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BioethicsAasim Ahmad
Ethics and Ethical Issues
bull Ethic is defined as set of morals
bull Ethics is the science of morals in human conduct moral principles or code
bull Bioethics is the application of these principles to the science of medicine
bull Research ethics is the application of the principles of bioethics to research
Bioethics
bull Philosophical study of the ethical controversies brought about by advances in biology and medicine
bull Bioethicists are concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences biotechnology medicine politics law philosophy and theology
Wikipedia
Historybull 6th century BC Meat and vegetable experiment
on young Jewish prisoners in Book of Danielbull 5th century BC Primum non nocere (First do
no harm) medical ethics standard attributed to Hippocrates This Oath became obligatory for physicians prior to practicing medicine in the 4th century AD
bull 1st century BC Cleopatra devised an experiment to test the accuracy of the theory that it takes 40 days to fashion a male fetus fully and 80 days to fashion a female fetus
bull 1900 Berlin Code of Ethicsbull 1915 A doctor in Mississippi working for the US
Public Health Office produces Pellagra in twelve Mississippi inmates
bull 1927 Carrie Buck of Charlottesville is legally sterilized against her will
bull 1931 Lubeck Germany 75 children die in experiments with tuberculosis vaccine
bull 1932-1972 US Public Health Service study in Tuskegee observed for the natural course of untreated syphilis
conthellipd
History
bull 1943 Refrigeration experiment conducted on sixteen mentally disabled patients
bull 1946 Patients in VA hospitals are used as guinea pigs for medical experiments
bull 1947 Judgment at Nuremberg Doctors Trial sets forth ldquoPermissible Medical Experimentsrdquo ndash ie the Nuremberg Code which begins The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential
conthellipd
History
bull 1964 World Medical Association adopts Helsinki Declaration asserting The interests of science and society should never take precedence over the well being of the subject
bull 1974 Tuskegee studybull 1979 National Commission issues Belmont
Report setting forth three basic ethical principles respect for persons beneficence and justice
bull 1991 World Health Organization announces CIOMS Guidelines which set forth four ethical principles respect for persons beneficence nonmaleficence and justice
conthellipd
History
Birth of Theories
bull Kantianism
bull Utilitarianism
bull Liberal Individualism
bull Communitarianism
bull Ethics of Care
Birth of Principles
bull Medical Ethics of Hippocrates bull Faced with rising problems of advances in the
field of medicine biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry a new field called lsquoBioethicsrsquo emerged
bull PRINCIPLES OF BIOETHICSndash These principles brought the ethics deliberations to a
lower level and gave some answers seemed workable as compared to some abstract theories of philosophy
Principles Approach toBiomedical Ethics
bull Non-maleficence
bull Beneficence
bull Justice
bull Autonomy (Beauchamp amp Childress 1983)
Non-maleficenceDo No Harm
Hippocratic oath expresses this
ldquoI will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment but I will never use it to injure or harm themrdquo
BeneficenceDo Good
bull This goes beyond avoiding harm and includes
an obligation to benefit persons population or
community at large
JusticeBe Fair
Hippocrates focused on doctor-patient relationship but did not deal with the social dimension of health and health-care Justice or fairness calls for people whose needs are alike being treated equally
An important expression of justice is equity which acknowledges that people have differential needs and fairness calls for responding with care according to such differential needs
Jack Bryant
Moral Rules
bull Veracityndash Tell the truth
bull Fidelityndash Keep promises
bull Privacyndash Respect privacyndash Consider sensitivity
bull Confidentiality
What are the characteristics of treating people as ends in themselves
bull Not denying them relevant information
bull Allowing them freedom of choice
Belmont Report Ethical guidelines
Three principles for biomedical and behavioural research on humans(a) respect for persons (people either have
autonomy or protection if they dont)(b) beneficence (research should do no harm to participants and should benefit participants and society)(c) justice (burden of participation should
not be limited to certain groups and benefits should be available to all)
Guiding Ethical Principles
bull 1048708 Respect for human dignity
bull 1048708 Respect for free and informed consent
bull 1048708 Respect for vulnerable persons
bull 1048708 Respect for privacy and confidentiality
bull 1048708 Respect for justice and inclusiveness
bull 1048708 Balancing harms and benefits
bull 1048708 Minimizing harm (non-maleficence)
bull 1048708 Maximizing benefit (beneficence)
Personal Autonomy
bull Self-rule that is free from both controlling influence by others and from limitations (inadequate understanding that prevents meaningful choice)
bull Requires 2 essential conditions a) Liberty ndash independence of controlling influence b) Agency ndash capacity for intentional action
bull This applies to the act of decision-making in both health care practice and research
Respect for Autonomy
bull Involves respectful action not merely attitude ndash acknowledging decision-making rights AND enabling autonomous action
bull Emanuel Kant Unconditional worth of the individual entailing respectful treatment as an end
bull John Stuart Mill Donrsquot interfere with others and strengthen autonomous expression except the obligation to seek to persuade someone with ill-considered or false views
Ethics and Ethical Issues
bull Ethic is defined as set of morals
bull Ethics is the science of morals in human conduct moral principles or code
bull Bioethics is the application of these principles to the science of medicine
bull Research ethics is the application of the principles of bioethics to research
Bioethics
bull Philosophical study of the ethical controversies brought about by advances in biology and medicine
bull Bioethicists are concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences biotechnology medicine politics law philosophy and theology
Wikipedia
Historybull 6th century BC Meat and vegetable experiment
on young Jewish prisoners in Book of Danielbull 5th century BC Primum non nocere (First do
no harm) medical ethics standard attributed to Hippocrates This Oath became obligatory for physicians prior to practicing medicine in the 4th century AD
bull 1st century BC Cleopatra devised an experiment to test the accuracy of the theory that it takes 40 days to fashion a male fetus fully and 80 days to fashion a female fetus
bull 1900 Berlin Code of Ethicsbull 1915 A doctor in Mississippi working for the US
Public Health Office produces Pellagra in twelve Mississippi inmates
bull 1927 Carrie Buck of Charlottesville is legally sterilized against her will
bull 1931 Lubeck Germany 75 children die in experiments with tuberculosis vaccine
bull 1932-1972 US Public Health Service study in Tuskegee observed for the natural course of untreated syphilis
conthellipd
History
bull 1943 Refrigeration experiment conducted on sixteen mentally disabled patients
bull 1946 Patients in VA hospitals are used as guinea pigs for medical experiments
