Laboratory Atlas of Anatomy and Physiology

Eder, et al.: Laboratory Atlas of Anatomy and Physiology, Third Edition

1. Histology Text © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2001

1

1Histology

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

C H A P T E R



2 C H A P T E R 1

Chromosomes

Spindle fibers

Aster

Figure 1-1Interphase Nuclear membrane intact withchromatin visible. (�250)

Figure 1-2Prophase Duplicated chromosomescondensed into visible strands; nuclearmembrane absent. (�250)

Figure 1-3Metaphase Darkly stained chromosomespositioned by microtubular framework toalign at cell equator. Spindle fibers and aster visible. (�250)

Chromatin

Nuclear membrane

Chromosome



H i s t o l o g y 3

Figure 1-4Anaphase Darkly stained chromosomesmove to opposite poles under microtubularinfluence. Spindle fibers and aster visible.(�250)

Cleavage furrow at equator

Figure 1-5Telophase Separated chromosomes lose microtubular attachments. Belt ofactinomyocin forms at equator, assists information of new cell membranes andcytokinesis. Cleavage furrow forms twodaughter cells. (�250)

Spindle fibers

Asters

Chromosomes



4 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-6Simple Squamous Epithelium Single layerof flat cells covering a surface. From humanomentum. (�250)

Figure 1-7Simple Squamous Epithelium Surface viewof flattened cells. Human mesothelium.(�250)

Figure 1-8Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Althoughnot strictly cube shaped, cuboidal cells areroughly equidimensional in length, width,and depth. Single layer of cells liningsurface of kidney tubules. Cross section.(�250)

Nucleus

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Lumen of tubule

Basement membrane (circled)

Fixed macrophage

Simple squamous epithelium

Nucleus

Basement membrane



H i s t o l o g y 5

Figure 1-9Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Longitudinalsection of kidney tubule. (�250)

Figure 1-10Simple Columnar Epithelium Cellularheight is much greater than width or length.Nuclei generally appear in a row. Frompancreatic duct. (�250)

Figure 1-11Pseudostratified Ciliated ColumnarEpithelium Nuclei appear to lie in tworows, but in fact all cells in single layer are in contact with basement membrane.Section shows well-defined cilia, threegoblet cells, basement membrane,underlying connective tissue. From monkey trachea. (�100)

Basement membrane

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Lumen of tubule

Nucleus

Simple columnar epithelium

Basement membrane

Nucleus

Cilia

Goblet cell

Basement membrane



Figure 1-12Pseudostratified Ciliated ColumnarEpithelium Section shows cilia, multiplelayers of nuclei, basement membrane,underlying connective tissue. From humantrachea. (�250)

Figure 1-13Stratified Squamous Epithelium Flattenedcells at surface change to less flattenedmorphology in deeper layers. Oral cavity of rabbit. (�100)

Cilia

Nucleus

Basement membrane

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H i s t o l o g y 7

Figure 1-14Stratified Squamous Epithelium Flattened,keratinized cells at surface show variationsin form in deeper layers. From human skin.(�100)

Figure 1-15Transitional Epithelium from Urinary Bladder Umbrella cells stretch and flatten as bladder fills. Basement membraneseparates epithelium from underlyingconnective tissue containing blood vessels.(�250)

Umbrella cell

Basement membrane

Blood vessel lumen

Keratinized cells

Papilla



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Figure 1-16Wall of Elastic Artery Extracellularelastic fibers running parallel in a plane.Structure permits tissue elasticity and recoil.From aorta. (�100)

Figure 1-17Reticular Connective Tissue Mesh ofreticular fibers appears as dark lines;provides scaffold for cellular organization of this lymph node. (�250)

Figure 1-18Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue Pinkbands of collagen fibers run in all directionsthrough intercellular spaces of subcutaneoustissue, permit flexible resistance tomechanical stress. (�100)

Elastic fiber

Reticular fiber

Fibroblast

Elastic fiber

Collagen fibers



H i s t o l o g y 9

Figure 1-19Dense Regular Connective Tissue Bands of collagen fibers running in regular, parallelrows resist mechanical stress mainly alongcourse of fibers. Monkey tendon. (�250)

Figure 1-20Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Bands of collagen running in irregular rows givemultidirectional tensile strength. Collagen-secreting fibroblasts appear throughout.(�100)

Figure 1-21Adipose Tissue Large, empty, polyhedralvacuoles dominate small, eccentricallylocated cell nuclei of adipocytes. Finecapillaries run through tissue. (�100)

Collagen fibers

Nucleus of fibroblast

Nuclei of fibroblasts

Collagen fibers

Vacuole

Nucleus

Capillary



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Figure 1-22Fibrocartilage Cell nests of chondrocytesin territorial matrix surrounded by coarseextracellular fibers. (�250)

Figure 1-23Hyaline Cartilage During interstitialgrowth, cartilage cells often form smallclusters and move apart as they secreteextracellular matrix. (�100)

Lacunae

Collagen fibers

Chondrocyte

Chondrocytes

Matrix

Lacunae



H i s t o l o g y 11

Figure 1-24Hyaline Cartilage Artifactual vacuolationforms characteristic lacunae aroundchondrocyte cell bodies. From trachea.(�250)

Figure 1-25Elastic Cartilage Extracellular matrixcontains elastic fibers that confer elasticrecoil to this tissue. (�250)

Lacuna

Chondrocyte

Chondrocyte

Elastic fiber

Lacunae



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Figure 1-26Skin Thick, keratinized, multilayeredstratum corneum rests atop grainy stratumgranulosum (stratum lucidum not clearlyevident). Stratum spinosum, composed ofirregularly shaped cells with indistinctnuclei, lies atop single, clearly nucleatedstratum basale. Human palm. (�100)

Figure 1-27Skin Squamous epidermis with cornifiedlayers overlying darkly stained stratumbasale and connective tissue of underlyingdermis. Single papilla visible. Human scalp. (�100)

Figure 1-28Meissner’s Corpuscle in Dermis Elongatedoval body located in dermis just belowstratum basale is thought to be responsiblefor part of fine touch reception. (�100)

Stratum corneum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum spinosum

Stratum basale

Papilla

Epidermis

Dermis

Stratum basale (epidermis)

Meissner’s corpuscle

Dermis

Cornified layer




Figure 1-29Pacinian Corpuscle Encapsulated nerve ending found deep in dermis andthroughout interior of body detects pressure. (�25)

Figure 1-30Human Scalp with Hair Follicle Follicleroot, with sheath embedded in pale adiposetissue, has sebaceous glands surrounding itnear surface. (�10)

Figure 1-31Detail of Sebaceous Gland Nucleatedgerminative cells at base of gland matureand accumulate lipid. At duct, theydegenerate and lyse to release their oilyproduct, sebum. (�100)

Capsule

Free nerve ending

Hair papilla

Hair follicle

Root sheath

Hair root

Sebaceous gland

Sebaceous gland

Hair root

Hair follicle



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Figure 1-32Compact Bone Center of “tree ring”structure, Haversian canal contains bloodvessel. Osteocytes imprisoned in small, darklacunae surrounding central Haversiancanal receive nutrition and communicatevia canaliculi, or little canals. Human.(�50)

Figure 1-33Detail of Compact Bone Haversian systemevident.

Figure 1-34Cancellous (Spongy) Bone Osteoblasts onspongy bone are engaged in secretion of newbony matrix. (�100)

Haversian canal

Lacunae

Haversian system (osteon)

Canaliculus

Haversian canal

Osteocyte in lacuna

Lamella

Haversian system (osteon)

Osteocyte

Resting osteoblast

Spongy bone

Osteoblast




Figure 1-35Red Bone Marrow Medullary cavity in thehead of long bones of the adult containsstem cells, precursors to red blood cells, andwhite blood cells and platelets. Human.(�250)

Figure 1-36Developing Bone at Epiphyseal PlateMiddle belt of cartilage undergoing primarycalcification is replaced by new bone.

Figure 1-37Detail of Epiphyseal Plate Epiphyseal plate cartilage at right transforms into zonesof proliferating chondrocytes with primaryossification occurring on their calcifiedremnants. Newly formed bone appears at left. (�50)

Cartilage of epiphyseal plate

Eosinophilic myelocyte

Myeloblast

Basophilic myelocyte

Neutrophilic stab cell

Neutrophil

White blood cell precursors

Erythroblasts Proerythroblast ErythroblastsRed blood cell precursors



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Figure 1-38Striated (Skeletal) Muscle (Cross Section)Eccentrically located multiple nucleiaccompany individual cells (fibers), each of which contains many myofibrils. Human tongue. (�250)

Figure 1-39Striated (Skeletal) Muscle Fiber(Longitudinal Section) Banded appearancearises from regular arrangement ofoverlapping bundles of thick and thinfilaments (myosin and actin, respectively).Eccentrically located nuclei are thin and elongated. (�250)

Figure 1-40Striated (Skeletal) Muscle Fibers(Longitudinal Section) Each light (I) bandhas a dark (Z) line through it. Each dark(A) band has a light (H) zone through it.(�250)

Muscle fibers

Nucleus

Striations

Nucleus

H zone

Z line

A band

Nucleus

I band




Figure 1-41Cardiac Muscle (Longitudinal Section)Multinucleated, striated muscle fibersbranch and anastomose at junctions markedby dark intercalated disks. (�250)

Figure 1-42Smooth Muscle (Longitudinal Section)Canoe- or spindle-shaped muscle cells lackstriations, and each has a single, elongatednucleus. (�250).

Figure 1-43Innervation of Skeletal Muscle: MotorEndplate Branching nerve bundleterminates in small, specialized dents, themyoneural junctions. Nerve terminalsrelease small quantities of chemicalneurotransmitter to stimulate musclecontraction.

Nucleus

Intercalated disk

Nucleus

Terminal branches of motor neuron

Skeletal muscle fibers

Myoneural junction



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Figure 1-44Astrocytes (Neuroglia) Star-shapedsupporting cells of central nervous systemmodulate ionic environment. Cytoplasmicextensions make contact with blood vessel.Cat. (Silver stain; �280)

Figure 1-45Purkinje Cells (Neurons) Numerousbranched processes (dendrites) receiveinformation for processing. Single process(axon) sends information to other neurons.Human cerebellum. (�100)

Figure 1-46Pyramidal Cells Neurons from humancerebral cortex directly receive informationfrom hundreds of other cells; sendinformation on to hundreds of others. (Fox-Golgi stain; �100)

Astrocyte

Blood vessel

Dendrites

Nucleus

Cell body

Axon

Dendrites

Axon




Figure 1-47Dorsal Root Ganglion Sensory signalsrepresenting pain, temperature, pressure,muscle tension, joint position, and othersdepend on these cells. Their dendrites collect sensory information throughoutthe body and axons route it into the spinal cord. (�100)

Figure 1-48Nerve Fibers (Longitudinal Section) Clearareas show dimpling characteristic of nodesof Ranvier. (�250)

Figure 1-49Motor Neurons of the Spinal CordIntegrated command information from thebrain and sensory signals enter these cells,whose efferent activity controls muscularcontraction. Numerous synapses occur ondendrites and cell body (soma). (�50)

Node of Ranvier

Cell body of neuron

Cell body of neuron

Nucleus

Neuronal processes

Neuroglia



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Figure 1-50Myelinated Nerve Fibers (Cross Section)Central core stains dark; insulating myelinappears white. (�250)

Figure 1-51Spinal Cord, Lumbar Region (Cross Section)Top is dorsal, bottom is ventral. Lightcentral dot is central canal. Darkly stainingH-shaped region is grey matter of cell bodies;surrounding lighter material is composed ofmyelinated axons. Ventral horns of graymatter contain motor neurons; dorsal hornscontain cell bodies of sensory pathways.(�4)

Figure 1-52Retina Layered structure evident. Darkline of cells near top is pigment epithelium.Broad striped region representsphotoreceptors (rods and cones), whosenuclei stain heavily immediately beneath.Below receptor nuclei lie synaptic regionand a layer of nuclei belonging to bipolarcells. Bipolar cell output synapses ontoganglion cells, only a few of which appearnear bottom. Axons of ganglion cells formoptic nerve. (�100)

White matter

Dorsal horn

Central canal

Ventral horn

Pigmented epithelium

Rods and cones

Receptor nuclei

Bipolar cell nuclei

Ganglion cells

Core of nerve

Axon

Myelin sheath

Neurilemma

Capillary




Figure 1-53aOrgan of Corti Thick finger of tectorialmembrane extends from right to stimulatecomplex of four hair cells (three on left, oneon right) of central structure that rests onimportant basilar membrane. Nerve fibersfrom hair cells exit right to spiral ganglionfor processing and transmission of messagesto brain. (�100)

Figure 1-54Taste Bud Dissolved chemicals enterfungiform papilla through small pore todirectly stimulate sensory cells and initiatetaste perception. (�100)

Tectorial membrane

Nerve fibers

Hair cells

Basilar membrane

Tectorial membrane

Hair cells of Organ of Corti

Basilar membrane

Taste bud

Taste pore

Figure 1-53bThe Organ of Corti High magnification.(�500)



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Figure 1-55Thyroid Gland Follicles Cuboidalepithelium surrounds endocrine follicles ofthe thyroid gland, the only gland that storessubstantial amounts of its own hormone.(�100)

Figure 1-56Parathyroid Gland LM of section throughthe parathyroid gland. (�40)

Thyroid follicle

Cuboidal cells

Colloid

Capsule

Trabecular blood vessels




Figure 1-57aPituitary Gland The pituitary glandconsists of two components: the posteriorcomponent, or neurohypophysis (lightstain), consists of mainly nervous tissue,whereas the anterior component, oradenohypophysis (dark stain) consists of aglandular epithelium. (�10)

Islet of Langerhans

Exocrine cells of pancreas

Figure 1-57bPituitary Gland The cleft between theneurohypophysis and adenohypophysis isvisible in this view of the pituitary gland.(�100)

Figure 1-58Pancreas The pancreatic islet ofLangerhans cells form the endocrine portionof the pancreas. Alpha cells secreteglucagon, beta cells secrete insulin, anddelta cells secrete somatostatin. Theexocrine portion of the pancreas secretesdigestive enzymes through a series of ducts.

Cleft

Neurohypophysis

Adenohypophysis

Pituitary gland

Cleft

Adenohypophysis

Neurohypophysis



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Figure 1-59Adrenal Cortex Outer zone of roundedgroups of cells (zona glomerulosa) secretesmineralcorticosteroids (aldosterone).Middle zone of cells appearing in rows (zonafasciculata) secretes glucocorticosteroids.Innermost zone of cells arranged in ameshwork (zona reticularis) secretes mainlyandrogens. (�50)

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis

Figure 1-60Neutrophil Most numerous (65%) of the leukocytes, it is characterized by amultilobed nucleus and granular cytoplasm.Engages in phagocytosis. (Neutral dyes stain; �640)

Barr body

Nucleus




Figure 1-61Basophil Normally the rarest (1%) of theleukocytes, its kidney-shaped nucleus maybe almost obscured by cytoplasmic granules.These cells contain numerous chemicalsinvolved in inflammation. (Basic dyesstain; �640)

Figure 1-62Eosinophil Relatively rare (6%) leukocyte.Usually identifiable because of red-to-orange-staining cytoplasmic granules.Function not definitely known but elevatedespecially in allergies. (Selective eosin stain; �640)

Nucleus (two lobes)

Granules



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Figure 1-63Lymphocyte Common (25%).Characterized by single-lobed, “dented”nucleus surrounded by clear cytoplasm. Maybe large or small. Heavily involved in theimmune response including synthesis ofantibodies. (�640)

Figure 1-64Monocyte Relatively rare (3%). Lobed,often kidney-shaped nucleus is surroundedby clear cytoplasm. Largest of theleukocytes, this cell is a scavenger andengages in phagocytosis. (�640)

Nucleus




Figure 1-67Artery (A) and Vein (V) Blood vesselspossess a tunica intima that lines the lumen,outside of which is a muscular tunica media,and a connective tissue covering, the tunicaadventitia. The tunica media of arteries istypically much thicker than that of veins.(�100)

A

V

Tunica adventitia

Tunica media

Tunica intima

Figure 1-65Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) and PlateletsCirculating erythrocytes are far more commonthan any of the leukocytes. Normally theyhave no nucleus but contain the red pigmenthemoglobin, which permits them to transportoxygen and carbon dioxide throughout thebody. Typically they assume the shape of abiconcave disk. Their diameter of about7 microns is useful for comparing sizes ofother histological structures. Platelets arecellular remnants of a much larger precursor.These remnants contain numerous chemicals,including those important for clotting andinflammation. Platelets initiate blood clottingby forming a plug at wound sites. (�500)

Figure 1-66Sickle Cell Anemia Genetic alteration ofhemoglobin results in altered membranestructure and abnormal wavy or elongated,curved shape that often resembles a sickle(upper left). Oxygen-carrying capacity ismuch reduced. (�500)

Platelets

Erythrocytes



28 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-68aArterial Cross Section Single layer ofdarkly stained cells, the tunica intima lines the lumen. Thick tunica media iscomposed of canoe-shaped smooth musclecells. Outer adventitial layer of connectivetissue provides elastic support and strength.(�50)

Tunica media

Tunica adventitia

Lumen

Tunica intima

Lumen

Artery wall

Fatty deposit

Artery wall

Lumen filled with blood

Figure 1-68bAtherosclerosis Cross section of a healthyartery.

Figure 1-68cAtherosclerosis Cross section of an arterywith advanced atherosclerosis.




Figure 1-71Lymph Node Outer cortex containingseveral follicles surrounds medulla, with itsnarrow, dark medullary cords. Notch ishilum, through which blood and lymphaticvessels pass. (�5)

Follicle (germinal center)

Hilum

Medulla

Cortex

Figure 1-70Capillary with Red Blood Cells in Single FileCapillary wall is made of flattenedendothelial cells without complex tunics, a simple structure that facilitates theexchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones. (�400)

Endothelium

Red blood cell

Figure 1-69Detail of Arterial Wall Inner endothelialcells of tunica intima (left) lie on a basementmembrane. A thin layer of smooth musclecells and elastic tissue (lamina propria)throws this tunic into folds. The tunicamedia contains multiple layers of smoothmuscle cells regularly arranged. A wavyexternal elastic membrane separates thetunica media from the adventitia.Adventitia

Tunica media

Lamina propria

Tunica intima

External elastic membrane



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Figure 1-72Valve of Lymphatic Vessel One-way flowof lymph, from left to right in this figure, isensured by valve action in lymph vessel.Vessels themselves are thin walled and lackmusculature; pumping action occursthrough compression by neighboringmuscles. (�25)

Figure 1-73aThymus Various lobules contain thick,darkly staining cortex surrounding a smaller,lighter-staining medulla. Small, roundcellular patches in medulla are Hassall’scorpuscles. In adults, much of thymusdegenerates and is replaced by adiposetissue. (�10)

Valve

Cortex

Medulla

Hassall’s corpuscle

Hassall’s (thymic) corpuscles

Figure 1-73bThymus Under higher magnification, the appearance of Hassall’s corpusclesdistinguish the thymus from other organs.Surrounding the corpuscles are reticulateepithelial cells. (�400)




Figure 1-76Alveoli Thin-walled respiratory exchangesurfaces aid in rapid diffusion of gases.Bronchiole terminates at atrium, which acts as entryway into several individualalveolar sacs, greatly multiplying surfacearea. (�50)

Alveolar sacs

Atrium

Figure 1-75Spleen Central blood vessels aresurrounded by area of densely staining white pulp composed of lymphoid cells. Less densely staining red pulp, with fewercell nuclei, surrounds white pulp. (�25)

Figure 1-74Palatine Tonsil Outer capsule surroundssubcapsular sinus, under which are severallarge, rounded germinal centers surroundingtrabecular arteries and veins. Efferent lymphvessel leads out to upper left. (�5)

Lymph vessel

Germinal center

Blood vessel

White pulp

Red pulp



32 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-77Details of Alveolus Squamous cellscompose alveolar sac, which is penetratedby thin-walled blood vessels (upper left)containing erythrocytes. (�100)

Blood vessels

Free alveolar macrophage

Erythrocyte

Simple squamous epithelium

Figure 1-78Bronchiole Epithelial layer that lines thelumen is surrounded by layer of smoothmuscle, which regulates bronchiolardiameter. Round structures outside ofsmooth muscle layer are blood vessels.(�100)

Smooth muscle

Blood vessel

Lumen

Epithelium

Figure 1-79Esophagus Surrounding the lumen,esophageal structure contains, in order, thefour basic layers of the alimentary canal:mucosa (composed of epithelium, the thicklamina propria, and dark muscularis),submucosa (light with spaces, blood vessels,and lymph channels), two thick layers ofthe muscularis (circular and longitudinal),and the thin, connective adventitia on thesurface. Cross section, human. (�3)

Mucosa

Submucosa

Adventitia

Muscularis




Figure 1-80aStomach Mucosa Visible at entrances togastric pits are mucus-secreting goblet cellsof columnar epithelium. Deeper in pits areacid-secreting parietal cells and enzyme-secreting chief cells. Endocrine-secretingcells near tip of pits are noncolumnar andsmaller, with dark, round nuclei. Gastric pits penetrate deep into submucosal layer.Edge of muscularis layer is visible. (�50)

Gastric pits

Endocrine cells

Goblet cells

Parietal cells

Chief cells

Figure 1-80bGastric Pit The opening of a gastric pitinto the stomach, surrounded by therounded apical surfaces of the columnarepithelial cells of the mucosa.

