BIOL 2401, Anatomy & Physiology, Part 1 Laboratory · PDF fileBIOL 2401, Anatomy & Physiology, Part 1 Laboratory Schedule . ... Introduction, Organs, ... The laboratory notes are included

BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 1

BIOL 2401, Anatomy & Physiology, Part 1 Laboratory Schedule

Lab Section: ___________ Lab Day & Time: ____________ Lab Instructor: ___________ Office & Phone: _____________

Week

Lab Notes Chapter

Subject

EXAM

ATES D

1

1, 2, 3 Introduction, Organs, Microscopes, Cell Anatomy

2

4, 5, 6

Cell Transport Mechanisms, Mitosis, Tissues

7

Integumentary system

4

1 - 7

EXAM 1

5

8

Skeletal system

6

8

Skeletal system

7

8

EXAM 2

8

9

Muscular system

9

9

Muscular system

10

9

EXAM 3

11

10

Nervous system

12

10

Nervous system

13

10

EXAM 4

14

11, 12

Special senses, Endocrine system

15

11 & 12

EXAM 5

16

1 - 12

Make-Up Exam (scheduled with your instructor only if you missed an exam)

Schedule subject to change.


CLASS PROCEDURES: BIOL 2401 LAB 1. ATTENDANCE:

a. Regular and punctual attendance is required at St. Philip=s College. Students who have accumulated two weeks of absences may be dropped from the course. Your lab instructor will inform your lecture instructor when you are absent from lab.

b. You are expected to arrive on time for class. The first three times you arrive within 15 minutes of class start time you will be counted as tardy. The fourth tardy and any subsequent tardies will count as absences.

c. Lab meets only once each week, so please do not schedule appointments during this time. Let your instructor know if you must leave lab for an emergency. 2. LECTURE: This course requires that lecture and laboratory be taken in the same semester. 3. SCHOOL POLICY: No food or drink allowed in classes. 4. EXAMS: There will be 5 lab exams. The exams will be practical exams and will be contain 50 - 75 questions. You will rotate through the exam stations in order to attempt all the questions on the exam. Rotations will be timed to insure all students have equal access to each exam station. 5. LABORATORY NOTES: The laboratory notes are included with the lecture notes and are available for purchase in the St. Philip=s College bookstore. 6. MAKE-UP EXAMS:

a. If you miss a lab exam, contact your lab instructor immediately. If you have a valid, verifiable excuse for missing the lab exam, you may be scheduled to take the exam later in the same week. If your instructor approves, he or she will schedule you to take the exam with another instructor. If you are unable to contact your lab instructor, contact the Anatomy Lab Coordinator in SCI 216. You may only re-schedule a lab exam once during the entire semester, and only for valid and verifiable reasons.

b. If you are unable to take an exam during the normally scheduled exam week, contact the Lab Coordinator in SCI 216 and provide the appropriate documentation for missing the class. The Lab Coordinator may arrange for you to take a computerized version of the exam. The computerized exam do NOT use models that are used for normal exams and will consist of graphics from textbooks.

c. During Summer sessions, the Biology Tutors will conduct the Make-up exams during normal tutoring hours. The computerized exam do NOT use models that are used for normal exams and will consist of graphics from textbooks. Exams must be made-up BEFORE the next exam in the lab.

d. Exams must be made-up BEFORE the next lab exam. e. You may take an exam during a different class OR take a computerized make-up

exam ONCE during the semester. Additional missed exams will be counted as a ‘0’. 7. VISITORS: Visitors are NOT allowed in laboratory. 8. BEEPERS & PHONES: Set your beepers, phones and other electronic devices to a silent mode (or >OFF=) during laboratory.


9. GRADE DETERMINATION: Your laboratory average will be given to your BIOL 2401 lecture instructor at the end of the semester. This lab average is 30% of your overall BIOL 2401 grade. Natural Sciences Department policy does not allow >Extra Credit= for laboratory classes. 10. STUDY HINTS: Listed below is advice given by former students who were successful in this class:

1) Helpful Biology Links are on the Natural Sciences Website. 2) Bring your textbook to lab so you can make notes by the illustrations 3) Use the tutors. Hours will be posted early in the semester 4) Form a study group, starting with the group at your lab table. 5) Use a coloring book and/or flash cards 6) Study one section of the notes at a time 7) Use the CD ROMs that came with the textbook 8) Visit the textbook=s website and course compass site 9) Use the additional software available in the computer lab in SCI 212. 10) Buy (and use) the video tape or DVD. These study aides are available in SCI 216 for $15 for the video tape or for the DVD.

