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8/7/2019 Biological Moleculer: Chemical Compenent
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Cemist component Biological molecules are made by the
relatively simple process of joiningtogether many small repeating subunits
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Organic Molecules
Composed primarily of H, C, O, & N.
Look at the common functional groups.
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General characteristics
the term carbohydrate is derived from thefrench: hydrate de carbone
compounds composed ofC, H, and O (CH2O)n when n = 5 then C5H10O5 not all carbohydrates have this empirical
formula: deoxysugars, aminosugars
carbohydrates are the most abundantcompounds found in nature (cellulose: 100billion tons annually)
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General characteristics
Most carbohydrates are found naturally inbound form rather than as simple sugars
Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, inulin, gums) Glycoproteins and proteoglycans (hormones, blood group
substances, antibodies)
Glycolipids (cerebrosides, gangliosides)
Glycosides
Mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid)
Nucleic acids
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Monosaccharides - simple sugars with multiple OH
groups. Based on number of carbons (3, 4, 5, 6), amonosaccharide is a triose, tetrose, pentose or hexose.
Disaccharides - 2 monosaccharides covalently linked.
Oligosaccharides - a few monosaccharides covalently
linked.
Polysaccharides - polymers consisting of chains ofmonosaccharide or disaccharide units.
I(CH2O)n orH-C-OH
I
Carbohydrates (glycans) have the
following basic composition:
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Monosaccharides
Aldoses (e.g., glucose)have an aldehyde group atone end.
Ketoses (e.g., fructose)have a keto group,usually atC2.
C
C OHH
C HHO
C OHH
C OHH
CH2OH
D-glucose
OH
C HHO
C OHH
C OHH
CH2OH
CH2OH
C O
D-fructose
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Sugar Nomenclature
For sugars with morethan one chiral center,D or L refers to theasymmetric C farthestfrom the aldehyde orketo group.
Most naturallyoccurring sugars are Disomers.
O H O H
C C
H C OH HO C H
HO C H H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH CH2OH
D-glucose L-glucose
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Fructose forms either
a 6-member pyranose ring, by reaction of the C2keto group with the OH on C6, or
a 5-member furanose ring, by reaction of the C2
keto group with the OH on C5.
CH2OH
C O
C HHO
C OHH
C OHH
CH2OH
HOH2C
OH
CH2OH
H
OHH
H HO
O
1
6
5
4
3
2
6
5
4 3
2
1
D-fructose (linear) E-D-fructofuranose
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Cyclization of glucose produces a new asymmetric center atC1. The 2 stereoisomers are called anomers, E & F.
Haworth projections represent the cyclic sugars as havingessentially planar rings, with the OH at the anomeric C1:
E (OH below the ring)
F (OH above the ring).
H O
OH
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
E-D-glucose
OH
H HO
OH
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
H
OH
F-D-glucose
23
4
5
6
1 1
6
5
4
3 2
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Carbohydrates
Organic moleculesthat contain carbon,hydrogen and
oxygen. CnH2n0n.
Monosaccharides =
simple sugars. Structural isomers:
Glucose, fructose,
galactose.
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Disaccharide:
2 monosaccharides joined covalently.
Sucrose (glucose and fructose), lactose (glucose and
galactose), maltose (2 glucose). Polysaccharide:
Numerous monosaccharides joined covalently.
Starch (thousands of glucose joined), glycogen
(repeating glucose joined that are highly branched)..
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Organic molecules are built by dehydrationsynthesis:
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O
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Organic Molecules are broken down byhydrolysis
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
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Lipids
Insoluble in water because of nonpolarmolecules Triglycerides = 3 fatty acids + glycerol
Saturated = joined by only single bonds
Unsaturated = joined by at least one double bond
Hydrolysis oftriglycerides in adipose tissuereleases free fatty acids.
Free fatty acids can be converted in the liverto ketone bodies.
Excess ketone bodies can lower blood pH..