Figure 1-81Small Intestine, Villi of Ileum (LongitudinalSection) Numerous pale goblet cellspunctuate columnar epithelium that coverseach villus. Core of villus contains smallblood vessels and blind lymph channel(lacteal). Deep in crypts are endocrine cells,identifiable as dark, round nuclei in anoncolumnar cytoplasm. Human. (�50)

Endocrine cells

Blood vessel and lacteal

Goblet cell



34 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-83Large Intestine (Colon) (Cross Section)Surface is thrown into folds but devoid ofvilli. Thick submucosa contains bloodvessels and lymph channels. (�10)

Submucosa

Blood vessel

Lymph channel

Figure 1-82Small Intestine, Villi of Ileum (Cross Section)Goblet cells emptying contents throughbrush border surface are evident. Core ofvillus contains blood vessels, lymphchannels, and lymphocytes. Human.(�100)

Core of villus

Brush border

Goblet cell

Lymphocyte

Mucosa

Muscularis




Figure 1-84aLiver with Central Vein and SinusoidsParenchymal hepatocytes lie in radialarrangement around central vein that islined with single endothelial layer. Cords of hepatocytes are separated by spaces(sinusoids). Sinusoidal surface is covered by microvilli. (�100)

Figure 1-84bLiver The liver consists of numerouslobules. A single lobule is in the center ofview. At the junction of three adjacentlobes is a bile duct, a branch of the hepaticartery, and a branch of the hepatic portalvein. These three tubes are called a triad.(�40)

Sinusoid

Hepatocyte

Central vein

Hepatocytes

Sinusoids

Central vein

Lobule

Figure 1-84cLiver A single liver lobule consists of acentral vein (shown in the center), whichcollects blood as it flows through narrowendothelial-lined channels, or sinusoids.The cells bordering the sinusoids are calledhepatocytes. (�400)

Interlobularvein

BileDucts

Interlobular

vein

Sinusoids

Centralvein

Branch of

Hepatic Artery



36 C H A P T E R 1

Figure 1-85Gallbladder Mucosal folds are covered byepithelium with well-developed microvilli.Lamina propria contains blood vessels.(�25)

Muscularis

Lamina propria

Blood vessel

Figure 1-86Vermiform Appendix (Cross Section)Overall structure resembles that of colon.Large, darkly staining structures arelymphoid follicles, the size and number ofwhich decrease with age. Human. (�3)

Lymphoid follicle(germinal center)

Figure 1-87Sublingual Salivary Gland Large, pale,mucus-secreting cells, some with caps ofserous demilunes, secrete their contents into ducts that may be lined with striatedepithelial cells indicative of ion exchangeactivity. (�100)

Epithelial cells

Salivary duct

Serous demilunes




Figure 1-90Bowman’s Capsule and Glomerulus (RenalCorpuscle) Tuft of capillaries, surroundedby podocytes, protrudes into space ofBowman’s capsule. Parietal surface is linedwith single layer of simple squamous cells.(�100)

Glomerulus

Space in Bowman’s capsule

Podocytes

Glomerulus capsule

Squamous cell

Figure 1-88Parotid Salivary Gland Granular serouscells with numerous, large, zymogengranules surround duct. Several tiny ductsrun between clusters within the plane ofsection. Human. (�100)

Figure 1-89Submandibular Salivary Gland with Mucous(Light Staining) and Serous (Dark Staining)Components Striated duct is visible atlower left. (�100)

Zymogen granules

Salivary duct

Duct



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Figure 1-91Two Glomeruli and Bowman’s Capsules“Lacy” edges of glomerulus on left showscharacteristics of pregnancy-inducedhypertension (PIH), here inducedexperimentally in a pregnant rat. (�50)

Figure 1-92Distal Convoluted Tubules Lined withCuboidal Epithelium Cross section of rat.(�400)

Cuboidal cell

Figure 1-93Ureter Star-shaped lumen is lined withtransitional epithelium that varies inthickness to change shape as lumenstretches. Delicate lamina propria separates epithelium from alternating layers of circular and longitudinal smoothmuscle. (�25)

Transitional epithelium

Smooth muscle and adventitial connective tissue




Figure 1-96Seminiferous Tubules of Testis Lined withSertoli Cells and Germinativum in VariousStages of Development Tunica propriasurrounds each tubule. Interstitial spacescontain blood vessels and clumps ofinterstitial (Leydig) cells that secretetestosterone. (�50)

Spermatozoa

Tunica propria

Basement membrane

Interstitial cells

Spermatocytes

Sertoli cells

Figure 1-94Urinary Bladder Umbrella cells oftransitional epithelium stretch and flatten as bladder fills. Basement membraneseparates epithelium from underlyingconnective tissue containing blood vessels.Monkey. (�100)

Figure 1-95Urethra (within Penis) Lumen is lined with transitional epithelium and isembedded in corpus spongiosum of thepenis. Paraurethral glands located above the lumen in the figure secrete mucus into the urethra. A smooth muscle layer(tunica muscularis) surrounds the urethral structures. (�10)

Umbrella cells

Lumen of bladder

Basement membrane

Paraurethral glands

Corpus spongiosum

Tunica muscularis

Lumen



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Figure 1-97Spermatozoa Head contains numerousenzymes and nucleus with DNA. Thickmidpiece just behind head is packed withmitochondria. (�250)

Figure 1-98Epididymis Tall, pseudostratified columnarepithelium with microvilli surrounds alumen packed with clumps of spermatozoa.Narrow band of smooth muscle cellsencircles each tubule.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Smooth muscle

Figure 1-99Ductus Deferens Ciliated columnarepithelial cells line a spermatozoa-filledlumen. Three layers of smooth muscle cellssurround mucosa, a circular layer betweentwo longitudinal ones. (�50)

Columnar epithelium of mucosa

Smooth muscle

Head of sperm

Midpiece

Tail




Figure 1-102Ovary with Numerous Primordial Folliclesand Two Primary Follicles Primordialfollicles contain oocytes that are notstimulated to complete the first meioticdivision. Two primary follicles each containan ovum with nucleus and clear surroundingcytoplasm. Thin, clear zona pellucida issurrounded by a ring of even cuboidal cells,the corona radiata. (�25)

Corona radiata

Primary follicles

Cytoplasm

Membrane of ovum

Primordial follicles

Figure 1-100Prostate Gland Mucosal surfaces, linedwith tall columnar cells and darkly stainedbasal nuclei, are arranged in numerous deep folds. Lumina open directly intoprostatic urethra. Smooth muscle andfibrocollagenous stroma surround luminalstructures. Human. (�50)

Columnar epithelium

Smooth muscle and fibrocollagenous bundles

Figure 1-101Penis Two corpora cavernosa lie superiorto single corpus spongiosum containingpenile urethra. Septum between corporacavernosa is incomplete. Dense fibrousconnective tissue, tunica albuginea,surrounds the three vascular cavernosa. The inferior aspect appears on the left, the superior aspect on the right. (�5)

Tunica albuginea

Corpora cavernosa

Corpus spongiosum



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Figure 1-103Detail of Oocyte in Primordial FollicleClear nucleus contains well-definednucleolus. Neither zona pellucida norcorona radiata is evident. (�250)

Figure 1-104Secondary Ovarian Follicle with OvumBright zona pellucida surrounds outermembrane of ovum and in turn issurrounded by dark, cellular corona radiata.A large antrum has formed where the egg is not anchored to the follicular wall ofgranulosa cells. (�100)

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Nucleus

Membrane of ovum

Zona pellucida

Corona radiata

Antrum




Figure 1-105Fallopian (Uterine) Tube Extensive foldingof mucosa, lined with ciliated columnarepithelium, is common. Epithelium rests on thin basement membrane and flatconnective tissue layer. Rhythmic beating of cilia helps transport ovum toward uterus;cell structure also suggests secretoryfunction. Human. (�100)

Columnar epithelium

Connective tissue

Figure 1-106Uterus Endometrial lining (right) duringproliferative phase of uterine cycle showsthickening of epithelial surfaces andnumerous coiled glandular ducts. (�25)

Endothelial lining

Glandular ducts


2. Human Skeletal Anatomy Text © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2001

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2Human Skeletal Anatomy

Detail of Compact Bone

C H A P T E R



46 C H A P T E R 2

Figure 2-1Skull: Face

BONE

1. Frontal2. Inferior concha3. Lacrimal4. Nasal5. Parietal6. Sphenoid7. Temporal8. Vomer9. Zygomatic (malar)

19. Maxilla

FORAMINA

10. Orbital fissure11. Optic12. Supraorbital13. Infraorbital14. Lacrimal15. Mental

PROCESSES

16. Mandibular alveolus17. Maxillary alveolus18. Perpendicular plate of

ethmoid20. Temporal process of

malar21. Zygomatic process of

maxilla22. Mandibular ramus23. Frontal notch24. Anterior nasal spine

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Figure 2-2Skull: View from Right Side

BONE

1. Frontal2. Lacrimal3. Mandible4. Maxilla5. Nasal6. Occipital7. Parietal8. Sphenoid (greater wing)9. Temporal

10. Wormian11. Zygomatic (malar)

SUTURES

12. Coronal13. Lambdoidal14. Squamosal15. Sagittal16. Frontozygomatic17. Temporozygomatic

FORAMINA & PROCESSES

18. Mandibular condyloid process19. Mandibular coronoid process21. Mastoid process22. Styloid process23. Zygomatic arch

24. External auditory meatus25. Mental foramen2. Lacrimal foramen

20. Mandibular angle26. Foramen magnum27. Anterior nasal spine28. Maxillary alveolus29. Mandibular alveolus30. Zygomatic process of temporal

bone31. Temporal process of malar32. Frontal process of malar33. Mandibular notch



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Figure 2-3Skull: Calvarium, Superior Aspect

Figure 2-4Skull: Floor of Cranium, Internal View

BONE

1. Frontal2. Occipital3. Parietal4. Temporal5. Ethmoid6. Sphenoid

IncusMalleus not shownStapes

FORAMINA

7. Foramen magnum8. Foramen ovale9. Optic foramen

10. Foramen rotundum11. Foramen lacerum12. Carotid canal13. Jugular fossa and

foramen

14. Internal auditorymeatus

15. Grooves for transverseand sigmoid sinuses

16. Foramen spinosum

PROCESSES

17. Cribriform plate ofethmoid

18. Crista galli19. Lesser wing of

sphenoid20. Greater wing of

sphenoid21. Sella turcica22. Petrous portion of

temporal bone23. Orbital plate of

frontal bone24. Frontal sinus

BONE

1. Frontal2. Parietal3. Occipital

SUTURES

4. Coronal5. Occipital6. Sagittal7. Bregma8. Lambda

�




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Figure 2-5Skull: Base, Viewed from Below

Figure 2-6Frontal and Sphenoid Bones: Internal Aspect, FrontosphenoidalSuture Separated

BONE

1. Maxilla (palatine process)2. Occipital3. Palatine4. Temporal5. Vomer6. Zygomatic (malar)

FORAMINA

7. Foramen magnum8. Foramen ovale9. Carotid canal

10. Foramen spinosum11. Stylomastoid12. Incisive13. Palatine14. Jugular21. Hypoglossal canal22. Foramen lacerum27. Inferior orbital fissure29. Zygomatic process of

temporal bone30. Temporal process of malar31. Condylar fossa and canal

PROCESSES

15. Occipital condyle16. Mastoid17. Styloid18. Medial and lateral

pterygoid processes19. Zygomatic arch20. Superior nuchal line23. Occipitosphenoid suture24. External occipital

protruberance25. Occipitotemporal suture26. Mandibular fossa28. Posteriornasal spine32. External occipital crest33. Inferior nuchal line34. Highest nuchal line

PROCESSES

1. Greater wing2. Lesser wing8. Lateral pterygoid9. Medial pterygoid

10. Sella turcica11. Carotid groove12. Frontal crest14. Orbital plate

FORAMINA

3. Optic foramen4. Superior orbital fissure5. Foramen rotundum6. Foramen ovale7. Foramen spinosum

13. Ethmoidal notch



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Figure 2-7Sphenoid: From the Front

PROCESSES

1. Orbital surface2. Rostrum7. Medial pterygoid8. Lateral pterygoid

11. Temporal surface

FORAMINA

3. Optic4. Superior orbital fissure5. Foramen rotundum6. Pterygoid canal9. Foramen ovale

10. Foramen spinosum

Figure 2-8Frontal and Zygomatic Bones: From the Front

PROCESSES

1. Zygomatic process4. Orbit7. Frontal process8. Temporal process9. Orbital border

10. Maxillary border11. Temporal border

NOTE: Supraorbital foramen and notch onright side are separate; on left they aresuperimposed.

FORAMINA

2. Supraorbital foramen3. Supraorbital notch5. Ethmoidal notch6. Infraorbital foramen




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Figure 2-9Right Temporal and ParietalBones: Exterior Aspect,Squamosal Suture Separated

PROCESSES

1. Parietal notch2. External auditory meatus3. Zygomatic process4. Mandibular fossa5. Mastoid process6. Styloid process7. Squamosal border8. Frontal border9. Occipital border

10. Suprameatal triangle

Figure 2-10Left Temporal and ParietalBones: Interior Aspect,Squamosal Suture Separated

PROCESSES

1. Parietal notch2. Internal auditory meatus3. Petrous portion4. Groove for sigmoid sinus5. Mastoid process6. Styloid process7. Squamosal border8. Frontal border9. Occipital border

10. Sagittal border11. Furrows for frontal branch

of middle meningealvessels

12. Furrows for parietalbranch of middlemeningeal vessels



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Figure 2-11Occipital Bone: Interior Aspect

PROCESSES

1. Foramen magnum2. Condylar fossa and canal3. Jugular notch4. Groove for sigmoid sinus5. Jugular tubercle6. Mastoid margin7. Internal occipital crest8. Internal occipital protuberance9. Groove for transverse sinus

10. Groove for superior sagittal sinus11. Lambdoidal margin12. Cerebellar fossa13. Cerebral fossa

Figure 2-12Palatine Bones: (A) Right fromAnteriomedial View, (B) Left fromAnteriosuperior View

PROCESSES

A. Right palatine boneB. Left palatine bone1. Orbital process2. Sphenopalatine notch3. Sphenoidal process4. Horizontal plate5. Ethmoidal crest6. Pyramidal process7. Maxillary process8. Vertical plate




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Figure 2-13Maxillae: (A) Left from Lateral Aspect, (B) Right from Medial Aspect

PROCESSES

A. Left maxillaB. Right maxilla1. Zygomatic process2. Ethmoidal crest3. Infraorbital foramen4. Orbital surface5. Infratemporal surface6. Canine fossa7. Canine eminence8. Incisive fossa9. Anterior nasal spine

10. Anterior lacrimal crest11. Nasolacrimal groove12. Maxillary hiatus and sinus13. Palatine process14. Nasal crest15. Frontal process16. Middle meatus17. Inferior meatus18. Alveolar process19. Greater palatine canal

Figure 2-14Mandible: Left Lateral View

PROCESSES

1. Mandibular condyle2. Condyloid process3. Coronoid process4. Angle5. Mental foramen6. Alveolar process7. Body of mandible8. Mental protuberance9. Mandibular foramen

10. Lingula11. Ramus



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Figure 2-15Ethmoid Bone: (A) from Above, Right, and Behind(B) from Below, Right, and Behind

PROCESSES

1. Crista galli2. Cribriform plate3. Orbital plate4. Ethmoidal labyrinth (with air cells)5. Perpendicular plate6. Middle nasal concha




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Figure 2-16Vertebral Column: View from Left and Behind

STRUCTURES

A. AtlasB. AxisC. 7 Cervical vertebrae

(Arrow near C—Cervicalcurvature)

D. Mentum nuchae (spinous process of 7th cervicalvertebra)

E. 12 Thoracic vertebrae (Arrow near E—Thoraciccurvature)

F. 5 Lumbar vertebrae (Arrow near F—Lumbarcurvature)

G. 5 Fused sacral vertebrae (Arrow near G—Sacralcurvature)(Not shown 4–5 coccyx)

H. Intervertebral diskI. Spinous processesJ. Transverse processes

K. Intervertebral foramen



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Figure 2-17Vertebrae

PROCESSES

A. AtlasB. AxisC. Cervical vertebraD. 7th cervical vertebraE. Thoracic vertebraF. Lumbar vertebra

1. Body(Heavy arrows—Vertebralarches—comprised of lamina andpedicle)

2. Bifid spinous process3. Monofid spinous process4. Lamina

5. Pedicle6. Odontoid process (dens)7. Superior articular process and facet8. Transverse foramen9. Transverse process

10. Vertebral foramen11. Costal facet




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Figure 2-18(A) Atlas and (B) Axis Articulated

PROCESSES

1. Body of axis2. Bifid spinous process3. Odontoid process (dens)4. Superior articular facet5. Transverse process6. Transverse foramen7. Anterior arch of atlas

(Heavy arrow—Posterior arch of atlas)8. Pedicle of axis9. Lamina of axis

Figure 2-19Sacrum: (A) Anterior Aspect, (B) Posterior Aspect

PROCESSES

1. Superior articular process and facet

2. Auricular surface

3. Sacral foramen4. Sacral canal5. Sacral hiatus6. Sacral promontory

7. Median crest8. Lateral crest9. Site of fusion of 1st and 2nd sacral

vertebrae

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Figure 2-20Sternum and Ribs

Figure 2-21Ribs: (A) 1st, (B) 2nd, Right Side, SuperiorView, (C) 7th, Right Side, Inferior View

PROCESSES

1. Head2. Neck3. Articular facet4. Tubercle5. Angle6. Subclavian groove7. Scalene tubercle8. Body9. Costal groove

10. Serratus anterior tuberosity11. Site for attachment of scalenus medius12. Site for attachment of levator costa

True ribs(vertebrosternal ribs)

Falseribs

Floating ribs(vertebral ribs)

Vertebrochondralribs

Sternal angle

Jugular notch

Thoracic vertebra

Clavicular notch

Sternum

Manubrium

Body

Xiphoidprocess

Costalcartilage




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Figure 2-22Sternum and Clavicles:Sternum from the Front, (D)Right Clavicle from Above,(E) Left Clavicle fromBelow

PROCESSES

A. ManubriumB. Gladiolus (body)C. Xiphoid process1. Jugular notch2. Clavicular notch3. Sternal angle and

manubriosternal joint4. Notches for costal

cartilages (2–7)5. Xiphisternal jointD. Right clavicleE. Left clavicle6. Sternal end7. Acromial end8. Conoid tubercle9. Site for costaclavicular

ligament10. Site for deltoid

Figure 2-23Scapulare: (A) RightScapula, Anterior View(B) Left Scapula, PosteriorView

PROCESSES

A. Right scapulaB. Left scapula1. Coracoid process2. Acromion3. Spine4. Suprascapular notch5. Superior border6. Superior angle7. Medial (vertebral)

border8. Lateral (axillary)

border9. Infraspinous fossa

10. Supraspinous fossa11. Subscapular fossa12. Glenoid fossa13. Acromial angle14. Inferior angle



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Figure 2-24Humerus with Scapulae: (A) Right Humerus, Anterior View(B) Left Humerus, Posterior View

PROCESSES

A. Right humerus and scapulaB. Left humerus and scapula1. Proximal head (epiphysis)2. Anatomical neck3. Surgical neck4. Shaft (diaphysis)5. Lesser tubercle6. Greater tubercle7. Intertubercular groove8. Deltoid tuberosity9. Acromion

10. Coracoid process11. Lateral epicondyle12. Capitulum13. Trochlea14. Medial epicondyle15. Coronoid fossa16. Olecranon fossa17. Distal head and surgical neck

Figure 2-25Ulna and Radius: Right, Anterior ViewLeft, Posterior View

PROCESSES

A. Right radiusB. Right ulnaC. Left radiusD. Left ulna1. Proximal head2. Neck3. Radial tuberosity4. Anterior oblique line5. Interosseous border6. Styloid process of radius7. Ulnar notch8. Olecranon process9. Trochlear notch

10. Coronoid process11. Ulnar tuberosity12. Styloid process of ulna13. Distal head14. Distal neck15. Radial notch




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Figure 2-26Left Hand, Dorsal View

BONES AND PROCESSES

CARPALS

1. Navicular (scaphoid)2. Lunate3. Triangular (triquetrum)4. Pisiform5. Greater multangular (trapezium)6. Lesser multangular (trapezoid)7. Capitate8. Hamate9. METACARPALS 1–5

PHALANGES

10. Proximal phalanx of thumb11. Distal phalanx of thumb12. Proximal phalanx of digits 2–513. Middle phalanx of digits 2–514. Distal phalanx of digits 2–5

Figure 2-27Pelvic Bones with Sacrum, Anterior View

PROCESSES

1. Iliac crest2. Anterior superior iliac spine3. Anterior inferior iliac spine4. Acetabulum5. Acetabular notch6. Obturator foramen7. Posterior superior iliac spine8. Posterior inferior iliac spine9. Ischial spine

10. Iliac fossa11. Ischial tuberosity12. Superior pubic ramus13. Inferior pubic ramus14. Pubic tubercle15. Symphysis pubis16. Pubic arch17. Iliopectineal line18. Ischial ramus19. Iliopubic eminence20. Fusion of ischium and pubis



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Figure 2-28Pelvic Bones:(A) Right Innominate, Lateral View(B) Left Innominate, Medial View

PROCESSES

1. Iliac crest2. Anterior superior iliac spine3. Anterior inferior iliac spine4. Acetabulum5. Acetabular notch6. Obturator foramen7. Posterior superior iliac spine8. Posterior inferior iliac spine9. Ischial spine

10. Iliac fossa11. Ischial tuberosity12. Superior pubic ramus13. Inferior pubic ramus14. Auricular surface (for sacroiliac joint)15. Symphysis pubis (cartilage)16. Greater sciatic notch17. Iliopectineal line18. Ischial ramus19. Iliopubic eminence20. Fusion of ischium and pubis21. Lesser sciatic notch

Figure 2-29Femur: (A) Right Femur, Anterior View(B) Left Femur, Posterior View

PROCESSES

A. Right femurB. Left femur1. Proximal head (epiphysis)2. Anatomical neck3. Surgical neck4. Greater trochanter5. Lesser trochanter6. Intertrochanteric crest7. Spiral line8. Gluteal tuberosity9. Linea aspera

10. Lateral condyle11. Medial condyle12. Popliteal surface13. Intercondylar fossa14. Patellar surface15. Shaft (diaphysis)16. Distal head and neck17. Site for attachment of anterior cruciate

ligament18. Site for attachment of posterior cruciate

ligament




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Figure 2-30Patellae: (A) Right Patella, Anterior Surface(B) Left Patella, Posterior (Articular) Surface

PROCESSES

A. Right patellaB. Left patella1. Base2. Apex (site for attachment of patellar

ligament)3. Facet for lateral condyle of femur4. Vertical ridge5. Facet for medial condyle of femur

Figure 2-31Tibia and Fibula: (A,B) Right Tibia andFibula, Anterior View(C,D) Left Tibia and Fibula, Posterior View

PROCESSES

A. Right fibulaB. Right tibiaC. Left fibulaD. Left tibia1. Tubercles of intercondylar eminence2. Tibial tuberosity3. Medial condyle4. Lateral condyle5. Interosseous border6. Soleal line7. Articular facet for fibula8. Site for posterior cruciate ligament9. Medial malleolus

10. Groove for tibialis posterior11. Groove for flexor hallicus longus12. Lateral malleolus13. Groove for peroneus brevis14. Malleolar fossa15. Articular facet for tibia16. Apex (styloid process)



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Figure 2-32Right Foot: Dorsal (Superior) View

BONES AND PROCESSES

TARSALS

1. Calcaneus2. Trochlear (articular) surface of talus3. Lateral tubercle of talus4. Medial tubercle of talus5. Groove for flexor hallucis longus6. Neck of talus7. Head of talus8. Navicular9. Navicular tuberosity

10. Medial cuneiform11. Intermediate cuneiform12. Lateral cuneiform13. Cuboid14. Metatarsals 1–5

PHALANGES

15. Proximal phalanx of great toe16. Distal phalanx of great toe17. Proximal phalanx of digits 2–518. Middle phalanx of digits 2–519. Distal phalanx of digits 2–520. Site for attachment of Achilles tendon

Figure 2-33Typical Long Bone Structure

PROCESSES

1. Proximal head (epiphysis)2. Anatomical neck (growth plate,

metaphysis, epiphyseal plate)3. Surgical neck4. Shaft (diaphysis)5. Compact bone6. Cancellous (spongy) bone7. Distal head8. Medullary (marrow) cavity


3. Human Muscular Anatomy

Text © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2001

65

3Human Muscular Anatomy

C H A P T E R

Cardiac Muscle (Longitudinal Section)




Trapezius

Latissimus dorsi

Serratus anterior

External oblique

Rectus abdominis

Tensor fasciae latae

Sartorius

Rectus femoris

Adductor longus

Vastus lateralis

Patellar tendon

Peroneus longus

Extensor digitorum longus

Tibialis anterior

66 C H A P T E R 3

Figure 3-1Superficial Skeletal MusclesA. Anterior view.

Frontalis

Orbicularis oculi

Zygomaticus

Masseter

Orbicularis oris

Sternocleidomastoid

Deltoid

Pectoralis major

Biceps brachii

Linea alba

Brachioradialis

Iliopsoas

Pectineus

Gracilis

Vastus medialis

Gastrocnemius

Soleus




H u m a n M u s c u l a r A n a t o m y 67

Figure 3-1—cont’d.B. Posterior view.