bull 1947 Judgment at Nuremberg Doctors Trial sets forth ldquoPermissible Medical Experimentsrdquo ndash ie the Nuremberg Code which begins The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential
conthellipd
History
bull 1964 World Medical Association adopts Helsinki Declaration asserting The interests of science and society should never take precedence over the well being of the subject
bull 1974 Tuskegee studybull 1979 National Commission issues Belmont
Report setting forth three basic ethical principles respect for persons beneficence and justice
bull 1991 World Health Organization announces CIOMS Guidelines which set forth four ethical principles respect for persons beneficence nonmaleficence and justice
conthellipd
History
Birth of Theories
bull Kantianism
bull Utilitarianism
bull Liberal Individualism
bull Communitarianism
bull Ethics of Care
Birth of Principles
bull Medical Ethics of Hippocrates bull Faced with rising problems of advances in the
field of medicine biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry a new field called lsquoBioethicsrsquo emerged
bull PRINCIPLES OF BIOETHICSndash These principles brought the ethics deliberations to a
lower level and gave some answers seemed workable as compared to some abstract theories of philosophy
Principles Approach toBiomedical Ethics
bull Non-maleficence
bull Beneficence
bull Justice
bull Autonomy (Beauchamp amp Childress 1983)
Non-maleficenceDo No Harm
Hippocratic oath expresses this
ldquoI will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment but I will never use it to injure or harm themrdquo
BeneficenceDo Good
bull This goes beyond avoiding harm and includes
an obligation to benefit persons population or
community at large
JusticeBe Fair
Hippocrates focused on doctor-patient relationship but did not deal with the social dimension of health and health-care Justice or fairness calls for people whose needs are alike being treated equally
An important expression of justice is equity which acknowledges that people have differential needs and fairness calls for responding with care according to such differential needs
Jack Bryant
Moral Rules
bull Veracityndash Tell the truth
bull Fidelityndash Keep promises
bull Privacyndash Respect privacyndash Consider sensitivity
bull Confidentiality
What are the characteristics of treating people as ends in themselves
bull Not denying them relevant information
bull Allowing them freedom of choice
Belmont Report Ethical guidelines
Three principles for biomedical and behavioural research on humans(a) respect for persons (people either have
autonomy or protection if they dont)(b) beneficence (research should do no harm to participants and should benefit participants and society)(c) justice (burden of participation should
not be limited to certain groups and benefits should be available to all)
Guiding Ethical Principles
bull 1048708 Respect for human dignity
bull 1048708 Respect for free and informed consent
bull 1048708 Respect for vulnerable persons
bull 1048708 Respect for privacy and confidentiality
bull 1048708 Respect for justice and inclusiveness
bull 1048708 Balancing harms and benefits
bull 1048708 Minimizing harm (non-maleficence)
bull 1048708 Maximizing benefit (beneficence)
Personal Autonomy
bull Self-rule that is free from both controlling influence by others and from limitations (inadequate understanding that prevents meaningful choice)
bull Requires 2 essential conditions a) Liberty ndash independence of controlling influence b) Agency ndash capacity for intentional action
bull This applies to the act of decision-making in both health care practice and research
Respect for Autonomy
bull Involves respectful action not merely attitude ndash acknowledging decision-making rights AND enabling autonomous action
bull Emanuel Kant Unconditional worth of the individual entailing respectful treatment as an end
bull John Stuart Mill Donrsquot interfere with others and strengthen autonomous expression except the obligation to seek to persuade someone with ill-considered or false views
Bioethics
bull Philosophical study of the ethical controversies brought about by advances in biology and medicine
bull Bioethicists are concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences biotechnology medicine politics law philosophy and theology
Wikipedia
Historybull 6th century BC Meat and vegetable experiment
on young Jewish prisoners in Book of Danielbull 5th century BC Primum non nocere (First do
no harm) medical ethics standard attributed to Hippocrates This Oath became obligatory for physicians prior to practicing medicine in the 4th century AD
bull 1st century BC Cleopatra devised an experiment to test the accuracy of the theory that it takes 40 days to fashion a male fetus fully and 80 days to fashion a female fetus
bull 1900 Berlin Code of Ethicsbull 1915 A doctor in Mississippi working for the US
Public Health Office produces Pellagra in twelve Mississippi inmates
bull 1927 Carrie Buck of Charlottesville is legally sterilized against her will
bull 1931 Lubeck Germany 75 children die in experiments with tuberculosis vaccine
bull 1932-1972 US Public Health Service study in Tuskegee observed for the natural course of untreated syphilis
conthellipd
History
bull 1943 Refrigeration experiment conducted on sixteen mentally disabled patients
bull 1946 Patients in VA hospitals are used as guinea pigs for medical experiments
bull 1947 Judgment at Nuremberg Doctors Trial sets forth ldquoPermissible Medical Experimentsrdquo ndash ie the Nuremberg Code which begins The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential
conthellipd
History
bull 1964 World Medical Association adopts Helsinki Declaration asserting The interests of science and society should never take precedence over the well being of the subject
bull 1974 Tuskegee studybull 1979 National Commission issues Belmont
Report setting forth three basic ethical principles respect for persons beneficence and justice
bull 1991 World Health Organization announces CIOMS Guidelines which set forth four ethical principles respect for persons beneficence nonmaleficence and justice
conthellipd
History
Birth of Theories
bull Kantianism
bull Utilitarianism
bull Liberal Individualism
bull Communitarianism
bull Ethics of Care
Birth of Principles
bull Medical Ethics of Hippocrates bull Faced with rising problems of advances in the
field of medicine biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry a new field called lsquoBioethicsrsquo emerged
bull PRINCIPLES OF BIOETHICSndash These principles brought the ethics deliberations to a
lower level and gave some answers seemed workable as compared to some abstract theories of philosophy
Principles Approach toBiomedical Ethics
bull Non-maleficence
bull Beneficence
bull Justice
bull Autonomy (Beauchamp amp Childress 1983)
Non-maleficenceDo No Harm
Hippocratic oath expresses this
ldquoI will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment but I will never use it to injure or harm themrdquo
BeneficenceDo Good
bull This goes beyond avoiding harm and includes
an obligation to benefit persons population or
community at large
JusticeBe Fair
Hippocrates focused on doctor-patient relationship but did not deal with the social dimension of health and health-care Justice or fairness calls for people whose needs are alike being treated equally
