream/2011/9/28 visited
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
CopyrightsCopyrights
7575
Work License Author/Source
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
This work is licensed by Forestry Bureau,Council of Agriculture Execultive Yuan, Taiwan for the use of “Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only. The copyright belongs to the above mentioned creator and GET does not have the authorization right.
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
05
101520
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
鯨 豚 種 名 編 號
雌性
ㄧ生
子代
數目
CopyrightsCopyrights
7676
Work License Author/Source
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
Wiki Alessio Marruccihttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FinlessPorpoise5.jpg2012/04/12
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
7777
Work License Author/Source
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
This work is from IUCN Red List of Threatened Specieshttp://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/static/categories_criteria_3_1and used subject to the fair use doctrine of:
Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65The "Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for OpenCourseWare 2009 (
http://www.centerforsocialmedia.org/sites/default/files/10-305-OCW-Oct29.pdf)" by A Committee of Practitioners of OpenCourseWare in the U.S. The contents are based on Section 107 of the 1976 U.S. Copyright Act
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NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
This work is licensed by Mr. Cheng-yu Yu for the use of “Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only. The copyright belongs to the above mentioned creator and GET does not have the authorization right.
This work is licensed by Mr. Cheng-yu Yu for the use of “Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only. The copyright belongs to the above mentioned creator and GET does not have the authorization right.
This work is licensed by Mr. Cheng-yu Yu for the use of “Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only. The copyright belongs to the above mentioned creator and GET does not have the authorization right.
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Work License Author/SourceThis work is from TCSN which is established by Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, Forest Bureau http://tcsn.whale.org.tw/and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by GET
This work is from TCSN which is established by Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, Forest Bureau http://tcsn.whale.org.tw/and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by GET
This work is from TCSN which is established by Council of Agriculture Executive Yuan, Forest Bureau http://tcsn.whale.org.tw/and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by GET
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
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NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
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NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
NTU Lien-Siang Chou Lab
TEIA 黃苙詒 http://e-info.org.tw/node/241862011/11/18 visited
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Work License Author/Source This work is from Taiwan Cetacean Society Whale Watching website and
used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 52 & 65 by GET
NASA World Wind JAVA SDK; Edited by 王有禎http://goworldwind.org/demos/2011/10/3 visited
Wiki Crates; Edited by 王有禎http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_map_blank_without_borders.svg2011/10/20 visited
This work is licensed by Mr. 游文志 for the use of “Biodiversity & Conservation of Cetaceans in Taiwan” only. The copyright belongs to the above mentioned creator and GET does not have the authorization right.
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