Brachialis

Infraspinatus

Rhomboideus

Latissimus dorsi

External oblique

Gluteus medius

Gluteus maximus

Adductor magnus

Gracilis

Vastus lateralis

Sartorius

Soleus

Peroneus longus

Temporalis

Occipitalis

Sternocleidomastoid

Trapezius

Deltoid

Teres minor

Teres major

Triceps brachii

Brachioradialis

Biceps femoris

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Gastrocnemius

Calcaneal tendon




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Figure 3-2(a) Muscles of facial expression and mastication; isolated views of (b) the temporalis andbuccinator muscles and (c) the lateral medial pterygoid muscles.





Figure 3-3Muscles of the tongue, right lateral view.

Styloid process

Palatoglossus

Stylohyoid

Styloglossus

Hyoglossus

Tongue

Frenulum

Genioglossus

Mandible (cut)

Geniohyoid

Hyoid bone

Figure 3-4Muscles of the anterior neck, superficial view.

Digastric (anterior belly)

Digastric (posterior belly)

Levator scapulae

Longus capitis

Scalenes

Thyrohyoid

Clavicle

Thyroid gland

Sternothyroid

Mylohyoid

Stylohyoid

Hyoid bone

Omohyoid (superior belly)

Thyroid cartilage

Sternohyoid

Cricothyroid

Trapezius

Sternocleidomastoid

Omohyoid (inferior belly)




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Figure 3-5Posterior view of the constrictor muscles of the pharynx.Right side has been cut away to illustrate the interiorstructures in the pharynx.





Figure 3-6(a) Muscles of the posterior shoulder. The right trapezius isremoved to show underlying muscles. Isolated views of (b)trapezius, (c) deltoid, and (d) rhomboideus and latissimusdorsi muscles.

Rhomboideus minor

Rhomboideus minor

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(b)

(c)

(d)




72 C H A P T E R 3

Figure 3-7Deep muscles of the back and the neck help move the head (posterior view) andhold the torso erect. The splenius capitis and semispinalis capitis are removed onthe left to show underlying muscles.





Figure 3-8Extrinsic muscles of the right eye, lateral view.

Figure 3-9Extrinsic muscles of the left eye, anterior view.

Lateralrectus(cut)

Inferior rectus

Inferior oblique

Superior obliqueSuperior rectus

Levator palpebraesuperioris

Medial rectus

Trochlea




74 C H A P T E R 3

Figure 3-10Muscles of the anterior chest and abdominal wall. The rightpectoralis major is removed to show the pectoralis minor.

Trapezius

Deltoid

Pectoralis major

Linea alba

(band of connective tissue)

External oblique

Aponeurosis of

external oblique

Sternocleidomastoid

External intercostal

Pectoralis minor

Serratus anterior

Rectus abdominis

Internal oblique

External oblique (cut)

Transversus abdominis





Figure 3-11(a–d) Isolated muscles of the abdominal wall.




76 C H A P T E R 3

Above the umbilicus

Below the umbilicus

Rectus abdominus m.

Nine layers9. Peritoneum8. Preperitoneal fat7. Transversalis fascia6. Transversis m.5. Internal oblique m.4. External oblique m.3. Scarpa's fascia2. Camper's fascia1. Skin

Aponeurosis of internal oblique m.

Aponeurosis of internal oblique m.

Linea albaAponeurosis of transversus m.

Aponeurosis of external oblique muscle

Aponeurosis of transversus muscle

Linea alba

Figure 3-12Muscles of the anterior abdominal wall, cross-sectionalview above the umbilicus.





Figure 3-13External view of muscles of (a) the male pelvic outlet, and (b) the female pelvic outlet.(c) Internal view of female pelvic and urogenital diaphragms.

(a)

(c)

(b)




78 C H A P T E R 3

Figure 3-14(a) Muscles of the posterior surface of the scapula and the arm; (b and c) muscles associated with thescapula. (d) Isolated view of the triceps brachii.

(a)





Figure 3-15(a) Muscles of the anterior shoulder and the arm, with the rib cage removed. (b, c, and d) Isolated views ofmuscles associated with the arm.

(a)

(b) (c) (d)




80 C H A P T E R 3

Figure 3-16(a) Muscles of the anteriorforearm. (b–e) Isolated viewsof muscles associated with theanterior forearm.

(a)

Retinaculum





Figure 3-17(a) Muscles of the posterior forearm. (b and c) Isolated views of muscles associated withthe posterior forearm.

(a)

(b) (c)




82 C H A P T E R 3

Figure 3-18(a) Muscles of the anteriorright thigh. Isolated views of(b) the vastus intermedius;(c–e) adductors of the thigh;(f–g) flexors of the thigh.

(a) (b)

(e)(d)(c)

(f) (g)





Figure 3-19(a) Muscles of the lateral right thigh. (b–d) Isolated views of the gluteal muscles.

(a)

(b) (c) (d)

Fascia atiliotibial band

Biceps femorislong headshort head




84 C H A P T E R 3

Figure 3-20(a) Muscles of the posterior right thigh. (b and c) Isolated views of muscles that flex theleg at the knee.

(a)

(b) (c)





Patella

Patellar ligament

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Tibia

Extensor hallucis longus

Extensor retinacula

Tibialisanterior

(a)

(b) (c) (d)

Peroneustertius

Extensor hallucislongus

Extensor digitorumlongus

Tibialis anterior

Peroneus longus


Peroneus brevis

Figure 3-21(a) Muscles of the anterior right leg. (b–d) Isolated views of muscles associated with theanterior leg.




86 C H A P T E R 3

Vastus lateralis

Head of fibula

Tibialis anterior


Peroneus brevis

Extensor retinacula

Biceps femorislong headshort head

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Peroneus longus

Calcaneal tendon

(a)

Peroneus tertius

Peroneal retinacula

Peroneus brevisPeroneus longus

(b) (c)

Figure 3-22(a) Muscles of the lateral right leg. Isolated views of (b) peroneus longus and (c) peroneus brevis.





Figure 3-23(a) Muscles of the posterior right leg. (b–e) Isolatedviews of muscles associated with the posterior right leg.

(a) (b)

(c) (d) (e)

Plantaris




88 C H A P T E R 3

Anterior tibial artery and deepfibular nerve

Tendon of tibialis anterior

Medial malleolus

Anterior medial malleolar artery

Tendon of extensorhallucis longus

Dorsalis pedis artery

Deep peroneal nerve

Extensor hallucis brevis

Arcuate artery

Abductor hallucis

First dorsal interosseous

Tendon of extensorhallucis brevis

Extensor expansions

Dorsal digital arteries

Dorsal digital branches of superficial peroneal nerve

Superior extensor retinaculum

Peroneus tertius

Tendon of extensor digitorum longus

Lateral malleolus

Inferior extensor retinaculum

Extensor digitorum brevis

Tendon of peroneus brevis

Tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone

Tendon of peroneus tertius

Abductor digiti minimi

Tendons of extensor digitorum brevis

Tendons of extensor digitorum longus

Figure 3-24Dorsum of the foot, anterior view.


4. Dissections Text © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2001

89

4Dissections

Striated (Skeletal) Muscle Fibers (Longitudinal Section)

C H A P T E R



90 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-1The Cat Skeleton1. Maxilla2. Mandible3. Orbit4. Zygomatic arch5. Cranium6. Cervical vertebrae (7)7. Sternum8. Scapula9. Humerus

10. Radius11. Ulna12. Carpal bones13. Metacarpal bones14. Phalanges15. Thoracic vertebrae (13)16. Ribs17. Lumbar vertebrae (7)18. Pelvis19. Femur20. Tibia21. Fibula22. Calcaneus23. Tarsal bones24. Metatarsal bones25. Phalanges26. Caudal vertebrae (21–25)

1

2

34

5

6

8

9

7

10

11

15

16

19

20 21

26

22

2324

25

17

18

12

1314



D i s s e c t i o n s 91

Figure 4-2Cat Skull, Left Lateral View

1

B

C

9

EI

F

G

12

137

1514

2 5

6

K

L

16

18

17 21

20M

N

22

22

22

22 22

O

P

P

P

P

P

24

24

23

23

23

23

19

J

H

D

10 1010

11

43

2 A3

8

A. Mandible1. Lower canine tooth2. Mental foramina3. Lower premolar teeth4. Lower molar teeth5. Angular process6. Condyloid process7. Coronoid process

B. Incisive boneC. Nasal boneD. Maxilla

8. Upper canine tooth9. Infraorbital foramen

10. Upper premolar tooth11. Upper molar tooth

E. Lacrimal bone and fossaF. OrbitG. Frontal bone

12. Zygomatic process of frontalbone

H. Coronal sutureI. Malar or zygomatic bone

13. Frontal process of malar14. Temporal process of malar

J. Temporal bone15. Zygomatic process of

temporal bone16. External auditory meatus17. Stylomastoid foramen18. Mastoid process

K. Parietal boneL. Squamosal sutureM. Occipital bone

19. External occipitalprotuberance

20. Nuchal crest21. Occipital condyle

N. AtlasO. AxisP. Cervical vertebrae (3–7)

22. Spinous process23. Transverse process24. Transverse foramen



92 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-3Axial Skeleton of Cat,Dorsal View1. Frontal bone2. Parietal bone3. Sagittal suture4. Coronal suture5. Bregma6. Atlas7. Transverse process

(wing) of atlas8. Axis9. Cervical vertebrae (7)

10. Thoracic vertebrae (13)11. Ribs12. Lumbar vertebrae (7)13. Sacral vertebrae (3)14. Caudal vertebrae

(21–25)15. Scapula16. Humerus17. Ilium18. Ischium19. Femur

1

1

4

5

E

687

9

10

13

11

G F

G

F

I

H

I

J

C

12

B

D

A

3

2

3

45

2

6

8

15

1116

9

10

12

17

13

1418

19

7

Figure 4-4Cat Skeleton, Front Right Lateral AspectA. Vertebral spinous

processB. SternumC. RibsD. Scapula

1. Supraspinous fossa2. Acromial spine3. Infraspinous fossa

E. Humerus4. Proximal head5. Deltoid tuberosity6. Distal head7. Trochlea8. Lateral epicondyle9. Medial epicondyle

10. Radial fossa

F. Radius11. Radial tuberosity12. Styloid process

G. Ulna13. Olecranon process

H. Carpal bonesI. Metacarpal bonesJ. Phalanges




Figure 4-5Cat Skeleton, Right Lateral AspectA. Lumbar vertebrae

1. Transverse processes2. Spinous processes

B. Ilium3. Cranial ventral iliac spine4. Caudal ventral iliac spine

C. Ischium5. Ischial tuberosity

D. PubisE. AcetabulumF. Femur

6. Proximal head7. Greater trochanter8. Distal head9. Lateral condyle

10. Medial condyle11. Trochlea

G. PatellaH. Tibia

12. Tibial tuberosity13. Medial malleolus

I. Fibula14. Lateral malleolus

J. CalcaneusK. Tarsal bonesL. Metatarsal bonesM. PhalangesN. Caudal vertebrae

2

AB 34

E6

7

F

F

8 11

12

G

G

H

HI

J

13

14

K

L

M

10

9

C

D

N

5

A A

III

2 2



94 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-6Superficial Anatomy of Cat Head and Neck, Left Lateral View1. Vibrissal barrels for

sensory hairs (whiskers)2. Tongue3. Buccinator muscle4. Diagastric muscle5. Temporalis muscle6. Masseter muscle7. Dorsal buccal branch of

facial (VII) nerve8. Ventral buccal branch of

facial (VII) nerve9. Parotid duct

10. Parotid gland11. Submandibular gland12. Lymph node13. External jugular vein14. Transverse jugular vein15. Anterior facial vein16. Posterior facial vein17. Sternohyoid muscle18. Sternothyroid muscle19. Cleidomastoid muscle20. Sternomastoid muscle21. Clavotrapezius muscle22. Clavobrachialis muscle23. Acromiotrapezius muscle

1

2

3

5

5

6

69

8

12

11

10

20 21

21

2322

19

17

18

1416

15

13

7

4




Figure 4-7Superficial Anatomy of Cat Head and Neck, Ventral Aspect1. Body of mandible2. Digastric muscle3. Mylohyoid muscle4. Buccinator muscle5. Masseter muscle6. Dorsal branch of facial

(VII) nerve7. Ventral branch of facial

(VII) nerve8. Lymph node9. Submandibular gland

10. Anterior facial vein11. Posterior facial vein12. Transverse jugular vein13. External jugular vein14. Larynx15. Trachea16. Sternomastoid muscle17. Sternothyroid muscle

(unavoidably damagedon animal’s right sideduring vascularperfusion)

18. Cleidomastoid muscle19. Sternothyroid muscle20. Clavotrapezius muscle21. Clavobrachialis muscle22. Pectoantebrachialis

muscle23. Sternum

1

2

3

46

7

5

8 8

9

10

1112

1413

17

19 1615

171718

20

21

22

23



96 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-8Deep Anatomy of Cat Head and Neck, LeftVentrolateral Aspect1. Lower canine tooth2. Upper canine tooth3. Upper premolar tooth4. Lower premolar tooth5. Body of mandible6. Digastric muscle7. Mylohyoid muscle8. Temporalis muscle9. Masseter muscle

10. Dorsal branch of facial(VII) nerve

11. Ventral branch of facial(VII) nerve

12. Parotid duct13. Cutaneous branch of

facial (VII) nerve14. Platysma muscle

(reflected)15. Lymph node16. Sternohyoid muscle17. Sternomastoid muscle

(reflected)18. Cleidomastoid muscle19. Omohyoid muscle20. 4th cervical nerve21. 5th cervical nerve22. Jugular vein23. Subclavian vein24. Musculocutaneous nerve25. Radial nerve26. Median nerve27. Ulnar nerve28. Thoracic nerve29. Ventral thoracic nerve

(cut)30. Axillary nerve

1 2

33

44

5

6

7

9 8

10

1211

14

13

15

16

1817

19

21

22

23 29

28

27

26

2425

30

20




Figure 4-9Deep Anatomy of Cat Headand Neck, Oral Cavity withMandible Removed1. Upper canine tooth2. Upper premolar tooth3. Upper molar tooth4. Hard palate with

palatine rugae5. Soft palate6. Tongue7. Foliate papillae8. Isthmus of fauces9. Epiglottis

10. Palatine tonsil11. Larynx12. Thyroid gland (reflected)13. Trachea14. External jugular vein15. Carotid artery16. Esophagus17. Lymph node

1

2

24

2

35

6

7

9

810

17

16

11

12

13 15

15

14



98 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-10Superficial Muscles of the CatThoracic Limb, Ventral Aspect1. Clavobrachialis muscle2. Pectoantebrachialis muscle3. Pectoralis major muscle4. Pectoralis minor muscle5. Latissimus dorsi muscle6. Epitrochlearis muscle7. Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle8. Palmaris longus muscle9. Flexor carpi radialis muscle

10. Pronator teres muscle11. Extensor carpi radialis

muscle12. Brachioradialis muscle

(cut)13. Cephalic vein14. Antebrachial fascia15. Ulnar nerve16. Olecranon process of ulna17. Flexor retinaculum

(transverse carpalligament)

1

2

3

4

5

6 15

16

10

1213

14

17

11

9

87




Figure 4-11Deep Muscles of the Cat Left Thoracic Limb, Ventral Aspect1. Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle

(cut and reflected)2. Palmaris longus muscle

(cut and reflected)3. Flexor carpi radialis muscle

(cut and reflected)4. Flexor retinaculum5. Extensor carpi ulnaris6. Cutaneous branch of ulnar

nerve7. Ulnar nerve8. Flexor digitorum

profundus9. Median nerve

10. Pronator teres muscle11. Extensor carpi radialis

muscle12. Brachioradialis muscle

(cut)13. Clavobrachialis muscle

(cut and reflected)14. Biceps brachii muscle15. Radial nerve16. Musculocutaneous nerve17. Axillary nerve18. Subclavian vein19. Ventral thoracic nerve

(cut)20. Thoracic nerve21. Triceps brachii muscle22. Latissimus dorsi muscle

2 13

4

6

7

8

9

8

5

11

12

13

14

1615

17

1918

21

20

22

9

7

10

3

21



100 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-12Superficial Muscles of the Cat Left Thoracic Limb, Dorsal Aspect1. Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle2. Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle3. Extensor carpi digitorum lateralis

muscle4. Extensor pollicis brevis muscle5. Extensor digitorum communis

muscle6. Extensor carpi radialis brevis

muscle7. Extensor carpi radialis longus

muscle

8. Brachioradialis muscle9. Cephalic vein

10. Extensor retinaculum (dorsalcarpal ligament)

11. Triceps brachii muscle (lateralhead)

12. Triceps brachii muscle (longhead)

13. Anconeus muscle14. Brachialis muscle15. Clavobrachialis muscle

16. Acromiodeltoid muscle17. Spinodeltoid muscle18. Acromiotrapezius muscle19. Latissimus dorsi muscle20. Levator scapulae ventralis21. Antebrachial fascia

10

4

21

12

3 5

6 7 8 14

11

13 12

12

15

16

17

17

18

19

209




Figure 4-13Deep Muscles of the Cat Left Thoracic Limb, Dorsal Aspect

1

45

6

78

9

22 23

1

2

3

3

96

7

8454

14

14

13

14

15

12

11

10

24

25

19

1819

1716

141 2 3

20

15

2 3

11

10

21

1213

Figure 4-14Superficial Muscles of the Cat Neck and Back

1. Extensor carpi ulnarismuscle (cut)

2. Extensor digitorumlateralis muscle (cut)

3. Extensor digitorumcommunis muscle (cut)

4. Extensor indicisproprius muscle

5. Extensor pollicis brevismuscle

6. Extensor carpi radialismuscle

7. Brachioradialis muscle8. Radial nerve9. Cephalic vein

10. Extensor retinaculum(dorsal carpal ligament)

11. Extensor digiti minimitendon

12. Extensor digitorumtendons

13. Extensor indicis tendon14. Brachioradialis muscle15. Median nerve16. Ulnar nerve17. Triceps brachii muscle

(medial head)18. Triceps brachii muscle

(long head)19. Triceps brachii muscle

(lateral head, cut)20. Anconeus muscle21. Posterior interosseous

nerve22. Clavobrachialis muscle23. Acromiodeltoid muscle24. Spinodeltoid muscle25. Latissimus dorsi muscle

1. Nuchal ligament2. Clavotrapezius muscle3. Clavobrachialis muscle4. Acromiotrapezius

muscle (cut andreflected on right)

5. Supraspinatus muscle6. Acromiodeltoid muscle7. Spinodeltoid muscle8. Triceps brachii muscle

(long head)9. Cephalic vein

10. Rhomboideus minormuscle

11. Rhomboideus capitismuscle (occipito-scapularis muscle)

12. Splenius capitis muscle13. Spinotrapezius muscle14. Latissimus dorsi muscle15. Lumbodorsal fascia



102 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-15Deep Muscles of the Cat Neck and Back1. Nuchal ligament2. Clavotrapezius muscle (reflected on left)3. Acromiotrapezius muscle (cut, removed altogether

on left)4. Supraspinatus muscle5. Infraspinatus muscle6. Triceps brachii muscle (long head)7. Triceps brachii muscle (lateral head)8. Acromiodeltoid muscle9. Clavobrachialis muscle

10. Rhomboideus capitis muscle11. Splenius capitis muscle12. Rhomboideus minor muscle13. Rhomboideus major muscle14. Spinotrapezius muscle15. Latissimus dorsi muscle (reflected on left, partially

removed on right)16. Multifidus muscle17. Spinalis muscle18. Longissimus muscle19. Iliocostalis muscle20. Lumbodorsal fascia (largely removed)

1

2

4

56

7

9

8

10

11

1413

12

17

19 1515

16

18

20

3




Figure 4-16Deep Muscles of the Back of the Cat

2 21

1

2

3

4

7

7

5

6

3

3

4

44

55

6

67

7

3

10

10

8

8

8 1112

9

9

9

A B

1. Spinotrapezius muscle2. Latissimus dorsi muscle (cut and

rolled on right)3. Lumbodorsal fascia4. Multifidus muscle

5. Spinalis muscle6. Longissimus muscle7. Iliocostalis muscle8. Rib9. Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve

10. External oblique muscle11. External intercostal muscle12. Internal intercostal muscle



104 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-17Superficial Muscles of the Cat Left Hind Limb, Dorsal Aspect1. Lumbodorsal fascia2. Sartorius muscle3. Tensor fascia latae

muscle4. Iliotibial band5. Gluteus medius muscle6. Gluteus maximus muscle7. Caudofemoralis muscle8. Biceps femoris muscle9. Semitendinosus muscle

10. Semimembranosusmuscle

11. Gastrocnemius muscle12. Soleus muscle13. Achilles tendon14. Calcaneal tuberosity15. Flexor hallucis longus

muscle16. Peroneus brevis muscle17. Peroneus longus muscle

and tendon18. Tibialis anterior muscle

1

5

6

74

1098

1112

18

16

13

141517

32




Figure 4-18Deep Muscles of the Cat LeftHind Limb, Dorsal Aspect1. Lumbodorsal fascia2. Sartorius muscle3. Tensor fascia latae muscle4. Vastus lateralis muscle5. Gluteus medius muscle

(under fascia)6. Gluteus maximus muscle

(under fascia)7. Caudofemoralis muscle8. Biceps femoris muscle

(cut)9. Semitendinosus muscle

(cut)10. Semimembranosus muscle11. Adductor femoris muscle12. Sciatic nerve13. Common peroneal

division of sciatic nerve14. Tibial division of sciatic

nerve15. Gastrocnemius muscle16. Soleus muscle17. Achilles tendon18. Flexor hallucis longus

muscle19. Peroneus longus muscle20. Tibialis anterior muscle21. Extensor digitorum longus

muscle22. Proximal extensor

retinaculum23. Distal extensor

retinaculum

1

25

6

7

81112

101413

15

20

19

16

17

18

21

22

23

9

3

3

4



106 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-19Superficial Muscles of the Cat Left Hind Limb, Medial Aspect

12

4678

5

3

3

67 5

1316

15

18

14

1017

39 8

9

10

11

12

na&v

12

4

24

578

69

10

11

1213

14

1518

17

16 19

20

21

22

23

av n

1

Figure 4-20Deep Muscles of the Cat Left Hind Limb, Medial Aspect1. Sartorius muscle (cut)2. Tensor fascia latae muscle3. Vastus lateralis muscle4. Rectus femoris muscle5. Femoral artery (a), vein (v), and nerve (n)6. Middle caudal femoral artery and vein7. Pectineus muscle8. Adductor longus muscle9. Adductor femoris muscle

10. Gracilis muscle (cut)11. Semimembranosus muscle12. Semitendinosus muscle13. Biceps femoris muscle14. Gastrocnemius muscle (reflected)15. Soleus muscle16. Achilles tendon17. Posterior tibial nerve18. Flexor hallucis longus muscle19. Flexor digitorum longus muscle20. Tibialis posterior muscle21. Tibia22. Tibialis anterior muscle23. Proximal extensor retinaculum24. Vastus medialis muscle

1. Rectus abdominis muscle2. External oblique muscle3. Sartorius muscle (cut)4. Iliopsoas muscle (deep to blood

vessels)5. Femoral artery (a), vein (v), and

nerve (n)

6. Pectineus muscle (deep to bloodvessels)

7. Adductor longus muscle8. Adductor femoris muscle9. Gracilis muscle

10. Semitendinosus muscle11. Greater saphenous vein

12. Branch of obturator nerve13. Tensor fascia latae muscle14. Semimembranosus muscle15. Vastus lateralis muscle16. Rectus femoris muscle17. Gastrocnemius muscle18. Vastus medialis muscle

