Biological Impacts on marine organisms in high CO2 world

Yoshihisa ShirayamaSeto Marine Biological

LaboratoryKyoto University

contents

Direct chronic impacts of raised concentration of atmospheric CO2 on shallow water organisms– Adults– Early development

Acute impacts of largely raised concentration of sea-water CO2 on deep-sea organisms due to ocean sequestration– Lethal– Sublethal– Benthic chamber

Estimated pH change of the seawater in AD 2100

7.6

7.8

8.0

8.2

200 400 600 800 1000

Before the industrial revolution

Present

　　　　2100年での大気CO2濃度

予測範囲（IPCCシナリオ　IS92a）

ｐH

PCO2 (ppm)

B1 Scenario

A1F1 Scenario

Meaning of Ocean Sequestration

C

O2

conc

entr

atio

n

Year

A: no sequestration; B: 50% at 1500m; C: 50% at 4000%; D: 100% at 1500m; E: 100% at 4000m

Approach

Shallow water– +200 ppm to +2,000 ppm air bubbling– long-term culturing (up to 6 months)– Calcareous shelled animals

• Sea urchin

• snail

Shallow water calcareous species used in the long-term experiment

Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus Echinometra mathaei 　　 Strombus luhuanus

Survival: Experiment 1 Control 560ppm

21

23

25

27

29

31

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

Weeks from start

Su

rviv

ors

(n

um

ber

s)

21

23

25

27

29

31

4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28Weeks from start

Su

rviv

ors

(n

um

ber

s)

Hemicentrotus

pulcherrimus

Echinometra mathaei

Strombus luhuanus

Growth: Hemicentrotus pulcherrimusExperiment 1 Experiment 3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Weeks from start

Cu

mu

lati

ve p

erc

en

tag

e w

et

we

igh

t in

cre

ase

Control

CO2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Weeks from start

Cu

mu

lati

ve p

erc

en

tag

e w

et

we

igh

t in

cre

ase

Control 109%

CO2 65%

Control 155%

CO2 100%

Growth: Echinometra mathaeiExperiment 1 Experiment 3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Weeks from start

Cu

mu

lati

ve p

erc

en

tag

e w

et

we

igh

t in

cre

ase

Control

CO2

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Weeks from start

Cu

mu

lati

ve p

erc

en

tag

e w

et

we

igh

t c

ha

ng

e

Control 51%

CO2 36%

Control 26%

CO2 -7%

Growth: Strombus luhuanus (Expt 1)

Length Weight

0

5

10

15

20

25

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Weeks from start

Cu

mu

lati

ve p

erc

en

tag

e le

ng

th in

cre

as

e

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Weeks from start

Cu

mu

lati

ve p

erc

en

tag

e w

et

we

igh

t in

cre

ase

Control

CO2Control 22%

CO2 17%

Control 74%

CO2 56%

Damage of shell at +2000 ppm

Approach to Deep-sea Sequestration modification

Laboratory experiment– +2,000 ppm to +20,000 ppm air bubbling– lethal impacts– Sublethal impacts

in situ experiment– benthic chamber– +5000 ppm, +10000 ppm

+5000 ppm is not acutely lethal on adult copepods

Impacts on reproduction of copepods

8.2 8.0 7.8 7.6 7.4 7.2 7.0 6.8 6.60

20

40

60

80

100

control +500 +1000 +2000 +5000+10000

0

20

40

60

80

100

ppm

pH

A

B

Fer

ti li z

ed e

ggs,

%

Fer

ti li z

ed e

ggs,

%

Fig 44 cell/fert2 cell/fert1 cell/fert

A

0

20

40

60

80

100

control(8.0) (7.8) (7.6) (7.4) (7.0) (6.8)

+500 +1000 +2000 +5000 +10000 ppm(pH)

0

20

40

60

80

100B

Clea

vage

d em

bryo

s,%

Clea

vage

d em

bryo

s,%

Impact of high CO2 in the early life stage of sea urchins

A B C D E F

G H I J K L

Morphology of sea urchin larvae in high CO2 sea water

Benthic Chamber

Experiments so far conducted

Cruise Depth (m) Exposure time (h)

Exposure pCO2 (ppm)

K12-02

2,000

306 500 (control)

5,000 (LCO2)

20,000 (HCO2)

KT13-02 77

K13-03 375

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

FORAMINIFERIDAKINORHYNCHANEMATODA

CAUDOFOVEATABIVALVIAPOLYCHAETA

OSTRACODAHARPACTICOIDANauplius

20000ppm

5000ppm

control

0~3cm (n=2)出現総個体数平均

Abundance of meiobenthosNo. of individuals in 0-3 cm layer

0 8 107 1.6 108 2.4 108 3.2 108 4 108

堆積物表層20000ppm

0~3cm平均

bacteria (cells m -3) (n=2,average)

堆積物表層5000ppm

0~3cm平均

堆積物表層control

0~3cm平均

Abundance of Bacteria

Mean of 0-3cm

Mean of 0-3cm

Mean of 0-3cm

surface

surface

surface

Future research needs

Shallow water– Impacts on reproduction– More precise simulation (daily fluctuation etc.)– Ecosystem approach– Modeling

Deep-sea sequestration– Precise simulation of CO2 change– More information on sublethal impacts – In situ approach especially ecosystem level– Modeling

Public outreach