One of the computer software programs available for your use in SCI 212 is Virtual Human Dissector (VH Dissector).

Lessons have been prepared to correspond to the BIOL 2401 and BIOL 2402 (Anatomy & Physiology) lab notes. Use one of the five computers that have the VH Dissector loaded on it. These computers are clearly marked, if you cannot find one, ask one of the lab workers.

From the Start Menu, choose >ALL PROGRAMS, then click on TOLTECH, then select VH DISSECTOR. The VH DISSECTOR program will open with several windows. If you choose you can close the cross section window. To do this you choose the >VIEW= tab and then select >HIDE CROSS SECTION=. To access the lessons you must first click on the >LESSONS= tab. A screen will appear with several items listed. Next, from the >FILE= tab, choose >OPEN LESSON=. The lessons are located in the =My Documents= folder, in the >VH Dissector Lessons= folder. The following file names are assigned to the various chapters: BIOL 2401 Chapter File Name Introduction Introhumanbody.html Skeletal system Skeletal.html Muscular system Muscleheadthorax.html

Muscleupperextremity.html Musclelowerextremity.html

Nervous system Nervous.html Special Senses Specialsenses.html Endocrine System Endocrine.html

http://www.accd.edu/spc/acad/natsci/BiologyLinks.aspx


Chapter 1, Organization of the Human Body I. Definitions: Text page: _________

A. Anatomy: the study of ______________

B. Physiology: the study of _____________

II. Levels of Organization:

A. Chemical or Molecular Level:

1. Atoms: basic unit of matter

2. Molecules

B. Cellular Level:

1. Organelles: functional units within cells

2. Cell: the basic unit of life

C. Tissue Level

1. Tissue: groups of cells performing a specific function

2. Four basic tissue types

a. Epithelial

b. Connective

c. Muscular

d. Nervous

D. Organ Level

1. Organ: combinations of tissues working together to form a readily

identifiable structure that has a specific set of functions

2. Examples: stomach, heart, skin, etc

E. Organ System Level

Text page:

_________


1. Integumentary System

2. Skeletal System

3. Muscular System

4. Nervous System

5. Endocrine System

6. Circulatory System

7. Lymphatic & Immune Systems

8. Respiratory System

9. Digestive System

10. Urinary System

11. Reproductive System

F. Organism Level

III. Anatomical Position:

A. Defines a reference posture for the standardized study of human anatomy

B. Standing erect, feet flat on floor

C. Arms down by the sides, open palms facing forward

IV. Directional Terms: usually occur in pairs of opposites

A. Anterior (Ventral) vs. Posterior (Dorsal)

B. Inferior vs. Superior


C. Lateral vs. Medial

D. Deep vs. Superficial

E. Additional directional terms are listed in the lecture section of your notes.

V. Major Body Cavities: Overview

A. Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity

1. Thoracic Cavity

2. Abdominopelvic Cavity

B. Dorsal Body Cavity

1. Cranial Cavity

2. Spinal Cavity

VI. Structures within the Major Body Cavities Text

page: _________

A. Thoracic Cavity

1. Right pleural cavity contains the Right Lung

2. Left pleural cavity contains the Left Lung

3. Mediastinum: region between the pleural cavities


a. Pericardial cavity contains the Heart

b. Aortic arch (Arch of the aorta)

c. Thoracic aorta

d. Superior vena cava

e. Trachea

(1) Right primary bronchus

(2) Left primary bronchus

f. Esophagus

4. Diaphragm: the major muscle of respiration that separates the thoracic

cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

B. Abdominopelvic cavity

1. Abdominal cavity is above the pelvic brim and the Pelvic cavity is

below the pelvic brim.