3




Figure 4-21Superficial Muscles of the Cat Thorax, Ventral View1. Clavobrachialis muscle2. Pectoantebrachialis

muscle3. Pectoralis major muscle4. Pectoralis minor muscle5. Xiphihumeralis muscle6. Epitrochlearis muscle7. Latissimus dorsi muscle8. External oblique muscle9. Rectus abdominis muscle

(deep to aponeurosis)10. Linea alba11. Inferior angle of scapula12. Teres major muscle13. Subscapularis muscle

1

2

3 6

4

7

8

9

10

55

7

12

1113



108 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-22Deep Muscles of the CatShoulder and Thorax, Right Ventral View1. Latissimus dorsi muscle

(reflected)2. Scalenus muscles

a. Anterior (continuous withtransversus costarum)

b. Mediusc. Posterior

3. Axillary artery (a) and vein(v)

4. Radial nerve5. External jugular vein6. Internal jugular vein7. Thoracodorsal nerve8. Long thoracic nerve9. Thoracoacromial blood

vessels10. Serratus ventralis muscle11. Teres major muscle12. Subscapularis muscle13. Sternum14. Ventral thoracic nerve

1

1

10

11

12

13

9 9

45

6

14

2

a3v

a

a

bc

7

8




Figure 4-23Brachial Plexus of the Cat, Right Ventral Aspect1. Biceps brachii muscle2. Radial nerve3. Musculocutaneous nerve4. Coracobrachialis muscle5. Median nerve6. Lateral (l) and median (m)

roots of the median nerve7. Ulnar nerve8. Axillary artery9. Axillary vein

10. External jugular vein11. Thoracodorsal nerve12. Thoracodorsal artery13. Thoracoacromial artery14. Anterior circumflex

humeral artery and axillarynerve

15. Caudal subscapular nerve16. Proximal subscapular nerve17. Dorsal rami of thoracic

nerves18. Latissimus dorsi muscle

(reflected)

1

4 35

7

2 896

lm

1413

15

16

10

18

18

11

11

17

17

17

12

17



110 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-24Thoracic Cavity of the Cat1. Heart within

pericardium2. Thymus gland3. Diaphragm4. Lung, anterior lobe5. Lung, middle lobe6. Lung, posterior lobe7. Ribs (cut)

1

3

44

55

6 6

7

7

2




Figure 4-25Major Veins of the Cat, Neck and Thorax1. External jugular vein2. Internal jugular vein3. Common carotid artery

(right)4. Vagus nerve5. Trachea6. Transverse scapular vein7. Subscapular vein8. Thoracodorsal vein9. Subclavian vein

10. Cephalic vein11. Axillary vein12. Latissimus dorsi muscle13. Brachial vein14. Median cubital vein15. Innominate

(brachiocephalic) vein16. Anterior vena cava17. Radial nerve18. Median nerve19. Ulnar nerve20. Thoracodorsal nerve21. Lymph node22. Submaxillary gland23. Parotid gland24. Heart25. Lung26. Thymus gland27. Anterior thoracic

vein (cut) (internalmammary vein)

28. Long thoracic vein (cut)

1 2

3

39

15

10

14

19

1318

178

8

12

20 2811

915 16

27

26

24

25

25

7

5

46

23

21

22



112 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-26Major Arteries of the Cat, Neck and Thorax1. Common carotid artery2. Vagus nerve3. Vertebral artery4. Transverse scapular artery5. Axillary artery6. Brachial artery7. Thoraco-acromial artery (a)

and nerve (n)8. Musculocutaneous nerve9. Median nerve

10. Radial nerve11. Ulnar nerve12. Trachea13. Esophagus (displaced to

animal’s left from normalposition posterior to trachea)

14. Phrenic nerve15. Right subclavian artery16. Innominate

(brachiocephalic) artery17. Left subclavian artery18. Aortic arch19. Anterior vena cava (cut)20. Teres major muscle21. Subscapularis muscle22. Biceps brachii muscle23. Triceps brachii muscle (long

head)24. Heart25. Lung, anterior lobe26. Lung, middle lobe27. Lung, mediastinal lobe28. Lung, posterior lobe29. Right auricle30. Diaphragm

12

13

1615

23

22

7n

7a

11

9

8

6

10

19

14

18

24

26

25

2021

29

2728

30

17

14

114

2

2

5

4

5

33

2120




Figure 4-27Thorax of the Cat, Heart and Lungs Removed1. Trachea2. Esophagus3. Aortic arch4. Brachiocephalic artery5. Right common carotid

artery6. Left common carotid

artery7. Vagus nerve8. Sympathetic trunk9. Left subclavian artery

10. Phrenic nerve11. Vertebral artery12. Subclavian artery13. Thyrocervical artery14. Internal mammary artery15. Right and left primary

bronchi16. Inferior vena cava17. Diaphragm18. Rib19. Transverse scapular

artery20. Subscapular artery (cut)

12

6

7

8

5

4

7

9

3

315

15

16

18

18

10

11

1913 12

20

17

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11



114 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-28Veins, Arteries, and Nerves of the Cat Neck and Thorax A, Veins Removed on Cat’s Left Side, Heart Reflected to RightB, Arteries, Veins, and Thoracic Viscera Removed

30

5

5

4

6

6

6

27

3332

3031

A B

1. Larynx2. Thyroid gland (reflected)3. Common carotid artery4. Vagus nerve5. Sympathetic trunk (In A, two

pins have been placed alongsympathetic trunk. Upper pin head is just caudal to swelling ofsympathetic trunk, the superiorcervical ganglion. Lower transversepin is just proximal to similarswelling, the middle cervicalganglion.)

6. Phrenic nerve7. Aorta

8. Spinal accessory nerve (XI)9. Spinal nerves IV, V, and VI

10. Brachial plexus11. Lymph node (reflected and

pinned)12. Soft palate (cut)13. Eustachian tubes (hidden behind

reflected tissue of soft palate)14. Epiglottis15. Internal jugular vein16. External jugular vein17. Subscapular vein18. Brachial vein19. Axillary vein20. Subclavian vein

21. Innominate (brachiocephalic) vein22. Anterior vena cava23. Azygous vein (cut)24. Heart (reflected to cat’s right)25. Right auricle26. Left auricle27. Diaphragm28. Esophagus 29. Trachea 30. Radial nerve31. Musculocutaneous nerve32. Median nerve33. Ulnar nerve34. Caudal subscapular nerve35. Axillary nerve

12

14

1

29

2

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15

1718

11

13

3

8

4

5

19 2021

22

2526

30

24

7

23

6

934

35

10




Figure 4-29Superficial Muscles of the Cat, Abdomen and Thorax1. Clavobrachialis muscle2. Pectoantebrachialis muscle3. Pectoralis major muscle4. Pectoralis minor muscle5. Xiphihumeralis muscle (removed on right)6. Serratus anterior muscle7. Latissimus dorsi muscle (cut to reveal

underlying muscles)8. Epitrochlearis muscle9. External oblique muscle (partially reflected)

10. Internal oblique muscle (partially reflected)11. Transversalis abdominis muscle12. Peritoneum13. Rectus abdominis muscle14. Linea alba

1

2

3 3

4

5

8

7

9

9

10

10

1211

10

13

14

5

6



116 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-30Abdominal Viscera of Cat with (A) Greater Omentum Intact and (B) Greater Omentum Removed

2

N

R

M Q

L

2 2

2 2

3

6

84

7

5

11

9

10

2

3

4

1

111

2

A B

1. Greater omentum2. Lobes of the liver

R. Right lateral lobeM. Right medial lobeQ. Quadrate lobeN. Left medial lobeL. Left lateral lobe

3. Stomach (greater curvature)4. Spleen5. Kidney6. Small intestine (duodenum)7. Small intestine (jejuneum and

ileum)8. Pancreas

9. Large intestine (descending colon)10. Urinary bladder11. Abdominal fat




Figure 4-31Abdominal Viscera of the Cat, Mesentery1. Small intestine2. Mesentery3. Mesenteric artery4. Mesenteric vein5. Lymph vessel6. Urinary bladder7. Uterus8. Rectum9. Abdominal fat

1

4 2

2

1

1

9

9

9

9

9

6

7

8

5

3



118 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-32Urogenital System of the Female Cat (A) Nonpregnant and (B) Pregnant

11

3

2 3

4

4

1110

1811

14

14

15

13

16

1217

55

5 5

78

21 19

20

20

62010

18

9

2

2328

29

22

25

24

18

4

5

2026

27

14

15

13

12

10

5

49

A B

1. Liver2. Stomach (pylorus)3. Small intestine4. Kidney5. Ureter6. Abdominal aorta7. External iliac artery8. Caudal (median sacral) artery9. Renal artery

10. Ovarian artery11. Ovary12. Urinary bladder (reflected and

pinned)

13. Uterus14. Uterine horn (in B, left horn

contains two fetuses; right horn,three fetuses)

15. Rectum (cut in A)16. External iliac artery and vein17. Femoral triangle (containing

femoral nerve, artery, and vein)18. Ovarian vein19. Iliolumbar artery and vein20. Abdominal vena cava (split into

two parallel vessels in A)21. Iliolumbar artery

22. Pancreas23. Spleen24. Adrenal gland25. Hepatic portal vein (cut)26. Fetus27. Placenta28. Left gastroepiploic vein29. Right gastroepiploic vein




Figure 4-33Urogenital System of the Male Cat1. Liver2. Stomach3. Small intestine (duodenum, cut)4. Kidney5. Ureter6. Abdominal aorta7. Abdominal vena cava8. Renal artery9. Internal spermatic artery

10. Spermatic vein11. Testis12. Epididymis13. Urinary bladder (reflected)14. Vas deferens in spermatic cord15. Urethra16. Prostate gland17. Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland18. Penis19. Ligament of cremaster muscle20. External inguinal ring21. Femoral triangle22. Rectum (cut)23. Lumbar nerve (medial branch)24. Umbilical (allantoic) artery25. Spleen26. Pancreas27. Adrenal gland

1 2

3

4

48

2726

25

235

5

76

9

10

22

13

24

15

16 14

21

17

12

1118

19

20



120 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-34Major (A) Veins and (B) Arteries of the Cat Abdominopelvic Wall

1

2

7

98

4

5

2

1

3

11

13

17

15

1820

25

24

22

4

10

12

1623

2421

2519

14

5

A B

1. Kidney2. Ureter (cut and largely removed)3. Abdominal vena cava (removed

in B)4. Abdominal aorta (cut and

removed in A)5. Psoas muscle6. Celiac artery (cut and removed)7. Superior mesenteric artery (cut

and removed)8. Renal vein

9. Renal artery10. Inferior mesenteric artery (cut and

removed)11. Iliolumbar vein12. Iliolumbar artery13. Common iliac vein14. External iliac artery (no common

iliac artery in cats)15. External iliac vein16. Internal iliac (hypogastric) artery17. Internal iliac (hypogastric) vein

18. Femoral vein19. Femoral artery20. Deep femoral vein21. Deep femoral artery22. Caudal vein23. Median sacral (caudal) artery24. Rectum (cut)25. Urinary bladder (reflected and

pinned)




Figure 4-35Nerves and Vessels of the PosteriorAbdominopelvic Wall of the Cat1. Abdominal aorta2. Celiac artery (pinned)3. Superior mesenteric artery (pinned)4. Crus of diaphragm5. Right adrenolumbar (phrenicoabdominal)

artery (cut)6. Adrenal gland7. Renal vein8. Renal artery9. Ureter (cut)

10. Kidney11. Inferior mesenteric artery12. Iliolumbar artery13. Psoas muscle14. Femoral nerve15. External iliac artery16. Internal iliac artery17. External iliac vein18. Deep femoral artery and vein19. Femoral artery20. Femoral vein21. Spermatic artery22. Rectum (cut)23. Urethra (cut and urinary bladder removed)24. Prostate gland25. Testis26. Penis27. Genitofemoral nerve28. Distribution of sympathetic trunk (pinned out

bilaterally)29. Celiac ganglion30. Superior mesenteric ganglion31. Left adrenolumbar artery and vein

42

3 29

30

5

31

1078

911

1

12

13

14

17

1819 20

2625

27

15 16

2121

2223

24

27

28 28

6



122 C H A P T E R 4

1. Clavotrapezius muscle2. Clavobrachialis muscle3. Acromiodeltoid muscle4. Spinodeltoid muscle5. Triceps brachii muscle6. Spinotrapezius muscle (cut)7. Latissimus dorsi muscle

8. External oblique muscle (cut)9. Serratus anterior muscle

10. Internal oblique muscle11. Tensor fascia latae muscle (split)12. Vastus lateral muscle (under pin)13. Gluteus medius muscle14. Gluteus maximus muscle

15. Biceps femoris muscle16. Semitendinosus muscle17. Semimembranosus muscle18. Testis19. Umbilical cord

1

23

4

6

7

5

5

9

8

19

10

11

12

13

14

15 1617

18

Figure 4-36Superficial Muscles of the Fetal Pig, Left Lateral View




Figure 4-37Superficial Structures of theNeck, Shoulder, and ThoracicLimb of the Fetal Pig, Left Lateral View1. Brachioradialis muscle2. Extensor carpi radialis

muscle3. Extensor digitorum

communis muscle4. Extensor digitorum

lateralis muscle5. Extensor carpi ulnaris

muscle6. Masseter muscle7. Submaxillary gland8. Lymph node9. Parotid gland

10. Salivary duct11. External jugular vein12. Clavotrapezius muscle13. Clavobrachialis muscle14. Acromiodeltoid muscle15. Spinodeltoid muscle16. Spinotrapezius muscle

(cut)17. Triceps brachii muscle

(long head)18. Triceps brachii muscle

(lateral head)19. Splenius capitis muscle20. Rhomboideus capitis

muscle21. Latissimus dorsi muscle22. Sternomastoid muscle

6

9

7 8

8

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

21

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1112

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2119

20

45

A

B



124 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-38Superficial Muscles of theHind Limb of the Fetal Pig,Left Lateral View1. Lumbodorsal fascia2. External oblique muscle

(reflected)3. Internal oblique muscle4. Tensor fascia latae

muscle (split)5. Vastus lateralis muscle

(under pin)6. Gluteus medius muscle7. Gluteus maximus muscle8. Biceps femoris muscle9. Semitendinosus muscle

10. Semimembranosusmuscle

11. Testis12. Gastrocnemius muscle13. Soleus muscle14. Achilles tendon15. Flexor hallucis longus

muscle16. Tibialis anterior muscle

1

3

4 6

7

8

910

13 12

1415

16

11

52




Figure 4-39Superficial Anatomy of theFetal Pig Neck andShoulders, Ventral Aspect1. Mylohyoid muscle2. Sternohyoid muscle3. Larynx4. Trachea5. Sternomastoid muscle6. External jugular vein7. Lymph node8. Submaxillary gland9. Masseter muscle

10. Clavotrapezius muscle11. Acromiodeltoid muscle12. Clavobrachialis muscle13. Pectoralis major muscle14. Sternum

1

32

9

7

8

5

4

5

10

12

1011

12

14

13

6



126 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-40Deep Anatomy of the FetalPig, Neck and Thorax1. Larynx2. Trachea3. Thyroid gland4. Common carotid artery5. Vagus nerve6. Internal jugular vein7. External jugular vein

(pinned bilaterally)8. Cephalic vein9. Subclavian vein

10. Superior vena cava11. Internal mammary vein

(cut, laid on lung tissue)12. Right auricle13. Left auricle14. Heart15. Lung16. Diaphragm

1

2

3

45

678

8

9

9

10

11

15 12

13

14

15

16

15




Figure 4-41Arteries of the Neck and Thorax of the Fetal Pig, Left Lung Removed A, Heart in Normal PositionB, Heart Reflected to Right

1

1 3

34

45

7

8

920

2021

28

2223

82

1119

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26

612

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1019

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2282

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1415 1516

17

20

21

20

8

A

1. Trachea2. Esophagus3. Common carotid artery4. Vagus nerve5. Sympathetic trunk6. Right innominate

(brachiocephalic) artery7. Left innominate (brachiocephalic)

artery8. Aorta9. Ductus arteriosus

10. Superior vena cava (cut)11. Inferior vena cava12. Subclavian artery13. Vertebral artery14. Transverse scapular artery15. Axillary artery16. Radial nerve17. Thoracodorsal nerve18. Dorsal rami of thoracic nerves19. Lung20. Right and left auricles

21. Heart22. Continuation of sympathetic trunk23. Azygous vein24. Diaphragm25. Rib with costal artery and vein26. Ductus venosus27. Kidney28. Hilum of left lung (with bronchi

and blood vessels cut)

13

B

13



128 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-42Thoracic and Abdominal Viscera of the Fetal Pig

1

2

3

5

44

4

67

8

910

11 14

12

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1316

19

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18

21 2120

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55

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1

43

6

7

8a

1413 13

12

16

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1811

8b

9

10

Figure 4-43Abdominopelvic Cavity of the Fetal Pig, Male, DigestiveViscera Removed

1. Trachea2. Thyroid gland3. Thymus4. Lung5. Heart in pericardium6. Mediastinal

membrane7. Diaphragm8. Liver9. Spleen

10. Umbilical vein (onpin)

11. Small intestine

12. Urinary bladder13. Umbilical arteries14. Skin of umbilicus15. Penis16. Urethra17. Testis18. Epididymis19. Spermatic cord (con-

tains spermatic arteryand vas deferens,which curves to passbehind base of urinarybladder)

1. Abdominal aorta2. Abdominal vena cava3. Renal artery4. Renal vein5. Kidney6. Ureter7. Spermatic artery8. a. Vas deferens

b. Vas deferens (inspermatic cord)

9. Testis10. Epididymis11. Penis12. Rectum (cut)13. Umbilical arteries

14. Umbilical vein15. Ductus venosus (only

remnants of liverremain)

16. Urinary bladder17. Urethra18. Prostate gland19. Diaphragm20. Heart21. Lung22. Pylorus of stomach

(pin in antrum)




Figure 4-44Abdominopelvic Cavity of the Fetal Pig, Female, DigestiveViscera Removed

Figure 4-45Deep Anatomy of the Abdominopelvic Cavity of the FetalPig, Abdominal Viscera Removed, Female

1. Abdominal aorta2. Abdominal vena cava3. Kidney (behind intact

peritoneum)4. Ureter (behind intact

peritoneum)5. Ovarian artery6. Ovary7. Uterus8. Uterine horn9. Umbilical arteries

10. Umbilical vein (lying onpin)

11. Ductus venosus

12. Urinary bladder(reflected and pinned)

13. Sigmoid colon14. Suspensory ligament of

ovary15. Diaphragm16. Heart17. Lung18. Mediastinal membrane

1. Abdominal aorta2. Abdominal vena cava3. Renal vein4. Ureter5. Kidney (left kidney

behind peritoneum)6. Adrenal gland7. Suspensory ligament of

ovary8. External iliac artery9. Internal iliac artery

10. Median sacral (caudal)artery

11. Rectum (cut)12. Ovary13. Uterine horn

14. Urinary bladder(reflected)

15. Urethra16. Umbilical arteries17. Umbilical vein18. Ductus venosus19. Posterior (inferior)

mesenteric artery20. Colic artery (pinned to

kidney for clarity due tomissing colon)

21. Superior hemorrhoidalartery

22. Remnant of smallintestine (duodenum)

23. Diaphragm

1717

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33 21

513

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130 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-46General Anatomy of the Male Rat,Abdominal Cavity Exposed, Ventral View1. Thorax2. Abdomen3. External oblique muscle (reflected and

pinned)4. Internal oblique muscle (lying on pin)5. Transversus abdominis6. Rectus abdominis7. Peritoneum8. Inferior epigastric artery9. Liver

10. Spleen11. Kidney12. Rectum13. Abdominal fat (small intestine not

visible in this photograph)14. Testis15. Penis16. Sternum (xiphoid process)

1

2543

66

16

10 11

1312

15

14

9 7

8




Figure 4-47Deep Anatomy of the Rat, Neck and Thorax1. Larynx2. Salivary gland3. Thyroid gland4. Trachea5. Sternohyoid muscle

(unavoidably damaged onanimal’s right side duringvascular perfusion)

6. Thymus7. Common carotid artery8. Heart9. Lung

10. Internal mammary vein11. Rib and intercostal artery and

vein12. Diaphragm13. Crus of diaphragm

47

1

3

5

2

6

8

9

1110

12

13



132 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-48Abdominopelvic Cavity of the Male Rat1. Sternum (xiphoid process)2. Stomach3. Liver4. Small intestine (duodenum)5. Pancreas6. Spleen7. Kidney8. Small intestine (jejuneum and ileum)9. Large intestine (cecum)

10. Rectum11. Abdominal fat12. Urinary bladder13. Rectus abdominis muscle (cut)14. Testis in scrotum15. Epididymis16. Penis17. Seminal vesicle18. Cremasteric fascia

1

45

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8

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89

3

11

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12

10

13

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Figure 4-49Abdominopelvic Cavity of the Rat, Male,Digestive Viscera Removed1. Sternum (xiphoid process)2. Abdominal aorta3. Abdominal vena cava4. Renal artery5. Renal vein6. Kidney7. Adrenal gland8. Ureter (lying on pin)9. Spermatic artery (lying on pin)

10. Lumbar nerve (medial branch, extendedfor clarity)

11. Iliolumbar artery and vein12. Urinary bladder13. Seminal vesicle14. Common iliac artery15. Median sacral (caudal) artery16. Rectum (cut)17. Penis18. Psoas muscle19. Diaphragm20. Crus of diaphragm

1

19

20

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45

610

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134 C H A P T E R 4

Figure 4-50Abdominopelvic Cavity of the Rat, Female,Digestive Viscera Removed1. Abdominal aorta2. Abdominal vena cava3. Renal artery4. Renal vein5. Ureter (lying on pin)6. Iliolumbar artery7. Iliolumbar vein8. Rectum (cut)9. Ovary

10. Uterus11. Uterine horn12. Urinary bladder13. Abdominal fat14. Ovarian artery and vein15. Crus of diaphragm16. Kidney17. Adrenal gland

1515

1717

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1616


Back Matter Index © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2001

AAbdomen

in cat, 115–117in human, 74–76, 148major veins of, 159in rat, 130

Abdominal aortain cat, 118–121in fetal pig, 128–129in rat, 133–134

Abdominal vena cavain cat, 118–120in fetal pig, 128–129in rat, 133–134

Abdominopelvic cavityin cat, 120–121in fetal pig, 128–129in rat, 132–134

Abducens nerve, 141, 154Abductor digiti minimi, 86Abductor hallucis, 88Abductor pollicis longus, 147Accessory hemiazygos vein, 159Acetabular notch, 61–62Acetabulum, 61–62, 93Achilles tendon, 64

in cat, 104–106in fetal pig, 124

Acromiodeltoidin cat, 100–102in fetal pig, 122–123, 125

Acromion, 59, 60Acromiotrapezius, 94, 100–102ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic

hormone), 161Active transport, 138Adductor brevis, 152Adductor femoris, 105–106Adductor longus, 66, 82, 106, 152Adductor magnus, 67, 82, 84, 152Adenohypophysis, 23, 161Adipose tissue, 9Adrenal cortex, 24Adrenal gland

in cat, 118–119, 121in fetal pig, 129in rat, 133–134

Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH), 161

Adrenolumbar artery andvein, 121

Adventitia, 28–29, 32, 38Agranulocyte, 156Allantoic artery, 119Alveolar process, 53Alveoli, 31–32Anal sphincter, 77Anaphase, 3Anatomic neck, defined, 139Anconeus, 100–101, 146Android pelvis, versus

gynecoid, 141Animal dissection, 90–134

cat, 90–121

fetal pig, 122–129rat, 130–134

Antebrachial fascia, 98, 100Anterior arch of atlas, 57Anterior cruciate ligament, 62Anterior lacrimal crest, 53Anterior medial malleolar

artery, 88Anterior nasal spine, 46–47, 53Anterior pituitary (adenohypoph-

ysis), 23, 161Antidiuretic hormone

(ADH), 161Antrum, 42Anus, 77Aorta, 8, 114, 127. See also

Abdominal aortaAortic arch, 112–113, 158Aponeurosis

epicranial, 68external oblique, 74of internal oblique, 76

Appendicular skeleton, 140Appendix, 36Arcuate artery, 88Areolar connective tissue, 8Arm

bones of, 140musculature of, 78–81,

145–146veins of, 158

Artery. See also Specific arterieshistology, 27–29major and main branches

of, 158Artherosclerosis, 28Ascending aorta, 158Asters, 2–3Astrocyte, 18Atlas, 55–57, 91–92Atrial systole, 157Auditory nerve, 154Auricle

in cat, 112, 114in fetal pig, 126–127

Axial skeleton, 140Axillary artery, 108–109,

112, 127, 158Axillary nerve, 96, 99, 114, 145Axillary vein, 108–109,

111, 114, 158Axis, skeletal, 55–57Axon, 18, 20Azygos vein, 114, 127, 159

BBack musculature

in cat, 101–103in human, 71–72

Barr body, 24Basal body, 136Basement membrane, 4–7, 29, 39Basilic vein, 158Basophil, 25, 156