An important expression of justice is equity which acknowledges that people have differential needs and fairness calls for responding with care according to such differential needs
Jack Bryant
Moral Rules
bull Veracityndash Tell the truth
bull Fidelityndash Keep promises
bull Privacyndash Respect privacyndash Consider sensitivity
bull Confidentiality
What are the characteristics of treating people as ends in themselves
bull Not denying them relevant information
bull Allowing them freedom of choice
Belmont Report Ethical guidelines
Three principles for biomedical and behavioural research on humans(a) respect for persons (people either have
autonomy or protection if they dont)(b) beneficence (research should do no harm to participants and should benefit participants and society)(c) justice (burden of participation should
not be limited to certain groups and benefits should be available to all)
Guiding Ethical Principles
bull 1048708 Respect for human dignity
bull 1048708 Respect for free and informed consent
bull 1048708 Respect for vulnerable persons
bull 1048708 Respect for privacy and confidentiality
bull 1048708 Respect for justice and inclusiveness
bull 1048708 Balancing harms and benefits
bull 1048708 Minimizing harm (non-maleficence)
bull 1048708 Maximizing benefit (beneficence)
Personal Autonomy
bull Self-rule that is free from both controlling influence by others and from limitations (inadequate understanding that prevents meaningful choice)
bull Requires 2 essential conditions a) Liberty ndash independence of controlling influence b) Agency ndash capacity for intentional action
bull This applies to the act of decision-making in both health care practice and research
Respect for Autonomy
bull Involves respectful action not merely attitude ndash acknowledging decision-making rights AND enabling autonomous action
bull Emanuel Kant Unconditional worth of the individual entailing respectful treatment as an end
bull John Stuart Mill Donrsquot interfere with others and strengthen autonomous expression except the obligation to seek to persuade someone with ill-considered or false views
Historybull 6th century BC Meat and vegetable experiment
on young Jewish prisoners in Book of Danielbull 5th century BC Primum non nocere (First do
no harm) medical ethics standard attributed to Hippocrates This Oath became obligatory for physicians prior to practicing medicine in the 4th century AD
bull 1st century BC Cleopatra devised an experiment to test the accuracy of the theory that it takes 40 days to fashion a male fetus fully and 80 days to fashion a female fetus
bull 1900 Berlin Code of Ethicsbull 1915 A doctor in Mississippi working for the US
Public Health Office produces Pellagra in twelve Mississippi inmates
bull 1927 Carrie Buck of Charlottesville is legally sterilized against her will
bull 1931 Lubeck Germany 75 children die in experiments with tuberculosis vaccine
bull 1932-1972 US Public Health Service study in Tuskegee observed for the natural course of untreated syphilis
conthellipd
History
bull 1943 Refrigeration experiment conducted on sixteen mentally disabled patients
bull 1946 Patients in VA hospitals are used as guinea pigs for medical experiments
bull 1947 Judgment at Nuremberg Doctors Trial sets forth ldquoPermissible Medical Experimentsrdquo ndash ie the Nuremberg Code which begins The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential
conthellipd
History
bull 1964 World Medical Association adopts Helsinki Declaration asserting The interests of science and society should never take precedence over the well being of the subject
bull 1974 Tuskegee studybull 1979 National Commission issues Belmont
Report setting forth three basic ethical principles respect for persons beneficence and justice
bull 1991 World Health Organization announces CIOMS Guidelines which set forth four ethical principles respect for persons beneficence nonmaleficence and justice
conthellipd
History
Birth of Theories
bull Kantianism
bull Utilitarianism
bull Liberal Individualism
bull Communitarianism
bull Ethics of Care
Birth of Principles
bull Medical Ethics of Hippocrates bull Faced with rising problems of advances in the
field of medicine biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry a new field called lsquoBioethicsrsquo emerged
bull PRINCIPLES OF BIOETHICSndash These principles brought the ethics deliberations to a
lower level and gave some answers seemed workable as compared to some abstract theories of philosophy
Principles Approach toBiomedical Ethics
bull Non-maleficence
bull Beneficence
bull Justice
bull Autonomy (Beauchamp amp Childress 1983)
Non-maleficenceDo No Harm
Hippocratic oath expresses this
ldquoI will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment but I will never use it to injure or harm themrdquo
BeneficenceDo Good
bull This goes beyond avoiding harm and includes
an obligation to benefit persons population or
community at large
JusticeBe Fair
Hippocrates focused on doctor-patient relationship but did not deal with the social dimension of health and health-care Justice or fairness calls for people whose needs are alike being treated equally
An important expression of justice is equity which acknowledges that people have differential needs and fairness calls for responding with care according to such differential needs
Jack Bryant
Moral Rules
bull Veracityndash Tell the truth
bull Fidelityndash Keep promises
bull Privacyndash Respect privacyndash Consider sensitivity
bull Confidentiality
What are the characteristics of treating people as ends in themselves
bull Not denying them relevant information
bull Allowing them freedom of choice
Belmont Report Ethical guidelines
Three principles for biomedical and behavioural research on humans(a) respect for persons (people either have
autonomy or protection if they dont)(b) beneficence (research should do no harm to participants and should benefit participants and society)(c) justice (burden of participation should
not be limited to certain groups and benefits should be available to all)
Guiding Ethical Principles
bull 1048708 Respect for human dignity
bull 1048708 Respect for free and informed consent
bull 1048708 Respect for vulnerable persons
bull 1048708 Respect for privacy and confidentiality
bull 1048708 Respect for justice and inclusiveness
bull 1048708 Balancing harms and benefits
bull 1048708 Minimizing harm (non-maleficence)
bull 1048708 Maximizing benefit (beneficence)
Personal Autonomy
bull Self-rule that is free from both controlling influence by others and from limitations (inadequate understanding that prevents meaningful choice)
bull Requires 2 essential conditions a) Liberty ndash independence of controlling influence b) Agency ndash capacity for intentional action
bull This applies to the act of decision-making in both health care practice and research
Respect for Autonomy
bull Involves respectful action not merely attitude ndash acknowledging decision-making rights AND enabling autonomous action
bull Emanuel Kant Unconditional worth of the individual entailing respectful treatment as an end
bull John Stuart Mill Donrsquot interfere with others and strengthen autonomous expression except the obligation to seek to persuade someone with ill-considered or false views
bull 1900 Berlin Code of Ethicsbull 1915 A doctor in Mississippi working for the US
Public Health Office produces Pellagra in twelve Mississippi inmates
bull 1927 Carrie Buck of Charlottesville is legally sterilized against her will
bull 1931 Lubeck Germany 75 children die in experiments with tuberculosis vaccine
