BIOLOGY EOC REPORTING CATEGORY : 5

Reporting Category 5

Ecolo

gy

Ecological Succession

Succession is the gradual changes that take place in the type of species that live in an area during a long period of time.

Pioneer species

Climax community

TWO KINDS OF SUCCESSIONS:

PRIMARY SUCCESSION

SECONDARY SUCCESSION

Symbiotic RelationshipsMUTUALISM

PARASITISM

COMMENSALISM

OTHER RELATIONSHIPS IN NATURE

Predation involves an organism known as a predator that hunts and eats another organism known as its prey

Competition occurs when two or more individuals compete for the same resource, such as shelter or food

Pathogen and Host Pathogen is any organism that causes a disease in an other organism

Food WebsFood chains show the direction in which the energy flows in an ecosystem

LEVELS IN A FOOD WEB

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS

RESPONSE TO EXTERNAL FACTORS

Organisms, populations and communities must respond to external factors like changes in the environment or other organisms. If an entire species is unable to respond to change, it could face extinction. EXAMPLE: Rabbits leave an area to look for grass.

LEVELS IN AN ECOSYSTEM

BIOMES

ROLE OF BACTERIA

BENEFICIAL ROLES HARMFUL ROLES

Decompose organic material Spoil food

Change nitrogen form one form to another in the nitrogen cycle

Produce harmful toxins (poisons)

Some are used to make food (yogurt and cheese) and drugs (penicillin antibiotic)

Cause of shortage of oxygen in lakes where there are algal blooms (overpopulation of algae)

Help absorb nutrients in the human digestive system

Cause diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis

Carb

on

C

ycle

Nitro

gen C

ycle