Basophilic myelocyte, 15Biceps brachii

in cat, 109, 112in human, 66, 79–80, 99, 146

Biceps femorisin cat, 104–106in fetal pig, 122, 124in human, 67, 83–84,

86–87, 152Bifid spinous process, 56–57Bile duct, 35Bipolar cell nuclei, 20Bladder, 7, 39Blood

bladder, 39components of, 24–27, 156histology, 24–27

Blood vessel. See also Artery; Veinalveolar, 32gallbladder, 36large intestine, 34listing of major, 158lumen, 7small intestine, 33spleen, 31

Bone. See also Specific bonescancellous (spongy), 14compact, 14descriptive terms for, 139developing, 15typical structure of long, 64

Bone marrow, 15Bowman’s capsule, 37, 38Brachial artery, 112, 158Brachialis, 67, 79–80, 100, 146Brachial plexus, 109, 114, 155Brachial vein, 111, 114, 158Brachiocephalic

artery, 112–113, 127Brachiocephalic vein,

111, 114, 160Brachioradialis

in cat, 98–101in fetal pig, 123in human, 66–67, 80–81, 146

Bregma, 48, 92Bronchiole, 32Brush border, 34Buccinator, 68, 94–95, 142Bulbospongiosus, 77, 149Bulbourethral (Cowper’s)

gland, 119Bulk flow, 138

CCalcaneal tendon, 67, 86–87, 104Calcaneus, 64, 87, 90, 93, 104Calvarium, 48Camper’s fascia, 76Canaliculus, 14Cancellous bone, 14, 64Canine eminence, 53Canine fossa, 53Capillary, 29

Capitate carpal, 61Capitulum, 60Capsule, parathyroid gland, 22Cardiac cycle, 157Cardiac muscle, 17, 65Carotid artery

in cat, 97, 111–114in fetal pig, 126–127in human, 158in rat, 131

Carotid canal, 48, 49Carotid groove, 49Carpals

in cat, 90, 92in human, 61, 140

Cartilage, 10–11, 15Cat

astrocytes, 18musculature, 94–109skeletal system, 90–93

Caudal artery, 118, 120, 129Caudal vein, 120Caudal vertebrae (cat), 90, 92–93Caudofemoralis, 104, 105Cavernous vein, 159Celiac artery, 120–121Celiac ganglion, 121Cell

chief, 33component structure and

function, 137generalized illustration

of, 136goblet, 5, 33–34granulosa, 42hair, 21interstitial, 39keratinized, 7mitotic, 2–3parietal, 33Purkinje, 18Sertoli, 39umbrella, 7, 39

Cell body, nerve, 18, 19Cell membrane, 136

structure and functionof, 137

transport processes, 138Central canal, 20Central vein, 35Centriole, 136Centrosome, 137Cephalic vein, 158

in cat, 98, 100–101, 111in fetal pig, 126

Cerebellar fossa, 52Cerebellum, 18Cerebral fossa, 52Cervical nerves, 96, 144, 150Cervical plexus, 155Cervical vertebrae

in cat, 90–92in human, 55–56, 140

Chest musculature, 74, 148

163

I N D E X



164 I N D E X

Chewing musculature, 142Chief cell, 33Chondrocyte, 10–11Chromatin, 2, 136Chromosome, 2–3Cilia, 5–6, 136–137Ciliated columnar epithelium,

5–6, 40Circle of Willis, 158Circulatory system, 158–160Clavicle, 59, 69, 79, 140Clavicular notch, 58, 59Clavobrachialis

in cat, 94–95, 98–102,107, 115

in fetal pig, 122–123, 125Clavotrapezius

in cat, 94–95, 101–102in fetal pig, 122–123, 125

Cleavage furrow, 3Cleft, pituitary gland, 23Cleidomastoid, 94–96Clitoris, 77Coccygeus, 77, 149Coccyx, 77, 140–141Colic artery, 129Collagen fiber, 8–10Columnar epithelium, 5–6, 40–41Common carotid artery, 111–113,

126–127, 131, 158Common iliac artery,

133, 158, 160Common iliac vein, 120, 159Compact bone, 14, 45, 64Condylar canal, 49, 52Condylar fossa, 49, 52Condyle, 139Condyloid process, 53Cones, 20Connective tissue, 8–9Conoid tubercle, 59Constrictors, pharyngeal, 70, 144Convoluted tubules, 38Coracobrachialis

in cat, 109in human, 79, 145

Coracoid process, 59, 60Core, nerve, 20Cornified layer, skin, 12Cornu, 139Coronal suture

in cat, 91–92in human, 47–48

Corona radiata, 41–42Coronary vein, 159Coronoid fossa, 60Coronoid process, 53, 60Corpora cavernosa, 41Corpuscles

Hassall’s, 30Meissner’s, 12Pacinian, 13renal, 37

Corpus spongiosum, 39, 41Corrugator supercilii, 142Corti, Organ of, 21Costaclavicular ligament, 59

Costal artery, 127Costal cartilage, 58, 59Costal facet, 56Costal groove, 58Costal vein, 127Cranial nerve, 154Cranium, 48, 90, 140. See also

Head; SkullCremasteric fascia, 132Crest, 139

ethmoidal, 52, 53frontal, 49intertrochanteric, 62lacrimal, 53nasal, 53occipital, 49, 52

Cribriform plate, 48, 54Cricothyroid, 69Crista, 139Crista galli, 48, 54Crus of diaphragm, 121, 131,

133, 134Cuboidal epithelium, 1, 4–5, 38Cuboid tarsal, 64Cuneiform, 64Cytoplasm, 41

DDeep femoral artery, 120–121Deep femoral vein, 120–121Deep fibular nerve, 88Deep peroneal nerve, 88, 153Deltoid, 59, 66–67, 71, 74,

78–79, 145Deltoid tuberosity, 60Dendrite, 18Dense irregular connective

tissue, 9Dense regular connective

tissue, 9Dermis, 12Descending aorta, 158Developing bone, 15Dialysis, 138Diaphragm, 148

in cat, 110, 112–114in fetal pig, 126–129in rat, 131, 133

Diaphysis, 139Diastole, late, 157Diffusion, 138Digastric

in cat, 94–96in human, 69, 143

Digital arteries, 88Digits, bones of, 61, 64Disks, intervertebral, 55Dorsal horn, spinal cord, 20Dorsalis pedis artery, 88Dorsal ramus

of lumbar nerve, 150of spinal nerve, 103of thoracic nerve, 109,

127, 150Dorsal root ganglion, 19Dorsal venous arch, 159Ductus arteriosus, 127, 160

Ductus deferens, 40Ductus venosus, 127–129, 160

EEar, 140Elastic artery, wall of, 8Elastic cartilage, 11Elastic tissue, 8Elastin fiber, 8, 11Endoplasmic reticulum, 136, 137Endorphin, 161Endothelium, 29Eosinophil, 25, 156Eosinophilic myelocyte, 15Epicondyle, 92

defined, 139femoral, 62humeral, 60

Epicranial aponeurosis, 68Epicranius, 68, 142Epidermis, 12Epididymis, 40

in cat, 119in fetal pig, 128in rat, 132

Epigastric artery, 130Epiglottis, 70, 97, 114Epiphyseal plate, 15Epiphysis, 139Epithelium, 1, 4–7, 22, 32, 36,

38–41, 43Epitrochlearis, 98, 107, 115Erector spinae, 150Erythroblast, 15Erythrocyte, 27, 156Esophagus, 32, 70

in cat, 97, 112–114in fetal pig, 127

Ethmoid bone, 46, 48–50,52–54, 140

Eustachian tube, 114Exocrine cells, pancreatic, 23Exocytosis, 138Extensor carpi digitorum

lateralis, 100Extensor carpi radialis, 98–99,

101, 123Extensor carpi radialis brevis,

81, 100, 147Extensor carpi radialis longus,

80–81, 100, 147Extensor carpi ulnaris

in cat, 99, 100–101in fetal pig, 123in human, 81, 147

Extensor digiti minimi, 101Extensor digitorum, 81, 147Extensor digitorum brevis, 88Extensor digitorum communis,

100–101, 123Extensor digitorum lateralis,

101, 123Extensor digitorum longus

in cat, 104–105in human, 66, 85–86, 153

Extensor digitorum tendons, 101Extensor expansion, 88

Extensor hallucis brevis, 88Extensor hallucis longus,

85, 88, 153Extensor indicis, 101, 147Extensor indicis proprius, 101Extensor pollicis brevis,

100–101, 147Extensor pollicis longus, 147Extensor retinacula

in cat, 100–101, 105in human, 81, 85–86

External auditory meatus, 47,51, 91External iliac artery, 118, 120–121,

129, 158External iliac vein, 118, 120,

121, 159External inguinal ring, 119External intercostal, 74, 103, 148External jugular vein, 160

in cat, 94–95, 108–109,111, 114

in fetal pig, 123, 125–126External oblique

in cat, 103, 106–107, 115in fetal pig, 122, 124in human, 66–67, 74–76, 148in rat, 130

External occipital crest, 49External occipital protruberance,

49, 91Eye, 73, 141

FFace

bones of, 46, 140musculature of, 68, 142

Facet, defined, 139Facial nerve, 94–96, 142, 154Facial vein, 94–95Facilitated diffusion, 138False ribs, 58, 140Fascia

in cat, 98, 100–106in fetal pig, 122, 124in human, 66, 82–84in rat, 132

Femoral artery, 106, 118–121, 158Femoral nerve, 106, 118–119,

121, 152Femoral triangle, 118–119Femoral vein, 106, 118–121, 159Femur


Fetal circulatory system, 160Fetal pig, 122–129Fibers, nerve, 19Fibroblast, 8–9Fibrocartilage, 10Fibrocollagenous bundle, 41Fibula

in cat, 90, 93in human, 63, 140

Filtration, 138First dorsal interosseous, 88Fissure, defined, 139Flagella, 136, 137



I N D E X 165

Flexor carpi radialis, 80,98–99, 147

Flexor carpi ulnaris, 80–81,98–100, 147

Flexor digitorum longus, 87,106, 153

Flexor digitorum profundus,99, 147

Flexor digitorum superficialis,80, 147

Flexor hallicus longus, 63–64,104–106, 124, 153

Flexor pollicis longus, 147Flexor retinaculum, 87, 98–99Floating ribs, 58Foliate papillae, 97Follicle stimulating hormone

(FSH), 161Fontanel, defined, 139Foot

arteries of, 88bones of, 64musculature of, 88

Foramen lacerum, 48–49Foramen magnum, 47–49, 52Foramen ovale, 48–50Foramen rotundum, 48–50Foramen spinosum, 48–50Foramina

defined, 139pelvic bones, 61, 62skull, 46–50spinal, 55–57

Fossacanine, 53cerebellar, 52cerebral, 52condylar, 49, 52coronoid, 60defined, 139glenoid, 59humeral, 60iliac, 61incisive, 53infraspinous, 59jugular, 48mandibular, 49, 51olecranon, 60pubic, 61scapular, 59subscapular, 59supraspinous, 59

Fovea, 139Frenulum, 69Frontal bone

in cat, 91–92in human, 46–50, 140

Frontal border, 51Frontal crest, 49Frontalis, 66, 68Frontal notch, 46Frontal process, 47, 50, 53, 91Frontal sinus, 48Frontozygomatic suture, 47FSH (Follicle stimulating

hormone), 161Furrows, parietal, 51

GGallbladder, 36Ganglion cell, 19, 20Gastric pits, 33Gastrocnemius, 66

in cat, 104–106in fetal pig, 124in human, 67, 84–87, 153

Gastroepiploic vein, 118, 159Genioglossus, 69, 143Geniohyoid, 69Genitofemoral nerve, 121Germinativum, 39GH (Growth hormone), 161Gladiolus, 59Gland. See Specific glandsGlenoid fossa, 59Glomerulus, 37–38Glossopharyngeal nerve, 144, 154Gluteal tuberosity, 62Gluteus maximus

in cat, 104–105in fetal pig, 122, 124in human, 67, 77, 83–84, 151

Gluteus mediusin cat, 104–105in fetal pig, 122, 124in human, 67, 83–84, 151

Gluteus minimus, 83, 151Goblet cell, 5, 33–34Golgi apparatus, 136, 137Gonadal vein, 159Gracilis

in cat, 106in human, 66–67, 82,

84, 87, 152Granule, cytoplasmic, 25Granulocyte, 156Granulosa cells, 42Greater omentum, 116Greater palatine canal, 53Greater sciatic notch, 62, 141Greater trochanter, 62, 93Greater tubercle, 60Greater wing of sphenoid, 48, 49Great saphenous nerve, 106Great saphenous vein, 159Growth hormone (GH), 161Gynecoid pelvis, versus

android, 141

HHair cell, 21Hair follicle, 13Hamate carpal, 61Hamulus, 139Hand

bones and processes of, 61musculature of, 147

Hassall’s corpuscle, 30Haversian canal, 14Haversian system (osteon), 14Head. See also Face; Skull

major veins of, 159–160muscles of cat, 94–97muscles of human, 68, 144

Heartcardiac cycle, 157cardiac muscle, 17, 65in cat, 110–112, 114in fetal pig, 126–129in rat, 131

Hemiazygos vein, 159Hemorrhoidal artery, 129Hepatic portal vein, 118, 159Hepatic vein, 159Hepatocyte, 35Hip musculature, 83–84, 150–151Horizontal plate, 52Hormones, pituitary gland, 161Human musculature. See Muscula-

ture, humanHuman skeleton. See Skeleton,

humanHumeral artery, 109Humerus

in cat, 90, 92in human, 60, 140

Hyaline cartilage, 10–11Hyoglossus, 69Hyoid bone, 69, 140Hypogastric artery, 120Hypogastric vein, 120Hypoglossal canal, 49Hypoglossal nerve, 143, 154Hypoglossus, 143

IIleum, villi of, 33–34Iliac artery

in cat, 118, 120–121in fetal pig, 129in human, 158, 160in rat, 133

Iliac crest, 61–62Iliac fossa, 61–62Iliac spine, 61–62Iliacus, 82, 151Iliac vein

in cat, 118, 120–121in human, 159

Iliocostalisin cat, 102–103in human, 72, 150

Iliolumbar arteryin cat, 118, 120–121in rat, 133–134

Iliolumbar veinin cat, 118, 120in rat, 133–134

Iliopectineal line, 61–62Iliopsoas, 66, 106, 150–151Iliopubic eminence, 61–62Iliotibial band, 83, 104Ilium, 61, 92, 93Incisive bone, 91Incisive foramen, 49Incisive fossa, 53Incus, 48, 140Inferior concha, 46Inferior constrictor, 70Inferior extensor retinaculum, 88

Inferior meatus, 53Inferior nasal bone, 140Inferior oblique, 73Inferior orbital fissure, 49Inferior pubic ramus, 61–62Inferior rectus, 73Inferior sagittal sinus vein, 159Inferior vena cava, 113, 127, 160Infraorbital foramen, 46, 50, 53Infraspinatus, 67, 71, 78, 102, 145Infraspinous fossa, 59, 92Inguinal ring, 119Innervation, 17Innominate artery, 112, 127, 158Innominate vein, 111, 114, 160Intercalated disk, 17Intercondylar fossa, 62Intercostal artery, 131Intercostal muscle, 74, 103, 148Intercostal nerve, 148Intercostal space, 139Intercostal vein, 131, 159Intermediate cuneiform, 64Internal auditory meatus, 48, 51Internal iliac artery, 120, 121, 129Internal iliac vein, 120, 159Internal intercostal, 103, 148Internal jugular vein

in cat, 108, 111, 114in fetal pig, 126in human, 160

Internal mammary artery, 113Internal mammary vein, 126, 131Internal oblique

in cat, 115in fetal pig, 122, 124in human, 74–76, 148in rat, 130

Internal occipital crest, 52Internal occipital

protuberance, 52Internal spermatic artery, 119Interosseous border, 60, 63Interosseous nerve, 101Interphase, 2Interstitial cell, 39Intertrochanteric crest, 62Intertubercular groove, 60Intervertebral disk, 55Intervertebral foramen, 55Intestine. See Large intestine;

Small intestineIntrinsic muscles, human

tongue, 143Ischial ramus, 61–62Ischial spine, 61–62, 141Ischial tuberosity, 61–62, 93Ischiocavernosus, 77, 149Ischium

in cat, 92–93in human, 61–62, 141

Islet of Langerhans, 23Isometric ventricular

contraction, 157Isometric ventricular

relaxation, 157Isthmus of Fauces, 97



166 I N D E X

JJaw musculature, 142Jugular foramen, 48–49Jugular fossa, 48Jugular notch, 52, 58–59Jugular tubercle, 52Jugular vein

in cat, 94–97, 108in fetal pig, 123, 125–126in human, 160

KKeratinized cell, 7Kidney

in cat, 116, 118, 119–121in fetal pig, 127–130in rat, 132–134

Kidney tubule, 4–5Knee musculature, 84–87

LLacrimal bone

in cat, 91in human, 46–47, 140

Lacrimal crest, 53Lacrimal foramen, 46–47Lacrimal fossa, 91Lacunae, 10–11, 14Lambda suture, 48Lambdoidal margin, 52Lambdoidal suture, 47Lamina, vertebral, 56–57Lamina propria, 29, 36, 38Large intestine, 34, 116, 132Larynx

in cat, 95, 97, 114in fetal pig, 125–126in human, 70in rat, 131

Late diastole, 157Lateral condyle, 62–63, 93Lateral cuneiform, 64Lateral epicondyle, 60, 92Lateral malleolus, 88, 93Lateral pterygoid, 50, 68, 142Lateral pterygoid process, 49–50Lateral rectus, 73Latissimus dorsi

in cat, 98–103, 107–109,111, 115

in fetal pig, 122–123in human, 66–67, 71, 145

Legmusculature of, 82–87, 153veins of, 159

Lesser wing of sphenoid, 48–49Leukocyte, 24–26, 156Levator ani, 77, 149Levator costa, 58, 148Levator palpebrae superioris,

73, 142Levator scapulae, 69, 71, 78Levator scapulae ventralis, 100Levator veli palatini, 144Leydig cell, 39Ligament

anterior cruciate, 62

costaclavicular, 59nuchal, 101–103patellar, 82, 85posterior cruciate, 62

Linea albain cat, 107, 115in human, 66, 74, 76

Linea aspera, 62Lingula, 53, 139Liver, 35

in cat, 116, 118–119in fetal pig, 128in rat, 130, 132

Longissimusin cat, 102, 103in human, 72, 144, 150

Long thoracic nerve, 108, 145Long thoracic vein, 111Longus capitis, 69Loose connective tissue, 8Lower extremities

bones of, 62–64, 140major veins of, 159musculature of, 82–88,

146–147, 151–153Lumbar nerve, 119, 133, 155Lumbar vein, 159Lumbar vertebrae

in cat, 90, 92–93in human, 55–56, 140

Lumbodorsal fasciain cat, 101–105in fetal pig, 124

Lumboscral plexus, 155Lumen

arterial wall, 28bladder, 39blood vessel, 7bronchiole, 32kidney tubule, 4, 5urethral, 39

Lunate carpal, 61Lung

in cat, 110–112in fetal pig, 126–129in rat, 131

Luteinizing hormone (LH), 161Lymphatic vessel, 30Lymph channel, 34Lymph node

in cat, 94–97, 111, 114in fetal pig, 123, 125histology, 29

Lymphocyte, 26, 156Lymphoid follicle, 36Lymph vessel, 117Lysosome, 136–137

MMacrophage, 4, 32Malar bone. See

Zygomatic boneMalleolar fossa, 63Malleolus, 93Malleus, 48, 140Mammary artery, 113Mammary vein, 126, 131

Mandiblein cat, 90–91, 96in human, 47, 53, 69–70, 140

Mandibular alveolus, 46, 47Mandibular angle, 47Mandibular condyle, 53Mandibular condyloid process, 47Mandibular coronoid process, 47Mandibular foramen, 53Mandibular fossa, 49, 51Mandibular lingula, 53Mandibular notch, 47Mandibular ramus, 46, 53Manubriosternal joint, 59Manubrium, 58–59Marrow cavity, 64Masseter

in cat, 94–96in fetal pig, 123, 125in human, 66, 68, 142

Mastication musculature, 68, 142Mastoid margin, 52Mastoid process, 47, 49, 51, 91Matrix, hyaline cartilage, 10Maxillae

in cat, 90–91in human, 47, 49, 53, 140

Maxillary alveolus, 46, 47Maxillary border, 50Maxillary hiatus, 53Maxillary process, 52Maxillary sinus, 53Meatus, 139Medial condyle, 62–63, 93Medial cubital vein, 111, 158Medial cuneiform, 64Medial epicondyle, 60, 92Medial malleolus, 63, 88, 93Medial pterygoid, 50, 68Medial pterygoid process, 49–50Medial rectus, 73Median antebrachial vein, 158Median crest, 57Median nerve

in cat, 96, 99, 101, 109,111–112, 114

in human, 146–147Median sacral artery

in cat, 118, 120in fetal pig, 129in rat, 133

Mediastinal membrane, 128–129Meissner’s Corpuscle, 12Membrane transport

processess, 138Mental foramen, 46, 47, 53Mental protuberance, 53Mentum nuchae, 55Mesenteric artery, 117,

120, 121, 129Mesenteric ganglion, 121Mesenteric vein, 117, 159Mesentery, 117Metacarpal, 61, 90, 92, 140Metaphase, 2Metatarsal, 64, 90, 93, 140Microfilament, 137

Microtubule, 2–3, 136–137Microvilli, 136Middle constrictor, 70Middle ear, bones of, 140Middle meatus, 53Middle nasal concha, 54Middle phalanx of digits, 61Mitochondria, 136–137Mitosis, phases of, 2–3Monocyte, 26, 156Monofid spinous process, 56Motor endplate, 17, 135Motor neuron, 19Mucosa, 32, 34, 40Multifidus, 102–103, 150Muscle

cardiac, 16smooth, 17striated, 16

Muscle fibers, 16Muscularis (alimentary canal), 32Muscularis (gallbladder), 36Muscularis (large intestine), 34Musculature, dissection specimen.

