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Biology EOCFirst Grading Period Review
Topics 2010
Intro to ScienceA. Scientific Methods
1. Make an Observation2. State the Problem3. Develop a Hypothesis4. Design and perform an Experiment
Parts of an experiment:1) Control group -Test done under normal conditions 2) Experimental group -Test in which one variable is different and tested 3) Variables (two types)
A) Independent variable – factor being tested (something you change) (u know)B) Dependent variable – what you observe (doesn’t change) (u don’t know)
5. Collect/ Analyze the Data
6. Draw a Conclusion
The effect of temperature on Enzyme
Data AnalysisData may be presented in the form of a chart, graph, or table.1. Be able to interpret regardless of background knowledge.2. Read carefully, look at the entire diagram, and note all labels,
units or headings.3. Make sure you know what the question is asking!
Biochemistry: Organic Compounds
A. Life Function: Synthesis - making monomers from polymers (building organic molecules (food))
B. Organic Molecules 1. Carbohydrates (C,H,O)
Subunit: Monosaccharide/GlucoseFunctions: Quick energy source or structural components Examples: Glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin Shape: Hexagon
2. Lipids (C, H, O) Subunit: Fatty acid and Glycerol
Functions: Long term energy storage, cell membranes, insulation Examples: Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids Shape: “Letter E”
Organic Compounds continued… 3. Proteins (C, H, 0, N) Subunit: Amino acid
Functions: Structural components & speed up chemical reactions Examples: Lactase, insulin, hair, muscle, cartilage and enzymes
4. Nucleic Acids (C, H, 0, N, P)Subunit: NucleotideFunctions: Store genetic information and protein synthesis
Examples: DNA & RNAShape: Circle, Pentagon, Rectangle
Tests for Indicators
Compound Indicator Initial Color Final Color (positive test)
Starch Lugol’s Iodine Solution
Amber (yellow) Blue-Black
Sugar Benedict’s Solution
Blue Yellow-Orange
Protein Biuret’s Solution Blue Purple
Lipid Brown Paper Bag
Opaque (cant see through)
Translucent (can see through)
Carbon Dioxide Bromothymol Blue Solution
Blue Yellow-green
Enzymes -Biological catalysts (speed up chemical reactions)-Belong to the organic molecules of Proteins-Specific to substrates-Usually end in “ -ase“-Affected by:
1) pH*pH Scale: 0-14Acid (0-6) “the lower the number the stronger
the acid”Neutral (7) “equal amounts”Base (8-14) “the higher the number the
stronger the base”
2) Temperature 3) Concentration of enzyme/substrate
-May be denatured (CHANGE IN SHAPE= CHANGE IN
FUNCTION)
Biology - First Quarter Review
NC DPI
Sample EOC Questionshttp://www.dpi.state.nc.us/accountability/testing/eoc/sampleitems/5
1. The work of scientists usually begins with ______.
A. testing a hypothesis
B. careful observations
C. creating experiments
D. drawing conclusions
2. Organic compounds are molecules that contain which of the following elements?
A. Hydrogen
B. Carbon
C. Fluoride
D. Phosphorous
3. Proteins are polymers formed from ___________.
A. Amino acids
B. Nucleotides
C. Fatty acids
D. monosaccharides
4.The brown paper test for lipids is positive when food is placed on the paper and a spot forms which will allow light to pass through it. Which food would give the strongest positive test for lipids?