bull 1932-1972 US Public Health Service study in Tuskegee observed for the natural course of untreated syphilis
conthellipd
History
bull 1943 Refrigeration experiment conducted on sixteen mentally disabled patients
bull 1946 Patients in VA hospitals are used as guinea pigs for medical experiments
bull 1947 Judgment at Nuremberg Doctors Trial sets forth ldquoPermissible Medical Experimentsrdquo ndash ie the Nuremberg Code which begins The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential
conthellipd
History
bull 1964 World Medical Association adopts Helsinki Declaration asserting The interests of science and society should never take precedence over the well being of the subject
bull 1974 Tuskegee studybull 1979 National Commission issues Belmont
Report setting forth three basic ethical principles respect for persons beneficence and justice
bull 1991 World Health Organization announces CIOMS Guidelines which set forth four ethical principles respect for persons beneficence nonmaleficence and justice
conthellipd
History
Birth of Theories
bull Kantianism
bull Utilitarianism
bull Liberal Individualism
bull Communitarianism
bull Ethics of Care
Birth of Principles
bull Medical Ethics of Hippocrates bull Faced with rising problems of advances in the
field of medicine biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry a new field called lsquoBioethicsrsquo emerged
bull PRINCIPLES OF BIOETHICSndash These principles brought the ethics deliberations to a
lower level and gave some answers seemed workable as compared to some abstract theories of philosophy
Principles Approach toBiomedical Ethics
bull Non-maleficence
bull Beneficence
bull Justice
bull Autonomy (Beauchamp amp Childress 1983)
Non-maleficenceDo No Harm
Hippocratic oath expresses this
ldquoI will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment but I will never use it to injure or harm themrdquo
BeneficenceDo Good
bull This goes beyond avoiding harm and includes
an obligation to benefit persons population or
community at large
JusticeBe Fair
Hippocrates focused on doctor-patient relationship but did not deal with the social dimension of health and health-care Justice or fairness calls for people whose needs are alike being treated equally
An important expression of justice is equity which acknowledges that people have differential needs and fairness calls for responding with care according to such differential needs
Jack Bryant
Moral Rules
bull Veracityndash Tell the truth
bull Fidelityndash Keep promises
bull Privacyndash Respect privacyndash Consider sensitivity
bull Confidentiality
What are the characteristics of treating people as ends in themselves
bull Not denying them relevant information
bull Allowing them freedom of choice
Belmont Report Ethical guidelines
Three principles for biomedical and behavioural research on humans(a) respect for persons (people either have
autonomy or protection if they dont)(b) beneficence (research should do no harm to participants and should benefit participants and society)(c) justice (burden of participation should
not be limited to certain groups and benefits should be available to all)
Guiding Ethical Principles
bull 1048708 Respect for human dignity
bull 1048708 Respect for free and informed consent
bull 1048708 Respect for vulnerable persons
bull 1048708 Respect for privacy and confidentiality
bull 1048708 Respect for justice and inclusiveness
bull 1048708 Balancing harms and benefits
bull 1048708 Minimizing harm (non-maleficence)
bull 1048708 Maximizing benefit (beneficence)
Personal Autonomy
bull Self-rule that is free from both controlling influence by others and from limitations (inadequate understanding that prevents meaningful choice)
bull Requires 2 essential conditions a) Liberty ndash independence of controlling influence b) Agency ndash capacity for intentional action
bull This applies to the act of decision-making in both health care practice and research
Respect for Autonomy
bull Involves respectful action not merely attitude ndash acknowledging decision-making rights AND enabling autonomous action
bull Emanuel Kant Unconditional worth of the individual entailing respectful treatment as an end
bull John Stuart Mill Donrsquot interfere with others and strengthen autonomous expression except the obligation to seek to persuade someone with ill-considered or false views
bull 1943 Refrigeration experiment conducted on sixteen mentally disabled patients
bull 1946 Patients in VA hospitals are used as guinea pigs for medical experiments
bull 1947 Judgment at Nuremberg Doctors Trial sets forth ldquoPermissible Medical Experimentsrdquo ndash ie the Nuremberg Code which begins The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential
conthellipd
History
bull 1964 World Medical Association adopts Helsinki Declaration asserting The interests of science and society should never take precedence over the well being of the subject
bull 1974 Tuskegee studybull 1979 National Commission issues Belmont
Report setting forth three basic ethical principles respect for persons beneficence and justice
bull 1991 World Health Organization announces CIOMS Guidelines which set forth four ethical principles respect for persons beneficence nonmaleficence and justice
conthellipd
History
Birth of Theories
bull Kantianism
bull Utilitarianism
bull Liberal Individualism
bull Communitarianism
bull Ethics of Care
Birth of Principles
bull Medical Ethics of Hippocrates bull Faced with rising problems of advances in the
field of medicine biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry a new field called lsquoBioethicsrsquo emerged
bull PRINCIPLES OF BIOETHICSndash These principles brought the ethics deliberations to a
lower level and gave some answers seemed workable as compared to some abstract theories of philosophy
Principles Approach toBiomedical Ethics
bull Non-maleficence
bull Beneficence
bull Justice
bull Autonomy (Beauchamp amp Childress 1983)
Non-maleficenceDo No Harm
Hippocratic oath expresses this
ldquoI will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment but I will never use it to injure or harm themrdquo
BeneficenceDo Good
bull This goes beyond avoiding harm and includes
an obligation to benefit persons population or
community at large
JusticeBe Fair
Hippocrates focused on doctor-patient relationship but did not deal with the social dimension of health and health-care Justice or fairness calls for people whose needs are alike being treated equally
An important expression of justice is equity which acknowledges that people have differential needs and fairness calls for responding with care according to such differential needs
Jack Bryant
Moral Rules
bull Veracityndash Tell the truth
bull Fidelityndash Keep promises
bull Privacyndash Respect privacyndash Consider sensitivity
bull Confidentiality
What are the characteristics of treating people as ends in themselves
bull Not denying them relevant information
bull Allowing them freedom of choice
Belmont Report Ethical guidelines
Three principles for biomedical and behavioural research on humans(a) respect for persons (people either have
autonomy or protection if they dont)(b) beneficence (research should do no harm to participants and should benefit participants and society)(c) justice (burden of participation should
not be limited to certain groups and benefits should be available to all)
Guiding Ethical Principles