See also Musculature, humancat, 94–109fetal pig, 122–129rat, 130–134

Musculature, human, 65–88anterior view, 66back and neck, 71–72chest and abdomen,

74–76, 148eye, 73, 141head and neck, 68–70,

142–144hip, 82–84, 150–152lower extremities, 82–88,

146–147, 151–153pelvis, 77, 149posterior view, 67shoulder, 78–79, 145upper extremities,

78–81, 145Musculocutaneous nerve, 96, 99,

109, 112, 114, 145–146Myelinated nerve fiber, 20Myelin sheath, 20Myeloblast, 15Myelocyte, 15Mylohyoid

in cat, 95–96in fetal pig, 125in human, 69, 143

Myoneural junction, 17

NNasal bone

in cat, 91in human, 46, 47, 140

Nasal concha, 54Nasal crest, 53Nasal spine, anterior, 46, 53Nasolacrimal crest, 53Navicular carpal, 61Navicular tarsal, 64Navicular tuberosity, 64



I N D E X 167

Neckmajor veins of, 159–160musculature of, 69–72

Nerve ending, 13Nerve fiber, 19–20Nerves. See Specific nervesNeuroglia, 18–19Neurohypophysis, 23, 161Neuron, 18–19Neuronal process, 19Neutrophil, 15, 24, 156Neutrophilic stab cell, 15Node of Ranvier, 19Nuchal crest, 91Nuchal ligament, 101–102Nuchal line, 49Nuclear envelope, 136Nuclear membrane, 2Nucleolus, 136–137Nucleus, 136–137

OOblique capitis inferior, 144Oblique muscle

in cat, 103, 106–107, 113in fetal pig, 122, 124in human, 66, 74–75, 148in rat, 130

Obliquus inferior, 141Obliquus superior, 141Obturator foramen, 61–62Obturator nerve, 106, 152Occipital bone

in cat, 91in human, 47–49, 52, 140

Occipital border, 51Occipital condyle

in cat, 91in human, 49

Occipitalis, 67–68Occipital suture, 48Occipitofrontalis, 142Occipitosphenoid suture, 49Occipitotemporal suture, 49Oculomotor nerve, 141–142, 154Odontoid process, 56–57Olecranon fossa, 60Olecranon process

in cat, 92, 98in human, 60

Olfactory nerve, 154Omohyoid, 69, 96, 143Oocyte, 42Optic canal, 73Optic foramen, 46, 48–50Optic nerve, 154Orbicularis oculi, 66, 68, 142Orbicularis oris, 66, 68, 142Orbit, 50, 90, 91Orbital border, 50Orbital fissure, 46, 49, 50Orbital plate

of ethmoid bone, 54of frontal bone, 48–49

Orbital process, 52Organ of Corti, 21Os coxae, 140

Osmosis, 138Osteoblast, 14Osteocyte, 14Osteon, 14Ovarian artery, 118, 129, 134Ovarian follicle, 42Ovarian vein, 118, 134Ovary

in cat, 118in fetal pig, 129in human, 41in rat, 134

Ovum, 41–42Oxytocin, 161

PPacinian Corpuscle, 13Palate

in cat, 97, 114musculature of, 144

Palatine bone, 49, 52, 140Palatine canal, 53Palatine foramen, 49Palatine process, 53Palatine tonsil, 31, 97Palatoglossus, 69, 144Palatopharyngeus, 144Palmar arch vein, 158Palmaris longus

in cat, 98–99, 126in human, 80, 147

Pancreas, 23in cat, 116, 118–119in rat, 132

Papilla, 12–13, 97Parathyroid gland, 22Paraurethral gland, 39Parietal bone

in cat, 91–92in human, 46–48, 51, 140

Parietal cell, 33Parietal notch, 51Parotid gland, 37, 94, 111, 123Patella, 63, 82, 85, 93, 140Patellar ligament, 82, 85Patellar tendon, 66Pectineus, 66, 106, 152Pectoantebrachialis, 95, 98,

107, 115Pectoralis major

in cat, 98, 107, 115in fetal pig, 125in human, 66, 74, 145

Pectoralis minorin cat, 98, 107, 115in human, 74, 145

Pedicle, vertebral, 56, 57Pelvis

in cat, 90girdle and leg

components, 140musculature of, 77, 149processes, 61–62

Penisin cat, 119, 121in fetal pig, 128in human, 77

in rat, 130, 132–133Pericardium, 110, 128Peritoneum, 76, 115, 130Peroneal nerve, 152–153Peroneal retinacula, 86–87Peroneal vein, 159Peroneus brevis

in cat, 104in human, 85–87, 153

Peroneus longusin cat, 104–105in human, 66–67,

85–87, 153Peroneus tertius, 85–86, 88, 153Peroxisome, 137Perpendicular plate, 54Perpendicular plate of

ethmoid, 46Petrosal sinus vein, 159Petrous portion of temporal

bone, 48, 51Phagocytosis, 138Phalanges, 140

in cat, 90, 92–93foot, 64hand, 61

Pharyngeal plexus, 144Pharynx, 70, 144Photoreceptors, 20Phrenic nerve, 112–114, 148Phrenicoabdominal artery, 121Pig, fetal, 122–129Pinocytosis, 138Piriformis, 151Pisiform carpal, 61Pituitary gland, 23

hormones of, 161Placenta, 118, 160Plantar arch vein, 159Plantaris, 87, 153Plasma membrane, 137Platelet, 27, 156Platysma, 68, 96Podocyte, 37Popliteal artery, 158Popliteal surface, 62Popliteal vein, 159Popliteus, 153Posterior cruciate ligament, 62–63Posteriornasal spine, 49Posterior pituitary

(neurohypophysis), 161Postural muscles, 150Preerythroblasts, 15Pregnant cat urogenital

system, 118Preperitoneal fat, 76Primary follicle, 41Primordial follicle, 41–42Processes

clavicle, 59lower extremities, 62–64pelvic, 61–62ribs, 58scapulare, 59–60skull, 46–54spinal, 55–57, 61

sternum, 59upper extremities, 60–62

Prolactin (Prl), 161Pronator quadratus, 80, 146Pronator teres


Prophase, 2Prostate gland, 41

in cat, 119, 121in fetal pig, 128

Proximal extensorretinaculum, 105–106

Pseudostratified ciliated columnarepithelium, 5–6

Pseudostratified columnarepithelium, 40

Psoas, 151in cat, 120–121in rat, 133

Psoas major, 82Pterygoid canal, 50Pterygoid muscle, 68, 142Pterygoid process, 49–50Pubic arch, 61, 141Pubic tubercle, 61Pubis, 61–62, 93Pudendal nerve, 149Purkinje cells, 18Pyramidal cell, 18Pyramidal process, 52

QQuadratus lumborum, 150

RRadial artery, 158Radial fossa, 92Radial nerve, 146–147

in cat, 96, 99, 101, 108–109,111–112, 114

in fetal pig, 127Radial notch, 60Radial process, 60Radial tuberosity, 60Radial vein, 158Radius

in cat, 90, 92in human, 60, 140

Ramus, 139mandibular, 46, 53pelvic, 61–62

Ranvier, Node of, 19Rat, 130–134Rectum, 77

in cat, 117–121in fetal pig, 128–129in rat, 130, 132–134

Rectus abdominisin cat, 106–107, 115in human, 66, 74–76, 148in rat, 130, 132

Rectus femorisin cat, 106in human, 66, 82–83, 151

Red blood cell. See ErythrocyteRed bone marrow, 15



168 I N D E X

Renal arteryin cat, 118–121in fetal pig, 128in rat, 133–134

Renal corpuscle, 37Renal vein, 159

in cat, 120–121in fetal pig, 128–129in rat, 133–134

Reticular connective tissue, 8Reticular fibers, 8Retina, 20Rhomboideus, 67Rhomboideus capitis, 101, 123Rhomboideus major, 71, 102, 145Rhomboideus minor, 71,

101–102, 145Ribosome, 136–137Ribs, 58, 140Rods, 20Root sheath, hair, 13Rostrum, 50Rotator cuff, 145

SSacral artery


Sacral canal, 57Sacral foramen, 57Sacral hiatus, 57Sacral nerve, 155Sacral vertebrae, 55, 57, 92Sacrum, 55, 57, 61, 140, 141Sagittal border, 51Sagittal sinus

grooves for, 52vein, 159

Sagittal suture, 47–48, 92Salivary duct, 36–37, 123Salivary gland, 36–37, 131Saphenous vein, 106, 159Sartorius, 66–67, 82–84, 87,

104–106Scalene, 148Scalene tubercle, 58Scalenus, 69, 108Scalp, 13Scaphoid carpal, 61Scapulae

in cat, 90, 92, 107in human, 59, 60, 78, 140

Scapular artery, 112–113Scapular nerve, 145Scapular vein, 111Scarpa’s fascia, 76Sciatic nerve, 105Sciatic notch, 62Scrotum, 77Sebaceous gland, 13Secondary ovarian follicle, 42Secretory vesicle, 136Sella turcica, 48–49Semimembranosus

in cat, 104–106in fetal pig, 122, 124

in human, 67, 84, 87, 152Seminal vesicle, 132–133Seminiferous tubule, 39Semispinalis, 150Semispinalis capitis, 72, 144Semitendinosus

in cat, 104–106in fetal pig, 122, 124in human, 67, 84, 87, 152

Serous demilunes, 36Serratus, 115, 122Serratus anterior

in cat, 115in fetal pig, 122in human, 66, 74, 145

Serratus anterior tuberosity, 58Serratus ventralis, 108Sertoli cell, 39Sesamoid bone, 140Shaft, 60Shoulder

bones of, 140musculature of, 71,

78–79, 145Sickle cell anemia, 27Sigmoid colon, 129Sigmoid sinus

grooves for, 48, 51, 52vein, 160

Simple columnar epithelium, 5Simple cuboidal epithelium, 1, 4–5Simple squamous epithelium, 4Sinus

frontal, 48grooves for, 48, 52

Sinusoid, 35Skeletal muscle, 16, 17, 89Skeleton

cat, 90–93human. See Skeleton, humanterminology, 139

Skeleton, human, 46–64,140–141

female versus male, 141lower extremities, 62–64pelvis, 61–62skull, 46–54spinal column, 55–57sternum and ribs, 58–59upper extremities, 60–61

Skin, 12Skull

bones of, 46–54, 140in cat, 91musculature of, 144

Small intestine, 33, 34in cat, 116–119in fetal pig, 128in rat, 132

Smooth muscle, 17, 32, 39Soleal line, 63Soleus, 66–67, 85–87, 153


Somatotropin, 161Spermatic artery

in cat, 119, 121

in fetal pig, 128in rat, 133

Spermatic cord, 128Spermatic vein, 119Spermatocyte, 39Spermatozoa, 39–40Sphenoidal process, 52Sphenoid bone, 46–50, 140Sphenopalatine notch, 52Sphincter ani externus, 149Sphincter urethrae, 149Spinal accessory nerves, 114,

144–145, 154Spinal column, 55–57

components of, 140musculature of, 150

Spinal cord, 19, 20Spinalis, 102–103, 150Spinalis capitis, 72Spinalis cervicis, 72Spinalis thoracis, 72Spinal nerve, 114, 155Spindle fiber, 2, 3Spine, 92, 139Spinodeltoid

in cat, 100–101in fetal pig, 122–123

Spinotrapeziusin cat, 101–103in fetal pig, 122–123

Spinous process, 55–56, 91Spiral line, 62Spleen, 31

in cat, 116, 118–119in fetal pig, 128in rat, 130, 132

Splenic vein, 159Splenius capitis, 72, 101, 123Spongy bone, 14, 64Squamosal bone, 91Squamosal border, 51Squamosal suture, 47Squamous epidermis, 12Squamous epithelium, 4, 6–7Stab cell, neutrophilic, 15Stapes, 48, 140Sternal angle, 58Sternocleidomastoid, 66–69, 74,

144, 148Sternohyoid, 69, 143


Sternomastoidin cat, 94–96in fetal pig, 123, 125

Sternothyroid, 69, 94–95, 143Sternum

in cat, 90, 92, 95, 108in fetal pig, 125in human, 58–59, 140in rat, 130, 132–133

Stomach, 33in cat, 116, 118–119in fetal pig, 128in rat, 132

Stratified squamous epithelium, 6–7

Stratum basale, 12Stratum corneum, 12Stratum granulosum, 12Stratum spinosum, 12Striated muscle, 16, 89Styloglossus, 69, 143Stylohyoid, 69Styloid process, 47, 49, 51,

60, 69, 92Stylomastoid foramen, 49, 91Stylopharyngeus, 144Subclavian artery, 158


Subclavian groove, 58Subclavian vein, 158

in cat, 96, 99, 111, 114in fetal pig, 126

Sublingual salivary gland, 36Submandibular salivary

gland, 37, 94–95Submaxillary gland

in cat, 94–95, 111in fetal pig, 123, 125

Submucosa, 32, 34Suboccipital nerve, 144Subscapular artery, 113Subscapular fossa, 59Subscapularis, 79, 107–108,

112, 145Subscapular nerve, 109, 114, 145Subscapular sinus, 31Subscapular vein, 111, 114Sulcus, 139Superficial peroneal nerve, 88Superficial transversus perinei, 77Superior articular facet, 56–57Superior articular process, 56–57Superior constrictor, 70Superior extensor retinaculum, 88Superior nuchal line, 49Superior oblique, 73Superior orbital fissure, 49–50Superior sagittal sinus vein, 159Superior vena cava, 126–127, 160Supinator, 80, 146Suprameatal triangle, 51Supraorbital foramen, 46, 50Supraorbital notch, 50Suprarenal vein, 159Suprascapular nerve, 145Suprascapular notch, 59Supraspinatus

in cat, 101–102in human, 71, 78

Supraspinous fossa, 59, 92Surgical neck, defined, 139Suture, cranial, 47–48Symphysis pubis, 61–62, 77Systole, atrial, 157

TTalus, 64Tarsal, 64, 90, 93, 140Taste bud, 21Tectorial membrane, 21Telophase, 3



I N D E X 169

Temporal bonein cat, 91in human, 46–49, 51, 140

Temporal border, 50Temporalis

in cat, 94, 96in human, 67–68, 142

Temporal process, 46–47, 49–50Temporozygomatic suture, 47Tendon

Achilles, 64, 104–106, 124calcaneal, 67, 86–87, 104extensor digitorum, 101foot, 88patellar, 66

Tensor fascia lataein cat, 104–106in fetal pig, 122, 124in human, 66, 82–83, 150

Tensor veli palatini, 107–108,112, 144

Teres majorin cat, 107–108, 112in human, 67, 71, 78, 145

Teres minor, 67, 71, 78, 145Testis, 39

in cat, 119, 121in fetal pig, 122, 124, 128in rat, 130, 132

Thigh muscles, 82–84Thigh musculature, 82–84,

151–152Thoracic nerve

in cat, 96, 99in fetal pig, 127in human, 108, 145

Thoracic vein, 111, 159Thoracic vertebrae

in cat, 90, 92in human, 55–56, 58, 140

Thoracoacromial artery,109, 112

Thoracoacromial nerve, 112Thoracodorsal artery, 109Thoracodorsal nerve, 145

in cat, 108–109, 111in fetal pig, 127

Thoracodorsal vein, 111Throat musculature, 143Thumb, 61Thymic corpuscles, 30Thymus

in cat, 110–111in fetal pig, 128histology of, 30in rat, 131

Thyrocervical artery, 113Thyrohyoid, 69Thyroid cartilage, 69Thyroid gland, 69

in cat, 97, 114in fetal pig, 126, 128in rat, 131thyroid follicle, 22

Thyroid gland follicle, 22Thyroid stimulating hormone

(TSH), 161

Tibiain cat, 90, 93, 106in human, 63, 85, 140

Tibial artery, 88, 158Tibialis anterior

in cat, 104–106in fetal pig, 124in human, 66, 85–86, 153

Tibialis posterior, 63, 87, 106, 153Tibial nerve, 152–153Tibial tuberosity, 63, 93Tibial vein, 159Tongue, 69–70, 94, 97, 143Tonsil, palatine, 31Trachea

in cat, 95, 97, 111–114columnar epithelium in, 6in fetal pig, 125–128in rat, 131

Transitional epithelium, 7, 38Transport processess,

membrane, 138Transversalis abdominis, 115Transversalis fascia, 76Transverse foramen, 56–57, 91Transverse jugular vein, 94–95Transverse perinei, 149Transverse process, 55–57, 91Transverse scapular

artery, 112–113, 127Transverse scapular vein, 111Transverse sinus

grooves for, 48, 52vein, 160

Transversus abdominis,74–75, 130, 148

Transversus thoracis, 148Trapezium carpal, 61Trapezius, 66–67, 69, 71,

74, 79, 144–145Trapezoid carpal, 61Triangle of ausculation, 145Triangular carpal, 61Triceps brachii

in cat, 99–102, 112in fetal pig, 122–123in human, 67, 78, 81, 146

Trigeminal nerve, 142–144, 154Triquetrum carpal, 61Trochanter, 139

in cat, 93in human, 62

Trochlea, 60, 73, 92, 139Trochlear nerve, 141, 154Trochlear notch, 60True ribs, 58, 140Tubercle, 139

conoid, 59intercondylar eminence, 63jugular, 52pubic, 61rib, 58talar, 64

Tuberosity, 60–62defined, 139of fifth metatarsal, 88

Tunica adventitia, 27–28

Tunica albuginea, 41Tunica intima, 27–29Tunica media, 27–29Tunica muscularis, 39Tunica propria, 39

UUlna

in cat, 90, 92in human, 60, 140

Ulnar artery, 158Ulnar nerve, 96, 98–99, 101, 109,

111–112, 114, 147Ulnar notch, 60Ulnar tuberosity, 60Ulnar vein, 158Umbilical artery, 119,

128–129, 160Umbilical cord, 122Umbilical vein, 128–129, 160Umbilicus, muscles above and

below, 76Umbrella cell, 7, 39Upper extremities

bones of, 60–61major veins of, 158musculature of, 78–81,

145–147Ureter, 38


Urethrain cat, 119, 121in fetal pig, 128–129histology, 39in human, 77

Urethral oriface, 77Urinary bladder, 39


Urogenital diaphragm, 77Urogenital system


Uterine hornin cat, 118in fetal pig, 129in rat, 134

Uterusin cat, 117–118in fetal pig, 129in rat, 134

VVagina, 77Vaginal oriface, 77Vagus nerve, 144, 154

in cat, 111–114in fetal pig, 126–127

Vas deferens, 119, 128Vasopressin, 161Vastus intermedius, 82, 151Vastus lateralis

in cat, 105–106

in fetal pig, 122, 124in human, 66–67,

82–84, 86, 151Vastus medialis

in cat, 106in human, 66, 82, 151

Vein. See also Specific veinshistology, 27major and minor, 158–160

Vena cavain cat, 111–114in fetal pig, 126–127

Ventral canal, spinal cord, 20Ventricular diastole, 157Ventricular ejection, 157Ventricular systole, 157Vermiform appendix, 36Vertebrae

in cat, 90–93in fetal pig, 127in human, 55–57, 150

Vertebral arches, 56Vertebral artery, 112–113, 127Vertebral column, musculature

of, 150Vertebral foramen, 56Vertebral ribs, 58Vertebral spinous process, 92Vertebral vein, 160Vertical plate, palatine bone, 52Vibrissal barrels, 94Villi of Ileum, 33, 34Vomer bone, 46, 49, 140Vomeronasal nerve, 154

WWhite blood cell. See LeukocyteWhite matter, 20Willis, Circle of, 158Wormian bones, 47, 140Wrist musculature, 147

XXiphihumeralis, 107, 115Xiphisternal joint, 59Xiphoid process, 59. See also

Sternum

ZZona fasciculata, 24Zona glomerulosa, 24Zona pellucida, 42Zona reticularis, 24Zygomatic arch, 47, 49, 90–91Zygomatic bone

in cat, 91in human, 46–47, 49, 50, 140

Zygomatic process, 50of frontal bone, 91of maxilla, 46, 53of temporal bone, 47, 49,

51, 91Zygomaticus, 66, 68Zygomaticus major, 142Zygomaticus minor, 142Zymogen granules, 37


5. Reference Tables Text © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2001

135

5Reference Tables

Innervation of Skeletal Muscle: Motor Endplate

C H A P T E R



136 C H A P T E R 5

Microvilli

Centrioles

Secretory vesicle

Golgi apparatus

Smoothendoplasmicreticulum

Roughendoplasmicreticulum

Microtubule

Lysosome

Cilia

Mitochondrion

Ribosomes

Chromatin

Nuclear envelope

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Cellmembrane

Flagellum

Microtubules

Basal body

Figure 5-1Generalized illustration of a cell.



R e f e r e n c e T a b l e s 137

Structure and Function of Some Cellular Components

STRUCTURE DESCRIPTION AND FUNCTION

MEMBRANOUS

Plasma membrane Composed mainly of phospholipid bilayer with globular proteins floating dynamically on, in, and through it. Separates living cell contents from nonliving environment. Maintains cellular integrity. Embeddedmolecules serve as identifying cell markers (antigens), receptor molecules for hormones and relatedsubstances, signal transducers, selective ion channels, and transporter mechanisms.

Endoplasmic reticulum Complex of membranous canals, sacs, and vesicles. Transports material within the cell; provides attachment for ribosomes; contributes to synthesis of lipids, steroids, and some carbohydrates used toform glycoproteins.

Golgi apparatus Flattened membranous sacs. Synthesizes and packages carbohydrates and glycoproteins.

Lysosomes Small membranous sacs. Contains enzymes used in intracellular digestion.

Peroxisomes Small membranous vesicles. Contains peroxidase enzymes used in breakdown of complex toxins and other organic molecules.

Mitochondria Small membranous sacs with complex internal structure and separate DNA. Contains enzymes of Krebs cycle; central to carbohydrate metabolism and synthesis of ATP.

Nucleus Nuclear contents, notably DNA, separated from cytoplasm by porous nuclear envelope.

NONMEMBRANOUS

Ribosomes Small structures composed of two parts containing protein and RNA molecules. Often associated with endoplasmic reticulum. Synthesizes proteins under instructions of messenger RNA triplet code.

Centrosome Double structure composed of two, short, rod-like centrioles. Important in distribution of chromosomes during cell division and in formation of cilia.

Microfilaments and microtubules Composed of protein complexes. Acts as cytoskeletal framework. Functions in whole-cell and local membrane movements, cellular elasticity, and formation of cellular extensions (e.g., microvilli).

Cilia and flagella Movable membranous extensions. Important in movement of fluid environment over stationary cell surface (cilia) and cell itself (flagellum of sperm cell).

Nucleolus Dense object composed of protein and RNA molecules. Essential in ribosome formation.

TABLE 5.1



138 C H A P T E R 5

Some Membrane Transport Processes

PROCESS DESCRIPTION

PHYSICAL PROCESSES: DO NOT REQUIRE LOCAL EXPENDITURE OF METABOLIC ENERGY

Bulk flow Movement of substances from higher pressures toward lower pressures. Examples: movement of gases in and out of ventilatory tree during breathing, movement of blood through arteries and veins due topumping action of heart.

Diffusion Movement of ions or molecules from higher concentrations toward lower concentrations due to random molecular collisions. Examples: movement of sodium and potassium ions and glucose molecules inextracellular fluid.

Filtration Bulk flow through a semipermeable membrane. Example: movement of fluid and small molecules through kidney capillary walls due to hydrostatic pressure.