2. Structures:

a. Stomach

b. Spleen

c. Liver


d. Gallbladder

e. Pancreas

f. Right kidney

g. Left kidney

h. Right ureter

i. Left ureter

j. Right adrenal gland

k. Left adrenal gland

l. Abdominal aorta

m. Inferior vena cava

n. Small intestines

(1) duodenum

(2) jejunum

(3) ileum

o. Large intestines (colon)

(1) cecum

(2) ascending colon


(3) vermiform appendix

(4) transverse colon

(5) descending colon

(6) sigmoid colon

p. Urinary bladder

q. Reproductive structures (to be identified in BIOL 2402)

Chapter 2, Light Microscope

VII. Parts of the Light Microscope:

A. Base

B. Arm

C. Stage

D. Coarse adjustment knob

E. Fine adjustment knob



F. Condenser

G. Iris diaphragm

H. Nosepiece

I. Objectives

1. Scanning objective: 4X

2. Low power objective: 10X

3. High Power objective: 40X or 43X

4. Oil Immersion objective: 100X

J. Stage control knobs

K. Ocular (eyepiece): 10X

VIII. Total Magnification

A. To calculate the Total Magnification, multiply the power of the ocular (10X)

times the power of the objective being used (4X, 10X, 40X (or 43X) or 100X)

B. Example: the total magnification using the Scanning objective is 40 (10X x 4)

IX. Focusing:

A. Center the slide on the stage so that the specimen is directly over the light

coming through the hole in the stage.

B. Rotate the nosepiece so that the 4X objective is over the specimen.

C. Look through the ocular, adjust the light using the iris diaphragm.

D. Focus using the coarse adjustment knob, then the fine adjustment knob.


E. To increase magnification, center the part of the specimen you want to enlarge

in the center of the field. Rotate the nosepiece to the next power objective.

Focus using only the fine adjustment knob. Adjust the light as needed.

F. DO NOT USE THE COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB WITH THE HIGH

POWER OBJECTIVE! These objectives are long enough to crack the slide on

the stage or crack the objective lens.

G. Do not use the oil immersion lens. The specimens used in BIOL 2401 do not

require this high total magnification.

X. Safe transport of the light microscope will be demonstrated by your instructor.

A. Carry the microscope with 2 hands, one supporting the base and one hand

grasping the arm.

B. Before returning the microscope to the cabinet:

1. Move the stage to its lowest position

2. Move the shortest objective (scanning objective) over the hole in the

stage.

Chapter 3, Cell Anatomy

I. Generic Animal Cell:

Text

Page:_______

A. Nucleus

1. Nuclear membrane

2. Nucleolus


3. Chromatin

B. Cytoplasm

1. Organelles

a. Mitochondrion

b. Golgi body (Golgi Apparatus)

c. Golgi Vesicles

d. Lysosome

e. Fat Vacuole

f. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

g. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

h. Ribosomes

i. Centrioles

2. Cytosol

C. Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)

Chapter 4, Mitosis

I. Mitosis Terminology:

Text Page:________

A. Mitosis: division of the nucleus

B. Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm

II. Cell Cycle:

III. Interphase:

IV. Phases of Mitosis: (Draw the phases in the space provided)

A. Prophase

B. Metaphase



C. Anaphase

D. Telophase

V. Web sites useful for this chapter:

A. http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/main.html

B. http://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle.htm

C. http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookmito.html

D. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/mitosis/mitosis.html

E. http://www.worc.ac.uk/departs/envman/courses/bio/l2/bio212/mitosis.html


Chapter 5, Tissues

I. Categories of Tissues:

Text

page:_________

A. Epithelial Tissue

1. Names are based on the number of layers of cells attached to a

basement membrane

a. Simple epithelium: one layer of cells

b. Stratified Epithelium: more than one layer of cells

2. Names are also based on the shape of the cells at the apical surface:

a. Squamous

b. Cuboidal

c. Columnar

d. Transitional

3. Identify the following epithelial tissues in the microscope or in

photomicrographs: (Draw the tissues in the space provided.)

a. Simple squamous epithelium


b. Simple cuboidal epithelium

c. Simple columnar epithelium

d. Stratified squamous epithelium

e. Transitional epithelium


f. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

B. Connective Tissue: Identify the following connective tissues in the

microscope or in photomicrographs: (Draw the tissues in the space provided.)

1. Adipose connective tissue

2. Areolar connective tissue

3. Bone


4. Blood

5. Hyaline cartilage

6. Elastic cartilage

C. Muscle Tissues: will be identified during the muscular system lab

1. Skeletal muscle tissue

2. Smooth muscle tissue


3. Cardiac muscle tissue

D. Nervous Tissue: will be identified during the nervous system lab

II. Web sites useful for this chapter:

A. http://lima.osu.edu/biology/connective_tissue.htm

B. http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/index.htm

Chapter 6, Cell Transport Mechanisms

I. Passive Transport Mechanisms:

Text

page:_________

A. Diffusion:

1. Definition: the random movement of particles from regions of higher

concentrations to regions of lesser concentration. Eventually the

particles will be distributed evenly.