bull 1048708 Respect for human dignity
bull 1048708 Respect for free and informed consent
bull 1048708 Respect for vulnerable persons
bull 1048708 Respect for privacy and confidentiality
bull 1048708 Respect for justice and inclusiveness
bull 1048708 Balancing harms and benefits
bull 1048708 Minimizing harm (non-maleficence)
bull 1048708 Maximizing benefit (beneficence)
Personal Autonomy
bull Self-rule that is free from both controlling influence by others and from limitations (inadequate understanding that prevents meaningful choice)
bull Requires 2 essential conditions a) Liberty ndash independence of controlling influence b) Agency ndash capacity for intentional action
bull This applies to the act of decision-making in both health care practice and research
Respect for Autonomy
bull Involves respectful action not merely attitude ndash acknowledging decision-making rights AND enabling autonomous action
bull Emanuel Kant Unconditional worth of the individual entailing respectful treatment as an end
bull John Stuart Mill Donrsquot interfere with others and strengthen autonomous expression except the obligation to seek to persuade someone with ill-considered or false views
bull 1964 World Medical Association adopts Helsinki Declaration asserting The interests of science and society should never take precedence over the well being of the subject
bull 1974 Tuskegee studybull 1979 National Commission issues Belmont
Report setting forth three basic ethical principles respect for persons beneficence and justice
bull 1991 World Health Organization announces CIOMS Guidelines which set forth four ethical principles respect for persons beneficence nonmaleficence and justice
conthellipd
History
Birth of Theories
bull Kantianism
bull Utilitarianism
bull Liberal Individualism
bull Communitarianism
bull Ethics of Care
Birth of Principles
bull Medical Ethics of Hippocrates bull Faced with rising problems of advances in the
field of medicine biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry a new field called lsquoBioethicsrsquo emerged
bull PRINCIPLES OF BIOETHICSndash These principles brought the ethics deliberations to a
lower level and gave some answers seemed workable as compared to some abstract theories of philosophy
Principles Approach toBiomedical Ethics
bull Non-maleficence
bull Beneficence
bull Justice
bull Autonomy (Beauchamp amp Childress 1983)
Non-maleficenceDo No Harm
Hippocratic oath expresses this
ldquoI will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment but I will never use it to injure or harm themrdquo
BeneficenceDo Good
bull This goes beyond avoiding harm and includes
an obligation to benefit persons population or
community at large
JusticeBe Fair
Hippocrates focused on doctor-patient relationship but did not deal with the social dimension of health and health-care Justice or fairness calls for people whose needs are alike being treated equally
An important expression of justice is equity which acknowledges that people have differential needs and fairness calls for responding with care according to such differential needs
Jack Bryant
Moral Rules
bull Veracityndash Tell the truth
bull Fidelityndash Keep promises
bull Privacyndash Respect privacyndash Consider sensitivity
bull Confidentiality
What are the characteristics of treating people as ends in themselves
bull Not denying them relevant information
bull Allowing them freedom of choice
Belmont Report Ethical guidelines
Three principles for biomedical and behavioural research on humans(a) respect for persons (people either have
autonomy or protection if they dont)(b) beneficence (research should do no harm to participants and should benefit participants and society)(c) justice (burden of participation should
not be limited to certain groups and benefits should be available to all)
Guiding Ethical Principles
bull 1048708 Respect for human dignity
bull 1048708 Respect for free and informed consent
bull 1048708 Respect for vulnerable persons
bull 1048708 Respect for privacy and confidentiality
bull 1048708 Respect for justice and inclusiveness
bull 1048708 Balancing harms and benefits
bull 1048708 Minimizing harm (non-maleficence)
bull 1048708 Maximizing benefit (beneficence)
Personal Autonomy
bull Self-rule that is free from both controlling influence by others and from limitations (inadequate understanding that prevents meaningful choice)
bull Requires 2 essential conditions a) Liberty ndash independence of controlling influence b) Agency ndash capacity for intentional action
bull This applies to the act of decision-making in both health care practice and research
Respect for Autonomy
bull Involves respectful action not merely attitude ndash acknowledging decision-making rights AND enabling autonomous action
bull Emanuel Kant Unconditional worth of the individual entailing respectful treatment as an end
bull John Stuart Mill Donrsquot interfere with others and strengthen autonomous expression except the obligation to seek to persuade someone with ill-considered or false views
Birth of Theories
bull Kantianism
bull Utilitarianism
bull Liberal Individualism
bull Communitarianism
bull Ethics of Care
Birth of Principles
bull Medical Ethics of Hippocrates bull Faced with rising problems of advances in the
field of medicine biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry a new field called lsquoBioethicsrsquo emerged
bull PRINCIPLES OF BIOETHICSndash These principles brought the ethics deliberations to a
lower level and gave some answers seemed workable as compared to some abstract theories of philosophy
Principles Approach toBiomedical Ethics
bull Non-maleficence
bull Beneficence
bull Justice
bull Autonomy (Beauchamp amp Childress 1983)
Non-maleficenceDo No Harm
Hippocratic oath expresses this
ldquoI will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment but I will never use it to injure or harm themrdquo
BeneficenceDo Good
bull This goes beyond avoiding harm and includes
an obligation to benefit persons population or
community at large
JusticeBe Fair
Hippocrates focused on doctor-patient relationship but did not deal with the social dimension of health and health-care Justice or fairness calls for people whose needs are alike being treated equally
An important expression of justice is equity which acknowledges that people have differential needs and fairness calls for responding with care according to such differential needs
Jack Bryant
Moral Rules
bull Veracityndash Tell the truth
bull Fidelityndash Keep promises
bull Privacyndash Respect privacyndash Consider sensitivity
bull Confidentiality
What are the characteristics of treating people as ends in themselves
bull Not denying them relevant information
bull Allowing them freedom of choice
Belmont Report Ethical guidelines
Three principles for biomedical and behavioural research on humans(a) respect for persons (people either have
autonomy or protection if they dont)(b) beneficence (research should do no harm to participants and should benefit participants and society)(c) justice (burden of participation should
not be limited to certain groups and benefits should be available to all)
Guiding Ethical Principles
bull 1048708 Respect for human dignity
bull 1048708 Respect for free and informed consent
bull 1048708 Respect for vulnerable persons
bull 1048708 Respect for privacy and confidentiality
bull 1048708 Respect for justice and inclusiveness
bull 1048708 Balancing harms and benefits
bull 1048708 Minimizing harm (non-maleficence)