A. potato chipsB. breadC. sugarD. carrots
5. An enzyme speeds up a reaction by _____________.
A. Lowering the activation energy
B. Raising the activation energy
C. Releasing energy
D. Absorbind energy
6. Which elements are present in all organic compounds?
A. C,H, O
B. C, P, N
C. C, H, P
D. C, H, O, P, N
7. Carbohydrates are polymers formed from a ___________.
A. Amino acids
B. Nucleotides
C. Fatty acids
D. monosaccharide
8. The point where an enzyme attaches to its substrate is called ______________.
A. Restriction site
B. Activation site
C. Motivation site
D. Key site
9. Organic molecule that provides a quick energy source for cells is a ______________.
A. Protein
B. Lipids
C. Carbohydrate
D. DNA
10. A controlled experiment allows the scientist to isolate and test ____________.
A. a conclusion
B. a mass of information
C. several variables
D. a single variable
11. Enzymes are classified as which organic compound?
A. Proteins
B. Carbohydrates
C. Lipids
D. Nucleic Acids
12. Organic molecule that is stored in plants such as potatoes is ____________.
A. Protein
B. Lipids
C. Starch
D. DNA
13. Nucleic Acids are macromolecules formed from __________.
A. Amino acids
B. Fatty acids
C. Monosaccharide
D. Nucleotides
14. Lipids are macromolecules formed from __________.
A. Amino acids
B. Fatty acids
C. Monosaccharide
D. nucleotides
Cells
A. Microscopes 1) Compound light microscope- lets light pass thru specimen2) Electron Microscope- beams of electrons to pass thru specimen3) Scanning Probe Microscope-Scanning Probe Microscope- traces surface of sample
B. Cell Theory1. All living things are made of cells2. Cells are the basic units of organization in living things 3. All cells come from preexisting cells
C. Types of Cells:1. Prokaryotes - no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles EXAMPLE: bacteria REMEMBER: PRO NO NUCLEUS
2. Eukaryotes - nucleus and membrane-bound organellesEXAMPLE: protists, fungi, plant, and animalREMEMBER: EU DO HAVE A NUCLEUS
Cells Structure and Function (Organelles have a specific function)
Nucleus - controls cellular activities
Ribosome's - site of protein synthesis
Mitochondria - provides energy (cellular respiration)
Vacuoles – storage of water and minerals
Chloroplast - food production (photosynthesis)
Plasma membrane - controls what enters and leaves the CellAKA: Cell Membrane or Fluid Mosaic Model
Cell Wall - support and protection
Cytoplasm - suspends organelles
Cell PartsALL CELLS have a: a. Cell Membrane b. Cytoplasm c. Ribosome's
d. DNA
ONLY PLANT CELLS have a: a. Cell wall b. Chloroplastc. large Vacuole
ONLY ANIMAL CELLS have a:a. centrioles
Cell Parts
Organelles that contain their OWN DNA:
a. Nucleus
b. Mitochondria
c. Chloroplast
Organelles that are membrane bound:
a. Vacuole
b. Chloroplast
c. Mitochondria
d. Nucleus
Cell Specialization
A. Levels of organization
Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism
B. Specialized Cells (Structure determines function)
a. Skin cell – protection
b. Muscle cell - contraction/ movement
c. Blood cell - carries oxygen, food, and nutrients
d. Nerve cell - transmits nerve impulses
e. Sperm and Egg cell – reproduction
f. Guard cells - gas exchange in plants
g. Protozoan Cell- pumps out excess water with contractile vacuole
Biology - First Quarter Review
NC DPI
Sample EOC Questionshttp://www.dpi.state.nc.us/accountability/testing/eoc/sampleitems/5
15. What is the function of a cell’s selectively permeable membrane?
A. to regulate energy production in the cell
B. to keep mitochondria from using nuclear material
C. to maintain a constant lipid-protein ratio in the cell
D. to control materials entering and leaving the cell
16. Some organelles have their own DNAthat is distinct from the cell’s nuclearDNA. This is true of which organelle?
A. cell wallB. mitochondriaC. plasma membraneD. vacuole
17. At which organelle are proteins manufactured?
A. mitochondrion
B. nucleus
C. ribosome
D. vacuole
18. Which of the following is the correct sequence for levels of organization in a multicellular organism?
A. System Organism Organ Tissue Cell
B. System Organism Cell Tissue OrganC. Organism Tissue Organ Cell SystemD. Cell Tissue Organ System Organism
19. While observing an Elodea plant cell through a microscope, a student noticed some small, moving green disks. These organelles were most likely which of the following?
A. chloroplastsB. leucoplastsC. mitochondriaD. ribosome's
20. Specialized cells that are involved with gas exchange and food production in plants are called ____________ cells.
A. BloodB. NerveC. SpermD. Guard
21. A student examines a cell under the microscope and determines that it is a eukaryote. Which structure did the student identify in order to come to this conclusion?A. vacuoleB. nucleusC. cell wallD. ribosome
22. Cellular Respiration occurs at which structure below?
A. IB. IIC. IIID. IV
23. The major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the presence or absence of which of the following?
A. membrane-bound organelles
B. cytoplasm
C. a cell membrane
D. nucleic acids
24. Which of the following is found only in eukaryotic cells?
A. cell membrane
B. cytoplasm
C. DNA
D. mitochondria
25. _______________ is a process in which cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks.