2. Examples:

a. Air Freshener sprayed into the air

b. Potassium permanganate crystals in water

B. Osmosis:

1. Definition: movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane

from an area of higher concentration to areas of lesser concentration

2. Examples:

a. Dried raisins in water

b. Dried beans in water

3. Types of solutions: (Draw each type of solutions indicating the direction

the water will flow)

a. Hypotonic solution


b. Hypertonic solution

c. Isotonic solution

C. Filtration:

1. Definition: Movement of particles across a semipermeable membrane

from an area of high pressure

2. Draw the filtration apparatus you saw demonstrated in lab


II. Web site useful for this chapter:


A. http://www.niles-hs.k12.il.us/philac/biology/biolweb/Tonicity/plaNT.htm


Chapter 7, Integumentary System

I. Epidermis: composed of 5 strata (sublayers) Text

page:_________

A. Stratum corneum

B. Stratum lucidum

C. Stratum granulosum

D. Stratum spinosum

E. Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)

II. Dermis:

A. Papillary dermis

1. Dermal papillae

2. Meissner=s corpuscles

B. Reticular dermis

1. Hair Structures

a. Hair shaft

b. Hair root

c. Hair bulb

d. Hair follicle

2. Arrector pili muscle

3. Sebaceous glands (oil glands)

4. Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)

a. Eccrine sweat gland

b. Apocrine sweat gland

5. Pacinian corpuscle

C. Subcutaneous Layer


Chapter 8, Skeletal System

I. Microscopic Structure Of Bone:

Text

page:_________

A. Periosteum

B. Sharpey=s Fibers

C. Compact Bone

1. Haversian System (osteon)

a. Lamella

b. Lacuna

c. Osteoblasts

d. Osteocytes

2. Haversian Canal

3. Volkmann=s Canal

4. Endosteum

D. Spongy Bone

II. Bone Markings and features:


A. Process

B. Condyle

C. Fossa

D. Foramen

E. Canal

F. Meatus

G. Fissure

H. Sulcus

III. Axial Skeleton:

A. Skull

Text

page:_________

1. Cranial Bones

a. Frontal bone

b. Temporal bone

(1) external auditory meatus

(2) styloid process


(3) zygomatic process

(4) mastoid process

(5) mandibular fossa

(6) jugular foramen

(7) carotid canal

(8) internal acoustic meatus

c. Parietal bone

d. Occipital bone

(1) foramen magnum

(2) occipital condyles

e. Sphenoid bone

(1) sella turcica

(2) greater wings

(3) lesser wing

(4) superior orbital fissure

(5) foramen ovale

(6) optic foramen


f. Ethmoid bone

(1) crista galli

(2) cribriform plate

(3) perpendicular plate

(4) middle conchae

2. Sutures

Text

Page:_________

a. Coronal suture: between the _____________ bone and the

______________ bones

b. Sagittal suture: between the _____________ bone and the

______________ bone

c. Lambdoidal suture: between the _____________ bone and the

______________ bone

d. Squamosal suture: between the _____________ bone and the

______________ bone

3. Facial Bones:


Text

Pages:________

a. Nasal bone

b. Lacrimal bone

c. Maxilla

(1) infraorbital foramen

(2) palatine process

d. Palatine bone

e. Vomer

f. Inferior conchae

g. Zygomatic bone

h. Mandible

(1) mandibular condyle

(2) mandibular ramus

(3) coronoid process

(4) mental foramen

4. Hyoid bone


5. Vertebral column

Text

Page:_________

a. Cervical vertebrae (7)

(1) atlas

(2) axis

(a) dens (odontoid process)

b. Thoracic vertebrae (12)

c. Lumbar vertebrae (5)

d. Sacrum (1, fused from 5 vertebrae)

e. Coccyx (1, fused from 4 vertebrae)

f. Intervertebral disc

6. Vertebral Structure

Text

Page:_________

a. Centrum (body)

b. Spinous process


c. Vertebral foramen

d. Transverse process

e. Transverse foramen (only in the cervical vertebra)

7. Thorax

Text

Page:_________

a. True Ribs (7 pairs)

b. False ribs (5 pair)