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Phospholipids = phosphate + fatty acid
phosphate end is polar = hydrophilic
fatty acid end is nonpolar = hydrophobic Steroids = aromatic rings = three 6-carbon
rings joined to a 5-carbon ring
Steroid hormones are cholesterol derivitaves..
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Proteins
Large molecules composed of long chainsof amino acids.
20 different amino acids can be used in
constructing a given protein. Each amino acid contains an amino group
(NH2) at one end and carboxyl group (COOH)at the other end.
Differences between amino acids are dueto differences in functional groups (R).
Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds..
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Protein Structure Levels
Primary structure is the sequence of theamino acids in the protein.
Secondary structure is produced byweak hydrogen bonds betweenhydrogen of one amino acid and the
and oxygen of a different amino acidnearby.
E-helix or F-sheet..
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The backbone of the nucleic acid isformed by the sugar and phosphatepairs.
The rungs are formed by pairednitrogenous bases.
Nitrogenous bases complementary pair
A + T (U) C + G..
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Overview: Types f B ndsOverview: Types f B nds There are 2 b nd types:ionic and covalent
In ionic bonding one atom has a stronger
attraction forelectrons than theother, and
steals an electron from a second atom
In covalent bonding the attraction forelectronsissimilar for two atoms. They
share theirelectrons toobtain an octet
MgO (ionic), CaCl2 (ionic), SO2(covalent),
PbCl2(ionic), CCl4 (covalent), CH4(covalent)
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Bonding is accomplished by interactionsbetween two atoms valence e-.
Ife- are shared between two atoms thatforms a covalent bond.
Single bonds = one shared pair
Double bonds = two shared pairs
Triple bonds = three shared pairs Ife- are transferred from one atom (ion)
to another that forms an ionic bond.
Hydrogen bonds are special (polar)
covalent bonds that are very importantto physiology.
Covalent Animation
Ionic Animation..
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Covalent bondingCovalent bonding
CCl4 - Covalent
C
Cl
ClCl
Cl
HCl - Covalent
H Cl
MgF2 - Ionic
[ F 2[Mg]2+
H2O - Covalent
H O H
NH3 - Covalent
H N H
H
NaCl - Ionic
[ Cl [Na] +
OH - Covalent
O H
H2 - Covalent
H H
For more lessons, visitwww.chalkbored.com
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MultipleMultiplebondsbonds
Build modelsofmolecules, O3 as challenge(cant build it orionic)
HCl - Covalent
H Cl H Cl
CO2 - Covalent
C OO
Na2O - Ionic
[ O ]2[Na]2+
H N H
H
H N H
H
OO
OO
O2 - Covalent
OO C
II
II
I2 - Covalent
[ O ]32[Al]2
3+
Al2O3 - Ionic
NH3 - Covalent
OO O
O OO
O3 - Covalent
H C H
H
H
H C H
H
H
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Bonds formed between the hydrogen
end (+ charged) of a polar moleculeand the end of any other polarmolecule or highly electronegative atom(e.g. P, N, O) are called hydrogenbonds.
These hydrogen bonds are veryimportant because they alter the
physical and chemical properties ofmany molecules (especially water)..
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Water
.
Life o earthevolvedin water,andall life still depends
on water.
At least 80% ofthe mass ofliving organisms is waterandalmostall chemical reactions oflifetakeplacein
aqueous solution.
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02_12_polar covalent.jpg
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Cohesion
The bonding of a high percentage of molecules toneighboring molecules
Helps pull water up through the microscopic vessels ofplants
Waterconducting cells
100 mFigure3.3
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CohesionSurface tension (related to cohesion) is
measure of how hard it is to break thesurface of a liquid
Figure3.4
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A universal solvent Is polar
Can dissolves salts
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Water as a solvent
The different regions of the polar watermolecule can interact with ionic
compounds called solutes and dissolvethem
Negative
oxygen regions
of polarwatermolecules
are attracted tosodium
cations(Na+).
+
+
+
+Cl
Na+
Positivehydrogen regions
ofwatermolecules
cling tochloride anions(Cl).
++
+
+
Na+
Cl
Figure3.6
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