bull 1048708 Maximizing benefit (beneficence)
Personal Autonomy
bull Self-rule that is free from both controlling influence by others and from limitations (inadequate understanding that prevents meaningful choice)
bull Requires 2 essential conditions a) Liberty ndash independence of controlling influence b) Agency ndash capacity for intentional action
bull This applies to the act of decision-making in both health care practice and research
Respect for Autonomy
bull Involves respectful action not merely attitude ndash acknowledging decision-making rights AND enabling autonomous action
bull Emanuel Kant Unconditional worth of the individual entailing respectful treatment as an end
bull John Stuart Mill Donrsquot interfere with others and strengthen autonomous expression except the obligation to seek to persuade someone with ill-considered or false views
Birth of Principles
bull Medical Ethics of Hippocrates bull Faced with rising problems of advances in the
field of medicine biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry a new field called lsquoBioethicsrsquo emerged
bull PRINCIPLES OF BIOETHICSndash These principles brought the ethics deliberations to a
lower level and gave some answers seemed workable as compared to some abstract theories of philosophy
Principles Approach toBiomedical Ethics
bull Non-maleficence
bull Beneficence
bull Justice
bull Autonomy (Beauchamp amp Childress 1983)
Non-maleficenceDo No Harm
Hippocratic oath expresses this
ldquoI will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment but I will never use it to injure or harm themrdquo
BeneficenceDo Good
bull This goes beyond avoiding harm and includes
an obligation to benefit persons population or
community at large
JusticeBe Fair
Hippocrates focused on doctor-patient relationship but did not deal with the social dimension of health and health-care Justice or fairness calls for people whose needs are alike being treated equally
An important expression of justice is equity which acknowledges that people have differential needs and fairness calls for responding with care according to such differential needs
Jack Bryant
Moral Rules
bull Veracityndash Tell the truth
bull Fidelityndash Keep promises
bull Privacyndash Respect privacyndash Consider sensitivity
bull Confidentiality
What are the characteristics of treating people as ends in themselves
bull Not denying them relevant information
bull Allowing them freedom of choice
Belmont Report Ethical guidelines
Three principles for biomedical and behavioural research on humans(a) respect for persons (people either have
autonomy or protection if they dont)(b) beneficence (research should do no harm to participants and should benefit participants and society)(c) justice (burden of participation should
not be limited to certain groups and benefits should be available to all)
Guiding Ethical Principles
bull 1048708 Respect for human dignity
bull 1048708 Respect for free and informed consent
bull 1048708 Respect for vulnerable persons
bull 1048708 Respect for privacy and confidentiality
bull 1048708 Respect for justice and inclusiveness
bull 1048708 Balancing harms and benefits
bull 1048708 Minimizing harm (non-maleficence)
bull 1048708 Maximizing benefit (beneficence)
Personal Autonomy
bull Self-rule that is free from both controlling influence by others and from limitations (inadequate understanding that prevents meaningful choice)
bull Requires 2 essential conditions a) Liberty ndash independence of controlling influence b) Agency ndash capacity for intentional action
bull This applies to the act of decision-making in both health care practice and research
Respect for Autonomy
bull Involves respectful action not merely attitude ndash acknowledging decision-making rights AND enabling autonomous action
bull Emanuel Kant Unconditional worth of the individual entailing respectful treatment as an end
bull John Stuart Mill Donrsquot interfere with others and strengthen autonomous expression except the obligation to seek to persuade someone with ill-considered or false views
Principles Approach toBiomedical Ethics
bull Non-maleficence
bull Beneficence
bull Justice
bull Autonomy (Beauchamp amp Childress 1983)
Non-maleficenceDo No Harm
Hippocratic oath expresses this
ldquoI will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment but I will never use it to injure or harm themrdquo
BeneficenceDo Good
bull This goes beyond avoiding harm and includes
an obligation to benefit persons population or
community at large
JusticeBe Fair
Hippocrates focused on doctor-patient relationship but did not deal with the social dimension of health and health-care Justice or fairness calls for people whose needs are alike being treated equally
An important expression of justice is equity which acknowledges that people have differential needs and fairness calls for responding with care according to such differential needs
Jack Bryant
Moral Rules
bull Veracityndash Tell the truth
bull Fidelityndash Keep promises
bull Privacyndash Respect privacyndash Consider sensitivity
bull Confidentiality
What are the characteristics of treating people as ends in themselves
bull Not denying them relevant information
bull Allowing them freedom of choice
Belmont Report Ethical guidelines
Three principles for biomedical and behavioural research on humans(a) respect for persons (people either have
autonomy or protection if they dont)(b) beneficence (research should do no harm to participants and should benefit participants and society)(c) justice (burden of participation should
not be limited to certain groups and benefits should be available to all)
Guiding Ethical Principles
bull 1048708 Respect for human dignity
bull 1048708 Respect for free and informed consent
bull 1048708 Respect for vulnerable persons
bull 1048708 Respect for privacy and confidentiality
bull 1048708 Respect for justice and inclusiveness
bull 1048708 Balancing harms and benefits
bull 1048708 Minimizing harm (non-maleficence)
bull 1048708 Maximizing benefit (beneficence)
Personal Autonomy
bull Self-rule that is free from both controlling influence by others and from limitations (inadequate understanding that prevents meaningful choice)
bull Requires 2 essential conditions a) Liberty ndash independence of controlling influence b) Agency ndash capacity for intentional action
bull This applies to the act of decision-making in both health care practice and research
Respect for Autonomy
bull Involves respectful action not merely attitude ndash acknowledging decision-making rights AND enabling autonomous action
bull Emanuel Kant Unconditional worth of the individual entailing respectful treatment as an end
bull John Stuart Mill Donrsquot interfere with others and strengthen autonomous expression except the obligation to seek to persuade someone with ill-considered or false views
Non-maleficenceDo No Harm
Hippocratic oath expresses this
ldquoI will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment but I will never use it to injure or harm themrdquo
BeneficenceDo Good
bull This goes beyond avoiding harm and includes
an obligation to benefit persons population or
community at large
JusticeBe Fair
Hippocrates focused on doctor-patient relationship but did not deal with the social dimension of health and health-care Justice or fairness calls for people whose needs are alike being treated equally