Dialysis Diffusion of solute molecules through a semipermeable membrane. Example: passage of lipid-soluble substances, such as steroid molecules, through cell membrane.

Osmosis Diffusion of water down its concentration gradient through a semipermeable membrane. Osmosis generally operates against concentration gradient of solute(s) to which the membrane is impermeable. Example:net movement of extracellular fluid into the venous ends of capillaries under influence of impermeantplasma proteins.

Facilitated diffusion Diffusion through an otherwise impermeable membrane by means of carrier molecules. Example: movement of glucose through muscle cell membranes (requires insulin to enhance action of facilitatingcarriers).

PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES: REQUIRE LOCAL EXPENDITURE OF METABOLIC ENERGY

Active transport Carrier-mediated transport of ions or molecules through a living membrane via energy-requiring shape change of carrier molecule. Energy expenditure permits transport from lower to higher concentration.Examples: movement of sodium from inside to outside of resting nerve cells; transport of potassium andcalcium from outside to inside cells, thereby causing high internal concentrations of these ions.

Phagocytosis and pinocytosis Transport of large particles or fluid into a cell via engulfing action of membrane followed by pinching off to form an intracellular vesicle. Both are processes of endocytosis. Example: trapping of bacteria by whiteblood cells.

Exocytosis Transport of substances out of a cell by fusion of internal vesicle with cell membrane and release of contents to the exterior. Examples: secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters, such as prolactin andacetylcholine.

TABLE 5.2




Terms for Bone Structure

TERM DEFINITION

Epiphysis Either rounded end of head of a long bone

Diaphysis The shaft of a long bone

Anatomic neck The epiphyseal growth plate

Surgical neck The narrow part of a long bone, just past the head, where fracture is most likely

Ramus A branch

Cornu A horn

Hamulus A hook

Lingula A tongue

Foramen (pl. foramina) A hole; an opening into or through a bone to permit passage of blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments

Fossa A valley; a relatively deep pit or depression

Fovea A relatively small pit or depression

Sulcus A narrow valley

Meatus A tunnel

Trochanter A large, blunt, rounded process that serves as a site for muscle attachment

Tubercle A small, blunt, rounded process that serves as a site for muscle attachment

Tuberosity A large, rounded, often rough eminence or surface that serves as a site for muscle attachment

Condyle A large, rounded process at the end of a bone, usually contributing to a joint

Epicondyle A smaller, rounded process at the end of a bone, on top of a condyle, usually contributing to a joint

Trochlea A pulley; a smooth notched surface often found at a joint

Facet A face; a smooth, nearly flat surface at a joint

Fissure A crack or cleft

Crest or crista A narrow ridge

Spine A pointed ridge

Fontanel Specifically, six spaces between the cranial bones of the fetal and infant skull prior to closure of the sutures

Second and fifth intercostal spaces Specifically refers to a place between the 2nd and 3rd rib and a place between the 5th and 6th ribs where the second and first heart sounds, respectively, can be heard especially well

TABLE 5.3



140 C H A P T E R 5

Bones of the Human Skeleton

PART OF THE BODY NAMES OF BONES

AXIAL SKELETON (80 BONES TOTAL)

Skull (28 bones)

Cranium (8 bones)* Frontal (1)Parietal (1 pair)Temporal (1 pair)Occipital (1)Sphenoid (1)Ethmoid (1)

Face (14 bones) Lacrimal (1 pair)Nasal (1 pair)Palatine (1 pair)Inferior nasal conchae (turbinates) (1 pair)Vomer (1)Maxillae (1 pair)Zygomatic (malar) (1 pair)Mandible (1)

Middle ear (6 bones) Malleus (1 pair)Incus (1 pair)Stapes (1 pair)

Hyoid bone (1)

Spinal column (26 bones total) Cervical vertebrae (7)Thoracic vertebrae (12)Lumbar vertebrae (5)Sacrum (4–5 fused into 1)Coccyx (4–5 fused into 1)

Sternum and ribs (25 bones total) Sternum (1)True ribs (7 pairs)False ribs (5 pairs)

APPENDICULAR SKELETON (126 BONES TOTAL)

Shoulder girdle and arm (64 bones total) Clavicle (1 pair)Scapula (1 pair)Humerus (1 pair)Ulna (1 pair)Radius (1 pair)Carpals (8 pairs; navicular (scaphoid), lunate, triangular (triquetum), pisiform, greater

multangular (trapezium), lesser multangular (trapezoid), capitate, hamate)Metacarpals (5 pairs)Phalanges (14 pairs)

Pelvic girdle and leg (62 bones total) Os coxae (1 pair: 2 innominate bones each formed by fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis)Femur (1 pair)Patella* (1 pair)Tibia (1 pair)Fibula (1 pair)Tarsals (7 pairs: Talus, calcaneus, navicular, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral

cuneiform, cuboid.)Metatarsals (5 pairs)Phalanges (14 pairs)

*A variable number of rounded bones known as sesamoid bones (because of their supposed resemblance to sesame seeds) may appear in various tendons, especially thosein the wrist, knee, ankle, and foot. Only two of them, the patellae, are commonly found. Wormian bones are found in variable numbers within the suture lines of the skull. Whilemost are commonly smaller than the size of fingernails, some can be surprisingly large.

TABLE 5.4




Comparison of Female and Male Skeletons

Differences between male and female skeletons are graded, not discrete. Female skeletons can have many masculine features, and vice versa.Nevertheless, there are trends, including those listed below. A typically masculine pelvis is called android; a typically feminine pelvis is calledgynecoid. Many intermediate types exist.

PORTION OF SKELETON FEMALE MALE

GENERAL FORM Bones lighter and thinner Bones heavier and thickerMuscle attachment sites smaller and smoother Muscle attachment sites larger and rougherJoint surfaces relatively small Joint surfaces relatively large

PELVIS

Pelvic cavity Wider in all dimensions Smaller in all dimensionsShorter and roomier DeeperPelvic outlet relatively large Pelvic outlet usually obstructed

Sacrum Short, wide, flat concavity more pronounced in Long, narrow, with smooth concavity of sacral a posterior direction; sacral promontory less curvature; sacral promontory more pronouncedpronounced

Coccyx More movable and follows posterior direction Less movableof sacral curvature

Pubic arch Greater than a 90º angle Less than a 90º angle

Ischial spine, ischial tuberosity, Oriented outward and further apart Oriented inwardand anterior super iliac spine

Greater sciatic notch Narrow Wide

TABLE 5.5

Extrinsic Muscles of the Eye

NAME ORIGIN INSERTION ACTION INNERVATION

Rectus superior Tendinous ring of tissue Top of eyeball Rolls eye upward Oculomotorwhich surrounds optic foramen at backof orbit

Rectus inferior Bottom of eyeball Rolls eye downward Oculomotor

Rectus lateralis Lateral side of eyeball Rolls eye laterally Abducens

Rectus medius Medial side of eyeball Rolls eye medially Oculomotor

Obliquus superior Top of eyeball under Prevents rotation of eyeball Trochlearrectus superior, through on axis; directs gaze down trochlea and laterally

Obliquus inferior Maxilla at front of orbit Lateral side of eyeball Prevents rotation of eye on Oculomotorunder rectus lateralis axis; directs gaze up and

laterally

TABLE 5.6



142 C H A P T E R 5

Chewing Muscles


Masseter Zygomatic arch and Lateral surface of Closes jaw Trigeminalmaxilla mandible

Temporalis Temporal bone Coronoid process of Closes jaw Trigeminalmandible

Pterygoid (medial Pterygoid processes Medial surface of Moves jaw from side to side; Trigeminaland lateral) of sphenoid bone mandible grates teeth for chewing

TABLE 5.8

Facial Muscles


Buccinator Maxillary and mandibular Into orbicularis oris at Compresses cheek, retracts Facialalveolar processes sides of mouth corner of mouth as in playing

a brass musical instrument

Orbicularis oris Maxillae, mandible, Fibers encircle mouth, Puckering, shaping of mouth Facialnasal septum insert on fascia in speech

Orbicularis oculi Maxillae, frontal bone Fibers encircle orbit Closes eye, assists in Facialsquinting

Epicranius Occipital bone Skin around eyebrows Moves scalp, elevates Facial(Occipitofrontalis) and above nose eyebrows

Zygomaticus major Zygomatic bone Into orbicularis oris at Retracts and elevates corners Facialcorners of mouth of mouth as in smiling

Zygomaticus minor Zygomatic bone Into orbicularis oris of Elevates upper lip, assists in Facialupper lip smiling

Levator palpebrae Lesser wing of Skin of upper eyelid Elevates upper eyelid Oculomotorsuperioris sphenoid

Corrugator Bridge of nose, Skin of eyebrows Depresses and adducts Facialsupercilii orbicularis oculi eyebrows; furrows

forehead as in frowning

TABLE 5.7




Muscles of the Throat


Digastric Mastoid process of Mandible Elevates hyoid bone; Posterior portion: Facialtemporal bone depresses and retracts Anterior portion:

mandible Mandibular branch oftrigeminal

Mylohyoid Mandible Hyoid Elevates floor of mouth when Mandibular division ofmandible is fixed; depresses trigeminalmandible when hyoid is fixed

Omohyoid Superior border of Hyoid Depresses hyoid; stabilizes C1–C3 via ansa scapula and tendon hyoid when opening mouth hypoglossifrom clavicle

Sternohyoid Manubrium of sternum; Hyoid Depresses hyoid; stabilizes C1–C3 via ansacostal cartilage 1 hyoid when opening mouth hypoglossi

Sternothyroid Manubrium of sternum; Thyroid cartilage Depresses larynx; stabilizes Upper cervical nerves viacostal cartilages 1 larynx when opening mouth ansa cervicalis and ansa and 2 hypoglossi

TABLE 5.9

Muscles of the Tongue


Intrinsic muscles: Within tongue Within tongue Change shape of tongue in HypoglossalLongitudinal, speaking, chewing, lickingvertical, andtransverse

Genioglossus Genu of mandible Tongue Depresses and protrudes Hypoglossaltongue

Hyoglossus Hyoid Side of tongue Depresses and retracts Hypoglossaltongue

Styloglossus Styloid process of Inferior and lateral aspect Retracts tongue Hypoglossaltemporal bone of tongue

NOTE: The three above-named muscles are extrinsic muscles of the tongue, so identified because their origins lie outside the muscular tongue itself.

TABLE 5.10



144 C H A P T E R 5

Muscles That Move the Head


Sternocleidomastoid Sternum and clavicle Mastoid process of Bows head, rotates head Spinal accessory, C2–C3temporal bone

Trapezius Acromial process of Occipital bone, ligamentum Extends head, rotates head Spinal accessory, C3–C4clavicle and spine of nuchae, spines of 7thscapula cervical and all thoracic

vertebrae

Obliquus capitis Spinous process of axis Transverse process of Rotates head Branch of suboccipitalinferior atlas

Splenius capitis Ligamentum nuchae, Occipital bone and Extends head, rotates head Middle and lower cervicalspines of 7th cervical mastoid process of spinal nervesand top four thoracic temporal bonevertebrae

Semispinalis See MUSCLES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN. The capitis division of this muscle inserts on the occipital bone. When capitis the vertebrae serve as the origin and the occipital bone as the insertion, this muscle (bilaterally) extends the head or

(unilaterally) draws the head toward the contracting side.

Longissimus See MUSCLES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN. The capitis division of this muscle inserts on the mastoid process of the capitis temporal bone. When the vertebrae serve as the origin and the occipital bone as the insertion, this muscle (bilaterally)

extends the head or (unilaterally) draws and rotates the head toward the contracting side.

TABLE 5.12

Muscles of the Pharynx and Palate


Constrictor Cricoid and thyroid Median raphe of pharynx Constricts lower pharynx Glossopharyngeal andpharyngis inferior cartilages during swallowing vagus

Constrictor Greater and lesser cornu Median raphe of pharynx Constricts middle pharynx Glossopharyngeal andpharyngis medius of hyoid during swallowing vagus

Constrictor Middle pterygoid plate, Median raphe of pharynx Constricts upper pharynx Glossopharyngeal andpharyngis superior mandible, floor of during swallowing vagus

mouth

Stylopharyngeus Styloid process of Sides of pharynx; thyroid Elevates and dilates pharynx Glossopharyngealtemporal bone cartilage

Palatopharyngeus Soft palate Pharynx Narrows fauces; depresses Glossopharyngeal andpalate; elevates pharynx vagus

Palatoglossus Soft palate Tongue Narrows fauces; elevates Pharyngeal plexusback of tongue

Levator veli Temporal bone and Soft palate Elevates soft palate Glossopharyngeal andpalatini cartilage of Eustachian vagus

tube

Tensor veli Sphenoid bone and Soft palate Increases tension of soft Mandibular division ofpalatini cartilage of Eustachian palate; opens Eustachian trigeminal

tube tube as in yawning

NOTE: The palatopharyngeus muscle and its mucous membrane covering form the clearly seen arch of the soft palate, from which hangs the uvula. Just anterior to this archon each side is the palatoglossus muscle which, with its mucous membrane covering, forms the more lateral and less clearly seen glossopalatine arch. Between these twoarches on each side is a fossa that houses the lymph node known as the palatine tonsil.

TABLE 5.11




Muscles That Move the Shoulder


Trapezius See MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE HEAD. If origin and insertion are reversed, this muscle causes elevation of shoulders,as in shrugging, by elevating clavicle and scapula.

Pectoralis minor Outer surface of third, Coracoid process of Depresses shoulder, rotates Long thoracicfourth, and fifth ribs scapula scapula forward and down;

can assist in elevating ribs

Serratus anterior Outer surface of upper Ventral surface of Rotates scapula forward and Spinal accessory, C3–C4eight or nine ribs vertebral border of toward thoracic wall; can

scapula assist in elevating ribs

Rhomboideus Spines of second to fifth Vertebral border of Adducts scapula, rotates Dorsal scapularmajor thoracic vertebrae scapula slightly upward

Rhomboideus Spines of seventh Vertebral border of Adducts scapula Dorsal scapularminor cervical and first scapula

thoracic vertebrae

NOTE: The triangle of auscultation is formed at the caudal medial border of the scapula by the edges of the latissimus dorsi, trapezius, and rhomboideus muscles.

TABLE 5.13

Muscles That Move the Upper Arm


Pectoralis major Clavicle, sternum, Crest and greater Flexes and adducts arm Anterior thoraciccartilages of second tubercle of humerusto sixth ribs

Latissimus dorsi Spinous processes of Intertubercular groove of Extends, adducts, rotates arm Thoracodorsallower six thoracic and humerus medially, draws shoulder all lumbar vertebrae, down and backsacral spine, iliac crest and lower four ribs

Deltoideus Clavicle and acromion Deltoid tuberosity of Abducts arm Axillaryand spine of scapula humerus

Coracobrachialis Coracoid process of Medial surface of humerus Adducts arm; assists in Musculocutaneousscapula flexion and medial rotation

Teres major Medial border of Just distal to lesser Adducts, extends, rotates Lower subscapularscapula tubercle of humerus arm medially

Teres minor Medial border of Greater tubercle of Rotates arm laterally Axillaryscapula humerus

Subscapularis Subscapular fossa of Lesser tubercle of Extends and medially rotates Subscapular C5, C6scapula humerus arm

Supraspinatus Supraspinous fossa of Greater tubercle of Initiates abduction of arm Suprascapular C5, C6scapula humerus

Infraspinatus Infraspinous fossa of Greater tubercle of Extends and laterally rotates Suprascapular C5, C6scapula humerus arm

NOTE: The rotator cuff is formed from the tendons of the last four muscles named above because together they form a cuff that binds the humerus into the shallow glenoidfossa. A rotator cuff injury involves damage to one or more of these muscles or their tendons.

NOTE: Alone, the deltoid cannot initiate the first 15º of abduction, which is a duty of the supraspinatus muscle and its innervation and which is separate from that of the deltoid.Differential assessment of peripheral nerve injury is possible by asking a patient to abduct the arm from anatomical position.

TABLE 5.14



146 C H A P T E R 5

Muscles That Move the Lower Arm


Biceps brachii Long head: Radial tuberosity Flexes and supinates arm MusculocutaneousTuberosity above and forearmglenoid cavity of scapula

Short head:Coracoid process of scapula

Brachialis Anterior surface of Tuberosity and coronoid Flexes forearm Musculocutaneous, radial, distal humerus process of ulna and median

Brachioradialis Supracondyloid ridge Proximal to styloid Flexes forearm Radialof humerus process of radius

Triceps brachii Long head: Olecranon process of ulna Extends forearm RadialInfraglenoid tuberosityof scapula

Lateral head:Posterior surface ofhumerus above radialgroove

Medial head:Posterior surface ofhumerus below radialgroove

Anconeus Lateral epicondyle of Olecranon process and Extends forearm Radialhumerus proximal one-fourth

of ulna

Pronator teres Medial epicondyle of Middle third of lateral Pronates and flexes forearm Medianhumerus, coronoid surface of radiusprocess of ulna

Pronator Distal shaft of ulna Distal shaft of radius Pronates forearm Medianquadratus

Supinator Lateral epicondyle of Proximal third of radius Supinates forearm Medianhumerus, proximal end of ulna

TABLE 5.15




Muscles That Move the Wrist and Hand


FLEXORS

Flexor carpi Ulna; medial epicondyle Fifth metacarpal; pisiform Flexes and adducts wrist; Ulnarulnaris of humerus and hamate flexes forearm

Palmaris longus Medial epicondyle of Palmar fascia Tenses palmar fascia; flexes Medianhumerus wrist

Flexor carpi Medial epicondyle of First and second Flexes and abducts wrist Medianradialis humerus metacarpals

Flexor digitorum Ulna Distal phalanges 2–5 Flexes fingers and wrist Median and ulnarprofundus

Flexor digitorum Medial epicondyle of Middle phalanges 2–5 Flexes fingers and wrist Mediansuperficialis radius

Flexor pollicis Radius Distal phalanx of thumb Flexes thumb and wrist Medianlongus

EXTENSORS

Extensor carpi Ulna; lateral epicondyle Metacarpal 5 Extends hand; adducts little Radialulnaris of humerus finger

Extensor Lateral epicondyle of Phalanges 2–5 Extends fingers and wrist Radialdigitorum humerus

Extensor carpi Lateral epicondyle of Metacarpal 3 Extends and abducts wrist Radialradialis brevis humerus

Extensor carpi Lateral supracondylar Metacarpal 2 Extends and abducts wrist Radialradialis longus ridge of humerus

Extensor indicis Ulna Phalanx 2 Extends forefinger and wrist Radial

Abductor pollicis Posterior ulna and Metacarpal 1 Abducts and extends thumb Radiallongus radius; interosseous and wrist

membrane

Extensor pollicis Dorsal surface of ulna Base of thumb, second Extends end of thumb Radiallongus phalanx

Extensor pollicis Dorsal surface of radius Dorsal surface of thumb, Extends and abducts thumb; Posterior interosseousbrevis first phalanx abducts wrist

NOTE: These last two muscles cross the lateral surface of the wrist to form the anatomical snuff box. Extend the thumb laterally to see this structure. The radial artery passesthrough the snuff box; the pulse can be felt there.

TABLE 5.16



148 C H A P T E R 5

Muscles That Move the Abdominal Wall


External oblique Lower eight ribs Iliac crest, linea alba Compresses abdominal Intercostals 8–12,contents iliohypogastric,

ilioinguinal

Internal oblique Iliac crest, inguinal Costal cartilages of last Compresses abdominal Same as external ligament, lumbodorsal three or four ribs contents obliquefascia

Transversus Iliac crest, inguinal Xiphoid process, linea Compresses abdominal Intercostals 7–12,abdominis ligament, lumbar alba, pubis contents iliohypogastric,

fascia, costal ilioinguinalcartilages of last six ribs

Rectus abdominis Pubic crest, symphysis Xiphoid process, costal Flexes trunk, compresses Intercostals 7–12pubis cartilages of fifth, six, abdominal contents

and seventh ribs

TABLE 5.18

Muscles That Move the Chest Wall: Breathing


NOTE: These muscles are overlaid by the latissimus dorsi, trapezius, and the pectoralis, which are functionally part of the appendicular muscle division.

External intercostals Inferior border of rib Superior border of rib Draws adjacent ribs together Intercostal

Internal intercostals Inferior border of rib Superior border of rib Draws adjacent ribs together Intercostal

Transversus thoracis Lower one third of Costal cartilage of true Depresses ribs in exhalation Intercostalsternum ribs (except first rib)

Diaphragm Xiphoid process, costal Central tendon Depresses floor of thoracic Phreniccartilages of lowest cavity in inhalation six ribs, lumbar vertebrae

Sternocleidomastoid See MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE HEAD. If head acts as origin, then this muscle acts to elevate sternum and rib cage.

Scalenes Transverse processes First two ribs Elevates ribs in inhalation C5–C8of second to seventh cervical vertebrae

Levatores costarum Transverse processes Angle of rib immediately Elevates ribs in inhalation Intercostalof seventh cervical below originand first eleven thoracic vertebrae

TABLE 5.17




Muscles of the Pelvic Floor: The Pelvic Diaphragm


Levator ani Posterior surface of Coccyx Support pelvic organs. Pudendalpubis, ischial spine Supports pregnant uterus,

participates in childbirth

Coccygeus Ischial spine Coccyx, sacrum Same as levator ani Pudendal(posterior continuation of levator ani)

Spincter ani Coccyx Central tendon of perineum Closes anal canal Pudendal and S4externus

Spincter urethrae Pubic ramus Central tendon of perineum Constricts urethra Pudendal

Ischiocavernosus Ischial ramus Corpus cavernosum Compresses base of penis or Pudendalclitoris

Transverse perinei Ischial ramus Central tendon of perineum Supports pelvic floor Pudendal

Bulbospongiosus Perineum and bulb of Central tendon of perineum Constricts urethra and erects Pudendal(male) penis penis

Bulbospongiosus Central tendon of Base of clitoris Erects clitoris Pudendal(female) perineum

TABLE 5.19



150 C H A P T E R 5

Muscles Located in the Lateral Hip


Tensor fasciae Anterior iliac crest Through iliotibial band to Tenses and abducts thigh Superior gluteallatae lateral tibia

TABLE 5.21

Muscles of the Vertebral Column: Muscles of Erect Posture


NOTE: Muscles of the abdominal wall function as postural muscles.

Iliopsoas Postural muscle when See MUSCLES LOCATED IN THE ANTERIOR HIPfemur acts as origin

ERECTOR SPINAE GROUP

Composed of three muscle groups, each of which has subgroups. The three major groups are the laterally placed iliocostalis, the intermediatelyplaced longissimus, and the medially placed spinalis.