(1) Floating ribs (last 2 pair of false ribs)

c. Costal cartilage

d. Sternum

(1) manubrium

(2) body

(3) xiphoid process

IV. Appendicular Skeleton

Text


Page:_________

A. Pectoral Girdle

1. Scapula (RIGHT or LEFT)

a. coracoid process

b. glenoid fossa

c. spine

d. acromion process

e. scapular notch

f. axillary border (lateral border)

g. vertebral border (medial border)

2. Clavicle

3. Humerus (RIGHT or LEFT)

a. head

b. capitulum

c. trochlea

d. olecranon fossa

e. coronoid fossa


4. Radius

a. head

b. radial tuberosity

c. styloid process

5. Ulna

a. olecranon process

b. trochlear notch (semilunar notch)

c. coronoid process

d. styloid process

6. carpals

7. metacarpals (5 per hand)

a. How are they numbered?

8. phalanges

a. proximal phalanx

b. middle phalanx

c. distal phalanx


B. Pelvic Girdle

Text

Page:_________

1. Os coxa (RIGHT or LEFT)

a. Ilium

(1) iliac crest

(2) greater sciatic notch

b. Ischium

(1) ischial tuberosity

(2) ischial spine

c. Pubis

d. acetabulum

e. obturator foramen

2. Femur (RIGHT or LEFT)

a. head

b. neck

c. greater trochanter


d. lesser trochanter

e. medial condyle

f. lateral condyle

g. intercondylar fossa

3. Patella

4. Tibia (RIGHT or LEFT)

a. anterior crest

b. medial malleolus

5. Fibula

a. lateral malleolus

6. Tarsals (7 per foot)

a. Calcaneous

b. Talus

7. Metatarsals (5 per foot)

a. How are they numbered?