An important expression of justice is equity which acknowledges that people have differential needs and fairness calls for responding with care according to such differential needs
Jack Bryant
Moral Rules
bull Veracityndash Tell the truth
bull Fidelityndash Keep promises
bull Privacyndash Respect privacyndash Consider sensitivity
bull Confidentiality
What are the characteristics of treating people as ends in themselves
bull Not denying them relevant information
bull Allowing them freedom of choice
Belmont Report Ethical guidelines
Three principles for biomedical and behavioural research on humans(a) respect for persons (people either have
autonomy or protection if they dont)(b) beneficence (research should do no harm to participants and should benefit participants and society)(c) justice (burden of participation should
not be limited to certain groups and benefits should be available to all)
Guiding Ethical Principles
bull 1048708 Respect for human dignity
bull 1048708 Respect for free and informed consent
bull 1048708 Respect for vulnerable persons
bull 1048708 Respect for privacy and confidentiality
bull 1048708 Respect for justice and inclusiveness
bull 1048708 Balancing harms and benefits
bull 1048708 Minimizing harm (non-maleficence)
bull 1048708 Maximizing benefit (beneficence)
Personal Autonomy
bull Self-rule that is free from both controlling influence by others and from limitations (inadequate understanding that prevents meaningful choice)
bull Requires 2 essential conditions a) Liberty ndash independence of controlling influence b) Agency ndash capacity for intentional action
bull This applies to the act of decision-making in both health care practice and research
Respect for Autonomy
bull Involves respectful action not merely attitude ndash acknowledging decision-making rights AND enabling autonomous action
bull Emanuel Kant Unconditional worth of the individual entailing respectful treatment as an end
bull John Stuart Mill Donrsquot interfere with others and strengthen autonomous expression except the obligation to seek to persuade someone with ill-considered or false views
BeneficenceDo Good
bull This goes beyond avoiding harm and includes
an obligation to benefit persons population or
community at large
JusticeBe Fair
Hippocrates focused on doctor-patient relationship but did not deal with the social dimension of health and health-care Justice or fairness calls for people whose needs are alike being treated equally
An important expression of justice is equity which acknowledges that people have differential needs and fairness calls for responding with care according to such differential needs
Jack Bryant
Moral Rules
bull Veracityndash Tell the truth
bull Fidelityndash Keep promises
bull Privacyndash Respect privacyndash Consider sensitivity
bull Confidentiality
What are the characteristics of treating people as ends in themselves
bull Not denying them relevant information
bull Allowing them freedom of choice
Belmont Report Ethical guidelines
Three principles for biomedical and behavioural research on humans(a) respect for persons (people either have
autonomy or protection if they dont)(b) beneficence (research should do no harm to participants and should benefit participants and society)(c) justice (burden of participation should
not be limited to certain groups and benefits should be available to all)
Guiding Ethical Principles
bull 1048708 Respect for human dignity
bull 1048708 Respect for free and informed consent
bull 1048708 Respect for vulnerable persons
bull 1048708 Respect for privacy and confidentiality
bull 1048708 Respect for justice and inclusiveness
bull 1048708 Balancing harms and benefits
bull 1048708 Minimizing harm (non-maleficence)
bull 1048708 Maximizing benefit (beneficence)
Personal Autonomy
bull Self-rule that is free from both controlling influence by others and from limitations (inadequate understanding that prevents meaningful choice)
bull Requires 2 essential conditions a) Liberty ndash independence of controlling influence b) Agency ndash capacity for intentional action
bull This applies to the act of decision-making in both health care practice and research
Respect for Autonomy
bull Involves respectful action not merely attitude ndash acknowledging decision-making rights AND enabling autonomous action
bull Emanuel Kant Unconditional worth of the individual entailing respectful treatment as an end
bull John Stuart Mill Donrsquot interfere with others and strengthen autonomous expression except the obligation to seek to persuade someone with ill-considered or false views
JusticeBe Fair
Hippocrates focused on doctor-patient relationship but did not deal with the social dimension of health and health-care Justice or fairness calls for people whose needs are alike being treated equally
An important expression of justice is equity which acknowledges that people have differential needs and fairness calls for responding with care according to such differential needs
Jack Bryant
Moral Rules
bull Veracityndash Tell the truth
bull Fidelityndash Keep promises
bull Privacyndash Respect privacyndash Consider sensitivity
bull Confidentiality
What are the characteristics of treating people as ends in themselves
bull Not denying them relevant information
bull Allowing them freedom of choice
Belmont Report Ethical guidelines
Three principles for biomedical and behavioural research on humans(a) respect for persons (people either have
autonomy or protection if they dont)(b) beneficence (research should do no harm to participants and should benefit participants and society)(c) justice (burden of participation should
not be limited to certain groups and benefits should be available to all)
Guiding Ethical Principles
bull 1048708 Respect for human dignity
bull 1048708 Respect for free and informed consent
bull 1048708 Respect for vulnerable persons
bull 1048708 Respect for privacy and confidentiality
bull 1048708 Respect for justice and inclusiveness
bull 1048708 Balancing harms and benefits
bull 1048708 Minimizing harm (non-maleficence)
bull 1048708 Maximizing benefit (beneficence)
Personal Autonomy
bull Self-rule that is free from both controlling influence by others and from limitations (inadequate understanding that prevents meaningful choice)
bull Requires 2 essential conditions a) Liberty ndash independence of controlling influence b) Agency ndash capacity for intentional action
bull This applies to the act of decision-making in both health care practice and research
Respect for Autonomy
bull Involves respectful action not merely attitude ndash acknowledging decision-making rights AND enabling autonomous action
bull Emanuel Kant Unconditional worth of the individual entailing respectful treatment as an end
bull John Stuart Mill Donrsquot interfere with others and strengthen autonomous expression except the obligation to seek to persuade someone with ill-considered or false views
Moral Rules
bull Veracityndash Tell the truth
bull Fidelityndash Keep promises
bull Privacyndash Respect privacyndash Consider sensitivity
bull Confidentiality
What are the characteristics of treating people as ends in themselves
bull Not denying them relevant information
bull Allowing them freedom of choice
Belmont Report Ethical guidelines
Three principles for biomedical and behavioural research on humans(a) respect for persons (people either have
autonomy or protection if they dont)(b) beneficence (research should do no harm to participants and should benefit participants and society)(c) justice (burden of participation should