A. Migration
B. Specialization
C. Immunization
D. Translocation
26. Protein synthesis occurs at which of the structures shown below?
A. IB. IIC. IIID. IV
Cell Transport-Cell Membrane
1. Bilayer of phospholipids are embedded with proteins
2. Made up of:a. Phospholipids heads:
- polar (hydrophilic "water loving")
-face outside and inside of cellb. Phospholipids tails
-nonpolar (hydrophobic "water fearing")
-face each other forming a barrier 3. Plasma membrane is selectively permeable
because it controls what enters and leaves cell
4. Plasma membrane maintains our HOMEOSTASIS by maintaining an internal equilibrium (only allowing certain substances to pass through)
Transport Protein
Proteins
Carbohydratechains
Phospholipids
Lipid Bilayer
Cell Transport
1) Passive Transport:-doesn't require energy-particles move from high to low concentration1. simple Diffusion- movement of
particlesEX: Oxygen from lungs into our
bloodstream2. Osmosis- diffusion of water EX: Water into a paramecium3. Facilitated Diffusion- diffusion
with the help of transport proteins
EX: transport of LARGE moleculesa. Hypotonic – low solute, high
water(Cells swell and burst)b. Hypertonic – high solute, low
water (Cells shrivel/shrink)c. Isotonic – equal water in and
out of cell (No change in cells)
Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic
Water moves out
Water moves in & out
Water moves in
2) Active Transport: - requires energy (ATP) - particles move from low to
high concentration1.Sodium-potassium pump-
transport proteins EX: Sodium ions pumped
out of a red blood cell 2. Endocytosis- taking
material into a cellEX: White blood cell
engulfing bacterium 3. Exocytosis- material
existing the cellEX: Cells expelling wastes
Cell Transport
Life Characteristics
1. Living things are made up of units called cells
2. Living things reproduce
3. Living things are based on a universal genetic code
4. Living things grow and develop
5. Living things obtain and use energy
6. Living things respond to their environment
7. Living things maintain a stable and internal environment “Homeostasis”
8. Living things change over time
Biology - First Quarter Review
NC DPI
Sample EOC Questionshttp://www.dpi.state.nc.us/accountability/testing/eoc/sampleitems/5
27. A plant has been removed from its natural environment and placed into a body of water that contains more salt than the inside of each plant cell. This situation is most similar to which of the following events?
A. a sea plant put into fresh water
B. a freshwater plant put into sea water
C. a sea plant put into distilled water
D. a land plant put into tap water
28. A cell with 5% solute concentration is placed in a beaker with a 1% solute concentration.
What will happen to the cell over time?A. The cell will gain H2O and expandB. The cell will lose H2O and shrinkC. The cell will both gain and lose equal amounts of H2O; thus, it will remain the same sizeD. The cell will undergo no exchange of H2O
with its surroundings
29. What regulates the flow of water through a cell membrane?
A. The concentration of solutes
B. The absence of a cell wall
C. The thickness of the membrane
D. The presence of a cell wall
30. Which of the following statements concerning diffusion and active transport is correct?
A. both diffusion and active transport require cell energy
B. neither diffusion nor active transport requires cell energy
C. diffusion requires cell energy while active transport does not
D. active transport requires cell energy while diffusion does not
31. A plant cell with a 10% salt concentration is placed in a 20% salt water concentration. What type of solution is this? What process will occur in the cell?
A. hypotonic; plasmolysis
B. hypotonic; cytolysis
C. hypertonic; plasmolysis
D. hypotonic; active transport
32. The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane is known as _________.
A. exocytosisB. phagocytosisC. endocytosisD. osmosis
33. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living things?
A. growth and development
B. ability to move
C. response to the environment
D. ability to reproduce
34. The process by which organisms keep their internal conditions fairly constant is called __________.
A. homeostasis
B. evolution
C. metabolism
D. photosynthesis
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