8. Phalanges (14 per foot)

a. proximal phalanx


b. middle phalanx

c. distal phalanx

V. Articulations: Will be discussed in lecture

A. Classifications

1. Structural Classification

a. Synovial joints

b. Fibrous joints

c. Cartilaginous joints

2. Functional Classification

a. Diarthrosis

b. Amphiarthrosis

c. Synarthrosis

B. Types of Synovial Joints

1. Ball-and-socket

2. Hinge

3. Saddle

4. Pivot

5. Gliding (plane)

6. Condyloid (ellipsoid)

VI. Useful web sites for the skeletal system:

A. http://www.bio.psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm


Chapter 9, Muscular System

I. Neuromuscular Junction (Myoneural Junction): Text page:_________

A. Motor Neuron

B. Nucleus

C. Myofibrils

D. Sacromere

E. Endomysium

F. Sarcolemma

G. Sarcoplasm

II. Muscles of facial expression: Text page:_________

A. Occipitalis

B. Frontalis

C. Orbicularis oculi

D. Orbicularis oris

E. Levator labii superioris

F. Zygomaticus

G. Risorius

H. Depressor anguli oris


I. Depressor labii inferioris

J. Mentalis

K. Buccinator

III. Muscles of chewing:

Text

page:_________

A. Masseter

B. Temporalis

IV. Other muscles of the head:

A. Auricularis anterior

B. Auricularis superior

C. Auricularis posterior

V. Muscles of the neck:

Text

page:_________

A. Sternocleidomastoid

B. Sternohyoid


C. Omohyoid

D. Splenius capitis

VI. Muscles of Respiration:

Text

page:_________

A. Diaphragm

B. External intercostals

C. Internal intercostals

D. Transversus thoracis

VII. Muscles of the abdomen:

Text

page:_________

A. Rectus abdominis

B. External oblique

C. Internal oblique

D. Transversus abdominis

VIII. Muscles of the back:


Text

page:_________

A. Erector spinae group

1. Longissimus thoracis

B. Serratus posterior (inferior)

C. Quadratus lumborum

IX. Muscles acting on the shoulder and upper arm: Text

page:_________

A. Pectoralis major

B. Pectoralis minor

C. Serratus anterior

D. Trapezius

E. Levator scapulae

F. Rhomboideus major

G. Rhomboideus minor

H. Latissimus dorsi

I. Deltoid


J. Teres major

K. Coracobrachialis

L. Rotator Cuff Muscles:

1. Infraspinatus

2. Supraspinatus

3. Subscapularis

4. Teres minor

X. Muscles acting on the forearm:

Text

page:________

A. Biceps brachii

B. Brachialis

C. Triceps brachii

D. Brachioradialis

E. Anconeus

F. Pronator teres

G. Supinator


XI. Muscles acting on the wrist and hand: Text

page:________

A. Flexor carpi radialis

B. Flexor carpi ulnaris

C. Flexor digitorum superficialis

D. Palmaris longus

E. Extensor carpi radialis longus

F. Extensor carpi radialis brevis

G. Extensor carpi ulnaris

H. Extensor digitorum (communis)

I. Extensor digiti minimi

J. Abductor pollicis longus

K. Extensor pollicis brevis

XII. Muscles acting on the hip and femur:



Text

page:________

A. Iliacus

B. Psoas major

C. Iliopsoas

D. Tensor fasciae latae

E. Gluteus maximus

F. Gluteus medius

G. Adductor longus

H. Adductor magnus

I. Gracilis

XIII. Muscles acting on the knee:

Text

page:_________

A. Quadriceps femoris Group

1. Rectus femoris


2. Vastus lateralis

3. Vastus medialis

4. Vastus intermedius

B. Sartorius

C. Hamstring Group

1. Biceps femoris

2. Semimembranosus

3. Semitendinosus

D. Popliteus

XIV. Muscles acting on the foot:

Text

page:________

A. Extensor digitorum longus

B. Tibialis anterior

C. Gastrocnemius

D. Soleus


E. Flexor hallucis longus

F. Tibialis posterior

G. Peroneus brevis or Fibularis brevis

H. Peroneus longus or Fibularis longus

I. Flexor digitorum longus

J. Abductor digiti minimi

K. Flexor digitorum brevis

L. Abductor hallucis



Chapter 10, Nervous System

I. Divisions of the Nervous System: Text page:_________

A. Central Nervous System

1. Brain

2. Spinal Cord

B. Peripheral Nervous System

1. Cranial Nerves (12 pairs)

2. Spinal Nerves (31 pairs)

II. Anatomy of the Nervous System:

A. Neuron (nerve cell) Text page:_________

1. Cell body

a. Nucleus

(1) Nucleolus

b. Nissl bodies

c. Neurofibrils

2. Dendrites

3. Axon

a. Axon hillock


b. Axon core

c. Axon terminal

d. Axonal end bulb

4. Schwann cell

a. Myelin sheath

b. Schwann cell nucleus

c. Neurilemma

d. Node of Ranvier

5. Endoneurium

B. Brain:

1. Cerebrum

Text

page:_________

a. Hemispheres (Right and Left)

b. Frontal lobe

c. Parietal lobe


d. Occipital lobe

e. Temporal lobe

2. Grooves in the brain

Text

page:_________

a. Fissure: deeper groove

b. Sulcus: shallower groove, plural is sulci

c. Gyrus: plural is gyri

d. Central sulcus

e. Longitudinal fissure

f. Lateral fissure

g. Parieto-occipital sulcus

h. Transverse fissure

3. Hindbrain & Midbrain

Text

page:_________


a. Medulla oblongata

b. Pons

c. Midbrain

d. Corpora quadrigemina

e. Cerebellum

(1) Arbor vitae

4. Diencephalon

Text

page:_________

a. Thalamus

b. Hypothalamus

(1) Mammillary bodies

(2) Pituitary gland

c. Pineal gland

5. Connectors of the brain

Text


page:_________

a. Corpus callosum

b. Septum pellucidum

c. Fornix

d. Anterior commissure

e. Posterior commissure

f. Massa intermedia (Intermediate mass)

6. Ventricles & cerebral spinal fluid passages Text page:_________

a. Lateral ventricles (right & left)

b. Third ventricle

c. Fourth ventricle

d. Interventricular foramen (Foramen of Monroe)

e. Cerebral Aqueduct (Mesencephalic aqueduct)

f. Median aperture (Foramen of Magendie)

g. Choroid plexus

7. Cranial Nerves (12 pairs):


Text

page:_________

Cranial Nerve Type

I. Olfactory Sensory

II. Optic Sensroy

III. Oculomotor Motor

IV. Trochlear Motor

V. Trigeminal Mixed

VI. Abducens Motor

VII. Facial Mixed

VIII. Vestibulocochlear Sensory

IX. Glossopharyngeal Mixed

X. Vagus Mixed

XI. Accessory (Spinal Accessory) Motor

XII Hypoglossal Motor

C. Meninges:

Text

page:_________

1. Dura mater

a. Epidural space


b. Subdural space

2. Arachnoid

a. Subarachnoid space

3. Pia mater

D. Spinal cord:

Text

page:_________

1. White matter

a. Dorsal columns

b. Lateral columns

c. Ventral columns

d. Anterior median fissure

e. Posterior median sulcus

2. Gray matter

a. Dorsal horn

b. Lateral Horn


c. Ventral horn

d. Gray commissure

e. Central canal

3. Spinal nerve

a. Dorsal spinal root (composed of sensory neurons)