not be limited to certain groups and benefits should be available to all)
Guiding Ethical Principles
bull 1048708 Respect for human dignity
bull 1048708 Respect for free and informed consent
bull 1048708 Respect for vulnerable persons
bull 1048708 Respect for privacy and confidentiality
bull 1048708 Respect for justice and inclusiveness
bull 1048708 Balancing harms and benefits
bull 1048708 Minimizing harm (non-maleficence)
bull 1048708 Maximizing benefit (beneficence)
Personal Autonomy
bull Self-rule that is free from both controlling influence by others and from limitations (inadequate understanding that prevents meaningful choice)
bull Requires 2 essential conditions a) Liberty ndash independence of controlling influence b) Agency ndash capacity for intentional action
bull This applies to the act of decision-making in both health care practice and research
Respect for Autonomy
bull Involves respectful action not merely attitude ndash acknowledging decision-making rights AND enabling autonomous action
bull Emanuel Kant Unconditional worth of the individual entailing respectful treatment as an end
bull John Stuart Mill Donrsquot interfere with others and strengthen autonomous expression except the obligation to seek to persuade someone with ill-considered or false views
What are the characteristics of treating people as ends in themselves
bull Not denying them relevant information
bull Allowing them freedom of choice
Belmont Report Ethical guidelines
Three principles for biomedical and behavioural research on humans(a) respect for persons (people either have
autonomy or protection if they dont)(b) beneficence (research should do no harm to participants and should benefit participants and society)(c) justice (burden of participation should
not be limited to certain groups and benefits should be available to all)
Guiding Ethical Principles
bull 1048708 Respect for human dignity
bull 1048708 Respect for free and informed consent
bull 1048708 Respect for vulnerable persons
bull 1048708 Respect for privacy and confidentiality
bull 1048708 Respect for justice and inclusiveness
bull 1048708 Balancing harms and benefits
bull 1048708 Minimizing harm (non-maleficence)
bull 1048708 Maximizing benefit (beneficence)
Personal Autonomy
bull Self-rule that is free from both controlling influence by others and from limitations (inadequate understanding that prevents meaningful choice)
bull Requires 2 essential conditions a) Liberty ndash independence of controlling influence b) Agency ndash capacity for intentional action
bull This applies to the act of decision-making in both health care practice and research
Respect for Autonomy
bull Involves respectful action not merely attitude ndash acknowledging decision-making rights AND enabling autonomous action
bull Emanuel Kant Unconditional worth of the individual entailing respectful treatment as an end
bull John Stuart Mill Donrsquot interfere with others and strengthen autonomous expression except the obligation to seek to persuade someone with ill-considered or false views
Belmont Report Ethical guidelines
Three principles for biomedical and behavioural research on humans(a) respect for persons (people either have
autonomy or protection if they dont)(b) beneficence (research should do no harm to participants and should benefit participants and society)(c) justice (burden of participation should
not be limited to certain groups and benefits should be available to all)
Guiding Ethical Principles
bull 1048708 Respect for human dignity
bull 1048708 Respect for free and informed consent
bull 1048708 Respect for vulnerable persons
bull 1048708 Respect for privacy and confidentiality
bull 1048708 Respect for justice and inclusiveness
bull 1048708 Balancing harms and benefits
bull 1048708 Minimizing harm (non-maleficence)
bull 1048708 Maximizing benefit (beneficence)
Personal Autonomy
bull Self-rule that is free from both controlling influence by others and from limitations (inadequate understanding that prevents meaningful choice)
bull Requires 2 essential conditions a) Liberty ndash independence of controlling influence b) Agency ndash capacity for intentional action
bull This applies to the act of decision-making in both health care practice and research
Respect for Autonomy
bull Involves respectful action not merely attitude ndash acknowledging decision-making rights AND enabling autonomous action
bull Emanuel Kant Unconditional worth of the individual entailing respectful treatment as an end
bull John Stuart Mill Donrsquot interfere with others and strengthen autonomous expression except the obligation to seek to persuade someone with ill-considered or false views
Guiding Ethical Principles
bull 1048708 Respect for human dignity
bull 1048708 Respect for free and informed consent
bull 1048708 Respect for vulnerable persons
bull 1048708 Respect for privacy and confidentiality
bull 1048708 Respect for justice and inclusiveness
bull 1048708 Balancing harms and benefits
bull 1048708 Minimizing harm (non-maleficence)
bull 1048708 Maximizing benefit (beneficence)
Personal Autonomy
bull Self-rule that is free from both controlling influence by others and from limitations (inadequate understanding that prevents meaningful choice)
bull Requires 2 essential conditions a) Liberty ndash independence of controlling influence b) Agency ndash capacity for intentional action
bull This applies to the act of decision-making in both health care practice and research
Respect for Autonomy
bull Involves respectful action not merely attitude ndash acknowledging decision-making rights AND enabling autonomous action
bull Emanuel Kant Unconditional worth of the individual entailing respectful treatment as an end
bull John Stuart Mill Donrsquot interfere with others and strengthen autonomous expression except the obligation to seek to persuade someone with ill-considered or false views
Personal Autonomy
bull Self-rule that is free from both controlling influence by others and from limitations (inadequate understanding that prevents meaningful choice)
bull Requires 2 essential conditions a) Liberty ndash independence of controlling influence b) Agency ndash capacity for intentional action
bull This applies to the act of decision-making in both health care practice and research
Respect for Autonomy
bull Involves respectful action not merely attitude ndash acknowledging decision-making rights AND enabling autonomous action
bull Emanuel Kant Unconditional worth of the individual entailing respectful treatment as an end
bull John Stuart Mill Donrsquot interfere with others and strengthen autonomous expression except the obligation to seek to persuade someone with ill-considered or false views
Respect for Autonomy
bull Involves respectful action not merely attitude ndash acknowledging decision-making rights AND enabling autonomous action
bull Emanuel Kant Unconditional worth of the individual entailing respectful treatment as an end
bull John Stuart Mill Donrsquot interfere with others and strengthen autonomous expression except the obligation to seek to persuade someone with ill-considered or false views
![Law and Morals -- Jurisprudence and Ethics...1945] LAW AND MORALS-JURISPRUDENCE AND ETHICS RoscoE POUND* I PRELIMINA Y :1 MORALS AND MORALITYThe relation of law to morals was one of](https://img.pdfslide.net/doc/110x75/5f4e54e42df7d5289a739b14/law-and-morals-jurisprudence-and-ethics-1945-law-and-morals-jurisprudence.jpg)