Iliocostalis Iliac crest and all ribs Ribs or transverse Extends trunk and neck, Dorsal rami of lumbar,Lumborum processes roughly six maintains erect posture, thoracic, and cervicalThoracis vertebrae above origin rotates trunk and neck spinal nervesCervicis

Longissimus Transverse processes of Transverse processes Extends trunk and neck, Dorsal rami of lumbar,Thoracis thoracic and lumbar roughly twelve vertebrae maintains erect posture, thoracic, and cervicalCervicis vertebrae above origin, some ribs, rotates trunk and head spinal nervesCapitis and mastoid process of

temporal bone

Spinalis Spinous processes of Spinous processes of Extends trunk Dorsal rami of lumbarThoracis upper lumbar and upper thoracic vertebrae, and thoracic spinal Cervicis lower thoracic cervical vertebrae and nervesCapitis vertebrae occipital bone

Semispinalis Transverse processes of Spinous processes roughly Extends and rotates vertebral Dorsal rami of spinalseventh cervical and six vertebrae above origin, column and head nervesthoracic vertebrae occipital bone

Multifidus Pelvic girdle, lumbar Spinous processes three Extends and rotates trunk Dorsal rami of lumbar,vertebrae, transverse vertebrae above origin thoracic, and cervicalprocesses of thoracic spinal nervesand lower cervical vertebrae

Quadratus Posterior iliac crest Twelfth rib and transverse Lateral flexion of trunk, pelvic T12, L1lumborum and lower three processes of top four extension

lumbar vertebrae lumbar vertebrae

TABLE 5.20




Muscles Located in the Anterior Hip


Iliopsoas Transverse processes Lesser trochanter of femur Flexes and laterally rotates L1–L3Two components: of lumbar vertebrae, and iliopubic junction thigh, also flexes trunkIliacus and psoas iliac fossa

Rectus femoris See MUSCLES LOCATED IN ANTERIOR THIGH

TABLE 5.22

Muscles Located in the Posterior Hip


Gluteus maximus Posterior iliac crest, Iliotibial tract and gluteal Extends and rotates thigh Inferior glutealsacrum, coccyx tuberosity of femur laterally

Gluteus medius Lateral surface of ilium Greater trochanter of femur Abducts and rotates thigh Superior glutealmedially

Gluteus minimus Lateral surface of ilium Greater trochanter of femur Abducts and rotates thigh Superior glutealmedially

Piriformis Sacrum Greater trochanter of femur Abducts and rotates thigh S1–S2laterally

TABLE 5.23

Muscles Located in the Anterior Thigh


QUADRICEPS FEMORIS GROUP

Rectus femoris Anterior inferior iliac Tibial tuberosity via Flexes thigh and extends leg Femoralspine patellar tendon

Vastus lateralis Greater trochanter and Same as rectus femoris Extends leg Femorallinea aspera

Vastus medialis Linea aspera of femur Same as rectus femoris Extends leg Femoral

Vastus intermedius Anterior surface of Same as rectus femoris Extends leg Femoral(located immediately femurposterior to rectus femoris)

TABLE 5.24



152 C H A P T E R 5

Muscles Located in the Posterior Thigh


HAMSTRING GROUP

Biceps femoris Long head: Lateral portion of head of Flexes leg and extends thigh Tibial and peronealIschial tuberosity fibula, lateral tibial

Short head: condyleLinea aspera of femur

Semitendinosus Ischial tuberosity Proximal medial tibia Flexes leg and extends thigh Tibial

Semimembranosus Ischial tuberosity Medial condyle of tibia Flexes leg and extends thigh Tibial

TABLE 5.26

Muscles Located in the Medial Thigh


ADDUCTOR GROUP

Adductor brevis Inferior pubic ramus Linea aspera of femur Adducts, rotates, and flexes Obturatorthigh

Adductor longus Pubic crest and Linea aspera of femur Adducts, rotates, and flexes Obturatorsymphysis pubis thigh

Adductor magnus Ischial tuberosity, Linea aspera of femur Adducts, rotates, and flexes Obturatorischiopubic ramus thigh

Gracilis Symphysis pubis and Medial surface of tibia Flexes leg and adducts thigh Obturatorpubic arch

Pectineus Pubic spine and Pectineal line of femur Flexes and adducts thigh, Femoraliliopubic junction (distal to lesser trochanter) rotates thigh laterally

TABLE 5.25




Muscles Located in the Lower Leg


Gastrocnemius Lateral and medial Calcaneus via Achilles Plantar flexes foot, flexes leg Tibialtibial condyles, knee tendoncapsule

Soleus Head of fibula, medial Calcaneus via Achilles Plantar flexes foot Tibialsurface of tibia tendon

Plantaris Linea aspera of femur Calcaneus via Achilles Plantar flexes foot, flexes leg Tibialtendon

Popliteus Lateral condyle of Posterior tibia Flexes and medially rotates Tibialfemur leg

Peroneus brevis Fibula Metatarsal 5 Plantar flexes foot Peroneal

Peroneus longus Fibula and lateral Cuneiform 1; Metatarsal 1 Plantar flexes foot Peronealcondyle of tibia

Flexor hallucis Shaft of fibula Distal phalanx of great toe Flexes great toe, plantar Tibiallongus flexes foot

Flexor digitorum Posterior surface of Distal phalanges of four Flexes toes, plantar flexes Tibiallongus tibia lateral toes foot

Tibialis posterior Interosseous membrane Several tarsals and Plantar flexes foot Tibialof tibia and fibula metatarsals

NOTE: The tendons of the three preceding flexor muscles pass through the ankle just posterior and inferior to the medial malleolus. From posterior to anterior, the order of thesetendons is T. posterior, F. digitorum longus, and F. hallucis longus, which has led to their being casually referred to as Tom, Dick, and Harry.

Extensor hallucis Shaft of fibula, Distal phalanx of great toe Extends great toe, dorsiflexes Deep peroneallongus interosseous foot

membrane

Extensor digitorum Lateral tibial condyle, Middle and distal phalanges Extends toes, dorsiflexes foot Deep peroneallongus anterior fibular surface of four lateral toes

Tibialis anterior Lateral condyle and First metatarsal and first Dorsiflexes foot Deep peronealbody of tibia cuneiform

Peroneus tertius Fibula and interosseous Metatarsal 5 Dorsiflexes and everts foot Deep peronealmembrane

TABLE 5.27



154 C H A P T E R 5

The Cranial Nerves

NUMBER AND NAME EXIT FROM SKULL FUNCTION

I. Olfactory Cribriform plate of ethmoid Sensory: Olfaction. Rhythmic sensitivity follows hormonal cycles in females.

II. Optic Optic foramen Sensory: Vision. Probable efferents may regulate retinal metabolism and structural renewal.

III. Oculomotor Orbital fissure Motor: Rectus superior, rectus inferior, rectus medius, and obliquus inferior muscles. Sensory: Proprioception.

Autonomic (parasympathetic): Muscles of iris, ciliary muscle to control lens.

IV. Trochlear Orbital fissure Motor: Obliquus superior muscle.Sensory: Proprioception.

V. Trigeminal

Ophthalmic branch Orbital fissure Sensory: Cornea, upper eyelid, scalp, skin of upper face.

Maxillary branch Foramen rotundum Sensory: Palate and upper jaw, teeth and gums, nasopharynx, skin of cheek, lower eyelid, upper lip.

Mandibular branch Foramen ovale Sensory: Lower jaw, teeth and gums, anterior two-thirds of tongue, mucous membrane of cheek, skin of lower lip, chin, and ear.

Motor: Muscles of chewing, throat, middle ear.

VI. Abducens Orbital fissure Motor: Rectus lateralis muscle.Sensory: Proprioception.

VII. Facial Stylomastoid foramen and Motor: Muscles of facial expression, throat middle ear.internal auditory meatus Sensory: Proprioception, taste (anterior two-thirds of tongue), palate.

Autonomic (parasympathetic): Tear glands, salivary glands, and secretory glands in pharynx.

VIII. Auditory Internal auditory meatus Sensory: Hearing (cochlear branch), balance (vestibular branch).

IX. Glossopharyngeal Jugular foramen Sensory: Posterior one-third of tongue, posterior pharynx, taste (posterior one-third of tongue), proprioception.

Motor: Pharyngeal muscle.Autonomic (parasympathetic): Salivary glands, carotid sinus.

X. Vagus Jugular foramen Sensory: Inferior pharynx, larynx, internal organs.Motor: Posterior pharynx, larynx, tongue.Autonomic (parasympathetic): Thoracic and abdominal viscera.

XI. Spinal accessory Jugular foramen Motor: Posterior pharynx, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius muscles.Sensory: Proprioception.

XII. Hypoglossal Hypoglossal canal Motor: Tongue and throat.Sensory: Proprioception.

XIII. Vomeronasal Internal to skull Parts of nasopharynx. May allow desert mammals to sense humidity. Function in humans unknown; may respond to pheromones.

Several mnemonic devices exist to aid remembering the names of the 12 standard cranial nerves in order. The most common (and least bawdy) of these is: “On Old Olympus’Towering Tops, A Finn and German Viewed Some Hops.” The recently discovered unpaired thirteenth cranial nerve is not contained in this rhyming couplet.

TABLE 5.28




Spinal Nerves and Their Branches

NERVE SPINAL COMPONENT INNERVATIONCERVICAL PLEXUS: C1, C2, C3, C4

Superficial cutaneous branchesLesser occipital C2, C3 Skin of scalp above and behind earGreater auricular C2, C3 Skin in front of, above, and below earTransverse cervical C2, C3 Skin of anterior aspect of neckSupraclavicular C3, C4 Skin of upper portion of chest and shoulderDeep motor branchesAnsa cervicalis

Anterior root C1, C2 Geniohyoid, thyrohyoid, and infrahyoid muscles of neckPosterior root C3, C4 Omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid muscles of neck

Phrenic C3–C5 DiaphragmSegmental branches C1–C5 Deep muscles of neck (levator scapulae ventralis, trapezius, scalenus, and

sternocleidomastoid)BRACHIAL PLEXUS:C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

Axillary Posterior cord Skin of shoulder; shoulder joint, deltoid and teres minor muscles(C5–C6)

Radial Posterior cord Skin of posterior lateral surface of arm, forearm, and hand; posterior muscles of (C5–C8, T1) brachium and antebrachium (triceps brachii, supinator, anconeus, brachioradialis,

extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi ulnaris)Musculocutaneous Lateral cord Skin of lateral surface of forearm; anterior muscles of brachium (coracobrachialis,

(C5–C7) biceps brachii, brachialis)Ulnar Medial cord Skin of medial third of hand; flexor muscles of anterior forearm (flexor carpi ulnaris,

(C8, T1) flexor digitorum), medial palm and intrinsic flexor muscles of hand (profundus, thirdand fourth lumbricales)

T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12:

No plexus in these segments; branches run directly to intercostal muscles and skin of thorax.

LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS: L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, S4, S5

Lumbar Iliohypogastric T12–L1 Skin of lower abdomen and buttock; muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall (external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transversus abdominis)

Ilioinguinal L1 Skin of upper median thigh, scrotum and root of penis in male and labia majora in female; muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall with iliohypogastric nerve

Genitofemoral L1, L2 Skin of middle anterior surface of thigh, scrotum in male and labia majora in female; cremaster muscle in male

Lateral cutaneous femoral L2, L3 Skin of anterior, lateral, and posterior aspects of thighFemoral L2–L4 Skin of anterior and medial aspect of thigh and medial aspect of lower extremity and

foot; anterior muscles of thigh (iliacus, psoas major, pectineus, rectus femoris,sartorius) and extensor muscles of leg (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastusmedialis, vastus intermedius)

Obturator L2–L4 Skin of medial aspect of thigh; adductor muscles of lower extremity (external obturator, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis)

Saphenous L2–L4 Skin of medial aspect of lower extremitySacral Superior gluteal L4, L5, S1 Abductor muscles of thigh (gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae)

Inferior gluteal L5–S2 Extensor muscle of hip joint (gluteus maximus)Nerve to piriformis S1, S2 Abductor and rotator of thigh (piriformis)Nerve to quadratus femoris L4, L5, S1 Rotators of thigh (gemellus inferior, quadratus femoris)Nerve to internal obturator L5–S2 Rotators of thigh (gemellus superior, internal obturator)Perforating cutaneous S2, S3 Skin over lower medial surface of buttockPosterior cutaneous S1–S3 Skin over lower lateral surface of buttock, anal region, upper posterior surface of

femoral thigh, upper aspect of calf, scrotum in male and labia majora in femaleSciatic L4–S3 Composed of two nerves (tibial and common fibular); splits into two portions at

popliteal fossa; branches from sciatic in thigh region to “hamstring muscles”(biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus) and adductor magnus muscle

Tibial (sural, medial, and L4–S3 Skin of posterior surface of leg and sole of foot; muscle innervation includes lateral plantar) gastrocnemius, soleus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis

posterior, popliteus, and intrinsic muscles of the footCommon fibular L4–S2 Skin of anterior surface of the leg and dorsum of foot; muscle innervation includes

(superficial and peroneus tertius, peroneus brevis, peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis deep fibular) longus, extensor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum brevis

Pudendal S2–S4 Skin of penis and scrotum in male and skin of clitoris, labia majora, labia minora, and lower vagina in female; muscles of perineum

TABLE 5.29



156 C H A P T E R 5

Formed Elements of Blood

CELL TYPE DESCRIPTION NORMAL NUMBER FUNCTION(WRIGHT’S STAIN) (CELLS/�L OF BLOOD)

Erythrocytes 7.5� diameter, biconcave 4–6 million Transport of respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)(Red blood cells, RBC) disk, no nucleus

Leukocytes 5,000 to 10,000/mm3 Aid in defense against infections by (White blood cells, microorganismsWBC)

Granulocytes

Neutrophil 12–15� diameter, multilobed 3,000–7,000 (65% of Phagocytosis; elevated in number during nucleus, small pink-purple total leukocytes) acute infectionsgranules

Eosinophil 10–14� diameter, bilobed 100–400 (3% of total Destroys antigen-antibody complexes, nucleus, large orange granules leukocytes) phagocytosizes parasites, involved in allergic

response

Basophil 8–12� diameter, bilobed 20–50 (1% of total leukocytes) Contains biogenic amines; releases heparin, large purple granules that may histamine, other chemicals during inflammatory obscure nucleus response

Agranulocytes

Lymphocyte 5–16� diameter, round or 1,500–3,000 (25% of Immune response by direct cellular contact nucleus, indented, single- total leukocytes) or via antibody production; elevated in lobed nucleus, variable infectious mononucleosis; suppressed by amount of cytoplasm steroid therapy

Monocyte 12–20� diameter, horseshoe- 100–700 (6% of total Macrophages; phagocytosisshaped nucleus leukocytes)

Platelets 2-4�, appear as cytoplasmic 25,000 to 500,000 Coagulationfragments

TABLE 5.30

Figure 5-2Cellular components in blood.

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils

Lymphocytes Monocytes Platelets Erythrocytes




Events of the Cardiac Cycle

PHASE ELECTRICAL EVENTS MECHANICAL EVENTS HEART SOUND

Late diastole AV valves open; semilunar valves closed. Blood enters all chambers by passive filling from venae cavae and pulmonary veins.

Atrial systole P wave: SA node depolarizes, Atria contracted in response to depolarizing signal. wave spreads throughout atria Blood engorges ventricles, adding to stretch of

P-R interval: Wave of ventricular walls.depolarization reaches SA node. Typical P-R interval (beginning of P-wave to onsetof next deviation from baseline) is <0.2 seconds

Isometric QRS complex: Depolarization Ventricles contract in response to depolarizing signal. Papillary First heart sound (may ventricular of SA node. Bundle of His, muscles relax, allowing AV valves to close. Typically, mitral be split with mitral contraction and Purkinje fibers spread closure slightly precedes tricuspid closure. Reverberation of component preceding

depolarization through valve blood against valve cusps produces low pitched “lub” of first tricuspid component).ring into ventricular muscle heart sound. With all valves closed, ventricular pressure rises.

Ventricular S-T segment: Entire ventricle Ejection begins when ventricular pressures exceed back ejection is uniformly depolarized pressures in aorta and pulmonary trunk. Semilunar valves

open, blood from this cycle enters aorta and pulmonary trunk. Maintained depolarization during S-T segment permits efficient, coordinated ventricular emptying.

Isometric T-wave Repolarization wave spreads through ventricles, permitting Second heart sound ventricular relaxation. As ventricular pressures drop below those of aorta (typically split with relaxation and pulmonary trunk, semilunar valves close. Typically, aortic pulmonary component

semilunar closes slightly before pulmonary semilunar. slightly following Reverberation of blood against closed valve cusps creates aortic component, higher pitched “dub” of second heart sound. Lowered especially during intraventricular pressures permit papillary muscles to pull inhalation).AV valves open. Ventricular filling begins.

TABLE 5.31

Figure 5-3A graph of changes that occur in left ventricle during a cardiac cycle.

120

100

80

60

40

20

0160

120

80

Pre

ssur

e (m

m H

g)V

olum

e (m

L)

Aorticvalveopens

A-V valvecloses

R

P

QS

T

R

P

QS

T

Ventricularsystole

Ventricular diastole Ventricularsystole

Lubb Dupp Lubb

A-V valveopens

Dupp

Aortic valvecloses

Heart sounds

Electrocardiogram

Ventricular volume

Ventricular pressureAtrial pressure

Aortic pressure

0 0.3 0.6 0.9Time (seconds)



158 C H A P T E R 5

Major Blood Vessels and Their Branches

MAJOR ARTERY MAIN BRANCHES

Ascending aorta Coronary arteries (right and left)

Aortic arch Innominate (brachiocephalic)Left subclavianLeft common carotid

Innominate Right subclavianRight common carotid

Common carotid (right and left) Internal carotidExternal carotid

Subclavian (right and left) Vertebral (right and left)Axillary (continuation of subclavian)

Axillary Brachial (continuation of axillary)

Brachial RadialUlnar

Radial and ulnar Palmar arches (superficial and deep)

Circle of Willis Vertebrals join in cranium to form basilar artery, which then divides to form left and right posterior cerebral arteries. Internal carotids, upon entering cranium, become left and rightanterior cerebral arteries. A pair of posterior communicating arteries and an anteriorcommunicating artery join the cerebrals to form an arterial anastomosis, the circle of Willis.

Descending aorta Intercostal arteries and spinal branchesCeliac trunk (branches to hepatic, splenic, and right and left gastric arteries)Mesenteric (superior and inferior)Renal (right and left)Gonadal (spermatic or ovarian; right and left)Parietal branches to diaphragm, dorsal skin and skeletal muscles, and spinal cordCommon iliac (right and left)

Common iliac Internal iliac (or hypogastric; right and left)External iliac (right and left)

External iliac Femoral (right and left)

Femoral Popliteal (right and left)

Popliteal Tibial (anterior and posterior; right and left)

Tibial Plantar arches

MAJOR VEIN COMMENT

UPPER EXTREMITY

(RIGHT AND LEFT)

Palmar arch (superficial and deep)

Medial cubital Connects cephalic and basilic

Median antebrachial Median antebrachial and median cubital flow into basilic

Radial and ulnar Radial and ulnar flow into brachial

Basilic and brachial Basilic and brachial flow into axillary

Cephalic Cephalic and axillary flow into subclavian

Axillary (continuation of brachial) Cephalic and axillary flow into subclavian

Subclavian (continuation of axillary) Flows into innominate (brachiocephalic)

TABLE 5.32




Major Blood Vessels and Their Branches (continued)

MAJOR VEIN COMMENT

LOWER EXTREMITY (RIGHT AND LEFT)

Plantar arch

Dorsal venous arch

Anterior tibial Anterior and posterior tibials unite to form popliteal

Posterior tibial Anterior and posterior tibials unite to form popliteal

Small saphenous Flows into popliteal

Popliteal Popliteal and peroneal unite to form femoral

Peroneal Popliteal and peroneal unite to form femoral

Femoral Femoral and great saphenous unite to form external iliac

Great saphenous Femoral and great saphenous unite to form external iliac

External iliac External and internal iliacs unite to form common iliac

Internal iliac External and internal iliacs unite to form common iliac

Common iliac Flows into inferior vena cava

ABDOMEN

Lumbar (several pairs) Flows into inferior vena cava and azygous system

Gonadal (spermatic or ovarian; right and left) Flows directly into inferior vena cava

Renal (right and left) Flows directly into inferior vena cava

Suprarenal (adrenal; right and left) Flows directly into inferior vena cava

Hepatic Flows directly into inferior vena cava

Mesenteric (superior and inferior) Flows into hepatic portal system

Splenic Flows into hepatic portal system

Gastroepiploic (right and left) Flows into hepatic portal system

Hepatic portal Conveys blood to liver; hepatic vein flows from liver

THORAX

Left intercostal Flows into hemiazygos

Hemiazygos Flows into azygos

Accessory hemiazygos Flows into azygos

Right intercostal Flows into azygos

Azygos Flows into inferior vena cava

Coronary (right and left) Flows into right atrium of heart

HEAD AND NECK

Superior sagittal sinus

Inferior sagittal sinus Flows into straight sinus

Straight sinus Flows into transverse sinus

Cavernous Flows into petrosal sinus

Petrosal sinus (right and left) Flows into transverse sinuses

Transverse sinuses (right and left) Flows into sigmoid sinuses

TABLE 5.32



160 C H A P T E R 5

Major Blood Vessels and Their Branches (continued)

MAJOR VEIN COMMENT

Sigmoid sinuses (right and left) Flows into internal jugular vein

Internal jugular

External jugular

Vertebral (right and left)

Innominate (or brachiocephalic; right and left) Flows into superior vena cava

Superior vena cava Flows into right atrium of heart

FETAL SYSTEM

Placenta ➛ Umbilical vein ➛ Ductus venosus (bypasses liver) ➛ Inferior vena cava ➛ Right atrium of fetus ➛ Mostly through foramen ovale ➛ Left atrium ➛ Left ventricle ➛ Mostly to fetal head ➛ Return to right atrium ➛ Mostly to right ventricle ➛ Pulmonary trunk ➛ Mostlythrough ductus arteriosus ➛ Descending aorta ➛ Common iliac arteries ➛ Internal iliac arteries ➛ Umbilical arteries ➛ Placenta

TABLE 5.32




Major Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

HORMONE CHEMICAL TARGET REGULATION MAJOR ACTIONSTRUCTURE

ANTERIOR PITUITARY (ADENOHYPOPHYSIS)

Growth Hormone Protein General GH Releasing Hormone from Enhances protein anabolism, (GH, Somatotropin) hypothalamus fat catabolism; enhances growth,

wound healing, positive nitrogenbalance

Prolactin (Prl) Protein Breast tissue Inhibited by dopamine (a In female, mimics many actions of GH prolactin-inhibiting hormone) during pregnancy; enhances breast from hypothalamus tissue anabolism for lactation

Adrenocorticotropic Polypeptide Adrenal cortex Corticotrophin releasing Promotes secretion of hormone (ACTH) hormone from hypothalamus glucocorticosteroids by adrenal cortex

Endorphins (several) Peptide Central nervous Neural activity in hypothalamus Inhibits transmission of pain impulses; system in response to stress and enhances feeling of well-beingneurons probably suckling

Thyroid stimulating Glycoprotein Thyroid gland Thyroid releasing hormone Stimulates release of hormone (TSH) (TRH) from hypothalamus thyroid hormones

Follicle stimulating Glycoprotein Gonads Gonadotropin releasing Female: Maturation of ovarian follicle; hormone (FSH) hormone (GnRH) from estrogen secretion

hypothalamus Male: Sperm production

Luteinizing Glycoprotein Gonads Gonadotropin releasing Female: Rupture of follicle; ovulationhormone (LH) hormone (GnRH) from Male: Testosterone secretion

hypothalamus

POSTERIOR PITUITARY (NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)

Antidiuretic hormone Peptide Kidney tubules Neural activity in Increase water retention; elevation (ADH, Vasopressin) hypothalamus in response of blood pressure

to brain osmoreceptors; stress

Oxytocin Peptide Breast tissue, Neural activity in Let down of milk in lactating breast; uterus hypothalamus in response uterine smooth muscle contractions

to suckling, uterine stimulation

NOTE: The above-named list of hormones is not an exhaustive list of substances now known to be secreted by the pituitary gland. In addition, the listed hormones are knownto have several actions, many of which are also not included.

TABLE 5.33

Documents

Laboratory Atlas of Anatomy and Physiology