(1) Dorsal root ganglion

b. Ventral spinal root (composed of motor neurons)

4. Sensory neuron

5. Interneuron

6. Motor neuron

7. Synapse

E. Spinal Nerves:

Text

page:_________

1. Cervical plexus

a. Phrenic nerve


2. Brachial plexus

a. Radial nerve

b. Ulnar nerve

c. Median nerve

3. Lumbar plexus

a. Femoral nerve

b. Saphenous nerve

4. Sacral plexus

a. Sciatic nerve

b. Tibial nerve

c. Common peroneal nerve (fibular nerve)

III. Useful web sites for the nervous system:

A. http://www.ifisiol.unam.mx/Brain/nervsys.htm

B. http://www.ifisiol.unam.mx/Brain/segunda.htm


Chapter 11, Special Senses

I. Vision: Text page:_________

A. Accessory Structures

1. Lacrimal apparatus

a. Lacrimal gland

b. Lacrimal sac

2. Extrinsic eye muscles & associated cranial nerve

Muscle Cranial Nerve

a. Superior rectus III. Oculomotor

b. Inferior rectus III. Oculomotor

c. Medial rectus III. Oculomotor

d. Lateral rectus VI. Abducens

e. Superior oblique IV. Trochlear

f. Inferior oblique III. Oculomotor

3. Muscle that elevates the upper eyelid

a. Levator palpebrae superioris III. Oculomotor


B. Anatomy of the eye

Text

page:_________

1. Tunics

a. Fibrous tunic (tunica fibrosa)

(1) sclera

(2) cornea

b. Vascular tunic (tunica vasculosa)

(1) choroid

(2) ciliary body

(a) ciliary muscle

(b) ciliary process

(3) iris

(4) pupil

c. Retina (tunica interna)

(1) optic disc


(a) optic nerve

(2) macula lutea

(3) fovea centralis

(4) rods

(5) cones

2. Optical Apparatus

a. Lens

(1) suspensory ligaments

b. Anterior Cavity

(1) Aqueous humor

(2) anterior chamber

(3) posterior chamber

c. Posterior Cavity

(1) Vitreous humor/body

II. Hearing and Equilibrium:

Text


page:_________

A. Anatomy of the Ear

1. Outer ear (external ear)

a. auricle (pinna)

(1) helix

(2) antihelix

(3) tragus (not on the model)

(4) antitragus

(5) lobe

b. external auditory meatus (auditory canal)

c. tympanic membrane

2. Middle ear (tympanic cavity)

a. Eustacian tube (auditory tube)

b. Ossicles

(1) malleus


(2) incus

(3) stapes

c. Stapedius

d. Tensor tympani

3. Inner ear

a. Bony Labyrinth

(1) perilymph

(2) Semicircular canals

(a) Anterior semicircular canal

(b) Posterior semicircular canal

(c) Lateral semicircular canal

(3) Ampulla

(4) Oval window

(5) Round window

b. Membranous labyrinth

(1) Endolymph


(2) Utricle

(3) Saccule

(4) Semicircular ducts

Anterior semicircular duct

Posterior semicircular duct

Lateral semicircular duct

(1) Ampulla

c. Vestibule

d. Cochlea

e. Vestibulocochlear nerve

(1) Vestibular branch

(2) Cochlear branch

Internal Anatomy of the Cochlea Text

page:_________

Scala vestibuli

Cochlear duct (Scala media)


Scala tympani

Vestibular membrane

Tectorial membrane

Basilar membrane

Organ of Corti

I. Taste (Gustation):

Text

page:_________

A. Lingual papillae

1. Filiform papillae

2. Fungiform papillae

3. Vallate papillae (circumvallate papillae)


Chapter 12, Endocrine System

Endocrine glands:

Text

page:_________

A. Pituitary gland

B. Thyroid gland

C. Parathyroid gland

D. Adrenal gland

E. Pancreas

F. Gonads

Testes

Ovaries

Thymus

Pineal body